Types and consequences of forgetting: Intended and unintended

Memory and Society: Psychological Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 134-158

  Bjork, Elizabeth L ^a   Bjork, Robert A ^a   MacLeod, Malcolm D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 55449137367     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203086254     Document Type: Chapter

References (60)

1. Anderson, M. C., Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1994). Remembering can cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1063-1087.
2. Anderson, M. C., Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2000). Retrieval-induced forgetting: Evidence for a recall-specific mechanism. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 522-530.
3. Anderson, M. C., Green, C., & McCulloch, K. C. (2000). Similarity and inhibition in long-term memory: Evidence for a two-factor theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1141-1159.
4. Anderson, M. C., & McCulloch, K. C. (1999). Integration as a general boundary condition on retrieval-induced forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 608-629.
5. Anderson, M. C., & Neely, J. H. (1996). Interference and inhibition in memory retrieval. In E. L. Bjork & R. A. Bjork (Eds), Handbook of perception and cognition: Vol. 10. Memory (pp. 237-313). San Diego: Academic Press.
6. Anderson, M. C., & Spellman, B. A. (1995). On the status of inhibitory mechanisms in cognition: Memory retrieval as a model case. Psychological Review, 102, 68-100.
7. Basden, B. H., Basden, D. R., & Gargano, G. J. (1993). Directed forgetting in implicit and explicit memory tests: A comparison of methods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 603-616.
8. Bekerian, D. A., & Bowers, J. M. (1983). Eyewitness testimony: Were we misled? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 139-145.
9. Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (1996). Continuing influences of to-be-forgotten information. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, 176-196.
10. Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2003). Intentional forgetting can increase, not decrease, residual influences of to-be-forgotten information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 524-531.
11. Bjork, E. L., Bjork, R. A., & Anderson, M. C. (1998). Varieties of goal-directed forgetting. In J. M. Golding & C. N. MacLeod (Eds.), Intentional forgetting (pp. 103-137). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
12. Bjork, E. L., Bjork, R. A., & Glenberg, A. M. (1973, November). The reinstatement of proactive interference owing to to-be-forgotten items. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St Louis, MO.
13. Bjork, E. L., Bjork, R. A., & Kilpatrick, H. A. (1990, November). Direct and indirect measures of inhibition in directed forgetting. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA.
14. Bjork, E. L., Bjork, R. A., Stallings, L., & Kimball, D. R. (1996, November). Enhanced false fame owing to instructions to forget. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago, IL.
15. Bjork, R. A. (1972). Theoretical implications of directed forgetting. In A. W. Melton & E. Martin (Eds.), Coding processes in human memory. Washington, DC: Winston & Sons.
16. Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger, III, & F. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honor of Endel Tulving (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
17. Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1992). A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation. In A. Healy, S. Kosslyn, & R. Shiffrin (Eds.), From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essays in honor of William K. Estes (Vol. 2, pp. 35-67). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
18. Blaxton T. A., & Neely, J. H. (1983). Inhibition from semantically related primes: Evidence of a category-specific inhibition. Memory & Cognition, 11, 500-510.
19. Block, R. A. (1971). Effects of instructions to forget in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 1-9.
20. Bodenhausen, G. V, & Macrae, C. N. (1998). Stereotype activation and inhibition. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Sterotype activation and inhibition. Advances in social cognition (Vol. 11, pp. 1-52). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
21. Ciranni, M. A., & Shimamura, A. P. (1999). Retrieval-induced forgetting in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 1403-1414.
22. Dunn, E. W., & Spellman, B. A. (2003). Forgetting by remembering: Stereotype inhibition through rehearsal of alternative aspects of identity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 420-433.
23. Elmes, D. G., Adams, C., & Roediger, H. L. (1970). Cued forgetting in shortterm memory: Response selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 86, 103-107.
24. Geiselman, R. E., & Bagheri, B. (1985). Repetition effects in directed forgetting: Evidence for retrieval inhibition. Memory & Cognition, 13, 51-62.
25. Geiselman, R. E., Bjork, R. A., & Fishman, D. (1983). Disrupted retrieval in directed forgetting: A link with posthypnotic amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 58-72.
26. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, J. W. (1994). Stereotypes. In R. S. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition: Vol. 2: Applications (pp. 1-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
27. Johnson, H. (1994). Processes of successful intentional forgetting. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 274-292.
28. Johnston, L. C., & Macrae, C. N. (1994). Changing social stereotypes: The case of the information seeker. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 581-592.
29. Kihlstrom, J. F., & Cantor, N. (1984). Mental representations of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 1-47). New York: Academic Press.
30. Klein, S. B., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1986). Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 26-38.
31. Landaur, T. K., & Bjork, R. A. (1978). Optimal rehearsal patterns and name learning. In M. M. Gruenberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 625-632). London: Academic Press.
32. Lindsay, D. A., & Johnson, M. (1989a) The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source. Memory & Cognition, 17, 349-358.
33. Lindsay, D. A., & Johnson, M. (1989b) The reversed suggestibility effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 111-113.
34. Loftus, E. F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
35. Loftus, E. F., Donders, K., Hoffman, H. G., & Schooler, J. W. (1989). Creating new memories that are quickly accessed and confidently held. Memory & Cognition, 5, 607-616.
36. Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 19-31.
37. Loftus, G. R., & Loftus, E. F. (1980). On the permanence of stored information in the human brain. American Psychologist, 35, 409-420.
38. MacLeod, C. M. (1998). Directed forgetting. In J. M. Golding & C. M. MacLeod (Eds.), Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp.1-57). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
39. MacLeod, M. D. (2002). Retrieval-induced forgetting in eyewitness memory: Forgetting as a consequence of remembering. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 135-149.
40. MacLeod, M. D., Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2003). The role of retrieval-induced forgetting in the construction and distortion of memories. In B. Kokinov & W. Hirst (Eds.), Constructive memory: NBU Series in cognitive science (pp. 55-68). Sophia: New Bulgarian University.
41. MacLeod, M. D., & Macrae, C. N. (2001). Gone but not forgotten: The transient nature of retrieval-induced forgetting. Psychological Science, 121, 148-152.
42. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Ford, R. L. (1997). On the regulation of recollection: The intentional forgetting of stereotypical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 709-719.
43. Macrae, C. N., & MacLeod, M. D. (1999). On recollections lost: When practice makes imperfect. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 77, 463-473.
44. Macrae, C. N., & Roseveare, T. A. (2002). I was always on my mind: The self and temporary forgetting. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 611-614.
45. McGeoch, J. A. (1942). The psychology of human memory. New York: Longman.
46. Mensink, G. J. M., & Raajimakers, J. W (1988). A model of interference and forgetting. Psychological Review, 95, 434-435.
47. Moeser, S. D. (1979a). Retrieval interference in the independent storage of related episodic traces. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 33, 182-192.
48. Moeser, S. D. (1979b). The role of experimental design in investigations of the fan effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 125-134.
49. Postman, L. (1971). Transfer, interference and forgetting. In J. W. Kling & L. A. Riggs (Eds.), Woodworth and Scholsberg's experimental psychology (3rd ed., pp. 1019-1132). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
50. Raajimakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88, 93-134.
51. Reed, H. (1971). Studies of the interference processes in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 84, 452-457.
52. Roediger, H. L., (1974). Inhibiting effects of recall. Memory & Cognition, 2, 261-269.
53. Roediger, H. L., & Neely, J. H. (1982). Retrieval blocks in episodic and semantic memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 213-242.
54. Rundus, D. (1973). Negative effects of using list items as retrieval cues. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 43-50.
55. Saunders, J., & MacLeod, M. D. (2002). New evidence on the suggestibility of memory: The role of retrieval-induced forgetting in misinformation effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 127-142.
56. Shaw, J. S., III, Bjork, R. A., & Handal, A. (1995). Retrieval-induced forgetting in an eyewitness-memory paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 249-253.
57. Smith, R. E., & Hunt, R. R. (2000). The influence of distinctive processing on retrieval-induced forgetting. Memory & Cognition, 28, 503-508.
58. Smith, E. E., Adams, N., & Schorr, D. (1978). Fact retrieval and the paradox of interference. Cognitive Psychology, 10, 438-464.
59. Wells, G. L. (1993). What do we know about eyewitness identification? American Psychologist, 48, 553-571.
60. Wyer, N. A., Sherman, J. W., & Stroessner, S. J. (2000). The roles of motivation and ability in controlling the consequences of stereotype suppression. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 13-25.