메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 183-200

The testing effect

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84911809390     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781446294703.n11     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (10)

References (102)
  • 1
    • 0000956571 scopus 로고
    • Effects of recall tests on long-term retention of paired associates
    • Allen, G. A., Mahler, W. A., & Estes, W. K. (1969). Effects of recall tests on long-term retention of paired associates. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 8, 463-470. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80090-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371%2869%2980090-3
    • (1969) Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior , vol.8 , pp. 463-470
    • Allen, G.A.1    Mahler, W.A.2    Estes, W.K.3
  • 2
    • 0242485639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting
    • Anderson, M. C. (2003). Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting. Journal of Memory & Language, 49, 415-445. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.08.006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2003.08.006
    • (2003) Journal of Memory & Language , vol.49 , pp. 415-445
    • Anderson, M.C.1
  • 4
    • 0033433390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration as a general boundary condition on retrieval-induced forgetting
    • Anderson, M. C., & McCulloch, K. C. (1999). Integration as a general boundary condition on retrieval-induced forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 608-629. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.3.608 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.25.3.608
    • (1999) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.25 , pp. 608-629
    • Anderson, M.C.1    McCulloch, K.C.2
  • 5
    • 84880409204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test-potentiated learning: Distinguishing between direct and indirect effects of tests
    • Arnold, K. M., & McDermott, K. B. (2013a). Test-potentiated learning: Distinguishing between direct and indirect effects of tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(3), 940-945. doi:10.1037/a0029199 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029199
    • (2013) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 940-945
    • Arnold, K.M.1    McDermott, K.B.2
  • 6
    • 84878484013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test-potentiated learning in free recall
    • Arnold, K. M., & McDermott, K. B. (2013b). Test-potentiated learning in free recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 507-513. doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0370-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0370-3
    • (2013) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.20 , pp. 507-513
    • Arnold, K.M.1    McDermott, K.B.2
  • 8
    • 0004243669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (L. J. M.Silverthorne, Trans). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Original work published in 1620)
    • Bacon, F. (2000). Novum organum (L. J. M.Silverthorne, Trans). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Original work published in 1620).
    • (2000) Novum organum
    • Bacon, F.1
  • 9
    • 0011420696 scopus 로고
    • Effects of frequent classroom testing
    • Bangert-Drowns, R. L., Kulik, J. A., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1991). Effects of frequent classroom testing. Journal of Educational Research, 85, 89-99. doi:10.1080/00220671.1991.10702818 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1991.10702818
    • (1991) Journal of Educational Research , vol.85 , pp. 89-99
    • Bangert-Drowns, R.L.1    Kulik, J.A.2    Kulik, C.L.C.3
  • 10
    • 0007328799 scopus 로고
    • Effects of immediate testing on delayed retrieval: Search and recovery operations with four types of cue
    • Bartlett, J. C. (1977). Effects of immediate testing on delayed retrieval: Search and recovery operations with four types of cue. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 719-732. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.3.6.719 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.3.6.719
    • (1977) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , vol.3 , pp. 719-732
    • Bartlett, J.C.1
  • 11
    • 55449137367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Types and consequences of forgetting: Intended and unintended
    • L.-G.Nilsson and N.Ohta (Eds), New York: Routledge and Psychology Press
    • Bjork, E. L., Bjork, R. A., & MacLeod, M. D. (2006). Types and consequences of forgetting: intended and unintended. In L.-G.Nilsson and N.Ohta (Eds), Memory and society: Psychological perspectives (pp. 134-158). New York: Routledge and Psychology Press.
    • (2006) Memory and society: Psychological perspectives , pp. 134-158
    • Bjork, E.L.1    Bjork, R.A.2    MacLeod, M.D.3
  • 12
    • 85192309500 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval as a memory modifier: An interpretation of negative recency and realted phenomenon
    • R. L.Solso (Ed), New York: John Wiley
    • Bjork, R. A. (1975). Retrieval as a memory modifier: An interpretation of negative recency and realted phenomenon. In R. L.Solso (Ed), Information processing and cognition (pp. 123-144). New York: John Wiley.
    • (1975) Information processing and cognition , pp. 123-144
    • Bjork, R.A.1
  • 13
    • 0001766568 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval practice and the maintenance of knowledge
    • M. M.Gruneberg, P. E.Morris, and R. N.Sykes (Eds), New York: Wiley
    • Bjork, R. A. (1988). Retrieval practice and the maintenance of knowledge. In M. M.Gruneberg, P. E.Morris, and R. N.Sykes (Eds), Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues (Vol. 1, pp. 396-401). New York: Wiley.
    • (1988) Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues , vol.1 , pp. 396-401
    • Bjork, R.A.1
  • 14
    • 0000251648 scopus 로고
    • Memory and metamemory considerations in the training of human beings
    • J.Metcalfe and A.Shimamura (Eds), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Bjork, R. A. (1994). Memory and metamemory considerations in the training of human beings. In J.Metcalfe and A.Shimamura (Eds), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 185-205). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1994) Metacognition: Knowing about knowing , pp. 185-205
    • Bjork, R.A.1
  • 15
    • 0002918277 scopus 로고
    • A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation
    • A. F.Healy, S.Kosslyn and R.Shiffrin (Eds), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
    • Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1992). A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation. In A. F.Healy, S.Kosslyn and R.Shiffrin (Eds), From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essays in honor of William K. Estes (Vol. 2, pp. 35-67). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
    • (1992) From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essays in honor of William K. Estes , vol.2 , pp. 35-67
    • Bjork, R.A.1    Bjork, E.L.2
  • 16
    • 77956538431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated testing produces superior transfer of learning relative to repeated studying
    • Butler, A. C. (2010). Repeated testing produces superior transfer of learning relative to repeated studying. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 1118-1133. doi:10.1037/a0019902 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019902
    • (2010) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.36 , pp. 1118-1133
    • Butler, A.C.1
  • 17
    • 38549152859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of type and timing of feedback on learning from multiple-choice tests
    • Butler, A. C., Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L., III. (2007). The effect of type and timing of feedback on learning from multiple-choice tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 13, 273-281. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.13.4.273 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.13.4.273
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied , vol.13 , pp. 273-281
    • Butler, A.C.1    Karpicke, J.D.2    Roediger, H.L.3    III4
  • 18
    • 47549091511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correcting a metacognitive error: Feedback increases retention of low-confidence correct responses
    • Butler, A. C., Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). Correcting a metacognitive error: Feedback increases retention of low-confidence correct responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 918-928. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.918 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.918
    • (2008) Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.34 , pp. 918-928
    • Butler, A.C.1    Karpicke, J.D.2    Roediger, H.L.3
  • 19
    • 45849127987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feedback enhances the positive effects and reduces the negative effects of multiple-choice testing
    • Butler, A. C., & Roediger, H. L., III. (2008). Feedback enhances the positive effects and reduces the negative effects of multiple-choice testing. Memory & Cognition, 36, 604-616. doi:10.3758/MC.36.3.604 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/MC.36.3.604
    • (2008) Memory & Cognition , vol.36 , pp. 604-616
    • Butler, A.C.1    Roediger, H.L.2    III3
  • 20
    • 71649107565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cue strength as a moderator of the testing effect: The benefits of elaborative retrieval
    • Carpenter, S. K. (2009). Cue strength as a moderator of the testing effect: The benefits of elaborative retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 1563-1569. doi:10.1037/a0017021 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017021
    • (2009) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.35 , pp. 1563-1569
    • Carpenter, S.K.1
  • 21
    • 33745649667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impoverished cue support enhances subsequent retention: Support for the elaborative retrieval explanation of the testing effect
    • Carpenter, S. K., & DeLosh, E. L. (2006). Impoverished cue support enhances subsequent retention: Support for the elaborative retrieval explanation of the testing effect. Memory & Cognition, 34, 268-276. doi:10.3758/BF03193405 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03193405
    • (2006) Memory & Cognition , vol.34 , pp. 268-276
    • Carpenter, S.K.1    DeLosh, E.L.2
  • 22
    • 70350298991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using tests to enhance 8th grade students’ retention of U.S. history facts
    • Carpenter, S. K., Pashler, H., & Cepeda, N. J. (2009). Using tests to enhance 8th grade students’ retention of U.S. history facts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 760-771. doi:10.1002/acp.1507 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1507
    • (2009) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 760-771
    • Carpenter, S.K.1    Pashler, H.2    Cepeda, N.J.3
  • 23
    • 44649185846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of tests on learning and forgetting
    • Carpenter, S. K., Pashler, H., Wixted, J. T., & Vul, E. (2008). The effects of tests on learning and forgetting. Memory & Cognition, 36, 438-448. doi:10.3758/MC.36.2.438 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/MC.36.2.438
    • (2008) Memory & Cognition , vol.36 , pp. 438-448
    • Carpenter, S.K.1    Pashler, H.2    Wixted, J.T.3    Vul, E.4
  • 24
    • 0026474675 scopus 로고
    • The influence of retrieval on retention
    • Carrier, M., & Pashler, H. (1992). The influence of retrieval on retention. Memory & Cognition, 20, 633-642. doi:10.3758/BF03202713 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03202713
    • (1992) Memory & Cognition , vol.20 , pp. 633-642
    • Carrier, M.1    Pashler, H.2
  • 25
    • 33744908588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis
    • Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 354-380. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354
    • (2006) Psychological Bulletin , vol.132 , pp. 354-380
    • Cepeda, N.J.1    Pashler, H.2    Vul, E.3    Wixted, J.T.4    Rohrer, D.5
  • 26
    • 67349158631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When does retrieval induce forgetting and when does it induce facilitation? Implications for retrieval inhibition, testing effect, and text processing
    • Chan, J. C. K. (2009). When does retrieval induce forgetting and when does it induce facilitation? Implications for retrieval inhibition, testing effect, and text processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 61, 153-170. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2009.04.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2009.04.004
    • (2009) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.61 , pp. 153-170
    • Chan, J.C.K.1
  • 27
    • 33750688237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieval-induced facilitation: Initially nontested material can benefit from prior testing of related material
    • Chan, J. C. K., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L., III. (2006). Retrieval-induced facilitation: Initially nontested material can benefit from prior testing of related material. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 553-571. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.553 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.553
    • (2006) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.135 , pp. 553-571
    • Chan, J.C.K.1    McDermott, K.B.2    Roediger, H.L.3    III4
  • 28
    • 34248944813 scopus 로고
    • Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory
    • Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268
    • (1975) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.104 , pp. 268-294
    • Craik, F.I.M.1    Tulving, E.2
  • 29
    • 0346162483 scopus 로고
    • Output effects in multitrial free recall
    • Donaldson, W. (1971). Output effects in multitrial free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 577-585. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(71)80031-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371%2871%2980031-2
    • (1971) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.10 , pp. 577-585
    • Donaldson, W.1
  • 31
    • 58149438217 scopus 로고
    • Statistical theory of distributed phenomena in learning
    • Estes, W. K. (1955a). Statistical theory of distributed phenomena in learning. Psychological Review, 62, 369-377. doi:10.1037/h0046888 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0046888
    • (1955) Psychological Review , vol.62 , pp. 369-377
    • Estes, W.K.1
  • 32
    • 0000581049 scopus 로고
    • Statistical theory of spontaneous recovery and regression
    • Estes, W. K. (1955b). Statistical theory of spontaneous recovery and regression. Psychological Review, 62, 145-154. doi:10.1037/h0048509 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0048509
    • (1955) Psychological Review , vol.62 , pp. 145-154
    • Estes, W.K.1
  • 33
    • 78149305144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaffolding feedback to maximize long-term error correction
    • Finn, B., & Metcalfe, J. (2010). Scaffolding feedback to maximize long-term error correction. Memory & Cognition, 38, 951-961. doi:10.3758/MC.38.7.951 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.7.951
    • (2010) Memory & Cognition , vol.38 , pp. 951-961
    • Finn, B.1    Metcalfe, J.2
  • 34
    • 0015855986 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval difficulty and subsequent recall
    • Gardiner, J. M., Craik, F. I. M., & Bleasdale, F. A. (1973). Retrieval difficulty and subsequent recall. Memory & Cognition, 1, 213-216. doi:10.3758/BF03198098 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03198098
    • (1973) Memory & Cognition , vol.1 , pp. 213-216
    • Gardiner, J.M.1    Craik, F.I.M.2    Bleasdale, F.A.3
  • 35
    • 0242466161 scopus 로고
    • Recitation as a factor in memorizing
    • Gates, A. I. (1917). Recitation as a factor in memorizing. Archives of Psychology, 6.
    • (1917) Archives of Psychology , vol.6
    • Gates, A.I.1
  • 36
    • 58149373021 scopus 로고
    • The ’testing’ phenomenon: Not gone but nearly forgotten
    • Glover, J. A. (1989). The ’testing’ phenomenon: Not gone but nearly forgotten. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 329-399. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.392 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.392
    • (1989) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 329-399
    • Glover, J.A.1
  • 37
    • 0000602436 scopus 로고
    • Spacing effects in memory: Evidence for a two-process account
    • Greene, R. L. (1989). Spacing effects in memory: Evidence for a two-process account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 371-377. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.3.371 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.15.3.371
    • (1989) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.15 , pp. 371-377
    • Greene, R.L.1
  • 38
    • 84864419966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When and why do retrieval attempts enhance subsequent encoding?
    • Grimaldi, P. J., & Karpicke, J. D. (2012). When and why do retrieval attempts enhance subsequent encoding? Memory & Cognition, 40, 505-513. doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0174-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0174-0
    • (2012) Memory & Cognition , vol.40 , pp. 505-513
    • Grimaldi, P.J.1    Karpicke, J.D.2
  • 39
    • 79960320635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When does testing enhance retention? A distribution-based interpretation of retrieval as a memory modifier
    • Halamish, V., & Bjork, R. A. (2011). When does testing enhance retention? A distribution-based interpretation of retrieval as a memory modifier. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 801-812. doi:10.1037/a0023219 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023219
    • (2011) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.37 , pp. 801-812
    • Halamish, V.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 40
    • 78651257745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The costs and benefits of providing feedback during learning
    • Hays, M. J., Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2010). The costs and benefits of providing feedback during learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 797-801. doi:10.3758/PBR.17.6.797 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.6.797
    • (2010) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.17 , pp. 797-801
    • Hays, M.J.1    Kornell, N.2    Bjork, R.A.3
  • 41
    • 84875528992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When and why a failed test potentiates the effectiveness of subsequent study
    • Hays, M. J., Kornell, N., & Bjork, E. L. (2012). When and why a failed test potentiates the effectiveness of subsequent study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(1), 290-296. doi:10.1037/a0028468 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028468
    • (2012) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 290-296
    • Hays, M.J.1    Kornell, N.2    Bjork, E.L.3
  • 42
    • 2442652723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judgment of frequency versus recognition confidence: Repetition and recursive reminding
    • Hintzman, D. L. (2004). Judgment of frequency versus recognition confidence: Repetition and recursive reminding. Memory & Cognition, 32, 336-350. doi:10.3758/BF03196863 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03196863
    • (2004) Memory & Cognition , vol.32 , pp. 336-350
    • Hintzman, D.L.1
  • 43
    • 80051807566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research strategy in the study of memory: Fads, fallacies, and the search for the ’oordinates of truth’
    • Hintzman, D. L. (2011). Research strategy in the study of memory: Fads, fallacies, and the search for the ’oordinates of truth’. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 253-271. doi:10.1177/1745691611406924 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406924
    • (2011) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.6 , pp. 253-271
    • Hintzman, D.L.1
  • 44
    • 84864440556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making related errors facilitates learning, but learners do not know it
    • Huelser, B. J., & Metcalfe, J. (2012). Making related errors facilitates learning, but learners do not know it. Memory & Cognition, 40, 514-527. doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0167-z http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0167-z
    • (2012) Memory & Cognition , vol.40 , pp. 514-527
    • Huelser, B.J.1    Metcalfe, J.2
  • 45
    • 79960287739 scopus 로고
    • Reinforcement-test sequences in paired-associate learning
    • Izawa, C. (1966). Reinforcement-test sequences in paired-associate learning. Psychological Reports, 18, 879-919. doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.18.3.879 http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1966.18.3.879
    • (1966) Psychological Reports , vol.18 , pp. 879-919
    • Izawa, C.1
  • 46
    • 0014141397 scopus 로고
    • Function of test trials in paired-associate learning
    • Izawa, C. (1967). Function of test trials in paired-associate learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75, 194-209. doi:10.1037/h0024971 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0024971
    • (1967) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 194-209
    • Izawa, C.1
  • 47
    • 58149335037 scopus 로고
    • Effects of reinforcement, neutral and test trials upon paired-associate acquisition and retention
    • Izawa, C. (1968). Effects of reinforcement, neutral and test trials upon paired-associate acquisition and retention. Psychological Reports, 23, 947-959. doi:10.2466/pr0.1968.23.3.947 http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1968.23.3.947
    • (1968) Psychological Reports , vol.23 , pp. 947-959
    • Izawa, C.1
  • 48
    • 0040285215 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of reinforcement and test trials in paired-associate learning
    • Izawa, C. (1969). Comparison of reinforcement and test trials in paired-associate learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81(3), 600-603. doi:10.1037/h0027905 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027905
    • (1969) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.81 , Issue.3 , pp. 600-603
    • Izawa, C.1
  • 49
    • 0040879526 scopus 로고
    • Optimal potentiating effects and forgetting-prevention effects of tests in paired-associate learning
    • Izawa, C. (1970). Optimal potentiating effects and forgetting-prevention effects of tests in paired-associate learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 340-344. doi:10.1037/h0028541 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0028541
    • (1970) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.83 , pp. 340-344
    • Izawa, C.1
  • 50
    • 0040879529 scopus 로고
    • Massed and spaced practice in paired-associate learning: List versus item distributions
    • Izawa, C. (1971). Massed and spaced practice in paired-associate learning: List versus item distributions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 10-21. doi:10.1037/h0031177 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0031177
    • (1971) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 10-21
    • Izawa, C.1
  • 52
    • 34347371769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test format and corrective feedback modify the effect of testing on long-term retention
    • Kang, S. H. K., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L. (2007). Test format and corrective feedback modify the effect of testing on long-term retention. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19, 528-558. doi:10.1080/09541440601056620 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09541440601056620
    • (2007) European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 528-558
    • Kang, S.H.K.1    McDermott, K.B.2    Roediger, H.L.3
  • 53
    • 70449516503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metacognitive control and strategy selection: Deciding to practice retrieval during learning
    • Karpicke, J. D. (2009). Metacognitive control and strategy selection: Deciding to practice retrieval during learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138, 469-486. doi:10.1037/a0017341 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017341
    • (2009) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.138 , pp. 469-486
    • Karpicke, J.D.1
  • 54
    • 79951514365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieval practice produces more learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping
    • Karpicke, J. D., & Blunt, J. R. (2011). Retrieval practice produces more learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping. Science, 331, 772-775. doi:10.1126/science.1199327 http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1199327
    • (2011) Science , vol.331 , pp. 772-775
    • Karpicke, J.D.1    Blunt, J.R.2
  • 55
    • 34548170744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expanding retrieval practice promotes short-term retention, but equally spaced retrieval enhances long-term retention
    • Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2007a). Expanding retrieval practice promotes short-term retention, but equally spaced retrieval enhances long-term retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 704-719. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.704 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.704
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.33 , pp. 704-719
    • Karpicke, J.D.1    Roediger, H.L.2
  • 56
    • 34249019588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated retrieval during learning is the key to long-term retention
    • Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2007b). Repeated retrieval during learning is the key to long-term retention. Journal of Memory and Language, 57, 151-162. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.09.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.09.004
    • (2007) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.57 , pp. 151-162
    • Karpicke, J.D.1    Roediger, H.L.2
  • 57
    • 84949807209 scopus 로고
    • Rôle de la récitation comme facteur de la mémorisation
    • Katzaroff, D. (1908). Rôle de la récitation comme facteur de la mémorisation. Archives de Psychologie, 7, 224-259.
    • (1908) Archives de Psychologie , vol.7 , pp. 224-259
    • Katzaroff, D.1
  • 59
    • 68349160770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learners’ choices and beliefs about self-testing
    • Kornell, N., & Son, L. K. (2009). Learners’ choices and beliefs about self-testing. Memory, 17, 493-501. doi:10.1080/09658210902832915 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658210902832915
    • (2009) Memory , vol.17 , pp. 493-501
    • Kornell, N.1    Son, L.K.2
  • 60
    • 84965802283 scopus 로고
    • Timing of feedback and verbal learning
    • Kul ik, J. A., & Kulik, C. C. (1988). Timing of feedback and verbal learning. Review of Educational Research, 58, 79-97. doi:10.3102/00346543058001079 http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543058001079
    • (1988) Review of Educational Research , vol.58 , pp. 79-97
    • Kul ik, J.A.1    Kulik, C.C.2
  • 61
    • 0343524810 scopus 로고
    • Is a test trial a training trial in free recall learning?
    • Lac hman, R., & Laughery, K. R. (1968). Is a test trial a training trial in free recall learning? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 40-50. doi:10.1037/h0025278 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0025278
    • (1968) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.76 , pp. 40-50
    • Lac hman, R.1    Laughery, K.R.2
  • 62
    • 0346792999 scopus 로고
    • Retention of prose materials as a function of postacquisition testing
    • LaPorte, R. E., & Voss, J. F. (1975). Retention of prose materials as a function of postacquisition testing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 259-266. doi:10.1037/h0076933 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0076933
    • (1975) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 259-266
    • LaPorte, R.E.1    Voss, J.F.2
  • 63
    • 0035289379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gone but not forgotten: The transient nature of retrieval-induced forgetting
    • Mac Leod, M. D., & Macrae, C. N. (2001). Gone but not forgotten: The transient nature of retrieval-induced forgetting. Psychological Science, 12, 148-152. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00325 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00325
    • (2001) Psychological Science , vol.12 , pp. 148-152
    • Mac Leod, M.D.1    Macrae, C.N.2
  • 64
    • 34547542120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The memorial consequences of multiple-choice testing
    • Mar sh, E. J., Roediger, H. L., Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (2007). The memorial consequences of multiple-choice testing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 194-199. doi:10.3758/BF03194051 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03194051
    • (2007) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.14 , pp. 194-199
    • Mar sh, E.J.1    Roediger, H.L.2    Bjork, R.A.3    Bjork, E.L.4
  • 65
    • 79957862006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test-enhanced learning in a middle school science classroom: The effects of quiz frequency and placement
    • McDaniel, M. A., Agarwal, P. K., Huelser, B. J., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L. (2011). Test-enhanced learning in a middle school science classroom: The effects of quiz frequency and placement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(2), 399-414. doi:10.1037/a0021782 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021782
    • (2011) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.103 , Issue.2 , pp. 399-414
    • McDaniel, M.A.1    Agarwal, P.K.2    Huelser, B.J.3    McDermott, K.B.4    Roediger, H.L.5
  • 68
    • 34547521541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalizing test-enhanced learning from the laboratory to the classroom
    • McDaniel, M. A., Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (2007). Generalizing test-enhanced learning from the laboratory to the classroom. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 200-206. doi:10.3758/BF03194052 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03194052
    • (2007) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.14 , pp. 200-206
    • McDaniel, M.A.1    Roediger, H.L.2    McDermott, K.B.3
  • 69
    • 84858294133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using quizzes to enhance summative-assessment performance in a web-based class: An experimental study
    • McD aniel, M. A., Wildman, K. M., & Anderson, J. L. (2012). Using quizzes to enhance summative-assessment performance in a web-based class: An experimental study. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1, 18-26. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2011.10.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2011.10.001
    • (2012) Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition , vol.1 , pp. 18-26
    • McD aniel, M.A.1    Wildman, K.M.2    Anderson, J.L.3
  • 70
    • 33745678330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical effects of testing: Repeated retrieval attempts enhance the likelihood of later accurate and false recall
    • McD ermott, K. B. (2006). Paradoxical effects of testing: Repeated retrieval attempts enhance the likelihood of later accurate and false recall. Memory & Cognition, 34, 261-267. doi:10.3758/BF03193404 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03193404
    • (2006) Memory & Cognition , vol.34 , pp. 261-267
    • McD ermott, K.B.1
  • 71
    • 67349160485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory-based and autobiographical retrieval tasks differ substantially in their neural substrates
    • McDermott, K. B., Szpunar, K. K., & Christ, S. E. (2009). Laboratory-based and autobiographical retrieval tasks differ substantially in their neural substrates. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2290-2298. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.025 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.025
    • (2009) Neuropsychologia , vol.47 , pp. 2290-2298
    • McDermott, K.B.1    Szpunar, K.K.2    Christ, S.E.3
  • 72
    • 72449170032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed versus immediate feedback in children's and adults’ vocabulary learning
    • Met calfe, J., Kornell, N., & Finn, B. (2009). Delayed versus immediate feedback in children's and adults’ vocabulary learning. Memory & Cognition, 37, 1077-1087. doi:10.3758/MC.37.8.1077 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/MC.37.8.1077
    • (2009) Memory & Cognition , vol.37 , pp. 1077-1087
    • Met calfe, J.1    Kornell, N.2    Finn, B.3
  • 73
    • 33748288720 scopus 로고
    • Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing
    • Mor ris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977). Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 16, 519-533. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80016-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371%2877%2980016-9
    • (1977) Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior , vol.16 , pp. 519-533
    • Mor ris, C.D.1    Bransford, J.D.2    Franks, J.J.3
  • 74
    • 84880435377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural signatures of test-potentiated learning in parietal cortex
    • Nelson, S.M., Arnold, K.M., Gilmore, A.W., & McDermott, K.B. (2013). Neural signatures of test-potentiated learning in parietal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 11754-11762. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0960-13.2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0960-13.2013
    • (2013) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.33 , pp. 11754-11762
    • Nelson, S.M.1    Arnold, K.M.2    Gilmore, A.W.3    McDermott, K.B.4
  • 75
    • 77954498908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parcelation scheme for human left lateral parietal cortex
    • Nelson, S. M., Cohen, A. L., Power, J. D., Wig, G. S., Miezin, F. M., Wheeler, M. E., et al. (2010). A parcelation scheme for human left lateral parietal cortex. Neuron, 67, 156-170. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.05.025 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.05.025
    • (2010) Neuron , vol.67 , pp. 156-170
    • Nelson, S.M.1    Cohen, A.L.2    Power, J.D.3    Wig, G.S.4    Miezin, F.M.5    Wheeler, M.E.6
  • 78
    • 62949118502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the retrieval effort hypothesis: Does greater difficulty correctly recalling information lead to higher levels of memory?
    • Pyc, M. A., & Rawson, K. A. (2009). Testing the retrieval effort hypothesis: Does greater difficulty correctly recalling information lead to higher levels of memory? Journal of Memory and Language, 60, 437-447. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2009.01.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2009.01.004
    • (2009) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.60 , pp. 437-447
    • Pyc, M.A.1    Rawson, K.A.2
  • 79
    • 77957970077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why testing improves memory: Mediator effectiveness hypothesis
    • Pyc, M. A., & Rawson, K. A. (2010). Why testing improves memory: Mediator effectiveness hypothesis. Science, 330, 335. doi:10.1126/science.1191465 http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1191465
    • (2010) Science , vol.330 , pp. 335
    • Pyc, M.A.1    Rawson, K.A.2
  • 80
    • 71049121081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pretesting effect: Do unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance learning?
    • Richland, L. E., Kornell, N., & Kao, L. S. (2009). The pretesting effect: Do unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance learning? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15, 243-257. doi:10.1037/a0016496 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016496
    • (2009) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.15 , pp. 243-257
    • Richland, L.E.1    Kornell, N.2    Kao, L.S.3
  • 81
    • 78650732668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention
    • Roediger, H. L., & Butler, A. C. (2011). The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 20-27. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.003
    • (2011) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.15 , pp. 20-27
    • Roediger, H.L.1    Butler, A.C.2
  • 82
    • 27944455749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The positive and negative consequences of multiple-choice testing
    • Roediger, H. L., III, & Marsh, E. J. (2005). The positive and negative consequences of multiple-choice testing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 1155-1159. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155
    • (2005) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.31 , pp. 1155-1159
    • Roediger, H.L.1    III2    Marsh, E.J.3
  • 83
    • 84993728927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice
    • Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006a). The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 181-210. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.127 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.127
    • (2006) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.1 , pp. 181-210
    • Roediger, H.L.1    Karpicke, J.D.2
  • 84
    • 33644745114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention
    • Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006b). Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17, 249-255. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 249-255
    • Roediger, H.L.1    Karpicke, J.D.2
  • 89
    • 34249031989 scopus 로고
    • The effects of presentation and recall trials on organization in multitrial free recall
    • Rosner, S. R. (1970). The effects of presentation and recall trials on organization in multitrial free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 69-74. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(70)80009-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371%2870%2980009-3
    • (1970) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.9 , pp. 69-74
    • Rosner, S.R.1
  • 90
    • 85050416813 scopus 로고
    • Memory effects for test-like events during acquisition of foreign language vocabulary
    • Royer, J. M. (1973). Memory effects for test-like events during acquisition of foreign language vocabulary. Psychological Reports, 32, 195-198. doi:10.2466/pr0.1973.32.1.195 http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1973.32.1.195
    • (1973) Psychological Reports , vol.32 , pp. 195-198
    • Royer, J.M.1
  • 91
    • 0020851609 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of remembering on forgetting
    • Runquist, W. N. (1983). Some effects of remembering on forgetting. Memory & Cognition, 11, 641-650. doi:10.3758/BF03198289 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03198289
    • (1983) Memory & Cognition , vol.11 , pp. 641-650
    • Runquist, W.N.1
  • 92
    • 0001636629 scopus 로고
    • The generation effect when generation fails
    • Slamecka, N. J., & Fevreiski, J. (1983). The generation effect when generation fails. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 153-163. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90112-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371%2883%2990112-3
    • (1983) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.22 , pp. 153-163
    • Slamecka, N.J.1    Fevreiski, J.2
  • 94
    • 0347423516 scopus 로고
    • Review, with special reference to temporal position
    • Sones, A. M., & Stroud, J. B. (1940). Review, with special reference to temporal position. Journal of Educational Psychology, 31, 665-676. doi:10.1037/h0054178 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0054178
    • (1940) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 665-676
    • Sones, A.M.1    Stroud, J.B.2
  • 95
    • 0000754252 scopus 로고
    • Studies in retention
    • Spitzer, H. J. (1939). Studies in retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 30, 641-656. doi:10.1037/h0063404 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0063404
    • (1939) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.30 , pp. 641-656
    • Spitzer, H.J.1
  • 97
    • 0002850873 scopus 로고
    • Memory and consciousness
    • Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychologist, 26, 1-12. doi:10.1037/h0080017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0080017
    • (1985) Canadian Psychologist , vol.26 , pp. 1-12
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 98
    • 84879219772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remembering change: The critical role of recursive remindings in proactive effects of memory
    • Wahlheim, C. N., & Jacoby, L. L. (2013). Remembering change: The critical role of recursive remindings in proactive effects of memory. Memory & Cognition, 41, 1-15. doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0246-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0246-9
    • (2013) Memory & Cognition , vol.41 , pp. 1-15
    • Wahlheim, C.N.1    Jacoby, L.L.2
  • 99
    • 84965419944 scopus 로고
    • Disparate effects of repeated testing: Reconciling Ballard's (1913) and Bartlett's (1932) results
    • Wheeler, M. A., & Roediger III, H. L. (1992). Disparate effects of repeated testing: Reconciling Ballard's (1913) and Bartlett's (1932) results. Psychological Science, 3, 240-245. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00036.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00036.x
    • (1992) Psychological Science , vol.3 , pp. 240-245
    • Wheeler, M.A.1    Roediger, H.L.2
  • 100
    • 0000967402 scopus 로고
    • Learning from tests: Effects of spacing
    • Whitten, W. B., & Bjork, R. A. (1977). Learning from tests: Effects of spacing. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 16, 465-478. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80040-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371%2877%2980040-6
    • (1977) Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior , vol.16 , pp. 465-478
    • Whitten, W.B.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 101
    • 0011400508 scopus 로고
    • Reinforcement-test intervals in paired-associate learning
    • Young, J. L. (1971). Reinforcement-test intervals in paired-associate learning. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 8, 58-81. doi:10.1016/0022-2496(71)90023-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496%2871%2990023-X
    • (1971) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 58-81
    • Young, J.L.1
  • 102
    • 78650637169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The testing effect in free recall is associated with enhaned organizational processes
    • Zaromb, F. M., & Roediger, H. L. (2010). The testing effect in free recall is associated with enhaned organizational processes. Memory & Cognition, 38, 995-1008. doi:10.3758/MC.38.8.995 http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.8.995
    • (2010) Memory & Cognition , vol.38 , pp. 995-1008
    • Zaromb, F.M.1    Roediger, H.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.