Endogenous neurogenesis following ischaemic brain injury: Insights for therapeutic strategies

International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology

Volumn 56, Issue , 2014, Pages 4-19

  Merson, Tobias D ^a   Bourne, James A ^b  

^a FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Brain repair; Cell proliferation; Cell signalling; Neural stem cells; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ADAPTOR PROTEIN; ANDROGEN; ANDROSTANOLONE; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3A; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C5A; EPHRIN B3; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; ERYTHROPOIETIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MINOCYCLINE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NOTCH RECEPTOR; PROTEIN LNK; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; TESTOSTERONE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; VALPROIC ACID;

ASTROCYTE; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL INFILTRATION; CELL SURVIVAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPLEMENT LECTIN PATHWAY; DENTATE GYRUS; ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL; EPENDYMA CELL; EPIGENETICS; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INTERNEURON; LATERAL BRAIN VENTRICLE; LEUKOCYTE; MEMORY DISORDER; MICROGLIA; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; NEOCORTEX; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE REGENERATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NEURAL STEM CELL; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OLIGODENDROCYTE PRECURSOR CELL; OLIGODENDROGLIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLATELET MICROPARTICLE; PYRIFORM CORTEX; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; VASOCONSTRICTION; ADULT; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECTS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; ANIMALS; BRAIN INJURIES; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS; HUMANS; NERVE REGENERATION; NEURAL STEM CELLS; NEUROGENESIS; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 84911489493     PISSN: 13572725     EISSN: 18785875     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.003     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Ables JL, Breunig JJ, Eisch AJ, Rakic P. Not(ch) just development: notch signalling in the adult brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011;12(May (5)):269-83.
2. Ahlenius H, Devaraju K, Monni E, Oki K, Wattananit S, Darsalia V, et al. Adaptor protein LNK is a negative regulator of brain neural stem cell proliferation after stroke. J Neurosci 2012;32(April (15)):5151-64.
3. Ahmed AI, Shtaya AB, Zaben MJ, Owens EV, Kiecker C, Gray WP. Endogenous GFAP-positive neural stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal mouse cortex are activated following traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012;29(March (5)):828-42.
4. Alipanahzadeh H, Soleimani M, Soleimani Asl S, Pourheydar B, Nikkhah A, Mehdizadeh M. Transforming growth factor-α improves memory impairment and neurogenesis following ischemia reperfusion. Cell J 2013;16.(October (3)).
5. Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nat Med 2002;8(September (9)):963-70.
6. Banz Y, Rieben R. Role of complement and perspectives for intervention in ischemiare-perfusion damage. Ann Med 2012;44(May (3)):205-17.
7. Barkho BZ, Munoz AE, Li X, Li L, Cunningham LA, Zhao X. Endogenous matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-9 promote the differentiation and migration of adult neural progenitor cells in response to chemokines. Stem Cells 2008;26(December (12)):3139-49.
8. Beck H, Plate KH. Angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol 2009;117(May (5)):481-96.
9. Bendel O, Bueters T, von Euler M, Ove Ogren S, Sandin J, von Euler G. Reappearance of hippocampal CA1 neurons after ischemia is associated with recovery of learning and memory. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005;25(December (12)):1586-95.
10. Benner EJ, Luciano D, Jo R, Abdi K, Paez-Gonzalez P, Sheng H, et al. Protective astrogenesis from the SVZ niche after injury is controlled by notch modulator Thbs4. Nature 2013;497(May (7449)):369-73.
11. Benraiss A, Chmielnicki E, Lerner K, Roh D, Goldman SA. Adenoviral brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces both neostriatal and olfactory neuronal recruitment from endogenous progenitor cells in the adult forebrain. J Neurosci 2001;21(September (17)):6718-31.
12. Bergmann O, Liebl J, Bernard S, Alkass K, Yeung MS, Steier P, et al. The age of olfactory bulb neurons in humans. Neuron 2012;74(May (4)):634-9.
13. Blackmore DG, Golmohammadi MG, Large B, Waters MJ, Rietze RL. Exercise increases neural stem cell number in a growth hormone-dependent manner, augmenting the regenerative response in aged mice. Stem Cells 2009;27(August (8)):2044-52.
14. Blackmore DG, Vukovic J, Waters MJ, Bartlett PF. GH mediates exercise-dependent activation of SVZ neural precursor cells in aged mice. PLOS ONE 2012;7(11):e49912.
15. Bonaguidi MA, Wheeler MA, Shapiro JS, Stadel RP, Sun GJ, Ming GL, et al. In vivo clonal analysis reveals self-renewing and multipotent adult neural stem cell characteristics. Cell 2011;145(June (7)):1142-55.
16. Breunig JJ, Sarkisian MR, Arellano JI, Morozov YM, Ayoub AE, Sojitra S, et al. Primary cilia regulate hippocampal neurogenesis by mediating sonic hedgehog signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105(September (35)):13127-32.
17. Broughton BR, Reutens DC, Sobey CG. Apoptotic mechanisms after cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2009;40(May (5)):e331-9.
18. Buffo A, Rite I, Tripathi P, Lepier A, Colak D, Horn A-P, et al. Origin and progeny of reactive gliosis: a source of multipotent cells in the injured brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105(March (9)):3581-6.
19. Bull ND, Bartlett PF. The adult mouse hippocampal progenitor is neurogenic but not a stem cell. J Neurosci 2005;25(November (47)):10815-21.
20. Butti E, Bacigaluppi M, Rossi S, Cambiaghi M, Bari M, Cebrian Silla A, et al. Subventricular zone neural progenitors protect striatal neurons from glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Brain 2012;135(November (Pt 11)):3320-35.
21. Buza-Vidas N, Antonchuk J, Qian H, Mansson R, Luc S, Zandi S, et al. Cytokines regulate postnatal hematopoietic stem cell expansion: opposing roles of thrombopoietin and LNK. Genes Dev (Cold Spring Harbor Lab) 2006;20(August (15)):2018-23.
22. Chang F, Steelman LS, Lee JT, Shelton JG, Navolanic PM, Blalock WL, et al. Signal transduction mediated by the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway from cytokine receptors to transcription factors: potential targeting for therapeutic intervention. Leukemia 2003;17(July (7)):1263-93.
23. Chmielnicki E, Benraiss A, Economides AN, Goldman SA. Adenovirally expressed noggin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor cooperate to induce new medium spiny neurons from resident progenitor cells in the adult striatal ventricular zone. J Neurosci 2004;24(March (9)):2133-42.
24. Christophidis LJ, Gorba T, Gustavsson M, Williams CE, Werther GA, Russo VC, et al. Growth hormone receptor immunoreactivity is increased in the subventricular zone of juvenile rat brain after focal ischemia: a potential role for growth hormone in injury-induced neurogenesis. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009;19(December (6)):497-506.
25. Chumley MJ, Catchpole T, Silvany RE, Kernie SG, Henkemeyer M. EphB receptors regulate stem/progenitor cell proliferation, migration, and polarity during hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2007;27(December (49)):13481-90.
26. Cook DJ, Teves L, Tymianski M. A translational paradigm for the preclinical evaluation of the stroke neuroprotectant Tat-NR2B9c in gyrencephalic nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2012a;4(October (154)):154ra133.
27. Cook DJ, Teves L, Tymianski M. Treatment of stroke with a PSD-95 inhibitor in the gyrencephalic primate brain. Nature 2012b;483(March (7388)):213-7.
28. Cooke MJ, Wang Y, Morshead CM, Shoichet MS. Controlled epi-cortical delivery of epidermal growth factor for the stimulation of endogenous neural stem cell proliferation in stroke-injured brain. Biomaterials 2011;32(August (24)):5688-97.
29. Curtis MA, Kam M, Nannmark U, Anderson MF, Axell MZ, Wikkelso C, et al. Human neuroblasts migrate to the olfactory bulb via a lateral ventricular extension. Science 2007;315(March (5816)):1243-9.
30. Danilov AI, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. Ectopic ependymal cells in striatum accompany neurogenesis in a rat model of stroke. Neuroscience 2012;214(July (12)):159-70.
31. Dempsey RJ, Sailor KA, Bowen KK, Tureyen K, Vemuganti R. Stroke-induced progenitor cell proliferation in adult spontaneously hypertensive rat brain: effect of exogenous IGF-1 and GDNF. J Neurochem 2003;87(November (3)):586-97.
32. Depaepe V, Suarez-Gonzalez N, Dufour A, Passante L, Gorski JA, Jones KR, et al. Ephrin signalling controls brain size by regulating apoptosis of neural progenitors. Nature 2005;435(June (7046)):1244-50.
33. Dimou L, Simon C, Kirchhoff F, Takebayashi H, Götz M. Progeny of Olig2-expressing progenitors in the gray and white matter of the adult mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 2008;28(October (41)):10434-42.
34. Dimou L, Götz M. Glial cells as progenitors and stem cells: new roles in the healthy and diseased brain. Physiol Rev 2014;94(July (3)):709-37.
35. Doeppner TR, Bretschneider E, Doehring M, Segura I, Senturk A, Acker-Palmer A, et al. Enhancement of endogenous neurogenesis in ephrin-B3 deficient mice after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol 2011;122(October (4)):429-42.
36. Duan S-R, Wang J, Teng W, Xu R. Expression of nestin and glial-derived neurotrophic factor in human endogenous neural stem cells following ischemia. Neurol Res 2010;32(October (8)):835-40.
37. Duarte EP, Curcio M, Canzoniero LM, Duarte CB. Neuroprotection by GDNF in the ischemic brain. Growth Factors 2012;30(August (4)):242-57.
38. Ducruet AF, Zacharia BE, Sosunov SA, Gigante PR, Yeh ML, Gorski JW, et al. Complement inhibition promotes endogenous neurogenesis and sustained anti-inflammatory neuroprotection following reperfused stroke. PLOS ONE 2012;7(6):e38664.
39. Ergul A, Alhusban A, Fagan SC. Angiogenesis: a harmonized target for recovery after stroke. Stroke 2012;43(August (8)):2270-4.
40. Ernst A, Alkass K, Bernard S, Salehpour M, Perl S, Tisdale J, et al. Neurogenesis in the striatum of the adult human brain. Cell 2014;156(February (5)):1072-83.
41. Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Björk-Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA, et al. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 1998;4(November (11)):1313-7.
42. Faigle R, Song H. Signaling mechanisms regulating adult neural stem cells and neurogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013;1830(February (2)):2435-48.
43. Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2014;383(January (9913)):245-54.
44. Font MA, Arboix A, Krupinski J. Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in ischemic stroke. Curr Cardiol Rev 2010;6(August (3)):238-44.
45. Furne C, Ricard J, Cabrera JR, Pays L, Bethea JR, Mehlen P, et al. EphrinB3 is an anti-apoptotic ligand that inhibits the dependence receptor functions of EphA4 receptors during adult neurogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009;1793(February (2)):231-8.
46. Glasper ER, Schoenfeld TJ, Gould E. Adult neurogenesis: optimizing hippocampal function to suit the environment. Behav Brain Res 2012;227(February 2):380-3.
47. Gonzalez FF, Larpthaveesarp A, McQuillen P, Derugin N, Wendland M, Spadafora R, et al. Erythropoietin increases neurogenesis and oligodendrogliosis of subventricular zone precursor cells after neonatal stroke. Stroke 2013;44(March 3):753-8.
48. Guerra-Crespo M, Gleason D, Sistos A, Toosky T, Solaroglu I, Zhang JH, et al. Transforming growth factor-alpha induces neurogenesis and behavioral improvement in a chronic stroke model. Neuroscience 2009;160(May (2)):470-83.
49. Gustafsson E, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Intraventricular infusion of TrkB-Fc fusion protein promotes ischemia-induced neurogenesis in adult rat dentate gyrus. Stroke 2003;34(November (11)):2710-5.
50. Han Y-G, Spassky N, Romaguera-Ros M, García-Verdugo JM, Aguilar A, Schneider-Maunoury S, et al. Hedgehog signaling and primary cilia are required for the formation of adult neural stem cells. Nat Neurosci 2008;11(March (3)):277-84.
51. Hayon Y, Dashevsky O, Shai E, Brill A, Varon D, Leker RR. Platelet microparticles induce angiogenesis and neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Curr Neurovasc Res 2012;9(August (3)):185-92.
52. Hayon Y, Dashevsky O, Shai E, Varon D, Leker RR. Platelet lysates stimulate angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuroprotection after stroke. Thromb Haemost 2013;110(August (2)):323-30.
53. Hermann DM, Chopp M. Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation. Lancet Neurol 2012;11(April (4)):369-80.
54. Herrington J, Carter-Su C. Signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2001;12(August (6)):252-7.
55. Hill MD, Martin RH, Mikulis D, Wong JH, Silver FL, Terbrugge KG, et al. Safety and efficacy of NA-1 in patients with iatrogenic stroke after endovascular aneurysm repair (ENACT): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2012;11(November (11)):942-50.
56. Hojo Y, Hattori T-A, Enami T, Furukawa A, Suzuki K, Ishii H-T, et al. Adult male rat hippocampus synthesizes estradiol from pregnenolone by cytochromes P45017alpha and P450 aromatase localized in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(January (3)):865-70.
57. Holmberg J, Armulik A, Senti K-A, Edoff K, Spalding K, Momma S, et al. Ephrin-A2 reverse signaling negatively regulates neural progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis. Genes Dev 2005;19(February (4)):462-71.
58. Homman-Ludiye J, Merson TD, Bourne JA. The early postnatal nonhuman primate neocortex contains self-renewing multipotent neural progenitor cells. PLOS ONE 2012;7(3):e34383.
59. Hou SW, Wang YQ, Xu M, Shen DH, Wang JJ, Huang F, et al. Functional integration of newly generated neurons into striatum after cerebral ischemia in the adult rat brain. Stroke 2008;39(October (10)):2837-44.
60. Huttner HB, Bergmann O, Salehpour M, Rácz A, Tatarishvili J, Lindgren E, et al. The age and genomic integrity of neurons after cortical stroke in humans. Nat Neurosci 2014;17(June (6)):801-3.
61. Ihrie RA, Shah JK, Harwell CC, Levine JH, Guinto CD, Lezameta M, et al. Persistent sonic hedgehog signaling in adult brain determines neural stem cell positional identity. Neuron 2011;71(July (2)):250-62.
62. Jiao J, Chen DF. Induction of neurogenesis in nonconventional neurogenic regions of the adult central nervous system by niche astrocyte-produced signals. Stem Cells 2008;26(May (5)):1221-30.
63. Jin K, Sun Y, Xie L, Peel A, Mao XO, Batteur S, et al. Directed migration of neuronal precursors into the ischemic cerebral cortex and striatum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003;24(September (1)):171-89.
64. Jin K, Wang X, Xie L, Mao XO, Zhu W, Wang Y, et al. Evidence for stroke-induced neurogenesis in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103(August (35)):13198-202.
65. Jin K, Wang X, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA. Transgenic ablation of doublecortin-expressing cells suppresses adult neurogenesis and worsens stroke outcome in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010a;107(April (17)):7993-8.
66. Jin R, Yang G, Li G. Molecular insights and therapeutic targets for blood-brain barrier disruption in ischemic stroke: critical role of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue-type plasminogen activator. Neurobiol Dis 2010b;38(June (3)):376-85.
67. Jin-Qiao S, Bin S, Wen-Hao Z, Yi Y. Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in neonatal rats after ischemic brain injury. Brain Dev 2009;31(May (5)):331-40.
68. Johe KK, Hazel TG, Muller T, Dugich-Djordjevic MM, McKay RD. Single factors direct the differentiation of stem cells from the fetal and adult central nervous system. Genes Dev 1996;10(December (24)):3129-40.
69. Johnston SC, Mendis S, Mathers CD. Global variation in stroke burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and modelling. Lancet Neurol 2009;8(April (4)):345-54.
70. Kang SH, Fukaya M, Yang JK, Rothstein JD, Bergles DE. NG2+ CNS glial progenitors remain committed to the oligodendrocyte lineage in postnatal life and following neurodegeneration. Neuron 2010;68(November (4)):668-81.
71. Kang SS, Keasey MP, Arnold SA, Reid R, Geralds J, Hagg T. Endogenous CNTF mediates stroke-induced adult CNS neurogenesis in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2012;49C(August (31)):68-78.
72. Kang SS, Kook JH, Hwang S, Park SH, Nam SC, Kim J-K. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 attenuated neural progenitor cell migration after photothrombotic ischemia. Brain Res 2008;1228(September (4)):20-6.
73. Kaste M. Is the door open again for neuroprotection trials in stroke? Lancet Neurol 2012;11(November (11)):930-1.
74. Katakowski M, Zhang Z, deCarvalho AC, Chopp M. EphB2 induces proliferation and promotes a neuronal fate in adult subventricular neural precursor cells. Neurosci Lett 2005;385(September (3)):204-9.
75. Keiner S, Walter J, Oberland J, Redecker C. Contribution of constitutively proliferating precursor cell subtypes to dentate neurogenesis after cortical infarcts. BMC Neurosci 2010;11(1):146.
76. Kernie SG, Parent JM. Forebrain neurogenesis after focal ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2010;37(February (2)):267-74.
77. Khan MM, Wakade C, de Sevilla L, Brann DW. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) enhance neurogenesis and spine density following focal cerebral ischemia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014(May (8))., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.05.001 [Epub ahead of print].
78. Kim BJ, Kim M-J, Park J-M, Lee S-H, Kim Y-J, Ryu S, et al. Reduced neurogenesis after suppressed inflammation by minocycline in transient cerebral ischemia in rat. J Neurol Sci 2009a;279(April (1-2)):70-5.
79. Kim DH, Kim JM, Park SJ, Lee S, Yoon BH, Ryu JH. Early-activated microglia play a role in transient forebrain ischemia-induced neural precursor proliferation in the dentate gyrus of mice. Neurosci Lett 2010;475(May (2)):74-9.
80. Kim HJ, Leeds P, Chuang D-M. The HDAC inhibitor, sodium butyrate, stimulates neurogenesis in the ischemic brain. J Neurochem 2009b;110(August (4)):1226-40.
81. Kiprianova I, Schindowski K, von Bohlen und Halbach O, Krause S, Dono R, Schwaninger M, et al. Enlarged infarct volume and loss of BDNF mRNA induction following brain ischemia in mice lacking FGF-2. Exp Neurol 2004;189(October (2)):252-60.
82. Klein R. Eph/ephrin signalling during development. Development 2012; 139(November (22)):4105-9.
83. Kobayashi T, Ahlenius H, Thored P, Kobayashi R, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. Intracerebral infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes striatal neurogenesis after stroke in adult rats. Stroke 2006;37(September (9)):2361-7.
84. Kojima T, Hirota Y, Ema M, Takahashi S, Miyoshi I, Okano H, et al. Subventricular zone-derived neural progenitor cells migrate along a blood vessel scaffold toward the post-stroke striatum. Stem Cells 2010;28(March (3)):545-54.
85. Kondo T, Raff M. Chromatin remodeling and histone modification in the conversion of oligodendrocyte precursors to neural stem cells. Genes Dev 2004;18(December (23)):2963-72.
86. Kondo T, Raff M. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells reprogrammed to become multipotential CNS stem cells. Science 2000;289(September (5485)):1754-7.
87. Kreuzberg M, Kanov E, Timofeev O, Schwaninger M, Monyer H, Khodosevich K. Increased subventricular zone-derived cortical neurogenesis after ischemic lesion. Exp Neurol 2010;226(November (1)):90-9.
88. Kuge A, Takemura S, Kokubo Y, Sato S, Goto K, Kayama T. Temporal profile of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone, dentate gyrus and cerebral cortex following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res 2009;31(November (9)):969-76.
89. Kukekov VG, Laywell ED, Suslov O, Davies K, Scheffler B, Thomas LB, et al. Multipotent stem/progenitor cells with similar properties arise from two neurogenic regions of adult human brain. Exp Neurol 1999;156(April (2)):333-44.
90. Kwon S-M, Suzuki T, Kawamoto A, Ii M, Eguchi M, Akimaru H, et al. Pivotal role of lnk adaptor protein in endothelial progenitor cell biology for vascular regeneration. Circ Res 2009;104(April (8)):969-77.
91. Lapchak PA. Erythropoietin molecules to treat acute ischemic stroke: a translational dilemma! Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010;19(October (10)):1179-86.
92. Larsson E, Mandel RJ, Klein RL, Muzyczka N, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Suppression of insult-induced neurogenesis in adult rat brain by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Exp Neurol 2002;177(September (1)):1-8.
93. Laywell ED, Rakic P, Kukekov VG, Holland EC, Steindler DA. Identification of a multipotent astrocytic stem cell in the immature and adult mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97(December (25)):13883-8.
94. Lee J, Duan W, Mattson MP. Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. J Neurochem 2002;82(September (6)):1367-75.
95. Lee S-R, Kim H-Y, Rogowska J, Zhao B-Q, Bhide P, Parent JM, et al. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinase in neuroblast cell migration from the subventricular zone after stroke. J Neurosci 2006;26(March (13)):3491-5.
96. Leker RR, Soldner F, Velasco I, Gavin DK, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, McKay RD. Long-lasting regeneration after ischemia in the cerebral cortex. Stroke 2007;38(January (1)):153-61.
97. Leker RR, Toth ZE, Shahar T, Cassiani-Ingoni R, Szalayova I, Key S, et al. Transforming growth factor alpha induces angiogenesis and neurogenesis following stroke. Neuroscience 2009;163(September (1)):233-43.
98. Leventhal C, Rafii S, Rafii D, Shahar A, Goldman SA. Endothelial trophic support of neuronal production and recruitment from the adult mammalian subependyma. Mol Cell Neurosci 1999;13(June (6)):450-64.
99. Li B, Piao C-S, Liu X-Y, Guo W-P, Xue Y-Q, Duan W-M, et al. Brain self-protection: the role of endogenous neural progenitor cells in adult brain after cerebral cortical ischemia. Brain Res 2010a;1327(April):91-102.
100. Li J, Siegel M, Yuan M, Zeng Z, Finnucan L, Persky R, et al. Estrogen enhances neurogenesis and behavioral recovery after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011;31(February (2)):413-25.
101. Li S-F, Sun Y-B, Meng Q-H, Li S-R, Yao W-C, Hu G-J, et al. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 1-vascular endothelial growth factor promotes neurogenesis and neuromigration in the subventricular zone and rescues neuronal function in ischemic rats. Neurosurgery 2009a;65(October (4)):771-9.
102. Li W-L, Cai H-H, Wang B, Chen L, Zhou Q-G, Luo C-X, et al. Chronic fluoxetine treatment improves ischemia-induced spatial cognitive deficits through increasing hippocampal neurogenesis after stroke. J Neurosci Res 2009b;87(January (1)):112-22.
103. Li Y, Yu SP, Mohamad O, Genetta T, Wei L. Sublethal transient global ischemia stimulates migration of neuroblasts and neurogenesis in mice. Transl Stroke Res 2010b;1(September (3)):184-96.
104. Lichtenwalner RJ, Forbes ME, Sonntag WE, Riddle DR. Adult-onset deficiency in growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I decreases survival of dentate granule neurons: insights into the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2006;83(February (2)):199-210.
105. Liu R, Yang S-H. Window of opportunity: estrogen as a treatment for ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2013;1514(June):83-90.
106. Liu XS, Chopp M, Kassis H, Jia LF, Hozeska-Solgot A, Zhang RL, et al. Valproic acid increases white matter repair and neurogenesis after stroke. Neuroscience 2012;220(September (18)):313-21.
107. Liu XS, Chopp M, Wang XL, Zhang L, Hozeska-Solgot A, Tang T, et al. MicroRNA-17-92 cluster mediates the proliferation and survival of neural progenitor cells after stroke. J Biol Chem 2013a;288(May (18)):12478-88.
108. Liu XS, Chopp M, Zhang RL, Hozeska-Solgot A, Gregg SC, Buller B, et al. Angiopoietin 2 mediates the differentiation and migration of neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone after stroke. J Biol Chem 2009;284(August (34)):22680-9.
109. Liu XS, Chopp M, Zhang RL, Tao T, Wang XL, Kassis H, et al. MicroRNA profiling in subventricular zone after stroke: MiR-124a regulates proliferation of neural progenitor cells through notch signaling pathway. PLoS ONE 2011;6(8):e23461.
110. Liu XS, Chopp M, Zhang RL, Zhang ZG. MicroRNAs in cerebral ischemia-induced neurogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013b;72(August (8)):718-22.
111. Lobie PE, García-Aragón J, Lincoln DT, Barnard R, Wilcox JN, Waters MJ. Localization and ontogeny of growth hormone receptor gene expression in the central nervous system. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1993;74(August (2)):225-33.
112. Lois C, Alvarez-Buylla A. Long-distance neuronal migration in the adult mammalian brain. Science 1994;264(May (5162)):1145-8.
113. Lojewski X, Hermann A, Wegner F, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Hallmeyer-Elgner S, Kirsch M, et al. Human adult white matter progenitor cells are multipotent neuroprogenitors similar to adult hippocampal progenitors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014;3(April (4)):458-69.
114. Longmore GD, Watowich SS, Hilton DJ, Lodish HF. The erythropoietin receptor: its role in hematopoiesis and myeloproliferative diseases. J Cell Biol 1993;123(December (6 Pt 1)):1305-8.
115. Lu L, Tonchev AB, Kaplamadzhiev DB, Boneva NB, Mori Y, Sahara S, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the neurogenic niche of the adult monkey hippocampus after ischemia. Hippocampus 2008;18(10):1074-84.
116. Macas J, Nern C, Plate KH, Momma S. Increased generation of neuronal progenitors after ischemic injury in the aged adult human forebrain. J Neurosci 2006;26(December (50)):13114-9.
117. Magavi SS, Macklis JD. Induction of neuronal type-specific neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex of adult mice: manipulation of neural precursors in situ. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2002;134(March (1-2)):57-76.
118. Martí-Fàbregas J, Romaguera-Ros M, Gómez-Pinedo U, Martínez-Ramírez S, Jiménez-Xarrié E, Marín R, et al. Proliferation in the human ipsilateral subventricular zone after ischemic stroke. Neurology 2010;74(February (5)):357-65.
119. Matsumura N, Yoshida N, Ohta A, Miyamoto Y, Hisatsune T. Neural precursor cells from adult mouse cerebral cortex differentiate into both neurons and oligodendrocytes. Cytotechnology 2003;43(November (1-3)):19-25.
120. Meng Z, Li M, He Q, Jiang S, Zhang X, Xiao J, et al. Ectopic expression of human angiopoietin-1 promotes functional recovery and neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2014;267(May (16)):135-46.
121. Metzger D, Chambon P. Site- and time-specific gene targeting in the mouse. Methods 2001;24(May (1)):71-80.
122. Ming G-L, Song H. Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain: significant answers and significant questions. Neuron 2011;70(May (4)):687-702.
123. Minnerup J, Heidrich J, Rogalewski A, Schabitz W-R, Wellmann J. The efficacy of erythropoietin and its analogues in animal stroke models: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2009;40(September (9)):3113-20.
124. Nakatomi H, Kuriu T, Okabe S, Yamamoto S, Hatano O, Kawahara N, et al. Regeneration of hippocampal pyramidal neurons after ischemic brain injury by recruitment of endogenous neural progenitors. Cell 2002;110(August (4)):429-41.
125. Nakayama D, Matsuyama T, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Nakagomi T, Kasahara Y, Hirose H, et al. Injury-induced neural stem/progenitor cells in post-stroke human cerebral cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2010;31(January (1)):90-8.
126. Neuhaus AA, Rabie T, Sutherland BA, Papadakis M, Hadley G, Cai R, et al. Importance of preclinical research in the development of neuroprotective strategies for ischemic stroke. JAMA Neurol 2014;71(March (5)):634.
127. Nih LR, Deroide N, Lere-Dean C, Lerouet D, Soustrat M, Levy BI, et al. Neuroblast survival depends on mature vascular network formation after mouse stroke: role of endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor cell co-administration. Eur J Neurosci 2012;35(April (8)):1208-17.
128. Nishino J, Yamashita K, Hashiguchi H, Fujii H, Shimazaki T, Hamada H. Meteorin: a secreted protein that regulates glial cell differentiation and promotes axonal extension. EMBO J 2004;23(May (9)):1998-2008.
129. Niv F, Keiner S, Krishna K, Witte OW, Lie DC, Redecker C. Aberrant neurogenesis after stroke: a retroviral cell labeling study. Stroke 2012;43(September (9)):2468-75.
130. Nunes MC, Roy NS, Keyoung HM, Goodman RR, McKhann G 2nd, Jiang L, et al. Identification and isolation of multipotential neural progenitor cells from the subcortical white matter of the adult human brain. Nat Med 2003;9(April (4)):439-47.
131. O'Collins VE, Macleod MR, Donnan GA, Horky LL, van der Worp BH, Howells DW. 1,026 experimental treatments in acute stroke. Ann Neurol 2006;59(March (3)):467-77.
132. Ohira K, Furuta T, Hioki H, Nakamura KC, Kuramoto E, Tanaka Y, et al. Ischemia-induced neurogenesis of neocortical layer 1 progenitor cells. Nat Neurosci 2010;13(February (2)):173-9.
133. Okuyama S, Shimada N, Kaji M, Morita M, Miyoshi K, Minami S, et al. Heptamethoxy flavone, a citrus flavonoid, enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor production and neurogenesis in the hippocampus following cerebral global ischemia in mice. Neurosci Lett 2012;528(October (2)):190-5.
134. Osredkar D, Sall JW, Bickler PE, Ferriero DM. Erythropoietin promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in in vitro models of neonatal stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2010;38(May (2)):259-65.
135. Palmer TD, Markakis EA, Willhoite AR, Safar F, Gage FH. Fibroblast growth factor-2 activates a latent neurogenic program in neural stem cells from diverse regions of the adult CNS. J Neurosci 1999;19(October (19)):8487-97.
136. Parent JM, Vexler ZS, Gong C, Derugin N, Ferriero DM. Rat forebrain neurogenesis and striatal neuron replacement after focal stroke. Ann Neurol 2002;52(December (6)):802-13.
137. Pastrana E, Silva-Vargas V, Doetsch F. Eyes wide open: a critical review of sphere-formation as an assay for stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2011;8(May (5)):486-98.
138. Pekna M, Pekny M, Nilsson M. Modulation of neural plasticity as a basis for stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 2012;43(October (10)):2819-28.
139. Pencea V, Bingaman KD, Wiegand SJ, Luskin MB. Infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor into the lateral ventricle of the adult rat leads to new neurons in the parenchyma of the striatum, septum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. J Neurosci 2001;21(September (17)):6706-17.
140. Pierfelice T, Alberi L, Gaiano N. Notch in the vertebrate nervous system: an old dog with new tricks. Neuron 2011;69(March (5)):840-55.
141. Qiu J, Takagi Y, Harada J, Topalkara K, Wang Y, Sims JR, et al. p27Kip1 constrains proliferation of neural progenitor cells in adult brain under homeostatic and ischemic conditions. Stem Cells 2009;27(April (4)):920-7.
142. Qiu R, Wang X, Davy A, Wu C, Murai K, Zhang H, et al. Regulation of neural progenitor cell state by ephrin-B. J Cell Biol 2008;181(June (6)):973-83.
143. Qureshi IA, Mehler MF. Chromatin-modifying agents for epigenetic reprogramming and endogenous neural stem cell-mediated repair in stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2011;2(March (1)):7-16.
144. Reynolds BA, Weiss S. Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science 1992;255: 1707-10.
145. Ribatti D, Presta M, Vacca A, Ria R, Giuliani R, Dell'Era P, et al. Human erythropoietin induces a pro-angiogenic phenotype in cultured endothelial cells and stimulates neovascularization in vivo. Blood 1999;93(April (8)):2627-36.
146. Ricard J, Salinas J, Garcia L, Liebl DJ. EphrinB3 regulates cell proliferation and survival in adult neurogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006;31(April (4)):713-22.
147. Richards LJ, Kilpatrick TJ, Bartlett PF. De novo generation of neuronal cells from the adult mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89(September (18)):8591-5, 1992.
148. Richardson WD, Young KM, Tripathi RB, McKenzie I. NG2-glia as multipotent neural stem cells: fact or fantasy? Neuron 2011;70(May (4)):661-73.
149. Rivers LE, Young KM, Rizzi M, Jamen F, Psachoulia K, Wade A, et al. PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice. Nat Neurosci 2008;11(December (12)):1392-401.
150. Rosenzweig ES, Courtine G, Jindrich DL, Brock JH, Ferguson AR, Strand SC, et al. Extensive spontaneous plasticity of corticospinal projections after primate spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2010;13(December (12)):1505-10.
151. Roy NS, Wang S, Jiang L, Kang J, Benraiss A, Harrison-Restelli C, et al. In vitro neurogenesis by progenitor cells isolated from the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 2000;6(March (3)):271-7.
152. Rueger MA, Muesken S, Walberer M, Jantzen SU, Schnakenburg K, Backes H, et al. Effects of minocycline on endogenous neural stem cells after experimental stroke. Neuroscience 2012;215(July (26)):174-83.
153. Sacchetti ML. Is it time to definitely abandon neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke? Stroke 2008;39(June (6)):1659-60.
154. Sandoval KE, Witt KA. Blood-brain barrier tight junction permeability and ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2008;32(November (2)):200-19.
155. Sanai N, Tramontin AD, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Barbaro NM, Gupta N, Kunwar S, et al. Unique astrocyte ribbon in adult human brain contains neural stem cells but lacks chain migration. Nature 2004;427(February (6976)):740-4.
156. Sanai N, Berger MS, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Comment on human neuroblasts migrate to the olfactory bulb via a lateral ventricular extension. Science 2007;318(October (5849)):393, author reply.
157. Sanai N, Nguyen T, Ihrie RA, Mirzadeh Z, Tsai HH, Wong M, et al. Corridors of migrating neurons in the human brain and their decline during infancy. Nature 2011;478(September (7369)):382-6.
158. Scheepens A, Sirimanne ES, Breier BH, Clark RG, Gluckman PD, Williams CE. Growth hormone as a neuronal rescue factor during recovery from CNS injury. Neuroscience 2001;104(3):677-87.
159. Seri B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, McEwen BS, Alvarez-Buylla A. Astrocytes give rise to new neurons in the adult mammalian hippocampus. J Neurosci 2001;21(September (18)):7153-60.
160. Shein NA, Shohami E. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutic agents for acute central nervous system injuries. Mol Med 2011;17(May (5-6)):448-56.
161. Shen Q, Wang Y, Kokovay E, Lin G, Chuang S-M, Goderie SK, et al. Adult SVZ stem cells lie in a vascular niche: a quantitative analysis of niche cell-cell interactions. Cell Stem Cell 2008;3(September (3)):289-300.
162. Shimada IS, LeComte MD, Granger JC, Quinlan NJ, Spees JL. Self-renewal and differentiation of reactive astrocyte-derived neural stem/progenitor cells isolated from the cortical peri-infarct area after stroke. J Neurosci 2012;32(June (23)):7926-40.
163. Shimada IS, Peterson BM, Spees JL. Isolation of locally derived stem/progenitor cells from the peri-infarct area that do not migrate from the lateral ventricle after cortical stroke. Stroke 2010;41(September (9)):e552-60.
164. Shingo T, Sorokan ST, Shimazaki T, Weiss S. Erythropoietin regulates the in vitro and in vivo production of neuronal progenitors by mammalian forebrain neural stem cells. J Neurosci 2001;21(December (24)):9733-43.
165. Shruster A, Ben-Zur T, Melamed E, Offen D. Wnt signaling enhances neurogenesis and improves neurological function after focal ischemic injury. PLOS ONE 2012;7(7):e40843.
166. Sims JR, Lee S-W, Topalkara K, Qiu J, Xu J, Zhou Z, et al. Sonic hedgehog regulates ischemia/hypoxia-induced neural progenitor proliferation. Stroke 2009;40(November (11)):3618-26.
167. Sirko S, Behrendt G, Johansson PA, Tripathi P, Costa M, Bek S, et al. Reactive glia in the injured brain acquire stem cell properties in response to sonic hedgehog. Cell Stem Cell 2013;12(April (4)):426-39.
168. Sofroniew MV. Multiple roles for astrocytes as effectors of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Neuroscientist 2014;20(April (2)):160-72.
169. Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC. Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001;24:1217-81.
170. Spalding KL, Bergmann O, Alkass K, Bernard S, Salehpour M, Huttner HB, et al. Dynamics of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult humans. Cell 2013;153(June (6)):1219-27.
171. Sun F, Mao X, Xie L, Ding M, Shao B, Jin K. Notch1 signaling modulates neuronal progenitor activity in the subventricular zone in response to aging and focal ischemia. Aging Cell 2013;12(December (6)):978-87.
172. Sun F, Wang X, Mao X, Xie L, Jin K. Ablation of neurogenesis attenuates recovery of motor function after focal cerebral ischemia in middle-aged mice. PLOS ONE 2012;7(10):e46326.
173. Sun J, Zhou W, Sha B, Yang Y. Ischemia induced neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation in neonatal rat involved vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta pathways. Brain Dev 2010;32(March (3)):191-200.
174. Suzuki S, Brown CM, Wise PM. Neuroprotective effects of estrogens following ischemic stroke. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009;30(July (2)):201-11.
175. Suzuki S, Gerhold LM, Bottner M, Rau SW, Cruz Dela C, Yang E, et al. Estradiol enhances neurogenesis following ischemic stroke through estrogen receptors alpha and beta. J Comp Neurol 2007;500(February (6)):1064-75.
176. Tamura A, Graham DI, McCulloch J, Teasdale GM. Focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat: 1. Description of technique and early neuropathological consequences following middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981;1(1):53-60.
177. Tatsumi K, Takebayashi H, Manabe T, Tanaka KF, Makinodan M, Yamauchi T, et al. Genetic fate mapping of Olig2 progenitors in the injured adult cerebral cortex reveals preferential differentiation into astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2008;86(December (16)):3494-502.
178. Tavazoie M, Van der Veken L, Silva-Vargas V, Louissaint M, Colonna L, Zaidi B, et al. A specialized vascular niche for adult neural stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2008;3(September (3)):279-88.
179. Teo L, Bourne JA. A reproducible and translatable model of focal ischemia in the visual cortex of infant and adult marmoset monkeys. Brain Pathol 2014(February (28))., http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12129 [Epub ahead of print].
180. Teo L, Rosenfeld JV, Bourne JA. Models of CNS injury in the nonhuman primate: a new era for treatment strategies. Transl Neurosci 2012;3:185-95.
181. Theus MH, Ricard J, Bethea JR, Liebl DJ. EphB3 limits the expansion of neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone by regulating p53 during homeostasis and following traumatic brain injury. Stem Cells 2010;28(July (7)):1231-42.
182. Thored P, Arvidsson A, Cacci E, Ahlenius H, Kallur T, Darsalia V, et al. Persistent production of neurons from adult brain stem cells during recovery after stroke. Stem Cells 2006;24(March (3)):739-47.
183. Tian L, Nie H, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Peng Z, Cai M, et al. Recombinant human thioredoxin-1 promotes neurogenesis and facilitates cognitive recovery following cerebral ischemia in mice. Neuropharmacology 2014;77(February):453-64.
184. Tonchev AB, Yamashima T, Sawamoto K, Okano H. Enhanced proliferation of progenitor cells in the subventricular zone and limited neuronal production in the striatum and neocortex of adult macaque monkeys after global cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2005;81(September (6)):776-88.
185. Tripathi RB, Rivers LE, Young KM, Jamen F, Richardson WD. NG2 glia generate new oligodendrocytes but few astrocytes in a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of demyelinating disease. J Neurosci 2010;30(December (48)):16383-90.
186. Tsai PT, Ohab JJ, Kertesz N, Groszer M, Matter C, Gao J, et al. A critical role of erythropoietin receptor in neurogenesis and post-stroke recovery. J Neurosci 2006;26(January (4)):1269-74.
187. Türeyen K, Vemuganti R, Bowen KK, Sailor KA, Dempsey RJ. EGF and FGF-2 infusion increases post-ischemic neural progenitor cell proliferation in the adult rat brain. Neurosurgery 2005;57(December (6)):1254-63, discussion.
188. Turnley AM, Faux CH, Rietze RL, Coonan JR, Bartlett PF. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 regulates neuronal differentiation by inhibiting growth hormone signaling. Nat Neurosci 2002;5(November (11)):1155-62.
189. Tymianski M. Can molecular and cellular neuroprotection be translated into therapies for patients?: yes, but not the way we tried it before. Stroke 2010;41(October (10 Suppl.)):S87-90.
190. Vessal M, Aycock A, Garton MT, Ciferri M, Darian-Smith C. Adult neurogenesis in primate and rodent spinal cord: comparing a cervical dorsal rhizotomy with a dorsal column transection. Eur J Neurosci (Blackwell Publishing Ltd) 2007;26(November (10)):2777-94.
191. Vessal M, Darian-Smith C. Adult neurogenesis occurs in primate sensorimotor cortex following cervical dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosci 2010;30(June (25)): 8613-23.
192. Vissapragada R, Contreras MA, da Silva CG, Kumar VA, Ochoa A, Vasudevan A, et al. Bidirectional crosstalk between periventricular endothelial cells and neural progenitor cells promotes the formation of a neurovascular unit. Brain Res 2014;1565(May (27)):8-17.
193. Walker TL, White A, Black DM, Wallace RH, Sah P, Bartlett PF. Latent stem and progenitor cells in the hippocampus are activated by neural excitation. J Neurosci 2008;28(May (20)):5240-7.
194. Wang L, Chopp M, Zhang RL, Zhang L, Letourneau Y, Feng YF, et al. The notch pathway mediates expansion of a progenitor pool and neuronal differentiation in adult neural progenitor cells after stroke. Neuroscience 2009a;158(February (4)):1356-63.
195. Wang L, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang R, Chopp M. Treatment of stroke with erythropoietin enhances neurogenesis and angiogenesis and improves neurological function in rats. Stroke 2004;35(July (7)):1732-7.
196. Wang L, Zhang ZG, Gregg SR, Zhang RL, Jiao Z, Letourneau Y, et al. The Sonic hedgehog pathway mediates carbamylated erythropoietin-enhanced proliferation and differentiation of adult neural progenitor cells. J Biol Chem 2007;282(November (44)):32462-70.
197. Wang X, Mao X, Xie L, Greenberg DA, Jin K. Involvement of Notch1 signaling in neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of normal and ischemic rat brain in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009b;29(October (10)):1644-54.
198. Wang C, Liu F, Liu YY, Zhao CH, You Y, Wang L, et al. Identification and characterization of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the adult human brain. Cell Res 2011;21(November (11)):1534-50.
199. Wang X, Mao X, Xie L, Sun F, Greenberg DA, Jin K. Conditional depletion of neurogenesis inhibits long-term recovery after experimental stroke in mice. PLOS ONE 2012a;7(6):e38932.
200. Wang Z, Andrade N, Torp M, Wattananit S, Arvidsson A, Kokaia Z, et al. Meteorin is a chemokinetic factor in neuroblast migration and promotes stroke-induced striatal neurogenesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012b;32(February (2)): 387-98.
201. Watson BD, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Wachtel MS, Ginsberg MD. Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis. Ann Neurol 1985;17(May (5)):497-504.
202. Wilkinson DG. Multiple roles of EPH receptors and ephrins in neural development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001;2(March (3)):155-64.
203. Wojcik L, Sawicka A, Rivera S, Zalewska T. Neurogenesis in gerbil hippocampus following brain ischemia: focus on the involvement of metalloproteinases. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2009;69(1):52-61.
204. Wojcik-Stanaszek L, Sypecka J, Szymczak P, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Khrestchatisky M, Rivera S, et al. The potential role of metalloproteinases in neurogenesis in the gerbil hippocampus following global forebrain ischemia. PLoS ONE 2011;6(7):e22465.
205. Yamashita T, Ninomiya M, Hernández Acosta P, García-Verdugo JM, Sunabori T, Sakaguchi M, et al. Subventricular zone-derived neuroblasts migrate and differentiate into mature neurons in the post-stroke adult striatum. J Neurosci 2006;26(June (24)):6627-36.
206. Yan Y-P, Sailor KA, Vemuganti R, Dempsey RJ. Insulin-like growth factor-1 is an endogenous mediator of focal ischemia-induced neural progenitor proliferation. Eur J Neurosci (Blackwell Publishing Ltd) 2006;24(July (1)):45-54.
207. Yoshikawa G, Momiyama T, Oya S, Takai K, Tanaka J-I, Higashiyama S, et al. Induction of striatal neurogenesis and generation of region-specific functional mature neurons after ischemia by growth factors. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg 2010;113(October (4)):835-50.
208. Young KM, Merson TD, Sotthibundhu A, Coulson EJ, Bartlett PF. p75 neurotrophin receptor expression defines a population of BDNF-responsive neurogenic precursor cells. J Neurosci 2007;27(May (19)):5146-55.
209. Zhang C, Chopp M, Cui Y, Wang L, Zhang R, Zhang L, et al. Cerebrolysin enhances neurogenesis in the ischemic brain and improves functional outcome after stroke. J Neurosci Res 2010;88(November (15)):3275-81.
210. Zhang H, Vutskits L, Pepper MS, Kiss JZ. VEGF is a chemoattractant for FGF-2-stimulated neural progenitors. J Cell Biol 2003;163(December (6)):1375-84.
211. Zhang RL, Chopp M, Gregg SR, Toh Y, Roberts C, Letourneau Y, et al. Patterns and dynamics of subventricular zone neuroblast migration in the ischemic striatum of the adult mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009;29(July (7)):1240-50.
212. Zhang RL, Chopp M, Roberts C, Jia L, Wei M, Lu M, et al. Ascl1 lineage cells contribute to ischemia-induced neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011;31(February (2)):614-25.
213. Zhang RL, Chopp M, Roberts C, Wei M, Wang X, Liu X, et al. Sildenafil enhances neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in ischemic brain of middle-aged mouse. PLOS ONE 2012;7(10):e48141.
214. Zhang W, Cheng J, Vagnerova K, Ivashkova Y, Young J, Cornea A, et al. Effects of androgens on early post-ischemic neurogenesis in mice. Transl Stroke Res 2014;5(April (2)):301-11.
215. Zhang ZG, Zhang L, Tsang W, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Morris D, Zhang R, et al. Correlation of VEGF and angiopoietin expression with disruption of blood-brain barrier and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002;22(April (4)):379-92.
216. Zheng J, Zhang P, Li X, Lei S, Li W, He X, et al. Post-stroke estradiol treatment enhances neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of rats after permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2013;231(February (12)):82-90.
217. Zhou J, Cheng G, Kong R, Gao D-K, Zhang X. The selective ablation of inflammation in an acute stage of ischemic stroke may be a new strategy to promote neurogenesis. Med Hypotheses 2011;76(January (1)):1-3.
218. Zhu W, Cheng S, Xu G, Ma M, Zhou Z, Liu D, et al. Intranasal nerve growth factor enhances striatal neurogenesis in adult rats with focal cerebral ischemia. Drug Deliv 2011a;18(July (5)):338-43.
219. Zhu X, Hill RA, Dietrich D, Komitova M, Suzuki R, Nishiyama A. Age-dependent fate and lineage restriction of single NG2 cells. Development 2011b;138(February (4)):745-53.
220. Zhu X-H, Yan H-C, Zhang J, Qu H-D, Qiu X-S, Chen L, et al. Intermittent hypoxia promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and produces antidepressant-like effects in adult rats. J Neurosci 2010;30(September (38)):12653-63.
221. Zhu Y, Jin K, Mao XO, Greenberg DA. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes proliferation of cortical neuron precursors by regulating E2F expression. FASEB J 2003;17(February (2)):186-93.
222. Zigova T, Pencea V, Wiegand SJ, Luskin MB. Intraventricular administration of BDNF increases the number of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. Mol Cell Neurosci 1998;11(July (4)):234-45.