Conclusion: Towards a critical agenda for backpacker tourism

Backpacker Tourism: Concepts and Profiles

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 247-281

  Ateljevic, Irena ^a   Hannam, Kevin ^b  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84911021099     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (538)

1. Abdullah, A.S.M., Ebrahim, S., Fielding, R. and Morisky, D. (2004) Sexually transmitted infections in travellers: Implications for prevention and control. Travel Medicine 39, 533–538.
2. Abram, S., Waldren, J. and Macleod, D. (eds) (1997) Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places. Oxford: Berg.
3. Adler, J. (1985) Youth on the road: Reflections on the history of tramping. Annals of Tourism Research 12 (3), 335–354.
4. Adler, N.J. (1991) International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior (2nd edn). Boston: PWS-Kent.
5. Ahtola, O.T. (1975) The vector model of preferences: An alternative to the Fishbein model. Journal of Marketing Research 12, 52–59.
6. Aitchison, C. (2001) Theorizing other discourses of tourism, gender and culture: Can the subaltern speak (in tourism)? Tourist Studies 1, 133–147.
7. Aitchison, C. (2003) Gender and Leisure: Social and Cultural Perspectives. London: Routledge.
8. Aitchison, C. (2005) Feminist and gender perspectives in leisure and tourism research. In B. Ritchie, P. Burns and C. Palmer (eds) Tourism Research Methods: Integrating Theory with Practice (pp. 21–35). Wallingford: CABI.
9. Aitchison, C. and Reeves, C. (1998) Gendered (bed) spaces: The culture and commerce of women only tourism. In C. Aitchison and F. Jordan (eds) Gender, Space and Identity. Eastbourne: Leisure Studies Association.
10. Aitkenhead, D. (2001) Lovely girls, very cheap. Granta 73 (Spring), 127–150.
11. Alexandris, K., Dimitriadis, N. and Markata, D. (2002) Can perceptions of service quality predict behavioral intentions? An exploratory study in the hotel sector in Greece. Managing Service Quality 12 (4), 224–231.
12. Allon, F. (2002) On the beaten track: Place, locality and backpacker cultures in Sydney. CSAA 2002 Annual Conference: Ute Culture: The Utility of Culture and the Uses of Cultural Studies, Melbourne, Australia.
13. Allon, F. (2004) Backpacker heaven: The consumption and construction of tourist spaces and landscapes in Sydney. Space and Culture 7 (1), 49–63.
14. Almanza, B.A., Jaffe, W. and Lin, L.C. (1994) Use of the service attribute matrix to measure consumer satisfaction. Hospitality Research Journal 17 (2), 63–75.
15. Amin, A. and Thrift, N. (2002) Cities: Reimaging the Urban. Cambridge: Polity Press.
16. Anderskov, C. (2002) Backpacker culture: Meaning and identity making processes in the Backpacker culture among backpackers in Central America. Research Report, Department of Ethnography and Social Anthropology. Denmark: Arhus University.
17. Andrzej, H. and Buchanan, D. (2001) Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text. London: Prentice Hall.
18. Aramberri, J. (1991) The nature of youth tourism: Motivations, characteristics and requirements. Paper presented at the International Conference on Youth Tourism, New Delhi. Madrid: World Tourism Organisation.
19. Arnould, E.J. and Price, L. (1993) River magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research 20, 24–45.
20. Ateljevic, I. and Doorne, S. (2000a) ‘Staying within the fence’: Lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8 (5), 378–392.
21. Ateljevic, I. and Doorne, S. (2000b) Tourism as an escape: Long-term travelers in New Zealand. Tourism Analysis 5, 131–136.
22. Ateljevic, I. and Doorne, S. (2001) ‘Nowhere left to run’: A study of value boundaries and segmentation within the backpacker market of New Zealand. In J.A. Mazanec, G.I. Crouch, J.R. Brent Ritchie and A.G. Woodside (eds) Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure (Vol. 2). Wallingford: CABI.
23. Ateljevic, I. and Doorne, S. (2004) Theoretical encounters: A review of backpacker literature. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice (pp. 50–76). Clevedon: Channel View.
24. Ateljevic, I. and Doorne, S. (2005) Dialectics of authentification: Performing ‘exotic otherness’ in a backpacker enclave of Dali, China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 3 (1), 1–17.
25. Ateljevic, I. and Harris, C. (2005) Tourism researcher: From ‘otherness machine’ to reflective bricoleur. Paper presented at CAUTHE 2005: ‘Sharing Tourism Knowledge’. Alice Springs: Charles Darwin University.
26. Ateljevic, I., Harris, C., Wilson, E. and Collins, F. (2005) Getting ‘entangled’: Reflexivity and the ‘critical turn’ in tourism studies. Tourism Recreation Research 30 (2), 9–21.
27. Ateljevic, I., Pritchard, A. and Morgan, N. (eds) (2007) The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Australian Education Office (n.d.) Study Abroad Guide to Australian Universities. Sydney: AEO.
28. Australian Tourist Commission (ATC) (2002) Exploring the International Backpacker Market in Australia: Added Value. On WWW at http://www.tourism.australia.com/content/Research/tvic_backpacker_jun02.pdf. Accessed 6.7.07.
29. Australian Tourist Commission (ATC) (2004) The backpacker market factsheet (May). On WWW at http://www.australia.com/. Accessed 4.7.04.
30. Avrahami, E. (2001) The Israeli backpackers: A study in the context of tourism and postmodern condition. PhD thesis, City University of New York.
31. Aziz, H. (1999) Whose culture is it anyway. In Focus 31, 14–15.
32. Barnett, T. (1999) Editorial. In Focus 31, 3.
33. Baum, A. and Singer J.E. (eds) (1980) Advances in Environmental Psychology Volume 2: Applications of Personal Control. Hillside: Lawrence Erlbaum.
34. Bauman, Z. (2000) Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.
35. Beck, R. (1992) Foreword. In S. Hall (ed.) Ethics in Hospitality Management: A Book of Readings (pp. ix–x). East Lansing: Educational Institute of the American Hotel and Motel Association.
36. Becken, S. (2001) A comparison of the energy intensity associated with two different travel styles. Tourismus Journal 5, 227–246.
37. Becken, S. and Butcher, G. (2004) Economic yields associated with different types of tourists: A pilot analysis. Creating Tourism Knowledge CAUTHE Conference. Brisbane: University of Queensland.
38. Becken, S., Frampton, C. and Simmons, D. (2001) Energy consumption patterns in the accommodation sector–The New Zealand case. Ecological Economics 39, 371–386.
39. Becken, S., Simmons, D. and Frampton, C. (2003) Segmenting tourists by their travel pattern for insights into achieving energy efficiency. Journal of Travel Research 42, 48–56.
40. Beeho, A. and Prentice, R. (1997) Conceptualising the experiences of heritage tourists: A case study of New Lanark World Heritage Village. Tourism Management 18 (2), 75–87.
41. Bell, C. (2002) The big’OE’: Young New Zealand travellers as secular pilgrims. Tourist Studies 2 (2), 143–158.
42. Bellis, M.A., Hughes, K., Thomson, R. and Bennett, A. (2005) Sexual behaviour of young people in international tourist resorts. Sexually Transmitted Infections 80, 43–47.
43. Bhattacharyya, D.P. (1997) Mediating India: An analysis of a guidebook. Annals of Tourism Research 2 (24), 371–389.
44. Bigne, J.E. and Andreu, L. (2004) Emotions in segmentation: An empirical study. Annals of Tourism Research 31, 682–696.
45. Binder, J. (2004) The whole point of backpacking: Anthropological perspectives on the characteristics of backpacking. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice (pp. 92–108). Clevedon: Channel View.
46. Black, P. (2000) Sex and travel: Making the links. In S. Clift and S. Carter (eds) Tourism and Sex (pp. 250–263). London: Continuum.
47. Bondi, L., Smith, M. and Davidson, J. (eds) (2005) Emotional Geographies. London: Ashgate.
48. Boorstin, D.J. (1961) The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York: Harper and Row.
49. Bordo, S. (1997) Twilight Zones: The Hidden Life of Cultural Images from Plato to O.J. Berkeley: University of California Press.
50. Botterill, D.T. (1991) A new social movement: Tourism concern, the first two years. Leisure Studies 10, 203–217.
51. Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge.
52. Bowie, N. (1986) Business ethics. In J. De Marco and R. Fox (eds) New Directions in Ethics: The Challenge of Applied Ethics (pp. 158–172). New York, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
53. Bradt, H. (1995) Better to travel cheaply? The Independent on Sunday 12 February, 49.
54. Breathnach, P. (1994) Gender in Irish tourism employment. In V. Kinnard and D. Hall (eds) Tourism: A Gender Analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
55. Bruner, E.M. (1991) Transformation of self in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 18 (2), 238–250.
56. Buchanan, I. and Rossetto, A. (1997) With my swag upon my shoulder. Occasional Paper No. 24. Canberra: Bureau of Tourism Research.
57. Bureau of Tourism Research (1995) National Backpacker Tourism Development Strategy. Canberra: Australian Government Publications.
58. Bureau of Tourism Research (2002) International Visitor Survey. Canberra: Australian Government Publications.
59. Bureau of Tourism Research (2005) International Visitor Survey. Canberra: Australian Government Publications.
60. Bureau of Tourism Research (BTR) (2004) International Visitors in Australia December Quarter 2003. Canberra: Australian Government Publications.
61. Burns, P.M. and Holden, A. (1995) Tourism: A New Perspective. Hitchin: Prentice-Hall.
62. Burns, T.R. and Buckley W. (eds) (1976) Power and Control: Social Structures and Their Transformation. London: Sage.
63. Butler, R. (1980) The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution. Canadian Geographer 24, 5–12.
64. Butler, R. (1990) The concept of the Tourist Area Cycle of evolution: Implications for the management of resources. The Canadian Geographer 24 (11), 5–12.
65. Buttle, F. and Bok, B. (1996) Hotel marketing strategy and the theory of reasoned action. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 8 (3), 5–31.
66. Byrne, D. (1998) Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
67. Callan, R. and Lefebve, C. (1997) Classification and grading of UK lodges: Do they equate to managers’ and customers’ perceptions? Tourism Management 18 (7), 417–424.
68. Carr, N. (2003) University and college students’ tourism. In B. Ritchie (ed.) Managing Educational Tourism (pp. 181–225). Clevedon: Channel View.
69. Carr, N. (2006) Book review of The Global Nomad. Tourism Management 27 (2), 353–355.
70. Carraro, C. and Leveque, F. (1999) Voluntary Approaches in Environmental Policy. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
71. Cave, J. and Ryan, C. (2004) Let the respondent speak! The use of Artificial Neural Network software to model complex realities in tourism product (development). Proceedings of the QRIB Symposium, Albany. Auckland: Massey University.
72. Cave, J. and Ryan, C. (2005) Gender in backpacking and adventure tourism. Paper presented at the 4th Symposium in Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure. Hautes Etudes Commerciale, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada, 44 p.
73. Cederholm, E.A. (1999) The Attraction of the Extraordinary–Images and Experiences Among Backpacker Tourists. Lund: University of Lund.
74. Cha, S. and Jeong, D. (1998) Travel motivations of Korean pleasure travellers to Australia and New Zealand. Pacific Tourism Review 2, 181–190.
75. Chadee, D. and Cutler, J. (1996) Insights into international travel by students. Journal of Travel Research 22, 75–80.
76. Chen, P. and Kerstetter, D. (1999) International students’ image of rural Pennsylvania as a travel destination. Journal of Travel Research 37 (3), 256–266.
77. Clarke, N. (2003) Free independent travellers? British working holidaymakers in Australia. Paper presented at the RGS/IBG Annual Conference, London.
78. Clarke, N. (2004) Free independent travellers? British working holiday makers in Australia. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29 (4), 499–509.
79. Clarke, N. (2005) Detailing transnational lives of the middle: British working holiday makers in Sydney. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (2), 307–322.
80. Cleverdon, R. (2001) Introduction: Fair trade in tourism-application and experience. International Journal of Tourism Research 3 (5), 347–349.
81. Cleverdon, R. and Kalisch, A. (2000) Fair trade in tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research 2 (3), 171–187.
82. Clift, S. and Carter, S. (eds) (2000) Tourism and Sex. London: Continuum.
83. Clift, S. and Grabowski, P. (eds) (1997) Tourism and Health. London: Pinter.
84. Clift, S. and Page, S. (eds) (1996) Health and the International Tourist. London: Routledge.
85. Coalter, F. (1997) Leisure sciences and leisure studies: Different concept, same crisis? Leisure Sciences 19 (4), 255–268.
86. Cohen, E. (1972) Towards a sociology of international tourism. Social Research 39 (1), 164–182.
87. Cohen, E. (1973) Nomads from affluence: Notes on the phenomenon of drifter tourism. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 14 (1), 89–103.
88. Cohen, E. (1979) A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology 13, 179–201.
89. Cohen, E. (1982) Marginal paradises: Bungalow tourism on the islands of Southern Thailand. Annals of Tourism Research 9 (2), 189–228.
90. Cohen, E. (1984) The sociology of tourism: Approaches, issues, and findings. Annual Review of Sociology 10, 373–392.
91. Cohen, E. (1989a) Alternative tourism–A critique. In T.V. Singh, H.L. Theuns and F.M. Go (eds) Towards Appropriate Tourism: The Case of Developing Countries (pp. 127–142). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang
92. Cohen, E. (1989b) ‘Primitive and remote’: Hill tribe trekking in Thailand. Annals of Tourism Research 16 (1), 30–61.
93. Cohen, E. (2003a) Backpacking: Diversity and change. Tourism and Cultural Change 1, 95–110.
94. Cohen, E. (2003b) Tourism and religion: A case study of visiting students in Israeli Universities. Journal of Travel Research 42, 36–47.
95. Cohen, E. (2004) Backpacking: Diversity and change. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice (pp. 43–59). Clevedon: Channel View.
96. Cohen, E. (2006) Pai-A backpacker enclave in transition. Tourism Recreation Research 31 (3), 11–28.
97. Cohen, J.B., Fishbein, M. and Ahtola, O.T. (1972) The nature and uses of expectancy-Value models in consumer attitude research. Journal of Marketing Research 9, 456–460.
98. Cole, D.N. (1998) Campsite conditions in the Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana. I. F. a. R. E. S. Research paper. USDA Forest Service, No. INT-312.
99. Cole, D.N. and Stewart, W.P. (2002) Variability of user-based evaluative standards for backcountry encounters. Leisure Sciences 24, 313–324.
100. Coleman, S. and Crang, M. (eds) (2002) Tourism: Between Place and Performance. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
101. Commonwealth Department of Tourism (1995) National Backpacker Tourism Strategy. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
102. Commonwealth Department of Tourism (1996) Building for Backpacker Accommodation. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Tourism.
103. Conner, F.L. (2000) Travelers value cleanliness above all. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 41, 6.
104. Contiki.com (2003) Time out: 2004–2005. Contiki Holidays for 18–35s [Travel Brochure].
105. Contiki (2005) About us. Contiki website. On WWW at http://us.contiki.com/articles/1-about-contiki. Accessed 1.06.05.
106. Craik, J. (1997) The culture of tourism. In C. Rojek and J. Urry (eds) Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory (pp. 113–136). London: Routledge.
107. Crick, M. (1989) Representations of international tourism in the social sciences: Sun, sex, sights, savings, and servility. Annual Review of Anthropology 18, 307–344.
108. Croot, J. (2003) Successful Kombi Nation. The Press E4.
109. Crouch, D. (1999) Introduction. In D. Crouch (ed.) Leisure/Tourism Geographies: Practices and Geographical Knowledge (pp. 1–14). London: Routledge.
110. Crouch, D. (2000) Places around us: Embodied lay geographies in leisure and tourism. Leisure Studies 19, 63–76.
111. Crouch, D. and Desforges, L. (2003) The sensuous in the tourist encounter: Introduction: The power of the body in tourist studies. Tourist Studies 3 (1), 5–22.
112. Crouch, D., Aronsson, L. and Wahlstrom, L. (2001) Tourist encounters. Tourist Studies 1, 253–270.
113. Cummings, J. (2003) Thailand (10th edn). Footscray: Lonely Planet.
114. Cummings, J. (2005a) Personal interview by Peter Welk. 19 October.
115. Cummings, J. (2005b) Thailand (11th edn). Footscray: Lonely Planet.
116. Cummings, J. (2005c) Homepage. On WWW at www.joecummings.com and subsequent links. Accessed 14.11.05.
117. Curtin, S. and Busby, G. (1999) Sustainable destination development: The tour operator perspective. International Journal of Tourism Research 1 (2), 135–147.
118. Dahles, H. and Bras, K. (1999) Tourism and Small Entrepreneurs: Development, National Policy and Entrepreneurial Culture: Indonesian Cases. New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
119. D’Amore, L.J. (1992) Promoting sustainable tourism-The Canadian approach. Tourism Management 13, 258–262.
120. D’Amore, L.J. (1993) A code of ethics and guidelines for socially and environmentally responsible tourism. Journal of Travel Research 31 (3) 64–66.
121. Dann, G. (1998) The pomo promo of tourism. Tourism, Culture and Communication 1, 1–16.
122. Davidson, P. (1996) The holiday and work experiences of women with young children. Leisure Studies 15, 89–103.
123. Davies, J. and Bradbery, P. (1999) Gender advertisements and tourism brochures. Paper presented at CAUTHE Conference, Adelaide.
124. Deem, R. (1996) No time for a rest? An exploration of women’s work, engendered leisure and holidays. Time and Society 5 (1), 5–25.
125. Deem, R. (1999) How do we get out of the ghetto? Strategies for research on gender and leisure for the twenty-first century. Leisure Studies 18 (3), 161–177.
126. Delport, D. (2003) See you on the Baz Bus-Reports on a unique backpackers’ bus. On WWW at http://www.bazbus.com/SiteContent/newsarticle.aspx?ArticleID_28&ArticleStructureID_3. Accessed 6.7.07.
127. Denzin, N.K. (1991) Images of Postmodern Society: Social Theory and Contemporary Cinema. London: Sage.
128. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (eds) (2000) Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
129. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2003) The Landscape of Qualitative Research (2nd edn). London: Sage.
130. Department of Education, Science and Technology (DEST) (2002) Higher Education Statistics. On WWW at http://www.dest.gov.au/common_topics/publications_resources/. Accessed 6.7.07.
131. Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources (DITR) (2003a) Tourism Green Paper. AGPS: Canberra. On WWW at http://www.industry.gov.au/content/itrinternet/cmscontent.cfm?objectID_6CAA3E62-D2DF-4340-9F4AA9CC6563504C. Accessed 6.7.07.
132. Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources (DITR) (2003b) Tourism White Paper: A Medium to Long Term Strategy for Tourism. AGPS: Canberra.
133. Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources (DITR) (2004) Tourism White Paper. AGPS: Canberra. On WWW at http://www.industry.gov.au/content/sitemap.cfm?objectid_48A3400C-20E0-68D8-ED0D0548296A04E7. Accessed 6.7.07.
134. Desforges, L. (1998) ‘Checking out the planet’: Global representations/local identities and youth travel. In T. Skelton and G. Valentine (eds) Cool Places: Geographies of Youth Culture (pp. 175–192). New York: Routledge.
135. Desforges, L. (2000) Travelling the world–Identity and travel biography. Annals of Tourism Research 27 (4), 926–945.
136. Dolan, B. (2002) Ladies of the Grand Tour. London: Flamingo.
137. Doorne, S. (1994) Symbiosis, integration and the backpacker tourist industry. MA Thesis, Department of Geography, Victoria University of Wellington.
138. Drakensberg Tourism Board (2001) Backpackers and Backpacking in South Africa. On WWW at http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/backpacker-south-africa.html. Accessed 2004.
139. D’Sa, E. (1999) Wanted: Tourists with a social conscience. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 11 (2/3), 64–68.
140. Duffield, G. and Long, J. (1981) Tourism in the highlands and islands of Scotland: Rewards and conflicts. Annals of Tourism Research 8 (3), 403–431.
141. Duffy, R. (2002) A Trip too Far: Ecotourism, Politics and Exploitation. London: Earthscan.
142. Duncan, T. (2004) Livin’ the dream: Working and playing in a ski resort. Proceedings of the Institute of British Geographers and International Geographical Union Geography of Tourism and Leisure Working Group Pre-Meeting. Loch Lomond, Scotland, August.
143. Dunfee, T. and Black, B. (1996) Ethical issues confronting travel agents. Journal of Business Ethics 15 (2), 207–217.
144. Dunphy, D. and Benveniste, J. (2000) Sustainable corporations. In D. Dunphy, J. Benveniste, A. Griffiths and P. Sutton (eds) Sustainability–The Corporate Challenge of the 21st Century (pp. 1–24). St. Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin.
145. Easthope, J. (1993) Home away from home: The recent history of overseas travel by New Zealanders to Britain, c. 1960–1975. Unpublished Honours Research Paper, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.
146. Economic Planning Unit (EPU) (2001). Eighth Malaysia Plan (2001–2005). Kuala Lumpur: Percetakaan Nasional Malaysia Berhad.
147. Edensor, T. (1998) Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site. London: Routledge.
148. Edensor, T. (2000) Staging tourism: Tourists as performers. Annals of Tourism Research 27, 322–344.
149. Egan, C.E. (2001) Sexual behaviours, condom use and factors influencing casual sex among backpackers and other young international travellers. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 10 (1–2), 41–58.
150. Elkington, J. (1997) Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business. Oxford: Capstone.
151. Elliott, M. (2002) Must the backpackers stay home? The Times December 16.
152. Elsrud, T. (1998) Time creation in travelling: The taking and making of time among women backpackers. Time and Society 7, 309–334.
153. Elsrud, T. (2001) Risk creation in travelling: Backpacker adventure narration. Annals of Tourism Research 28, 597–617.
154. Elsrud, T. (2005) Recapturing the adventuress: Narratives on identity and gendered positioning in backpacking. Tourism Review International 9 (2), 123–137.
155. Enloe, C. (1989) Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkley: University of California Press.
156. Erikson, E. (1959) Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers. Psychological Issues 1 (1), 5–165.
157. Fam, K.S., Foscht, T. and Collins, R.D. (2004) Trust and the online relationship–an exploratory study from New Zealand. Tourism Management 25, 195–207.
158. Farrell, R. (1999) The pre-decision process: Backpackers and their motivations to travel. Unpublished Research Report, Auckland, New Zealand.
159. Featherstone, M. (1995) Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity. London: Sage.
160. Fennell, D. (1996) A tourist space-time budget in the Shetland Islands. Annals of Tourism Research 23, 811–829.
161. Fennell, D. (1999) Ecotourism: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
162. Fennell, D. and Malloy, D. (1999) Measuring the ethical nature of tourism operators. Annals of Tourism Research 26 (4), 908–913.
163. Ferns, S. (1995) Home and away. The Evening Standard 21 April, 20–21.
164. Fetterman, D. (1990) Ethnography–Step by Step. Newbury Park: Sage.
165. Field, A.M. (1999) The college student market segment: A comparative study of travel behaviours of international and domestic students at a southeastern university. Journal of Travel Research 37, 375–381.
166. Finlay, H. (ed.) (1999) Lonely Planet South-East Asia on a Shoestring. Hawthorn: Lonely Planet Publications.
167. Firth, T. and Hing, N. (1999) Backpacker hostels and their guests: Attitudes and behaviours relating to sustainable tourism. Tourism Management 20 (2), 251–254.
168. Fishbein, M. (1967) Readings in Attitude Theory and Measurement. New York: John Wiley.
169. Fleckenstein, M. and Huebsch, P. (1999) Ethics in tourism–Reality or hallucination. Journal of Business Ethics 19 (1), 137–142.
170. Font, X. (2001) Regulating the green message: The players in ecolabelling. In X. Font and R. Buckley (eds) Tourism Ecolabelling: Certification and Promotion of Sustainable Management (pp. 1–18). Wallingford: CABI.
171. Fortune Small Business (2000) Chat with Lonely Planet founder Tony Wheeler. On WWW at www.fortune.com/fortune/smallbusiness/marketing/articles/0,15114,359792,00.html. Accessed 9.11.05.
172. Foster, J. (1990) Leisure–The fourth wave. In J. Kerr (ed.) Highlands and Islands: A Generation of Progress (pp. 121–127). Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
173. Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977, edited by Colin Gordon. London: Harvester.
174. Franklin, A. (2003) Tourism: An Introduction. London: Sage.
175. Franklin, A. and Crang, M. (2001) The trouble with tourism and travel theory. Tourist Studies 1 (1), 5–22.
176. Freeman, R.E. (1984) Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston: Pitman.
177. Friedman, M.I. and Lackey, H.G. Jr. (1991) The Psychology of Human Control–A General Theory of Purposeful Behavior. New York: Praeger.
178. Friend, T. (2005) The parachute artist: Have Tony Wheeler’s guidebooks travelled too far? The New Yorker 18 April. On WWW at www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/050418fa_fact. Accessed 10.10.05.
179. Gallagher, M. (2002) On the cusp: A new phase in the internationalization of Australian education. Paper delivered at Sixteenth Australian International Education Conference, Hobart, Tasmania.
180. Gannon, M.J. (1994) Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 17 Countries. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
181. Garland, A. (1997) The Beach. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
182. Garnham, R. (1993) A backpacking geography of New Zealand. Paper presented at the New Zealand Geography Conference. Wellington.
183. Gibson, H. and Yiannakis, A. (2002) Tourist roles. Needs and the lifecourse. Annals of Tourism Research 29 (2), 358–383.
184. Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-image: Self and Society in Late Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
185. Giesbers, M. (2002) Backpackers: Grand Tour of Toeristenvoer? Unpublished MA Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, Tilburg.
186. Gluckman, R. (1999) Lonely no more. Far Eastern Economic Review 162 (41), 54–56.
187. Gobster, P.H. (1994) The urban savanna: Reuniting ecological preference and function. Restoration and Management Notes 12 (1), 64–69.
188. Goffman, E. (1956) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.
189. Goffman, E. (1963) Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings. London: Free Press.
190. Goffman, E. (1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper.
191. Goodall, B. (1992) How tourists choose their holidays: An analytical framework. In B. Goodall and G. Ashworth (eds) Marketing in the Tourism Industry: The Promotion of Destination Regions (pp. 1–17). London: Routledge.
192. Goodwin, H. (1999) Backpackers good, package tourists bad? In Focus 31, 12–13.
193. Gottlieb, A. (1982) Americans’ vacations. Annals of Tourism Research 9, 165–187.
194. Graburn, N. (1983) The anthropology of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 10 (1), 9–33.
195. Gregory, M. (2002) Backpacker Tourism in South Africa (BTSA)–The Home of Backpackers in South Africa. On WWW at http://www.btsa.co.za. Accessed 6.7.07.
196. Grosz, E. (1995) Space, Time and Perversion: The Politics of Bodies. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
197. Guba, E. and Lincoln, Y. (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage.
198. Gumtree (2005) Vans for sale. On WWW at www.gumtree.com/london_second_hand_cars_for_sale.html. Accessed 26.05.05.
199. Gunn, C. (1994) A perspective on the purpose and nature of tourism research methods. In J.R. Brent Ritchie and C.R. Goeldner (eds) Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality Research (2nd edn) (pp. 3–11). New York: John Wiley.
200. Hall, S. (ed.) (1992) Ethics in Hospitality Management: A Book of Readings. East Lansing: Educational Institute of the American Hotel and Motel Association.
201. Hall, C.M. and Lew, A. (1998) Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective. Harlow, England: Addison Wesley Longman.
202. Hämäläinen, P. (1991) Yemen–A Travel Survival Kit. Guidebook. Hawthorn: Lonely Planet Publications.
203. Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (1995) Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Routledge.
204. Hammitt, W.E. and Madden, M.A. (1989) Cognitive dimensions of wilderness privacy: A field test and further explanation. Leisure Sciences 11, 293–301.
205. Hammitt, W.E. and Patterson, M.E. (1991) Coping behavior to avoid visitor encounters: Its relationship to wildland privacy. Journal of Leisure Research 23, 225–237.
206. Hammitt, W.E. and Patterson, M.E. (1993) Use patterns and solitude preferences of shelter campers in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Journal of Environmental Management 38, 43–53.
207. Hampton, M. (1996) Economic Development Impacts of Backpacker Tourism in the Periphery: A Case Study of Lombok, Indonesia. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, Department of Economics.
208. Hampton, M.P. (1998) Backpacker tourism and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research 25 (3), 639–660.
209. Hamzah, A. (1997) The evolution of small-scale tourism in Malaysia: Problems, opportunities and implications for sustainability. In M.J. Stabler (ed.) Tourism and Sustainability: Principles to Practice (pp. 199–217). Wallingford: CABI.
210. Hannam, K., Sheller, M. and Urry, J. (2006) Mobilities, immobilities and moorings. Mobilities 1 (1), 1–22.
211. Harron, S. and Weiler, B. (1992) Review: Ethnic tourism. In B. Weiler and C.M. Hall (eds) Special Interest Tourism (pp. 83–94). London: Bellhaven Press.
212. Harstock, N. (1990) Foucault on power. In L. Nicholson (ed.) Feminism/Postmodernism (pp. 157–175). London: Routledge.
213. Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
214. Hastings, J. (1998) Time out of time: Life crises and schooner sailing in the Pacific. Kroeber Anthropology Society Papers 67–68, 42–54.
215. Hawkins, K. and Bransgrove, T. (1998) International students in universities. Unicorn 24 (1), 65–70.
216. Hay, C. and Strykert, R. (1982) Down Under. On Business as Usual: CBS.
217. Hayles, N.K. (1999) How We Became Posthuman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
218. Heenan, B. (1979) Population. Pacific Viewpoint 20 (2), 95–102.
219. Hegarty, J. (1992) Towards establishing a new paradigm for tourism and hospitality development. International Journal of Hospitality Management 11 (4), 309–317.
220. Helbert, L. (2002) ‘The Beach’–A Correct Critique of Backpackers? Unpublished Graduate Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
221. Helson, R. and Wink, P. (1992) Personality change in women from the early 40s to the early 50s. Psychology and Aging 7 (1), 46–55.
222. Henderson, K.A. (1994) Perspectives of analysing gender, women and leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 26, 119–137.
223. Henderson, K.A., Bialeschki, M.D., Shaw, S.M., and Freysinger, V.J. (1996). Both gains and gaps: Feminist perspectives on women’s leisure. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc.
224. Hibbert, C. (1969) The Grand Tour. London: Hamlyn.
225. Holden, A. (2003) In need of new environmental ethics for tourism? Annals of Tourism Research 30 (1), 94–108.
226. Hooks, B. (1990) Yearning: Race, Gender and Cultural Politics. Boston, MA: South End Press.
227. Hottola, P. (1999) The Intercultural Body: Western Woman, Culture Confusion and Control of Space in the South Asian Travel Scene. Publications of the Department of Geography, no. 7. Joensuu: University of Joensuu.
228. Hottola, P. (2002) Touristic encounters with the exotic West: Blondes on the screens and streets of India. Tourism Recreation Research 27 (1), 83–90.
229. Hottola, P. (2004a) Culture confusion–Intercultural adaptation in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 31 (2), 447–466.
230. Hottola, P. (2004b) Gender and the Body in Tourism Geography. GEO-Working Papers, Série de Investigacão 1 (1), 1–22.
231. Hottola, P. (2005) The metaspatialities of control management in tourism: Backpacking in India. Tourism Geographies 7 (1), 1–22.
232. Hughes, G. (1995) The cultural construction of sustainable tourism. Tourism Management 16 (1), 49–59.
233. Hultsman, J. (1995) Just tourism: An ethical framework. Annals of Tourism Research 22 (3), 553–567.
234. Humberstone, B. and Collins, D. (1998) Ecofeminism: Risk and women’s experiences of landscape. In C. Aitchison and F. Jordan (eds) Gender, Space and Identity: Leisure, Culture and Commerce (pp. 137–150). Brighton: Leisure Studies Association.
235. Hsu, C.H.C. and Sung, S. (1996) International students’ travel characteristics: an exploratory study. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 5, 277–283.
236. Hutnyk, J. (1996) The Rumour of Calcutta: Tourism, Charity and the Poverty of Representation. London: Zed Books Limited.
237. Huxley, L. (2004) Western backpackers and the global experience: an exploration of young people’s interaction with local cultures. Tourism Culture and Communication 5, 37–44.
238. IDP (2003) International Students in Australian Universities, Statistics. IDP, Education Australia. On WWW at www.IDP.com. Accessed 6.7.07.
239. Ingram, H. (1996) Classification and grading of smaller hotels, guesthouses and bed and breakfast accommodation. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 8 (5), 30–34.
240. Inside Business (2005) Singleton sees profits in Lonely Planet. On WWW at http://www.abc.net.au/insidebusiness/content/2005/s1352262.htm. Accessed 14.11.05.
241. Jameson, F. (1992) Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London: Verso.
242. Jarvis, J. (1994) The Billion Dollar Backpackers: The ultimate fully independent tourists. PhD Dissertation, Monash University, Australia.
243. Jarvis, J. (2004) Yellow bible tourism: Backpackers in Southeast Asia. In B. West (ed.) Down The Road: Exploring Backpackers and Independent Travel. Australia: API Network.
244. Jarvis, J. and Peel, V. (2005) The Backpacker Boom Around the Globe. Centre for Global Movements, Monash University.
245. Johnsen, S. (1998) Jalan Jalan!–En Sosialantropologisk Analyse av Backpackere i Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. PhD Thesis, University of Tromsø, Norway.
246. Johnston, L. (2001) Other bodies and tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research 28 (1), 180–201.
247. Josselson, R. (1996) Revising Herself–The Story of Women’s Identity from College to Midlife. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
248. Judd, D.R. (1999) Constructing the tourist bubble. In D.R. Judd and S. Fainstein (eds) The Tourist City (pp. 35–53). New Haven: Yale University Press.
249. Jung, C. (1976) The Portable Jung. New York: Penguin Books.
250. Kaplan, C. (2000) Questions of Travel. Post Modern Discourses of Displacement. Durham: Duke University Press.
251. Karwacki, J. and Boyd, C. (1995) Ethics and ecotourism. Business Ethics 4 (4), 225–232.
252. Keeley, P. (1995) International backpacker market in Britain. Insight 12, B1–15.
253. Keeley, P. (2001) The backpacker market in Britain. Insight 12, B53–66.
254. Kinnaird, V. and Hall, D. (1994) Tourism: A Gender Analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
255. Kinnaird, V. and Hall, D. (1996) Understanding tourism processes: A genderaware framework. Tourism Management 17 (2), 95–102.
256. Kinnaird, V. and Hall, D. (2000) Theorizing gender in tourism research. Tourism Recreation Research 25 (1), 71–84.
257. Kivela, J., Inbakaran, R. and Reece, J. (1999) Consumer research in the restaurant environment, Part 1: A conceptual model of dining satisfaction and return patronage. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 11 (6), 269–286.
258. Knox, D. (2001) Doing the Doric: The institutionalization of regional language and culture in north-east Scotland. Social and Cultural Geography 2 (3), 315–331.
259. Krippendorf, J. (1987) The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. Oxford: Heinemann.
260. Krohn, F. and Ahmed, Z. (1991) The need for developing an ethical code for the marketing of international tourism services. Journal of Professional Services Marketing 8 (1), 189–200.
261. Lahood, G. (2003) Kombi Nation. Arkles Entertainment.
262. Langer, E.J. (1983) The Psychology of Control. Beverly Hills: Sage.
263. Lansing, J. and Blood, D. (1964) The Changing Travel Market. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research.
264. Larson, M. and Wikström, E. (2001) Organising events: Managing conflict and consensus in a political market square. Event Management 7, 51–65.
265. Lash, S. and Urry, J. (1994). Economics of Signs and Space. London. Sage.
266. Lea, J. (1993) Tourism development ethics in the Third World. Annals of Tourism Research 20 (4), 701–715.
267. Lee, A. (1999) Backpackers ‘Just want sex and drugs’. The Times June 29, 9.
268. Lee-Ross, D. (1998) A practical theory of motivation applied to hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 10 (2), 68–74.
269. Lee-Ross, D. (2000) Development of the service predisposition instrument. Journal of Managerial Psychology 15 (2), 148–157.
270. Lee-Ross, D. and Pryce, J. (2005) A preliminary study of service predispositions amongst hospitality workers in Australia. Journal of Management Development 24 (5), 410–420.
271. Leiper, N. (2003) Tourism Management (2nd edn). French’s Forest, NSW: Pearson SprintPrint.
272. Lennox, M.J. and Nash, J. (2003) Industry self-regulation and adverse selection: A comparison across four trade association programmes. Business Strategy and the Environment 12, 343–356.
273. Let’s Go (1999) Let’s Go Homepage. On WWW at www.letsgo.com/about.htm. Accessed 18.12.99.
274. Let’s Go (2001) Happy Birthday Let’s Go. On WWW at www.letsgo.com/yellowjacket/article.php?uid_10. Accessed 28.6.02.
275. Let’s Go (2005) Let’s Go Homepage. On WWW at www.letsgo.com and subsequent links. Accessed 10.10.05.
276. Lett, J. (1983) Ludic and liminoid: Aspects of charter yacht tourism in the Caribbean. Annals of Tourism Research 10, 35–56.
277. Levinson, D. (1996) The Seasons of a Woman’s Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
278. Litvin, S.W. (2003) Tourism and understanding: The MBA study mission. Annals of Tourism Research 30 (1), 79–95.
279. Lloyd, K. (2003) Contesting control in transitional Vietnam: The development and regulation of traveller cafes in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Tourism Geographies 5 (3), 350–366.
280. Lockyer, T. (2002) Business guests’ accommodation selection: the view from both sides. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 14 (6), 294–300.
281. Lockyer, T. (2003) Hotel cleanliness–how do guests view it? Let us get specific, a New Zealand study. International Journal of Hospitality Management 22, 297–315.
282. Lockyer, T. (2004) Weekend accommodation–The challenge: What are the guests looking for? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 11, 1–13.
283. Lockyer, T. (2005) The dining experience: Critical areas of guest satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 12, 50–64.
284. Loker, L. (1991) The Backpacker Phenomenon. Townsville, Australia: Department of Tourism, James Cook University.
285. Loker, L. (1993a) The Backpacker Phenomenon II: More Answers to Further Questions. Townsville: James Cook University of North Queensland.
286. Loker, L. (1993b) Tourism development ethics in the Third World. Annals of Tourism Research 20 (4), 701–715.
287. Loker, L. (1994) Backpackers in Australia: A Motivation-based Segmentation Study. Paper presented at the Australian National Tourism Research and Education Conference.
288. Loker-Murphy, L. (1996) Backpackers in Australia: A motivation-based segment study. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 54, 23–45.
289. Loker-Murphy, L. and Pearce, P. (1995) Young budget travellers: Backpackers in Australia. Annals of Tourism Research 22, 819–843.
290. Lomberg, G. (2001) The Sceptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
291. Lonelyplanet.com (2004) South Africa. Lonely Planet Online. On WWW at http://lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/south_africa/.
292. Lonely Planet (2005) Lonely Planet Homepage. On WWW at www.lonelyplanet.com and subsequent links. Accessed 15.11.05.
293. Luthans, F. (1995) Organisational Behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill.
294. MacCannell, D. (1976) The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Shocken.
295. MacCannell, D. (1992) Empty Meeting Grounds: The Tourist Papers. London: Routledge.
296. MacCannell, D. (1999) The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (3rd edn). Berkeley: University of California Press.
297. Madriz, E. (1998) Young groups with low economic status; Latina women. Qualitative Inquiry 4, 114–128.
298. Maffesoli, M. (1995) The Time of the Tribes. London: Sage.
299. Malloy, D. and Fennell, D. (1998) Codes of ethics and tourism: An exploratory content analysis. Tourism Management 19 (5), 453–461.
300. Mandalia, S. (1999) Getting the hump. In Focus 31, 16–17.
301. Manning, R. (1999) Studies in Outdoor Recreation. Oregon: Oregon State University.
302. Maoz, D. (2002) India will Love Me. Jerusalem: Keter.
303. Maoz, D. (2004) The conquerors and the settlers: Two groups of young Israeli backpackers in India. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice (pp. 109–122). Clevedon: Channel View.
304. Maoz, D. (2005) Young adult Israeli backpackers in India. In C. Noy and E. Cohen (eds) Israeli Backpackers: From Tourism to Rite of Passage (pp. 159–188). New York: State University of New York Press.
305. Maoz, D. (2006a) The mutual gaze. Annals of Tourism Research 33 (1), 221–239.
306. Maoz, D. (2006b) Erikson on the Tour. Tourism Recreation Research 31 (3), 55–63.
307. Maoz, D. (2007) Backpackers’ motivations. The role of culture and nationality. Annals of Tourism Research 34 (1), 122–140.
308. Marcus, G.E. and Fisher, M. (1986) Anthropology and Cultural Critique: The Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
309. Marginson, S. (2005) The more we change, the more we stay the same. Campus Review 15, 24.
310. Marshall, G. (1998) The meaning of ethnic identity. Sociology Review 10 (2), 6.
311. Marshment, M. (1997) Gender takes a holiday: Representation in holiday brochures. In M.T. Sinclair (ed.) Gender, Work and Tourism (pp. 16–34). London: Routledge.
312. Maslow, A. (1970) Motivation and Personality (2nd edn). New York: Harper and Row.
313. Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1982) Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. New York: Longman.
314. McCarter, N. (2001) The Big OE: Tales from New Zealand Travellers. Auckland: Tandom Press.
315. McGehee, N.G., Loker-Murphy, L. and Uysal, M. (1996) The Australian international pleasure travel market: Motivations from a gendered perspective. Journal of Tourism Studies 7 (1), 45–57.
316. McGill, D. (1989) Kiwi Baby Boomers: Growing Up in New Zealand in the 40s, 50s and 60s. Lower Hutt: Mills Publications.
317. McIntosh, A. and Siggs, A. (2005) An exploration of the experiential nature of boutique accommodation. Journal of Travel Research 44 (1), 74–81.
318. McIntosh, M., Thomas, R., Peipziger, D. and Coleman, G. (2003) Living Corporate Citizenship: Strategic Routes to Socially Responsible Business. London: Prentice Hall/Financial Times.
319. McMinn, M. (1999) Postcard from Nepal. In Focus 31, 20.
320. Michener, J. (1971) The Drifters. New York: Random House.
321. Mintel (2001) Ethical Tourism. London: Mintel International Group Ltd.
322. Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R. and Wood, D.J. (1997) Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review 22, 853–886.
323. Mohsin, A., McIntosh, A. and Cave, J. (2005) Expectations of the service experience offered by restaurants and cafes in Hamilton, New Zealand. Proceedings of the CAUTHE Conference.
324. Mohsin, A. and Ryan, C. (2003) Backpackers in the Northern Territory of Australia–Motives, behaviours and satisfactions. International Journal of Tourism Research 5 (2), 113–131.
325. Morgan, D.L. (1998) The Focus Group Guide Book. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
326. Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. and Piggott, R. (2002) New Zealand, 100% Pure. The creation of a powerful niche destination brand. The Journal of Brand Management 9 (4–5), 335–354.
327. Moran, D.M. (1999) Interpreting tourism experiences: The case of structured backpacker tours in New Zealand. Unpublished PhD, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.
328. Moran, D. (2000) Interpreting tour experiences: The case of structured backpacker tours in New Zealand. Pacific Tourism Review 4, 35–43.
329. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I. (1998) Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge.
330. Mulgan, J. (1984) Report on Experience (New edn). Auckland: Oxford University Press.
331. Munt, I. (1994) The ‘Other’ postmodern tourism: Culture, travel and the middle classes. Theory, Culture and Society 11, 101–123.
332. Murphy, L.E. (2001) Exploring social interactions of backpackers. Annals of Tourism Research 26, 50–67.
333. Muzaini, H. (2006) Backpacking Southeast Asia: Strategies of ‘looking local’. Annals of Tourism Research 33 (1), 144–161.
334. Nash, R., Thyne, M. and Davies, S. (2006) An investigation into customer satisfaction levels in the budget accommodation sector in Scotland: A case study of backpacker tourists and the Scottish Youth Hostels Association. Tourism Management 27 (3), 525–532.
335. Neugarten, B. (1968) The awareness of middle age. In B. Neugarten (ed.) Middle Age and Aging: A Reader in Social Psychology. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
336. Newlands, K. (2004) Setting out on the road less travelled: A study of backpacker travel in New Zealand. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice (pp. 217–236). Clevedon: Channel View.
337. Noronha, F. (1999) Culture shocks. In Focus 31, 4–5.
338. Noy, C. (2004a) This trip really changed me: Backpackers’ narratives of selfchange. Annals of Tourism Research 31 (1), 78–102.
339. Noy, C. (2004b) Israeli backpackers: Narrative, interpersonal communication, and social construction. In C. Noy and E. Cohen (eds) Israeli Backpackers and Their Society: A View from Afar. New York State: University of New York Press.
340. Noy, C. (2006) Israeli backpacking since the 1960s: Institutionalization and its effects. Tourism Recreation Research 33 (1), 39–54.
341. Obenour, W., Patterson, M., Pedersen, P. and Pearson, L. (2006) Conceptualization of a meaning-based research approach for tourism service experiences. Tourism Management 27 (1), 34–41.
342. Odin, M. and Odin, L. (1979) Europe: By Camper Van. Sydney: Emma Books.
343. Olindo, P. (1991) The old man of nature tourism: Kenya. In T. Whelan (ed.) Nature Tourism (pp. 23–38). Washington: Island Press.
344. Oppermann, M. (1995) Travel life cycle. Annals of Tourism Research 22 (3), 535–551.
345. O’Reilly, C. (2006) From drifter to gap year tourist: Mainstreaming backpacker travel. Annals of Tourism Research 33 (4), 998–1017.
346. O’Reilly, K. (2003) When is a tourist? The articulation of tourism and migration in Spain’s Costa del Sol. Tourist Studies 3 (3), 301–317.
347. Page, S., Bentley, T. and Walker, L. (2005) Tourist safety in New Zealand and Scotland. Annals of Tourism Research 32 (1), 150–166.
348. Paton, B. (2000) Voluntary environmental initiatives and sustainable industry. Business Strategy and the Environment 9, 328–338.
349. Patterson, I. (2002) Baby boomers and adventure tourism: The importance of marketing the leisure experience. World Leisure Journal 44, 4–10.
350. Patterson, M.E. and Hammitt, W.E. (1990) Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters, and their relationship to wilderness solitude. Journal of Leisure Research 22, 259–275.
351. Payne, D. and Dimanche, F. (1996) Towards a code of conduct for the tourism industry: An ethics model. Journal of Business Ethics 15 (9), 997–1007.
352. Pearce, D.G. and Butler, R.W. (eds) (1993) Tourism Research: Critiques and Challenges. London: Routledge.
353. Pearce, D.G. and Schott, C. (2005) Tourism distribution channels: The visitors’ perspective. Journal of Travel Research 44, 50–63.
354. Pearce, P.L (1982) The Social Psychology of Tourist Behaviour. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
355. Pearce, P.L. (1990) The Backpacker Phenomenon: Preliminary Answers to Basic Questions. Townsville: James Cook University of North Queensland, Department of Tourism.
356. Pearce, P.L. (1993) Fundamentals of tourist motivation. In D.G. Pearce and R.W. Butler (eds) Tourism Research: Critiques and Challenges (pp. 113–134). London. Routledge.
357. Pearce, P.L. (2005) Great divides or subtle contours? Contrasting British, North American/Canadian and European backpackers. In B. West (ed.) Down the Road: Exploring Backpacker Independent Travel (pp. 131–151). Perth: Australian Research Institute.
358. Peel, V. (2004) Classroom tourists: Study-abroad students and Australian studies. In D. Carter, K. Darian-Smith and G. Worby (eds) Thinking Australian Studies: Teaching Across Cultures. Queensland: UQP.
359. Pettinger, R. (1996) Introduction to Organisation Behaviour. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
360. Phillimore, J. and Goodson, L. (2004) Qualitative Research in Tourism. London: Routledge.
361. Pine, B.J. II and Gilmour, J. (1999) The Experience Economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
362. Power, L. (2003) Changed planet: Guidebook publisher Tony Wheeler reflects on 30 years of mapping the world. Sydney Morning Herald, 10/10/03. On WWW at www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/10/1065676145710.html. Accessed 15.11.05.
363. Pratt, M. (1992) Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge.
364. Prideaux, B. and Shiga, H. (2007) Japanese backpacking: The emergence of a new market sector–A Queensland case study. Tourism Review International 11, 45–56.
365. Priest, S.H. (1996) Doing Media Research: An Introduction. London: Sage.
366. Prigogine, I. (1997) The End of Certainty. New York: The Free Press.
367. Pritchard, A. and Morgan, N.J. (1998) Tourism, patriarchy and power: Gendered destinations. British Sociological Association, Sexual Divisions Study Group, Gender, Power and Responsibility Conference, London, November.
368. Pritchard, A. and Morgan, N. (2000a) Privileging the male gaze: Gendered tourism landscapes. Annals of Tourism Research 27, 884–905.
369. Pritchard, A. and Morgan, N. (2000b) Constructing tourism landscapes: Gender, sexuality and space. Tourism Geographies 2 (2), 115–139.
370. Pruitt, D. and LaFont, S. (1995) For love and money–Romance tourism in Jamaica. Annals of Tourism Research 22 (2), 422–440.
371. Qu, H. and Ping, E.W.Y. (1999) A service performance model of Hong Kong cruise travelers’ motivation factors and satisfaction. Tourism Management 20, 237–244.
372. Raento, P. and Hottola, P. (2005) Where on Earth is New York? Pedagogical lessons from Finnish geography students’ knowledge of the United States. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 14 (1), 5–27.
373. Raiborn, C. and Payne, D. (1990) Corporate codes of conduct: A collective conscience and continuum. Journal of Business Ethics 9 (11), 879–889.
374. Reader, L. and Ridout, L. (2003) The Rough Guide to First-Time Asia. New York: Rough Guides.
375. Reinharz, S. (1992) Feminist Methods in Social Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
376. Reisinger, Y. and Turner, L.W. (2003) Cross-cultural Behaviour in Tourism: Concepts and Analysis. London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
377. Richard, M.D. and Sundaram, D.S. (1994) A model of lodging repeat choice intentions. Annals of Tourism Research 21, 745–755.
378. Richards, G. and Hall, D. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. London: Routledge.
379. Richards, G. and King, B. (2003) Youth travel and backpacking. Travel and Tourism Analyst 6, 1–23.
380. Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (2003) Today’s Youth Travellers: Tomorrow’s Global Nomads. New Horizons in Youth and Student Travel. A Report for the International Student Travel Federation (ISTC) and Association of Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). Amsterdam: International Student Travel Confederation (ISTC).
381. Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (eds) (2004a) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
382. Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (2004b) The global nomad: Motivations and behaviour of independent travellers worldwide. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice (pp. 14–42). Clevedon: Channel View.
383. Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (2004c) Widening perspectives in backpacker research. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice (pp. 253–279). Clevedon: Channel View.
384. Richards, G., Wilson, J. and McDonnell, I. (2004) Proposed backpacker hostel in Jacques Avenue, Bondi Beach, Sydney. Unpublished Report for the Adjani Corp Pty Ltd.
385. Richter, L.K. (1993) Tourism policy making in Southeast Asia. In M. Hitchcock, V. King and M.J.G. Parnwell (eds) Tourism in Southeast Asia (pp. 179–199). London: Routledge.
386. Richter, L.K. (1994) Exploring the political role of gender in tourism research. In W.F. Theobald (ed.) Global Tourism: The Next Decade (pp. 146–157). Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
387. Riley, P. (1988) Road culture of international long-term budget travellers. Annals of Tourism Research 15 (3), 313–328.
388. Ritchie, B. and Priddle, M. (2000) International and domestic university students and tourism: The case of the Australian capital territory. Paper presented at the Australian Tourism and Hospitality research Conference, Mt Buller, Australia, 2–5 February.
389. Ritzer, G. (1996) The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.
390. Roberts, J. (1996) Green consumers in the 1990s: Profile and implications for advertising. Journal of Business Research 36, 217–231.
391. Rodaway, P. (1994) Sensuous Geographies: Body, Sense and Place. London: Routledge.
392. Rose, G. (1995) Place and identity: A sense of place. In D. Massey and P. Jess (eds) A Place in the World? Places, Cultures and Globalisation. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
393. Ross, G.F. (1992) Tourist motivation among backpacker visitors to the wet tropics of Northern Australia. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 1, 43–59.
394. Ross, G.F. (1995) Service quality ideals and evaluations among backpackers. Visions in Leisure and Business 14, 24–42.
395. Ross, G.F. (1997) Backpacker achievement and environmental controllability as visitor motivations. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 6 (2), 69–82.
396. Rough Guides (2005) The Rough Guide to Rough Guides. On WWW at www.roughguides.com/about/RGCOMPETITIVE.PDF. Accessed 14.11.05.
397. Ryan, C. (1995a) Learning about tourists from conversations: The over-55s in Majorca. Tourism Management 16, 207–215.
398. Ryan, C. (1995b) Researching Tourist Satisfaction: Issues, Concepts, Problems. London: Routledge.
399. Ryan, C. (1997) The Tourist Experience–A New Introduction. London: Cassell.
400. Ryan, C. (2002) Equity, management, power sharing and sustainability–Issues of the ‘new tourism’. Tourism Management 23 (1), 17–26.
401. Ryan, C. and Cave, J. (2004) Letting the visitor speak: An analysis of destination image through the use of neural network software and PowerPoint presentation. Creating Tourism Knowledge: Cauthe 2004. Brisbane: The University of Queensland.
402. Ryan, C. and Mohsin, A. (2001) Backpackers attitudes to the ‘Outback’. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 10 (1), 69–92.
403. Ryan, C., Trauer, B., Cave, J., Sharma, A. and Sharma, S. (2003) Backpackers–what is the peak experience? Tourism Recreation Research 28 (3), 93–96.
404. Said, E.W. (1995) Orientalism. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
405. Saldanha, A. (2002) Music tourism and factions of bodies in Goa. Tourist Studies 2 (1), 43–62.
406. Saleh, F. and Ryan, C. (1992) Client perceptions of hotels: A multi-attribute approach. Tourism Management 13, 163–168.
407. SATOUR (2001) Backpacking: Off the Beaten Track, South Africa Tourism (SATOUR). On WWW at http://southafrica.net/index.cfm?SitePageID_6001. Accessed 6.7.07.
408. Scheyvens, R. (2002) Backpacker tourism and Third World development. Annals of Tourism Research 29 (1), 144–164.
409. Schwepker, C. and Cornwall, T. (1991) An examination of ecologically concerned consumers and their intention to purchase ecologically packaged goods. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 10 (2), 77–101.
410. Scottish National Party (2000) Tourism: Scotland’s Largest Industry. Scotland’s Greatest Opportunity. Edinburgh: Scottish National Party.
411. Scottish Office (1999) Towards a Development Strategy for Rural Scotland: The Framework. On WWW at http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/govt_responses/1998/rural.htm. Accessed 6.7.07.
412. Seligman, M. (1998) Learned Optimism. New York: Simon and Schuster.
413. Sheller, M. (2004) Demobilising and remobilising the Caribbean. In M. Sheller and J. Urry (eds) Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play (pp. 13–21). London: Routledge.
414. Sheller, M. and Urry, J. (eds) (2004) Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play. London: Routledge.
415. Shipway, R. (2000) The international backpacker market in Britain: A market waiting to happen. In J. Swarbrooke (ed.) Motivations, Behaviour and Tourist Types, Reflections on International Tourism. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers.
416. Shoemaker, S. (2000) Segmenting the mature market: 10 years later. Journal of Travel Research 39 (1), 11–27.
417. Shurmer-Smith, P. and Hannam, K. (1994) Worlds of Desire, Realms of Power: A Cultural Geography. London: Edward Arnold.
418. Simpson, K. (2003) Broad horizons? Youth travel and global citizenship. Proceedings of the Institute of British Geographers Annual Conference GLTRG session, London, September.
419. Sinclair, K. (ed.) (1961) Distance Looks Our Way: The Effects of Remoteness on New Zealand. Auckland: University of Auckland.
420. Slaughter, L. (2004) Profiling the international backpacker market in Australia. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice (pp. 168–179). Clevedon: Channel View.
421. Smith, R. (2003) South Africa Rides Tourism Wave. On WWW at http://www.southafrica.info/plan_trip/holiday/tourism-090505.htm. Accessed 6.7.07.
422. Smith, V.L. (ed.) (1989) Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (2nd edn). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
423. Smith, V.L. (1990) Geographical implications of ‘drifter’ tourism: Boracay, Philippines. Tourism Recreation Research 15 (1), 34–42.
424. Smith, V.L (1992) Boracay, Philippines: A case study in ‘alternative’ tourism. In V.L. Smith and W. Eadington (eds) Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism (pp. 135–157). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
425. Soja, E.W. (1996) Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Oxford: Blackwell.
426. Sollors, W. (ed.) (1989) The Invention of Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press.
427. Sørensen, A. (1999) Travellers in the periphery. Tourism Research Centre of Bornholm, Denmark, unpublished paper.
428. Sørensen, A. (2003) Backpacker ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research 30 (4), 847–867.
429. Speed, C. (2004) The backpacker tourist: Characteristics and contradictions. Conference Proceedings Tourism: State of the Art II. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, June 2004.
430. Speed, C. and Harrison, T. (2004) Backpacking in Scotland: Formal public sector responses to an informal phenomenon. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice (pp. 149–167). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
431. Spreitzhofer, G. (1997) Rucksack-Rausch und Freizeitwahn: Drei Jahrzehnte Alternativtourismus in Su¨ dostasien. In C. Stock (ed.) Trouble in Paradise–Tourismus in die Dritte Welt (pp. 161–170). Freiburg: Izw.
432. Spreitzhofer, G. (1998) Backpacking tourism in South-East Asia. Annals of Tourism Research 25 (4), 979–983.
433. Spreitzhofer, G. (2002) The roaring nineties: Low-budget backpacking in Southeast Asia as an appropriate alternative to third world mass tourism? Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika 30 (2), 115–129.
434. Squire, S.J. (1994) Gender and tourist experiences: Assessing women’s shared meanings for Beatrix Potter. Leisure Studies 13 (3), 195–209.
435. Stead, C.K. (1961) For the hulk of the world’s between. In K. Sinclair (ed.) Distance Looks Our Way: The Effects of Remoteness on New Zealand. Auckland: University of Auckland.
436. Stein, J. and Stein, M. (1987) Psychotherapy, initiation and the middle transition. In L. Madhi, S. Foster and M. Little (eds) Betwixt and Between: Patterns of Masculine and Feminine Initiation (pp. 285–303). La Salle: Open Court.
437. Stewart, W.P. and Cole, D.N. (2001) Number of encounters and experience quality in Grand Canyon backcountry: Consistently negative and weak relationships. Journal of Leisure Research 33, 106–120.
438. Stone, G.J. and Nicol, S. (1999) Older, single female holidaymakers in the United Kingdom: Who needs them? Journal of Vacation Marketing 5 (1), 7–17.
439. Sutcliffe, W. (1997) Are You Experienced? Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
440. Suvantola, J. (2002) Tourist’s Experience of Place. Aldershot: Ashgate.
441. Swain, M. (1995) Gender in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 22 (2), 247–266.
442. Swain, M. (2004) Disembodied experience and power dynamics in tourism research. In J. Phillimore and L. Goodson (eds) Qualitative Research in Tourism (pp. 102–118). London: Routledge.
443. Swarbrooke, J. (1999) Sustainable Tourism Management. Wallingford, England: CABI Publishing.
444. Swarbrooke, J. and Horner, S. (1999) Consumer Behaviour in Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
445. Swarbrooke, J., Beard, C., Leckie, S. and Pomfret, G. (2003) Adventure Tourism: The New Frontier. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
446. Taylor, R. and Davies, D. (2004) Aspects of training and remuneration in the accommodation industry: A comparison between Australian and Singaporean providers. Journal of European Industrial Training 28 (6), 466–473.
447. Tearfund (2001) Tourism: Putting Ethics into Practice. On WWW at http://www.tearfund.org/homepage/index.asp and http://www.tearfund.org/enquiryzone. Accessed 11.3.03.
448. Teas, J. (1974) I’m studying monkeys: What do you do? Youthful travellers in Nepal. Paper presented at the Symposium on Tourism and Culture, Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. California: University of California.
449. Ten Have, P. (1974) The counter culture on the move. Mens en Maatschappij 49 (3), 297–315.
450. Teo, P. and Leong, S. (2006) A postcolonial analysis of backpacking. Annals of Tourism Research 33 (1), 109–131.
451. Tesfahuney, M. (1998) Mobility, racism and geopolitics. Political Geography 17 (5), 499–515.
452. Thampson, C. and Mooney, M. (1998) Is it all rubbish? Incentives and impediments for waste minimisation in the accommodation industry. Advances in Research–Proceedings of the 3rd New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand: Lincoln University.
453. The Baz Bus (2004) Facts. On WWW at http:/bazbus.com. Accessed 6.7.07.
454. Thyne, M., Davies, S. and Nash, R. (2004) A segmentation analysis of the backpacker market in Scotland: A case study of the Scottish youth hostel association. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism 5, 95–120.
455. Thyne, M., Lawson, R. and Todd, S. (2006) The use of conjoint analysis to assess the impact of the cross-cultural exchange between hosts and guests. Tourism Management 27 (2), 201–213.
456. Timothy, D. (2001) Tourism and Political Boundaries. London: Routledge.
457. TNT Magazine and Student Uni Travel (2003) Backpackers Uncovered. January. On WWW at http://www.tntmagazine.com.au. Accessed 4.7.06.
458. Tomory, D. (1998) A Season in Heaven–True Tales from the Road to Kathmandu. Hawthorn: Lonely Planet Publications.
459. Tomory, D. (2000) Hello Goodnight: A Life of Goa. Hawthorn: Lonely Planet Publications.
460. Top Deck (2004a) Deckers London Club. On WWW at http://www.topdecktravel.co.uk/deckmem.php. Accessed 11.6.05.
461. Top Deck (2004b) Top Deck Travel–All About Us. On WWW at http://www.topdecktravel.co.uk/about. Accessed 14.9.04.
462. Tourism New Zealand (1999) Understanding New Zealand’s Backpacker Market. Wellington: Tourism New Zealand.
463. Tourism Research Council New Zealand (2004) Understanding the Dynamics of New Zealand Tourism. Wellington: The Ministry of Tourism.
464. Tourism Research Council New Zealand (2005) Commercial Accommodation Survey, May. Wellington: Ministry of Tourism.
465. Towner, J. (1985) The grand tour: A key phase in the history of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 12 (3), 297–333.
466. Toxward, S. (1999) Backpackers Expectations and Satisfactions: A Case Study of Northland New Zealand. Christchurch, New Zealand: Lincoln University.
467. Tribe, J. (1997) The indiscipline of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 24, 638–657.
468. Tribe, J. (2005) New tourism research. Tourism Recreation Research 30 (2), 5–8.
469. Tucker, H. and Lynch, P.A. (2004) Host–guest dating: The potential of improving the customer experience through host–guest psychographic matching. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism 5, 11–32.
470. Turner, L. and Ash, J. (1975) The Golden Hordes–International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery. London: Constable.
471. Turner, V. (1973) The center out there: Pilgrim’s goal. History of Religion 11, 191–230.
472. Turner, V. (1987) Betwixt and between: The liminal period in rites de passage. In L. Madhi, S. Foster and M. Little (eds) Betwixt and Between: Patterns of Masculine and Feminine Initiation (pp. 5–22). La Salle: Open Court.
473. University of Melbourne (2004) Study Abroad and Exchange Program Guide. University of Melbourne.
474. Uriely, N. (2001) ‘Travelling Workers’ and ‘Working Tourists’. International Journal of Tourism Research 3 (1), 1–8.
475. Uriely, N. (2005) The tourist experience: Conceptual developments. Annals of Tourism Research 32 (1), 199–216.
476. Uriely, N., Yonay, Y. and Simchai, D. (2002) Backpacking experiences: A type and form analysis. Annals of Tourism Research 29, 520–538.
477. Urry, J. (1990) The Tourist Gaze. London: Sage.
478. Urry, J. (2002) The Tourist Gaze (2nd edn). London: Sage.
479. Urry, J. (2003) Global Complexity. Cambridge: Polity.
480. Valentine, G. (1989) The geography of women’s fears. Area 21 (4), 22–29.
481. Vance, P. (2004) Backpacker transport choice: A conceptual framework applied to New Zealand. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice. Clevedon: Channel View.
482. Veijola, S. and Jokinen, E. (1994) The body in tourism. Theory, Culture and Society 11, 125–151.
483. Verhelä, P. (2003) Toisen kulttuurin kohtaaminen matkailussa-tapaus Hammamet [Intercultural encounter in tourism–case Hammamet]. In P. Hottola (ed.) Kulttuurisia näkökulmia Tunisian matkailuun [Cultural Insights in Tunisian Tourism] (pp. 98–113). Publications of the Finnish University Network for Tourism Studies no. 3. Joensuu: University of Joensuu.
484. Verstraete, G. (2004) Technological frontiers and the politics of mobility in the European Union. In S. Ahmed, C. Castaneda, A.-M. Fortier and M. Sheller (eds) Uprootings/Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration (pp. 225–250). London: Berg.
485. VisitScotland (2000) The Growth, Development and Future Prospects for the Hostels Market in Scotland. On WWW at http://www.scotexchange.net/KnowYour-Market/kym-accom.htm. Accessed 6.8.03.
486. Visser, G. (2004) The developmental impacts of backpacker tourism in South Africa. GeoJournal 60 (3), 283–299.
487. Vogt, J. (1976) Wandering: Youth and travel behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research 4 (1), 25–40.
488. Wagner, U. (1977) Out of time and place: Mass tourism and charter trips. Ethnos 42, 38–52.
489. Walle, A. (1995) Business ethics and tourism: From micro to macro perspectives. Tourism Management 16 (4), 263–268.
490. Wang, N. (1999) Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research 26 (2), 349–370.
491. Ward, C., Bochner, S. and Furnham, A. (2001) The Psychology of Culture Shock (2nd edn). London: Routledge.
492. Ward, C. and Kennedy, A. (1993) Where’s the culture in cross-cultural transition? Comparative studies of sojourner adjustment. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 24 (2), 221–249.
493. Ware, M.P. (1992) Been There, Done That: A Study of Winter Backpackers in New Zealand. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
494. Waverley Council (2004) WWW.waverley.nsw.gov.au/into/Mdia/report.asp? article ID=104. Accessed 20.7.07.
495. Wayne, S. (1990) Egypt and the Sudan Guidebook. Hawthorn: Lonely Planet Publications.
496. Wearing, B. (1996) Gender: The Pain and Pleasure of Difference. Melbourne. Addison Wesley Longman.
497. Wearing, B. and Wearing, S. (1996) Refocusing the tourist experience: The ‘flaneur’ and the ‘choraster’. Leisure Studies 15, 229–244.
498. Wearing, S., Cynn, S., Ponting, J. and McDonald, M. (2002) Converting environmental concern into ecotourism purchases: A qualitative evaluation of international backpackers in Australia. Journal of Ecotourism 1, 133–148.
499. Weaver, A. (2005) Spaces of containment and revenue capture: ‘Super-sized’ cruise ships as mobile tourism enclaves. Tourism Geographies 7 (2), 165–184.
500. Weber, D. (1995) From limen to border: A meditation on the legacy of Victor Turner for American cultural studies. American Quarterly 47, 525–536.
501. Weeden, C. (2001) Ethical tourism: An opportunity for competitive advantage? Journal of Vacation Marketing 8 (2), 141–153.
502. Weiermair, K. and Fuchs, M. (1999) Measuring tourist judgement on service quality. Annals of Tourism Research 26 (4), 1004–1021.
503. Weightman, B. (1987) Third World tourism landscapes. Annals of Tourism Research 14 (2), 227–239.
504. Welk, P. (2004) The beaten track: Anti-tourism as an element backpacker identity construction. In G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds) The Global Nomad (pp. 217–236). Clevedon: Channel View.
505. Welk, P. (2006) The Shoestring Travellers–Constructions of Identity in the Backpacker Scene. Bangkok: White Lotus.
506. Wen, J. (1998) Evaluation of tourism and tourist resources in China: Existing methods and their limitations. International Journal of Social Economics 25 (2/3/4), 467–485.
507. West, B. (ed.) (2005) Down the Road: Exploring Backpacker and Independent Travel. Perth: Australian Research Institute.
508. Westerhausen, K. (1997) Western travellers in Asia: A mobile subculture in search of a home. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Murdoch University, Western Australia.
509. Westerhausen, K. (2002) Beyond the beach: An ethnography of modern travellers in Asia. Studies in Asian Tourism no. 2. Bangkok: White Lotus.
510. Wheat, S. (1995) Interview with a tour guide. The Independent on Sunday 12 February, 50–51.
511. Wheeler, T. (1977) South-East Asia on a Shoestring Guidebook. South Yarra: Lonely Planet Publications.
512. Wheeler, T. (1981) South-East Asia on a Shoestring Guidebook. South Yarra: Lonely Planet Publications.
513. Wheeler, T. (1999) In defence of backpackers. In Focus 31, 15–16.
514. Wheeler, T. and Wheeler, M. (2005) Once While Travelling: The Lonely Planet Story. Footscray: Lonely Planet Publications.
515. Wheeller, B. (1991) Tourism’s troubled times: Responsible tourism is not the answer. Tourism Management 12 (2), 91–96.
516. Wheeller, B. (1992) Alternative tourism–A deceptive ploy. In C. Cooper and A. Lockwood (eds) Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, IV (pp. 140–145). Chichester: John Wiley.
517. Wheeller, B. (1993) Sustaining the ego. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 1 (2), 121–129.
518. Wheeller, M. (1994a) Tourism marketing ethics: An introduction. International Marketing Review 12 (4), 38–49.
519. Wheeller, M. (1994b) The emergence of ethics on tourism and hospitality. In C. Cooper and A. Lockwood (eds) Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management (pp. 46–56). Chichester: John Wiley.
520. White, M. (2005) On the road: John Anderson’s Contiki journey. North and South March, 48–56.
521. White, N. and White, P. (2004) Travel as transition. Identity and place. Annals of Tourism Research 31 (1), 200–218.
522. Whitney, D. (1989) The ethical orientations of hotel managers and hospitality students: Implications for industry, education and youthful careers. Hospitality Education and Research Journal 13 (3), 187–192.
523. Whitney, D. (1990) Ethics in the hospitality industry: With a focus on hotel managers. International Journal of Hospitality Management 9 (1), 59–68.
524. Wight, P. (1993a) Ecotourism: Ethics or eco-sell? Journal of Travel Research 31 (3), 3–9.
525. Wight, P. (1993b) Sustainable ecotourism: Balancing economic, environmental and social goals within an ethical framework. The Journal of Tourism Studies 4 (2), 54–66.
526. Wight, P. (1994) Environmentally responsible marketing of tourism. In E. Cater and G. Lowman (eds) Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option? (pp. 39–55). Chichester: John Wiley.
527. Wilcock, J. and Aaron, J. (1972) India on $5 to $10 a day. New York: Arthur Frommer.
528. wilderness.com (2004) Getting Away From It All–But Does it Have Mobile Coverage? http://www.hero.ac.uk/studying/wilderness_com1668.cfm. Accessed 7.04.
529. Wilkinson, S. (1998) Focus groups in feminist research: Power interaction and the co-construction of meaning. Women’s Studies International Forum 21, 111–125.
530. Wilson, D. (1997) Paradoxes of Tourism in Goa. Annals of Tourism Research 24 (1), 52–75.
531. Wilson, E. and Little, D. (2005) A ‘relative escape’? The impact of constraints on women who travel solo. Tourism Review International 9, 155–175.
532. Wilson, J., Fisher, D. and Moore, K. (2004) The New Zealand ‘OE’: The oxymoron of the working holiday. Proceedings of the Institute of British Geographers and International Geographical Union Geography of Tourism and Leisure Working Group Pre-Meeting, Loch Lomond, Scotland, August.
533. Wood, D. and Graham, S. (2006) Permeable boundaries in the software-sorted society: Surveillance and the differentiation of mobility. In M. Sheller and J. Urry (eds) Mobile Technologies of the City. London: Routledge.
534. World Business Council on Sustainable Development (2004) On WWW at http://www.wbcsd.ch/. Accessed 4.7.04.
535. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCEO) (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
536. World Tourism Organization (1999) Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. On WWW at http://www.unwto.org/code_ethics/eng/global.htm. Accessed 28.11.02.
537. World Tourism Organization (2004) Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations: A Guidebook. Madrid: World Tourism Organisation.
538. Yenckel, J. (1995) How to plan a ‘green’ vacation. The Palm Beach Post. Abstract from LexisNexis.