The teddy-bear effect: Does having a baby face benefit black chief executive officers?: Research article

Psychological Science

Volumn 20, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1229-1236

  Livingston, Robert W ^a   Pearce, Nicholas A ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350585031     PISSN: 09567976     EISSN: 14679280     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02431.x     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Adler, R.S., Rosen, B. Silverstein, E.M. (1998). Emotions in negotiation: How to manage fear and anger. Negotiation Journal, 14, 161 179.
2. Alexander, M.G., Brewer, M.B. Herrmann, R.K. (1999). Images and affect: A functional analysis of out-group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 78 93.
3. Alexander, M.G., Brewer, M.B. Livingston, R.W. (2005). Putting stereotype content in context: Image theory and interethnic stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 781 794.
4. Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M. Tice, D.M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252 1265. (Pubitemid 128656642)
5. Berger, J., Cohen, B.P. Zelditch, M. (1972). Status characteristics and social interaction. American Sociological Review, 37, 241 255.
6. Berry, D.S. Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. (1988). What's in a face? Facial maturity and the attribution of legal responsibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 23 33.
7. Brescoll, V.L. Uhlmann, E.L. (2008). Can an angry woman get ahead? Status conferral, gender, and expression of emotion in the workplace. Psychological Science, 19, 268 275.
8. Brownlow, S. (1992). Seeing is believing: Facial appearance, credibility, and attitude change. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 101 115.
9. Castilla, E.J. (2008). Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers. American Journal of Sociology, 113, 1479 1526.
10. Cuddy, A.J.C., Fiske, S.T. Glick, P. (2004). When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn't cut the ice. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 701 718.
11. Cuddy, A.J.C., Fiske, S.T. Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 61 149.
12. Darling-Hammond, L. Post, L. (2000). Inequality in teaching and schooling: Supporting high-quality teaching and leadership in low-income schools. In R.D. Kahlenberg (Ed.), A notion at risk: Preserving public education as an engine for social mobility (pp. 127 167). New York : Century Foundation Press.
13. Eagly, A.H. (2007). Female leadership advantage and disadvantage: Resolving the contradictions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 1 12.
14. Eagly, A.H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C. van Engen, M.L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 569 591.
15. Eagly, A.H. Kite, M.E. (1987). Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 451 462.
16. Fiske, S.T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 357 411). New York : McGraw-Hill.
17. Fiske, S.T., Cuddy, A.J.C., Glick, P. Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878 902.
18. French, J.R.P. Raven, B. (1959). Bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150 167). Ann Arbor : University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
19. Gorn, G.J., Jiang, Y. Johar, G.V. (2008). Babyfaces, trait inferences, and company evaluations in a public relations crisis. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 36 49.
20. Jarvis, B.G. (2008). MediaLab (Version 2008.1.22) [Computer software]. New York: Empirisoft Corp.
21. Labott, S.M., Martin, R.B., Eason, P.S. Berkey, E.Y. (1991). Social reactions to the expression of emotion. Cognition, 5, 397 417.
22. Lamont, M. Lareau, A. (1988). Cultural capital: Allusion, gaps, and glissandos in recent theoretical developments. Sociological Theory, 6, 153 168.
23. Livingston, R.W. Brewer, M.B. (2002). What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 5 18.
24. Livingston, R.W. Drwecki, B.B. (2007). Why are some individuals not racially biased? Susceptibility to affective conditioning predicts nonprejudice toward Blacks. Psychological Science, 18, 816 823.
25. Richeson, J.A. Shelton, J.N. (2003). When prejudice does not pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function. Psychological Science, 14, 287 290.
26. Rosette, A.S., Leonardelli, G.J. Phillips, K.W. (2008). The White standard: Racial bias in leader categorization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 758 777.
27. Rudman, L.A. Fairchild, K. (2004). Reactions to counterstereotypic behavior: The role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 157 176.
28. Rudman, L.A. Glick, P. (1999). Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: The hidden costs to women of a kinder, gentler image of middle managers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1004 1010.
29. Rule, N.O. Ambady, N. (2008). The face of success: Inferences from chief executive officers' appearance predict company profits. Psychological Science, 19, 109 111.
30. Sidanius, J. Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York : Cambridge University Press.
31. Solomon, S., Greenberg, J. Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In M.E.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 93 159). San Diego, CA : Academic Press.
32. Steele, C.M. Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797 811.
33. Tervio, M. (2008). The difference that CEOs make: An assignment model approach. American Economic Review, 98, 642 668.
34. Tiedens, L.Z. (2001). Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: The effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 86 94.
35. von Hippel, W. (2007). Aging, executive functioning, and social control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 240 244.
36. Zebrowitz, L.A. (1997). Reading faces: Window to the soul? Boulder, CO : Westview Press.
37. Zebrowitz, L.A., Androletti, C., Collins, M.A., Lee, S.Y. Blumenthal, J. (1998). Bright, bad, babyfaced boys: Appearance stereotypes do not always yield self-fulfilling prophecy effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1300 1320.
38. Zebrowitz, L.A. Montepare, J.M. (2005). Appearance DOES matter. Science, 308, 1565 1566.
39. Zebrowitz, L.A., Montepare, J.M. Lee, H.K. (1993). They don't all look alike: Individuated impressions of other racial groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 85 101.
40. Zebrowitz, L.A., Olson, K. Hoffman, K. (1993). Stability of babyfaceness and attractiveness across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 453 466.