The treadmill of crime: Political economy and green criminology

The Treadmill of Crime: Political Economy and Green Criminology

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-187

  Stretesky, Paul B ^a   Long, Michael A ^b   Lynch, Michael J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909097528     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203077092     Document Type: Book

References (385)

1. Agnew, R. (1998) “The causes of animal abuse: A social-psychological analysis,” Theoretical Criminology, 2, 2: 177-209.
2. Agnew, R. (2011) “The ordinary acts that contribute to ecocide: A criminological analysis,” paper presented at the American Society of Criminology, Washington, DC, November.
3. Agnew, R. (2012) “Dire forecast: A theoretical model of the impact of climate change on crime,” Theoretical Criminology, 16: 21-42.
4. Akcil, A. and Koldas, S. (2006) “Acid mine drainage (AMD): Causes, treatment and case studies,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 14: 1139-45.
5. Akers, R.L. (2009) Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
6. Alaca, E. and George, A. (2008) “Wildlife across our borders: A review of the illegal trade in Australia,” Australian journal of Forensic Sciences, 40: 147-60.
7. Allison, E.H., Perry, A.L., Badjeck, M.C., Adger, W.N., Brown, K., Conway, D., Halls, A.S., Pilling, G.M., Reynolds, J.D., Andrew, N.L. and Dulvy, N.K. (2009) “Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries,” Fish and Fisheries, 10: 173-96.
8. Andresen, M.A. (2012) “Unemployment and crime: A neighborhood level panel data approach,” Social Science Research, 41: 1615-28.
9. Andrews, A. (2009) Unconventional Gas Shales: Development, Technology, and Policy Issues, CRS Report R40894. Congressional Research Service. Available at (accessed 29 April 2013).
10. Appelbaum, R.P. and Christerson, B. (1997) “Cheap labor strategies and export - oriented industrialization: Some lessons from the Los Angeles/ East Asia apparel connection,” International journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21: 202-17.
11. Arluke, A., Levin, J., Luke, C. and Ascione, F. (1999) “The relationship of animal abuse and other forms of antisocial behavior,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 9: 963-75.
12. Arrhenius, S. (1908) Worlds in the Making: The Evolution of the Universe. New York, NY: Harper and Brothers.
13. Ashton, T.S. (1924) Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
14. Bailey, W.C., Martin, J.D. and Gray, L.N. (1974) “Crime and deterrence: A correlation analysis,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 11, 2: 124-43.
15. Bandura, A. (1986) Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
16. Bannon, I. and Collier, P. (2003) Natural Resources and Violent Conflicts. Washington, DC: World Bank.
17. Barraza, L. and Walford, R.A. (2002) “Environmental education: A comparison between English and Mexican school children,” Environmental Education Research, 8, 2: 171-86.
18. Becker, G.S. (1968) “Crime and punishment: An economic approach,” Journal of Political Economy, 76: 169-217.
19. Beckwith, R. (2010) “Hydraulic fracturing: The fuss, the facts, the future,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, 62: 34-41.
20. Beder, S. (2001) “Global spin,” in R. Starkey and R. Welford (eds) Earthscan Reader in Business and Sustainable Development. London: Earthscan.
21. Beirne, P. (1999) “For a nonspeciesist criminology: Animal abuse as an object of study,” Criminology, 37, 1: 117-48.
22. Beirne, P. (2007) Confronting Animal Abuse: Law, Criminology and Human Animal Relations. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
23. Benford, R. (2005) “The half-life of the environmental justice frame: Innovation, diffusion, and stagnation,” in D.N. Pellow and R. Brulle (eds) Power, justice, and the Environment: A Critical Appraisal of the Environmental justice Movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
24. Benton, T. (1998) “Rights and justice on a shared planet: More rights or new relations?” Theoretical Criminology, 2, 2: 149-75.
25. Bodkin, J.L., Ballachey, B.E., Coletti, H.A., Esslinger, G.G., Kloecker, K.A., Rice, S.D., Reed, J.A. and Monson, D.H. (2012) “Long-term effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Sea otter foraging in the intertidal as a pathway of exposure to lingering oil,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, 447: 273-87.
26. Boli, J. and Thomas, G.M. (1997) “World culture in the world polity: A century of international non-governmental organization,” American Sociological Review, 62, 2: 171-90.
27. Boli, J. and Thomas, G.M. (1999) Organizations since 1875. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
28. Bondaroff, T. (2011) “Sailing with the Sea Shepherds,” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 13, 3: 1-55.
29. Bonds, E. (2007) “Environmental review as battleground: Corporate power, government collusion, and citizen opposition to a tire-burning power plant in rural Minnesota, USA,” Organization and Environment, 20, 2: 157-76.
30. Bonnell, T.R., Reyna-Hurtado, R. and Chapman, C.A. (2011) “Postlogging recovery time is longer than expected in an East African tropical forest,” Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 4: 855-64.
31. Botting, J.H. and Morrison, A.R. (1993) “Animal research is vital to medicine,” Scientific American, 276, 2: 83-5.
32. Boyce, J.K. (2002) The Political Economy of the Environment. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
33. Brauer, J. (2011) War and Nature: The Environmental Consequences of War in a Globalized World. Lanham, MD: AltaMira.
34. Brisman, A. (2008) “Crime-environment relationship and environmental justice,” Seattle journal for Social justice, 6: 1-51.
35. British Petroleum, Inc. (2011) BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Online. Available at (accessed 29 July 2012).
36. Brommer, J.E. and Møller, A.P. (2010) “Range margins, climate change, and ecology,” in A.P. Møller, F. Wolfgang and P. Berthold (eds) Effects of Climate Change on Birds. New York, NY: Oxford.
37. Bronen, R. (2009) “Forced migration of Alaskan indigenous communities due to climate change: Creating a human rights response,” in A. OliverSmith and X. Shen (eds) Linking Environmental Change, Migration and Social Vulnerability. Bonn, Germany: Institute for Environment and Human Security.
38. Brown, P., Zavestoski, S., McCormick, S., Mayer, B., Morello - Frosch, R. and Altman, R.G. (2004) “Embodied health movements: New approaches to social movements in health,” Sociology of Health and Illness, 26, 1: 50-80.
39. Brulle, R. (2000) Agency, Democracy, and Nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
40. Brulle, R.J. and Pellow, D.N. (2005) Power, justice and the Environment: A Critical Appraisal of the Environmental justice Movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
41. Brulle, R.J. and Pellow, D.N. (2006) “Environmental justice: Human health and environmental inequalities,” Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 103-24.
42. Bullard, R. (1993) Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston, MA: South End Press.
43. Bunker, S.G. (2005) “How ecologically uneven development puts the spin on the ToP,” Organization and Environment, 18, 1: 38-54.
44. Burgherr, P. (2007) “In-depth analysis of accidental oil spills from tankers in the context of global spill trends from all sources,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 140: 245-56.
45. Burkett, P. (2007) Marxism and Ecological Economics: Toward a Red and Green Political Economy. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
46. Burns, R.G., Lynch, M.J. and Stretesky, P.B. (2008) Environmental Law, Crime and justice. El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly Publishing.
47. Buttel, F.H. (2004) “ToP: An appreciation, assessment, and agenda for research,” Organization and Environment, 1, 3: 323-36.
48. Cable, S. and Benson, M. (1993) “Acting locally: Environmental injustice and the emergence of grass-roots environmental organizations,” Social Problems, 40: 464-77.
49. Cáceres, C. (2007) “Economical and environmental factors in light alloys automotive applications,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 38, 7: 1649-62.
50. Camarero, L., Rogora, M., Mosello, R., Anderson, N.J., Barbieri, A., Botev, I., Kernan, M., Kopa, J., Korhola, A., Lotter, A., Muri, G., Postolache, C, Stuchlik, E., Thies, H.L. and Wright, R.F. (2009) “Regionalisation of chemical variability in European mountain lakes,” Freshwater Biology, 54, 12: 2452-69.
51. Cantor, D. and Land, K.C. (1985) “Unemployment and crime rates in the post-World War II United States: A theoretical and empirical analysis,” American Sociological Review, 50: 317-32.
52. Carrington, K., Hogg, R. and McIntosh, A. (2011) “The resource boom’s underbelly: Criminological impacts of mining development,” Australian and New Zealand journal of Criminology, 44, 3: 335-54.
53. Chambliss, W.J. (1988) Exploring Criminology. New York: Macmillan.
54. Chambliss, W.J. and Seidman, R. (1982) Law, Order, and Power. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
55. Charman, K. (2010) “Trashing the planet for natural gas: Shale gas development threatens freshwater sources, likely escalates climate destabilization,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, 21, 4: 72-82.
56. Chiricos, T.G. (1987) “Rates of crime and unemployment: An analysis of aggregate research evidence,” Social Problems, 34, 2: 187-212.
57. Clarke, R.V. (1983) “Situational crime prevention: Its theoretical basis and practical scope,” Crime and justice: An Annual Review of Research, 4: 225-56.
58. Clifford, M. and Edwards, T.D. (2012) Environmental Crime. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
59. Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979) “Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach,” American Sociological Review, 44, 4: 588-608.
60. Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D. and Myers, J.P. (1996) Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? A Scientific Detective Story. New York, NY: Dutton.
61. Cole, L.W. and Foster, S.R. (2001) From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental justice Movement. New York: NYU Press.
62. Cole, M.A. (2004) “Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: Examining the linkages,” Ecological Economics, 48: 71-81.
63. Connolly, G. and Burns, R.J. (1990) “Efficacy of compound 1080 livestock protection collars for killing coyotes that attack sheep,” Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990. Online. Available at (accessed 15 January 2013).
64. Cornell, S. (2012) “On the system properties of the planetary boundaries,” Ecology and Society, 17, 1: r2.
65. Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. (1987) “Understanding crime displacement: An application of rational choice theory,” Criminology, 25, 4: 933-48.
66. Corsolini, S., Covaci, A., Ademollo, N., Focardi, S. and Schepens, P. (2006) “Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their enantiomeric signatures, and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Adelie penguin food web, Antarctica,” Environmental Pollution, 140, 2: 371-82.
67. Couceiro, S., Hamada, N., Forsberg, B.R. and Padovesi-Fonseca, C. (2010) “Effects of anthropogenic silt on aquatic macroinvertebrates and abiotic variables in streams in the Brazilian Amazon,” Journal of Soils and Sediments 10, 1: 89-103.
68. Cray, D. (2010) “Deep underground, miles of hidden wildfires rage,” Time Magazine. Online. Available at (accessed 4 November 2012).
69. Cronin, J. and Kennedy, R. (1999) The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right. New York: Touchstone.
70. Crowley, T.J. (2000) “Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years,” Science, 289, 5477: 270-7.
71. Crutzen, P.J. and Stoermer, E.F. (2000) Global Change Newsletter, 41: 17-18.
72. DARA (2012) Climate Vulnerability Monitor. Madrid, Spain: Fundacion DARA Internacional.
73. Difiglio, C. and Fulton, L. (2000) “How to reduce US automobile greenhouse gas emissions,” Energy, 25: 657-73.
74. Dorn, N., VanDaele, S. and Vander Beken, T. (2007) “Reducing vulnerabilities to crime of the European waste management industry: The research base and the prospects for policy,” European journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal justice, 15: 23-36.
75. Downey, L., Bonds, E. and Clark, K. (2010) “Natural resource extraction, armed violence, and environmental degradation,” Organization and Environment, 23, 4: 417-45.
76. Du Bois, K.E. (1997) “The illegal trade in endangered species,” African Security Review, 6, 1: 28-41.
77. Economy, E. (2004) The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China’s Future. New York: Cornell University Press.
78. Editorial Board (2008) “Global prospects for coal-industry development,” Coke and Chemistry, 51, 3: 110-14.
79. Edwards, S.M., Edwards, T.D. and Fields, C.B. (1996) Environmental Crime and Criminality: Theoretical and Practical Issues. New York: Garland.
80. Egilman, D.S. and Bohme, R. (2005) “Over a barrel: Corporate corruption of science and its effects on workers and the environment,” International journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 11, 4: 331-7.
81. Ehrlich, P.R. and Ehrlich, A.H. (1998) Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti Environmental Rhetoric Threatens our Future. Washington, DC: Island Press.
82. Elberling, B., Sondergaard, J., Jensen, L.A., Schmidt, L.B., Hansen, B.U., Asmund, G., Zunic, T.B., Hollesen, J., Hanson, S., Jansson, P.E. and Friborg, T. (2007) “Arctic vegetation damage by winter-generated coal mining pollution released upon thawing,” Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 7: 2407-13.
83. Ellefsen, R. (2012) “Green movements as threats to order and economy: Animal activists repressed in Austria and beyond,” in R. Ellefsen, R. Sollund and G. Larsen (eds) Eco-global Crimes: Contemporary Problems and Future Challenges. London: Ashgate.
84. Ellefsen, R., Sollund, R. and Larsen, G. (2012) Eco-global Crimes: Contemporary Problems and Future Challenges. London: Ashgate.
85. Elliott, C. (1996) “Paradigms of forest conservation,” Unasylva, 187, 47: 3-9.
86. Eman, K., Meško, G. and Fields, C.B. (2009) “Crimes against the environment: Green criminology and research challenges in Slovenia,” Journal of Criminal justice and Security, 11, 4: 574-92.
87. Erikson, K. (1978) Everything in its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
88. Esty, D.C. (1996) Stepping up to the Global Environmental Challenge. Faculty Scholarship Series, paper 449. Online. Available at (accessed 4 November 2012).
89. Fagin, D. and Lavelle, M. (1996) Toxic Deception: How the Chemical Industry Manipulates Science, Bends the Law, and Endangers Your Health. Secaucus, NJ: Birch Lane Press.
90. Fankhauser, S. (1994) “The social costs of greenhouse gas emissions: An expected value approach,” Energy journal, 15, 2: 157-84.
91. Farber, D.A. (1992) “Politics and procedure in environmental law,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 8: 59-81.
92. Finkel, M. and Law, A. (2011) “The rush to drill for natural gas: A public health cautionary tale,” American journal of Public Health, 101, 5: 784-85.
93. Fisher, P.B. (2011) “Climate change and human security in Tuvalu,” Global Change, Peace and Security, 23, 3: 293-313.
94. Flynn, C.P. (1999) “Animal abuse in childhood and later support for interpersonal violence in families,” Society and Animals, 7, 2: 161-72.
95. Flynn, L. (2005) “Poor nations are littered with old PCs, report says,” New York Times. Online. Available at (accessed 1 October 2011).
96. Fogleman, V.M. (1989) “American attitudes towards wolves: A history of misperception,” Environmental History Review, 13, 1: 63-94.
97. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2012) State of the World’s Forests, 2012. Italy, Rome. Online. Available at (accessed 4 November 2012).
98. Forbes, V.E. and Forbes, T.L. (1994) Ecotoxicology in Theory and Practice. New York: Chapman and Hall.
99. Foster, J.B. (2002) Ecology Against Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
100. Foster, J.B. (2005) “The treadmill of accumulation: Schnaiberg’s environment and Marxian political economy,” Organization and Environment, 18, 1: 7-18.
101. Foster, J.B. (2011) “Capitalism and the accumulation of catastrophe,” Monthly Review, 63, 7: 1-17.
102. Foster, J.B., Clark, B. and York, R. (2010) The Ecological Rift: Capitalism’s War on the Earth. New York: NYU Press.
103. Fourier, J.B. (1878) The Analytical Theory of Heat. The University Press.
104. Fox, N. (1995) “The inadequate protection of animals against cruel animal husbandry practices under United States law,” Whittier Law Review, 17: 145-52.
105. Frank, D.J. (1997) “Science, nature, and the globalization of the environment, 1870-1990,” Social Forces, 76, 2: 409-35.
106. Franz, A. (2010) “Crimes against water: The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899,” Tulane Environmental Law journal, 23: 255-78.
107. Freeman, A.M. (2000) “Economics, incentives, and environmental regulation,” in M. Kraft and N. Vig (eds) Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
108. Freese, B. (2003) Coal: A Human History. Perseus Publishing.
109. Frickel, S. (2004) “Just science? Organizing scientist activism in the US environmental justice movement,” Science as Culture, 13: 449-69.
110. Friedrichs, D. (1996) Trusted Criminals. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
111. Fuschino, J. (2007) “Mountaintop coal mining and the Clean Water Act: The fight over Nationwide Permit 21,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 34: 179-206.
112. Gerken, J. (2012) “Environmental killings report reveals startling number of activist deaths,” Huffington Post. Online. Available at (accessed 10 August 2012).
113. Ghosh, T.K. and Prelas, M.A. (2009) Energy Resources and Systems: Vol. 1, Fundamentals of Non-Renewable Resources. Netherlands: Springer.
114. Gibbs, C., Gore, M., McGarrell, E. and Rivers, L. (2010) “Introducing conservation criminology: Towards interdisciplinary scholarship on environmental crimes and risks,” British journal of Criminology, 50, 1: 124-44.
115. Gibbs, L.M. (1995) Dying From Dioxin. Boston, MA: South End.
116. Gibbs, L.M. (1997) Taking Action in Your Community, Caroline Werner Gannett Lecture Series, Rochester, NY: Rochester Institute of Technology (18 September 1997).
117. Glantz, S.A., Slade, J., Bero, L.A., Hanauer, P. and Barnes, D.E. (1998) The Cigarette Papers. Los Angeles, CA: UC Press.
118. Global Footprint Network (2012a) World Footprint. Online. Available at (accessed 10 August 2012).
119. Global Footprint Network (2012b) Data and Results. Online. Available at (accessed 10 August 2012).
120. GlobalWitness (2002) Logsof War: The Timber Tradeand Armed Conflict. Programme for the International Co-operation and Conflict Resolution Fafo-report 379. Online. Available at (accessed 4 November 2012).
121. Global Witness (2007) Cambodia’s Family Trees: Illegal Logging and the Stripping of Public Assets by Cambodia’s Elite. Online. Available at (accessed 10 August 2012).
122. Gomes, G., Meneghetti, F. and Encarnarcao, F. (2012) “The environmental impact on air quality and exposure to carbon monoxide from charcoal production in southern Brazil,” Environmental Research, 116: 136-9.
123. Gómez, G.M. (2008) Field Presence of Dutch NGOs: What is the Impact on Civil Societies in the South? Institute of Social Studies. Online. Available at (accessed 12 January 2012).
124. Goodell, J. (2006) Big Coal: The Dirty Secret behind America’s Energy Future. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
125. Gordon, D.M. (1973) “Capitalism, class, and crime in America,” Crime and Delinquency, 19, 2: 163-86.
126. Gottfredson, M. and Hirschi, T. (1990) A General Theory of Crime. Oakland, CA: Stanford University Press.
127. Gottfried, M., Pauli, H., Futschik, A., Akhalkatsi, M., Barančok, P., Alonso, J.L., Coldea, G., Dick, J., Erschbamer, B., Rosa, M., Calzado, F., Kazakis, G., Krajci, J., Larsson, P., Mallaun, M., Michelsen, O., Molseev, D., Molseev, P., Molau, U., Merzouki, A., Nagy, L., Nakhutsrishvill, G., Pedersen, B., Pelino, G., Puscas, M., Rossi, G., Stanisci, A., Theurillat, J., Tomaselli, M., Villar, L., Vittoz, P., Voglatzakis, I., Grabherr, G. (2012) “Continentwide response of mountain vegetation to climate change,” Nature Climate Change, 2, 2: 111-15.
128. Gottschalk, M. (1999) “Monkeywrenching as punishment?” Criminal justice Policy Review, 10: 193-211.
129. Gould, K.A., Schnaiberg, A. and Weinberg, A.S. (1996) Local Environmental Struggles: Citizen Activism in the ToP. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
130. Gould, K.A., Pellow, D. and Schnaiberg, A. (2008) The ToP: Injustice and Unsustainability in the Global Economy. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
131. Gray, W.B. and Shimshack, J.P. (2011) “The effectiveness of environmental monitoring and enforcement: A review of the empirical evidence,” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 5, 1: 3-24.
132. Green, P., Ward, T. and McConnachie, K. (2007) “Logging and legality: Environmental crime, civil society and the state,” Social justice, 34, 2: 94-110.
133. Greene, J.L. and Siegel, W.C. (1994) The Status and Impact of State and Local Regulation on Private Timber Supply. General Technical Report RM-255. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
134. Greer, J. and Bruno, K. (1996) Greenwash: The Reality Behind Corporate Environmentalism. Penang, Malaysia: Third World Network.
135. Greider, W. (1998) One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
136. Griffin, J., Duncan, R.C., Riggan, W.B. and Pellom, A.C. (1989) “Cancer mortality in US counties with hazardous waste sites and ground water pollution,” Archives of Environmental Health, 44, 2: 69-74.
137. Grimes, P. and Kentor, J. (2003) “Exporting the greenhouse: Foreign capital penetration and CO2 emissions 1980-1996,” Journal of World-Systems Research, 9, 2: 261-75.
138. Grossman, A. and Rangan, V.K. (2000) Managing Multi-site Nonprofits. Harvard Business School Social Enterprise Series, Number 8. Online. Available at (accessed 4 July 2012).
139. Groves, M.J. (1994) “Are smelly animals happy animals? Competing definitions of laboratory animal cruelty and public policy,” Society and Animals, 2, 2: 125-44.
140. Groves, M.J. (1996) Hearts and Minds: The Controversy Over Laboratory Animals. Temple, PA: Temple University Press.
141. Gunningham, N.A., Thornton, D. and Kagan, R.A. (2005) “Motivating management: Corporate compliance in environmental protection,” Law and Policy, 27, 2: 289-316.
142. Hagan, J. (1994) Crime and Disrepute. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge.
143. Hall, D. (2002) “Environmental change, protest, and havens of environmental degradation: Evidence from Asia,” Global Environmental Politics, 2, 2: 20-8.
144. Hammersley, G. (1973) “The charcoal iron industry and its fuel, 1540-1750,” Economic History Review, 26, 4: 593-619.
145. Hart, I.B. (2006) James Watt and the History of Steam Power. Montana: Kessinger Publishing.
146. Havercamp, S.J. (1998) “Are moderate animal welfare laws and a sustainable agricultural economy mutually exclusive? Laws, moral implications, and recommendations,” Drake Law Review, 645: 645-6.
147. Herzog, H. (1993) “Human morality and animal research: Confessions and quandaries,” American Scholar, 62, 3: 337-49.
148. HFA (Humane Farming Association) (2012) HFA Campaign Against Factory Farming Subject of HBO Documentary. Online. Available at < http://hfa.org> (accessed 16 January 2013).
149. Hillyard, P. and Tombs, S. (2007) “From crime to social harm?” Crime, Law and Social Change, 48, 1: 9-25.
150. Hillyard, P., Pantazis, C., Tombs, S. and Gordon, D. (2004) Beyond Criminology: Taking Harm Seriously. London: Pluto.
151. Homer-Dixon, T.F. (1991) “Environmental changes as causes of acute conflict,” International Security, 16, 2: 76-116.
152. Hooks, G. and Smith, C.L. (2005) “Treadmills of production and destruction: Threats to the environment posed by militarization,” Organization and Environment, 18, 1: 19-37.
153. Houghton, J.T., Meiro-Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenburg, A. and Maskell, K. (1996) Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Vol. 19390). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
154. Hribal, J. (2003) “Animals are part of the working class: A challenge to labor history,” Labor History, 44, 4: 435-53.
155. Humborg, C., Conley, D.J., Rahm, L., Wulff, A.C. and Ittekkot, V. (2000) “Silicon retention in river basins: Far-reaching effects on biogeochemistry and aquatic food webs in coastal marine environments,” Ambio, 29: 45-50.
156. Huss, S., Stretesky, P.B. and Lynch M.J. (2012) “Characteristics of the formalized environmental justice movement: Implications for environmental governance,” in D. Gallagher (ed.) Environmental Leadership: A Reference Handbook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
157. International Energy Agency (2012). Key World Energy Statistics. Online. Available at (accessed 6 November 2012).
158. International Rivers (2012) Questions and Answers about Large Dams. Online. Available at (accessed 20 March 2013).
159. IPCC (2007) Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
160. Jacobson, J. (1988) Environmental Refugees: A Yardstick of Habitability. Worldwatch Paper 86. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute.
161. Jarrell, M.L. (2010) Environmental Crime and the Media: News Coverage of Petroleum Refining Industry Violations. NY: LFB Scholarly.
162. Jarrell, M.L., and Ozymy, J. (2010) “Excessive air pollution and the oil industry: Fighting for our rights to breathe clean air,” Environmental justice, 3, 3: 111-15.
163. Johnson, E.A. and Miyanishi, K. (2008) “Creating new landscapes and ecosystems: The Alberta oil sands,” The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology 2008: 120-45.
164. Jorgenson, A.K. (2011) “Carbon dioxide emissions in Central and Eastern European nations, 1992-2005: A test of ecologically unequal exchange theory,” Human Ecology Review, 18, 2: 105.
165. Jorgenson, A.K. and Clark, B. (2011) “Societies consuming nature: A panel study of the ecological footprints of nations, 1960-2003,” Social Science Research, 40, 1: 226-44.
166. Kahl, C.H. (1998) “Population growth, environmental degradation, and state-sponsored violence: The case of Kenya, 1991-93,” International Security, 23, 2: 80-119.
167. Karliner, J. (1998) The Corporate Planet. San Francisco: Sierra Book Club.
168. Keating, M., Baum, E. and Round, M. (2000) Laid to Waste: The Dirty Secret of Combustion Waste from America’s Power Plants. Denver, CO: Citizens Coal Council. Online. Available at (accessed 6 November 2012).
169. Kennedy, D.M. (2012) Deterrence and Crime Prevention: Reconsidering the Prospect of Sanction. London: Routledge.
170. Kerr, R. (2012) “Learning how to not make your own earthquake,” Science, 335, 6075: 1436-7.
171. Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y.M., Huang, Y.Z. and Zhu, Y.G. (2008) “Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China,” Environmental Pollution, 152, 3: 686-92.
172. Kim, E.Y., Ichihashi, H., Saeki, K., Atrashkevich, G., Tanabe, S. and Tatsukawa, R. (1996) “Metal accumulation in tissues of seabirds from Chaun, northeast Siberia, Russia,” Environmental Pollution, 92, 3: 247-52.
173. Kirilenko, A. and Sedjo, R.A. (2007) “Climate change impacts forestry,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 104, 50: 19697-702.
174. Knight, O. and Stretesky, P. B. (2011) “What drives the location of environmental enforcement non-governmental organizations? A look at multinational non-governmental organizations, 1990-2008,” paper presented at the Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, Vilnius, Lithuania (20 September).
175. Koh, L.P. and Wilcove, D.S. (2008) “Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity?” Conservation Letters, 1, 2: 60-4.
176. Kraft, M.E. and Vig, N.J. (2000) Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty First Century, Washington, DC: CQ Press.
177. Krajick, K. (2005) “Fire in the hole,” Smithsonian Magazine. Online. Available at (accessed 4 November 2012).
178. Kramer, R.C. (2012) “Carbon in the atmosphere and power in America: Climate change as state-corporate crime,” Journal of Crime and justice. DOI:10.1080/0735648X.2012.752252.
179. Kramer, R.C. and Michalowski, R. (2012) “Is global warming a statecorporate crime?” in R. White (ed.) Climate Change from a Criminological Perspective. New York: Springer.
180. Kramer, R.C., Michalowski, R.J. and Kauzlarich, D. (2002) “The origins and development of the concept and theory of state-corporate crime,” Crime and Delinquency, 48: 263-82.
181. Kubrin, C.E. and Weitzer, R. (2003) “New directions in social disorganization theory,” Journal of Research in Crime in Delinquency, 40, 4: 374-402.
182. Kuenzer, C., Zhang, J., Tetzlaff, A., Van Dijk, P., Voigt, S., Mehl, H. and Wagner, W. (2007) “Uncontrolled coalfires and their environmental impacts: Investigating two arid mining regions in north-central China,” Applied Geography, 27, 1: 42-62.
183. Lanier-Graham, S.D. (1993) The Ecology of War: Environmental Impacts of Weaponry and Warfare. New York: Walker.
184. Lavelle, M. (2009) The Clean Coal Lobbying Blitz. Center for Public Integrity. Online. Available at (accessed 5 November 2012).
185. Lazrus, H. (2010) “Water scarcity and climate change in Tuvalu,” Anthropology News, 51: 25.
186. Leeming, F.C., Dwyer, W.O. and Bracken, B.A. (1995) “Children’s environmental attitude and knowledge scale: Construction and validation,” Journal of Environmental Education, 26, 3: 22-31.
187. Lemieux, A.M. and Clarke, R.V. (2009) “The international ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa,” British journal of Criminology, 49, 4: 451-71.
188. Liebsch, D., Marques, C.M. and Goldenberg, R. (2008) “How long does the Atlantic rain forest take to recover after an ecological disturbance?” Biological Conservation, 141, 6: 1717-25.
189. Linley, D. (2012) Fracking under Pressure: The Environmental and Social Impacts and Risks of Shale Gas Development. Online. Available at (accessed 5 November 2012).
190. Lonergan, S. (1998) “The role of environmental degradation in population displacement,” Environmental Change and Security Project Report, 4: 5-15.
191. Long, M.A., Stretesky, P.B., Lynch, M.J. and Fenwick, E. (2012) “Crime in the coal industry: Implications for green criminology and ToP,” Organization and Environment, 25, 3: 328-46.
192. Lovelock, J. (2007) The Revenge of Gaia: Earth’s Climate Crisis and the Fate of Humanity. NY: Basic Books.
193. Lovelock, J. and Margulis, L. (1974) “Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: The Gaia hypothesis,” Tellus, 26, 1-2: 2-10.
194. Lynch, M.J. (1990) “The greening of criminology: A perspective for the 1990s,” Critical Criminologist, 2, 3: 3-4, 11-12; reprinted in P. Beirne and N. South (eds) (2007) Green Criminology. Aldershot: Ashgate.
195. Lynch, M.J. and Michalowski, R.J. (2006) A Primer in Radical Criminology. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
196. Lynch, M.J. and Stretesky, P.B. (2001) “Toxic crimes: Examining corporate victimization of the general public employing medical and epidemiological evidence,” Critical Criminology, 10, 3: 153-72.
197. Lynch, M.J. and Stretesky, P.B. (2003) “The meaning of green: Towards a clarification of the term green and its meaning for the development of a green criminology,” Theoretical Criminology, 7, 2: 217-38.
198. Lynch, M.J. and Stretesky, P.B. (2010) “The distribution of water-monitoring organizations across states: Implications for community environmental policing and social justice,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, CA (November).
199. Lynch, M.J. and Stretesky, P.B. (2011a) “Similarities between green criminology and green science: Toward a typology of green criminology,” International journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal justice, 35, 4: 293-306.
200. Lynch, M.J. and Stretesky, P.B. (2011b) “Toxic crimes,” in P. Wilcox and F. Cullen (eds) Oxford Handbook of Criminology. New York: Oxford University Press.
201. Lynch, M.J. and Stretesky, P.B. (2012) “Native Americans, social and environmental justice: Implications for criminology,” Social justice, 38, 3: 34-54.
202. Lynch, M.J. and Stretesky, P.B. (2013) “The distribution of water-monitoring organizations across states: Implications for community environmental policing and social justice,” Policing: An International journal of Police Strategies and Management, 36, 1: 6-26.
203. Lynch, M.J., Nalla, M.K. and Miller, K. (1989) “Cross-cultural perceptions of deviance: The case of Bhopal,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 26: 7-35.
204. Lynch, M.J., Stretesky, P.B. and Burns, R.G. (2004) “Determinants of environmental law violation fines against petroleum refineries: Race, ethnicity, income, and aggregation effects,” Society and Natural Resources, 17, 4: 343-57.
205. Lynch, M.J., Stretesky, P.B. and Burns, R.G. (2004) “Slippery business: Race, class and legal determinants of penalties against petroleum refineries,” Journal of Black Studies, 34, 3: 421-40.
206. Lynch, M.J., Burns, R.G. and Stretesky, P.B. (2010) “Global warming and state-corporate crime: The politicalization of global warming under the Bush administration,” Crime, Law and Social Change, 54, 3: 213-39.
207. Machado, K. (2003) “Unfit for human consumption: Why American beef is making us sick,” Albany Law Review, 13: 807-9.
208. McPeak, M. (2001) “Tackling fragmentation and building unity in an international nongovernmental organization,” Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 11, 4: 477-91.
209. Magdoff, F. and Foster, J.B. (2011) What Every Environmentalist Needs to Know about Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
210. Mallon, R. (2005) “The deplorable standard of living faced by farmed animals in America’s meat industry and how to improve conditions by eliminating the corporate farm,” Student Scholarship, paper 66.
211. Marino, E. (2011) “The long history of environmental migration: Assessing vulnerability construction and obstacles to successful relocation in Shishmaref, Alaska,” Global Environmental Change, 22, 2: 374-81.
212. Markowitz, G. and Rosner, D. (2003) Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution, Vol. 6. Los Angeles: UC Press.
213. Marx, K. (1842) “Debates on the law of thefts of wood,” Rheinische Zeitung, 298 (October 25), 300 (October 27), 303 (October 30), 305 (November 1) and 307 (November 3). Online. Available at (accessed 16 January 2013).
214. Marx, K. (1976 [1867]) Capital, Vol. I. Moscow: International Publishers.
215. Maugeri, L. (2006) The Age of Oil: The Mythology, History, and Future of the World’s Most Controversial Resource. Westport, CT: Praeger.
216. Meehl, G.A., Washington, W.M., Collins, W.D., Arblaster, J.M., Hu, A., Buja, L.E., Strand, W.G. and Teng, H. (2005) “How much more global warming and sea level rise?” Science, 307, 5716: 1769-72.
217. Meng, L., Feng, Q., Zhou, L., Lu, P. and Meng Q. (2009) “Environmental cumulative effects of coal underground mining,” Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 1, 1: 1280-4.
218. Merem, E., Robinson, B., Wesley, J.M., Yerramilli, S. and Twumasi, Y.A. (2010) “Using GIS in ecological management: Green assessment of the impacts of petroleum activities in the state of Texas,” International journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7, 5: 2101-30.
219. Messner, S.F. and Rosenfeld, R. (2006) Crime and the American Dream. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
220. Michalowski, R. and Kramer, R. (2007) “State-corporate crime and criminological inquiry,” in H.N. Pontell and G.L. Geis (eds) International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime. New York: Springer.
221. Mielke, H.W. and Zahran, S. (2012) “The urban rise and fall of air lead (Pb) and the latent surge and retreat of societal violence,” Environment International, 43: 48-55.
222. Mikler, J. (2009) The Greening of the Car Industry. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
223. Mills, C.W. (1959) The Sociological Imagination. New York, NY: Oxford.
224. Milovanovic, D. (2006) “Legalistic definition of crime and an alternative view,” Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade - Belgrade Law Review (International Edition), 1, 78-86.
225. Mokhov, A.V. (2011) “Mine water drainage from flooded coal mines,” Doklady Earth Sciences, 438, 2: 733-5.
226. Mol, A. (1995) The Refinement of Production: Ecological Modernization Theory and the Dutch Chemical Industry. Utrecht: Jan van Arkel/International Books.
227. Mol, A. and Spaargaren, G. (2000) “Ecological modernization theory in debate: A review,” in A. Mol and D. Sonnenfeld (eds) Ecological Modernization Around the World. London: Frank Cass.
228. Molnár, P.K., Derocher, A.E., Thiemann, G.W. and Lewis, M.A. (2010) “Predicting survival, reproduction and abundance of polar bears under climate change,” Biological Conservation, 143, 7: 1612-22.
229. Montague, P. (1996) “The pesticide failure,” Rachel’s Environment and Health Weekly, 482. Online. Available at (accessed 16 January 2013).
230. Montgomery, C.T. and Smith, M.B. (2010) “Hydraulic fracturing: History of an enduring technology,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, 62: 26-32.
231. Morales, O., Grineski, S.E. and Collins, T.W. (2012) “Structural violence and environmental injustice: The case of a US-Mexico border chemical plant,” Local Environment, 17, 1: 1-21.
232. Mosel, A. (2001) “What about Wilbur? Proposing a federal statute to provide minimum humane living conditions for farm animals raised for food production,” Dayton Law Review, 27: 133-50.
233. Müller, B., Berg, M., Yao, Z.P., Zhang, X.F., Wang, D. and Pfluger, A. (2008) “How polluted is the Yangtze river? Water quality downstream from the Three Gorges Dam,” Science of the Total Environment, 402, 2: 232-47.
234. Myers, B., Thomas, R. and McElfish, J. (2007) Clean Water Act jurisdictional Handbook. Washington, DC: Environmental Law Institute.
235. Myers, N. (1993) “Environmental refugees in a globally warmed world,” Bioscience, 43, 11: 752-61.
236. Myrup, M. (2012) “Industrialising Greenland: Government and transnational corporations versus civil society?” in R. Ellefsen, R. Sollund and G. Larsen (eds) Eco-global Crimes: Contemporary Problems and Future Challenges. London: Ashgate.
237. Narag, R.E., Pizarro, J. and Gibbs, C. (2009) “Lead exposure and its implications for criminological theory,” Criminal justice and Behavior, 36, 9: 954-73.
238. Nature Conservancy (2011) Forest Conservation: Responsible Trade Combating Illegal Logging and Advancing Responsible Forest Trade. Online. Available at (accessed 16 January 2013).
239. Naughton-Treves, L., Kammen, D.M. and Chapman, C. (2007) “Burning biodiversity: Woody biomass use by commercial and subsistence groups in western Uganda’s forests,” Biological Conservation, 134, 2: 232-41.
240. Needleman, H. (2009) “Low level lead exposure: History and discovery,” Annals of Epidemiology, 19, 4: 235-8.
241. Nieto, J.M., Sarmiento, A.M., Olías, M., Canovas, C.R., Riba, I., Kalman, J. and Delvalls, A. (2007) “Acid mine drainage pollution in the Tinto and Odiel rivers (Iberian Pyrite Belt, SW Spain) and bioavailability of the transported metals to the Huelva Estuary,” Environment International, 33, 4: 445-55.
242. Nriagu, J.O. (1990) “Global metal pollution, poisoning the biosphere?” Environment, 32, 7: 7-33.
243. Nurse, A. (2013) Animal Harm: Perspectives on Why People Harm and Kill Animals. London: Ashgate.
244. Obach, B.K. (2004) “New labor: Slowing the ToP?” Organization and Environment, 17, 3: 337-54.
245. O’Connor, J. (1973) The Fiscal Crisis of the State. New York: St Martin’s Press.
246. O’Connor, J. (1998) Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism. New York: Guilford Press.
247. Odum, E. and Barrett, G.W. (2004) Fundamentals of Ecology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
248. Oliver, W. (1998) Community Oriented Policing: A Systematic Approach to Policing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
249. Opukri, C.O. and Ibaba, I.S. (2008) “Oil induced environmental degradation and internal population displacement in Nigeria’s Niger Delta,” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10, 1: 173-93.
250. O’Rourke, D. and Macey, G. (2003) “Community environmental policing: Assessing new strategies for public participation in environmental regulation,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 22: 383-14.
251. Orsato, R.J., den Hond, F. and Clegg, S.R. (2002) “The political ecology of automobile recycling in Europe,” Organization Studies, 23, 4: 639-65.
252. Osborne, S.J., Shy, C.M. and Kaplan, B.M. (1990) “Epidemiologic analysis of a reported cancer cluster in a small rural population,” American journal of Epidemiology, 132(1): S87-S95.
253. Ottinger, G. (2010) “Constructing empowerment through interpretations of environmental data,” Surveillance and Society, 8: 221-34.
254. Overdevest, C. and Mayer, B. (2008) “Harnessing the power of information through community monitoring: Insights from social science,” Texas Law Review, 86: 1494-526.
255. Pal, M., and Dutta, M.J. (2012) “Organizing resistance on the internet: The case of the international campaign for justice in Bhopal,” Communication, Culture and Critique, 5, 2: 230-51.
256. Park, R.E. and Burgess, E.W. (1984 [1919]) The City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
257. Parker, L. (2007) “Mining battle marked by peaks and valleys,” USA Today. Online. Available at (accessed 13 October 2008).
258. Parker, R. (1995) “Coal mining mutiny,” Albuquerque journal, January 22: A1.
259. Pearce, F. and Tombs, S. (1998) Toxic Capitalism: Corporate Crime and the Chemical Industry. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.
260. Pellow, D.N. (2000) “Environmental inequality formation: Toward a theory of environmental injustice,” American Behavioral Scientist, 43, 4: 581-601.
261. Pires, S.F., and Clarke, R.V. (2011) “Sequential foraging, itinerant fences and parrot poaching in Bolivia,” British journal of Criminology, 51, 2: 314-35.
262. Pires, S.F., and Clarke, R.V. (2012) “Are parrots CRAVED? An analysis of parrot poaching in Mexico,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49, 1: 122-46.
263. Pond, G., Passmore, M., Borsuk, F., Reynolds, L. and Rose, C. (2008) “Downstream effects of mountaintop coal mining: Comparing biological conditions using family- and genus-level macroinvertebrate bioassessment tools,” Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 27: 717-37.
264. Porter, G. (1999) “Trade competition and pollution standards: ‘Race to the bottom’ or ‘stuck at the bottom’,” Journal of Environment and Development, 8, 2: 133-51.
265. Post, J.E. (2012) “The United Nations Global Compact: A CSR milestone,” Business and Society, DOI: 10.1177/0007650312459926.
266. Pujades-Rodríguez, M., McKeever, T., Lewis, S., Whyatt, D., Britton, J. and Venn, A. (2009) “Effect of traffic pollution on respiratory and allergic disease in adults: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses,” BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 9, 1: 42-52.
267. Quinney, R. (2008 [1970]) The Social Construction of Crime. Brunswick: NJ: Transaction.
268. Quinney, R. (1980) Class, State, and Crime. New York: Longman.
269. Ramanathan, V. and Feng, Y. (2009) “Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives,” Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1: 37-50.
270. Raphael, S. and Winter-Ebmer, R. (2001) “Identifying the effect of unemployment on crime,” Journal of Law and Economics, 44: 259-83.
271. Ray, J. and S. Jones (2011) “Self-reported psychopathic traits and their relation to intentions to engage in environmental offending,” International journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55, 3: 370-91.
272. Reece, E. (2006) Lost Mountain: A Year in the Vanishing Wilderness. New York: Riverhead Books.
273. Reed, G.E. and Yeager, P.C. (1996) “Organizational offending and neoclassical criminology: Challenging the reach of a general theory of crime,” Criminology, 34, 2: 357-82.
274. Reiman, J. (2007) The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
275. Reopanichkul, P., Carter, R.W., Worachananant, S. and Crossland, C.J. (2010) “Wastewater discharge degrades coastal waters and reef communities in southern Thailand,” Marine Environmental Research, 69, 5: 287-96.
276. Reuters (2012) June US Auto Sales in Line with 2012 Estimates. Online. Available at (accessed 29 July 2012).
277. Reynolds, C.S. (2006) Ecology of Phytoplankton. MA: Cambridge University Press.
278. Rhodes, E.L. (2005) Environmental justice in America: A New Paradigm. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
279. Rhodes, W.M., Allen, E.P. and Callahan, M. (2006) Illegal Logging: A Marketbased Analysis of Trafficking in Illegal Timber. ABT Associates. Online. Available at (accessed 4 November 2012).
280. Rifkin, J. (1995) The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era. New York: Putnam.
281. Rios, J.M. (2000) “Environmental justice groups: Grass-roots movement or NGO networks? Some policy implications,” Policy Studies Review, 17: 179-211.
282. Robertson, S.J., McGill, W.B., Massicotte, H.B. and Rutherford, P.M. (2007) “Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in boreal forest soils: A mycorrhizal ecosystems perspective,” Biological Reviews, 82, 2: 213-40.
283. Rosner, D. and Markowitz, G. (2007) “The politics of lead toxicology and the devastating consequences for children,” American journal of Industrial Medicine, 50, 10: 740-56.
284. Ross, M.L. (1999) “The political economy of the resource curse,” World Politics, 51: 297-322.
285. Ryan, W. (1981) Equality. New York: Vintage.
286. Salo, R.S. (2004) “When the logs roll over: The need for an international convention criminalizing involvement in the global illegal timber,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 16: 127-48.
287. Sampson, R.J. and Groves, W.B. (1989) “Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory,” American journal of Sociology, 94, 4: 774-802.
288. Savitz, A.W. (2006) The Triple Bottom Line: How Today’s Best-run Companies Are Achieving Economic, Social and Environmental Success - And How You Can Too. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
289. Schallenberg, R. (1975) “Evolution, adaptation and survival: The very slow death of the American charcoal iron industry,” Annals of Science, 32, 4: 341-58.
290. Schelly, D. and Stretesky, P.B. (2009) “An analysis of the ‘path of least resistance’ argument in three environmental justice success cases,” Society and Natural Resources, 22, 4: 369-80.
291. Schnaiberg, A. (1980) The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity. New York: Oxford University Press.
292. Schnaiberg, A. and Gould, K.A. (1994) Environment and Society: The Enduring Conflict. New York: St Martin’s Press.
293. Schnaiberg, A., Pellow, D.N. and Weinberg, A. (2002) “The treadmill of production and the environmental state,” in A. Mol and F. Buttel (eds) The Environmental State Under Pressure. London: Elsevier.
294. Schorn, D. (2005) “Burning rage,” 60 Minutes. Online. Available at (accessed 4 July 2012).
295. Schroeder, D.V. (2000) Introduction to Thermal Physics. New York: Addison Wesley Longman.
296. Schutz, H., Moll, S. and Bringezu, S. (2004) Globalisation and the Shifting Environmental Burden. Online. Available at (accessed 10 August 2012).
297. Schwaner, S.L. and Keil, T.J. (2003) “Internal colonization, folk justice, and murder in Appalachia: The case of Kentucky,” Journal of Criminal justice, 31, 3: 279-86.
298. Sebbenn, A.M., Degen, B., Azevedo, V.C., Silva, M.B., de Lacerda, A.E., Ciampi, A.Y., Kanashiro, M., Carneiro, F., Thompson, I. and Loveless, M.D. (2008) “Modeling the long-term impacts of selective logging on genetic diversity and demographic structure of four tropical tree species in the Amazon forest,” Forest Ecology and Management, 245, 2: 335-49.
299. Shahabpour, J., Doorandish, M. and Abbasnejad, A. (2005) “Mine-drainage water from coal mines of Kerman region, Iran,” Environmental Geology, 47: 915-25.
300. Shaw, C.R. and McKay, H.D. (1942) juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
301. Shelley, T.O.C., Chiricos, T. and Gertz, M. (2011) “What about the environment? Assessing the perceived seriousness of environmental crime,” International journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal justice, 35, 4: 307-325.
302. Shoko, D.S. (2002) “Small-scale mining and alluvial gold panning within the Zambezi Basin: An ecological time bomb and tinderbox for future conflicts among riparian states,” paper presented at the ninth conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, The Commons in an Age of Globalization, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe (June 17-21).
303. Shover, N., Clelland, D. and Lynxwiler, J. (1986) Enforcement or Negotiation: The Construction of a Regulatory Bureaucracy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
304. Simon, D.R. (2000) “Corporate environmental crimes and social inequality: New directions for environmental justice research,” American Behavioral Scientist, 43, 4: 633-45.
305. Sindermann, C.J. (1979) “Pollution-associated diseases and abnormalities of fish and shellfish: A review,” Fish Bulletin, 76, 4: 717-49.
306. Situ, Y. (1997) “A pathway to the knowledge of environmental crime: Learning through service,” Journal of Criminal justice Education, 8, 2: 243-51.
307. Skogan, W.G. and Harnett, S.M. (1997) Community Policing, Chicago Style. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
308. Smith, J. and Wiest, D. (2005) “The uneven geography of global civil society: National and global influences on transnational association,” Social Forces, 84, 2: 621-52.
309. Smith, M. and Voreacos, D. (2007) “Brazil: Enslaved workers make charcoal used to make basic steel ingredient,” Seattle Times, 21 January.
310. Smith, W.B., Miles, P.D., Perry, C.H. and Pugh, S.A. (2009) Forest Resources of the United States, 2007. General Technical Report WO-78. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
311. Sollund, R. (2011) “Expressions of speciesism: The effects of keeping companion animals on animal abuse, animal trafficking and species decline,” Crime, Law and Social Change, 55, 5: 437-51.
312. Somerville, P. (2009) “Understanding community policing,” Policing: An International journal of Police Strategies and Management, 32: 261-77.
313. South, N. and Brisman, A. (2012) Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology. New York: Routledge.
314. Spitzer, S. (1975) “Toward a Marxian theory of deviance,” Social Problems, 22, 5: 638-51.
315. Srivastava, L., Schwartz, S.L. and Austin, M.J. (2012) Managing Nongovernmental Organizations Worldwide: Mapping the Knowledge Base of Nonprofit Management in the Human Services. Online. Available at (accessed 4 July 2012).
316. Stanford, C.B. (2010) The Last Tortoise: A Tale of Extinction in our Lifetime. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
317. Stauber, J.C. and Rampton, R. (1995) Toxic Sludge is Good For You! Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
318. Stickler, C. (2012) A Deadly Way of Doing Business: A Case Study of Corporate Crime in the Coal Mining Industry. Master’s thesis, Department of Criminology, University of South Florida.
319. Stracher, G. and Taylor, T. (2004) “Coal fires burning out of control around the world: Thermodynamic recipe for environmental catastrophe,” International journal of Coal Geology, 59: 7-17.
320. Stretesky, P.B. (2006) “Corporate self-policing and the environment,” Criminology, 44, 3: 671-708.
321. Stretesky, P.B. (2008) “The neglect of race and class in environmental crime research,” in M.J. Lynch and R. Paternoster (eds) Racial and Ethnic Bias in the Criminal justice System. New York, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
322. Stretesky, P.B. and Lynch, M.J. (1999a) “Environmental justice and prediction of distance to accidental chemical releases in Hillsborough County, Florida,” Social Science Quarterly, 80, 4: 830-46.
323. Stretesky, P.B. and Lynch, M.J. (1999b) “Corporate environmental violence and racism,” Crime, Law and Social Change, 30, 2: 163-84.
324. Stretesky, P.B. and Lynch, M.J. (2001) “The relationship between lead exposure and homicide,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 155, 5: 579-89.
325. Stretesky, P.B. and Lynch, M.J. (2002) “Environmental hazards and school segregation in Hillsborough County Florida, 1987-1999,” Sociological Quarterly, 43, 4: 553-73.
326. Stretesky, P.B. and Lynch, M.J. (2004) “The relationship between lead and crime,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45, 2: 214-29.
327. Stretesky, P.B. and Lynch, M.J. (2009) “A cross-national study of the association between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and exports to the United States,” Social Science Research, 38, 1: 239-50.
328. Stretesky, P.B. and Lynch, M.J. (2011) “Coal strip mining, mountaintop removal, and the distribution of environmental violations across the United States, 2002-2008,” Landscape Research, 36, 2: 209-30.
329. Stretesky, P.B., Shelley, T.O. and Crow, M.S. (2010) “Do conservation organizations influence the social production of natural resource violations?” Organization and Environment, 23, 4: 398-16.
330. Stretesky, P.B., Huss, S., Lynch, M.J., Zahran, S. and Childs, B. (2011) “The founding of environmental justice organizations across US counties during the 1990s and 2000s: Civil rights and environmental cross-movement effects,” Social Problems, 58: 330-60.
331. Stretesky, P.B., Long, M.A. and Lynch, M.J. (2012) “Does environmental enforcement slow the ToP?” Journal of Crime and justice. DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2012.752254.
332. Strohm, L.A. (2002) “Pollution havens and the transfer of environmental risk,” Global Environmental Politics, 2, 2: 29-36.
333. Sutherland, E.H. (1949) White Collar Crime. New York: Dryden Press.
334. Switzer, J. (2002) “Oil and violence in Sudan,” paper prepared for the African Centre for Technology Studies. Online. Available at (accessed 16 January 2013).
335. Szasz, A. (1986) “Corporations, organized crime, and the disposal of hazardous waste: An examination of the making of a criminogenic regulatory structure,” Criminology, 24: 1-27.
336. Tacconi, L. (2007a) Illegal Logging: Law Enforcement, Livelihoods and the Timber Trade. London: Earthscan.
337. Tacconi, L. (2007b) “Deforestation and climate change,” in W. Steffen, L. Tacconi and F. Jotzo (eds) Climate Change and Public Policy. Canberra: Crawford School of Economics and Government, Australian National University.
338. Thomas, W.I. and Znaniecki, F. (1919) The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. Boston, MA: Gorham Press.
339. Thornton, D., Gunningham, N.A. and Kagan, R.A. (2005) “General deterrence and corporate environmental behavior,” Law and Policy, 27, 2: 262-88.
340. Tiwary, R.K. (2001) “Environmental impact of coal mining on water regime and its management,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 132: 185-99.
341. Tombs, S. (2012) “State complicity in the production of corporate crime,” in J. Gobert and A. Pascal (eds) European Developments in Corporate Criminal Liability. London: Routledge.
342. Truhaut, R. (1977) “Ecotoxicology: Objectives, principles and perspectives,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 1, 2: 151-73.
343. Tyndall, J. (1861) “On the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours, and on the physical connexion of radiation, absorption, and conduction: The Bakerian Lecture,” London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and journal of Science, 22, 146: 169-94.
344. UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) (2012) Annual Report, 2011. ISBN: 978-92-807-3244-3. Online. Available at (accessed 13 February 2012).
345. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information (2012) Traffic Volume Trends. Online. Available at (accessed 29 July 2012).
346. US Energy Information Administration (2006) Coal Production in the United States. Online. Available at (accessed 10 November 2008).
347. US Energy Information Administration (2011) Monthly Energy Review, April 2011. DOE/EIA-0035(2011/04). Online. Available at (accessed 15 March 2013).
348. US Energy Information Administration (2012a) Petroleum and Other Liquids. Online. Available at (accessed 6 November 2012).
349. US Energy Information Administration (2012b) Monthly Energy Review, july 2012. DOE/EIA-0035(2012/07). Online. Available at (accessed 29 July 2012).
350. US Environmental Protection Agency (2002) Starting Out in Volunteer Watermonitoring. EPA 841-F-02-004. Office of Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
351. US Environmental Protection Agency (2012) Light-duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 through 2011. EPA-420-R-12-001. Online. Available at (accessed 29 July 2012).
352. Vail, B.J. (2007) “Illegal waste transport and the Czech Republic: An environmental sociological perspective,” Czech Sociological Review, 43, 6: 1195-211.
353. Vanderheiden, S. (2005) “Eco-terrorism or justified resistance? Radical environmentalism and the war on terror,” Politics and Society, 33: 425-47.
354. Van der Hoeven, F.D. (2012) “Leidsche Rijn: Balancing the compact city with the Randstad motorway network,” Polyzos (ed.) Urban Development. InTech.
355. Van Groenigen, K.J., Osenberg, C.W. and Hungate, B.A. (2011) “Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO2,” Nature, 475, 7355: 214-16.
356. Veysey, B.M. and Messner, S.F. (1999) “Further testing of social disorganization theory: An elaboration of Sampson and Groves’s ‘community structure and crime’,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 2: 156-74.
357. Wackernagel, M. and Rees, W. (1996) Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers.
358. Walker, C.H., Hopkins, S.P., Sibley, R.M. and Peakall, D.B. (2006) Principles of Ecotoxicology. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.
359. Walker, G. (2012) “A necessary social understanding of the natural sciences,” in M. Clifford and T.D. Edwards (eds) Environmental Crime, 2nd edition. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
360. Walker, S. (2006) Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs, 6th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
361. Walters, R. (2007) “Politics, economy and environmental crime,” Criminal justice Matters, 70, 1: 27-28.
362. Walters, R. (2010) “Toxic atmospheres: Air pollution, trade and the politics of regulation,” Critical Criminology, 18, 4: 307-23.
363. Walther, G.R., Beißner, S. and Burga, C.A. (2009) “Trends in the upward shift of alpine plants,” Journal of Vegetation Science, 16, 5: 541-48.
364. Warchol, G.L. and Kapla, D. (2012) “Policing the wilderness: A descriptive study of wildlife conservation officers in South Africa,” International journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal justice, 36, 2: 83-101.
365. Warchol, G.L., Zuppan, L.L. and Clack, W. (2003) “Transnational criminality: An analysis of the illegal wildlife market in Southern Africa,” International Criminal justice Review, 13, 1: 1-27.
366. Warrick, J. (2001) “They die piece by piece,” Washington Post 11: A01.
367. Westerhuis, D., Walters, R. and Wyatt, T. (2013) Emerging Issues in Green Criminology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
368. White, R. (2008) Crimes Against Nature: Environmental Criminology and Ecological justice. Cullompton: Willan.
369. White, R. (2012a) “Risk and environmental victimisation,” in B. Thomas and S. Lockie (eds) Risk and Social Theory in Environmental Management. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO.
370. White, R. (2012) Climate Change from a Criminological Perspective. New York, NY: Springer.
371. White, R. and Heckenberg, D. (2011) “Environmental horizon scanning and criminological researcher and practice,” European journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 17, 2: 87-100.
372. Wilcove, D.S. and Wikelski, M. (2008) “Going, going, gone: Is animal migration disappearing,” PLoS Biology, 6, 7: e188.
373. Wolfe, A. (1977) The Limits of Legitimacy: Political Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism. New York: Free Press.
374. Woods, N.D. (2006) “Interstate competition and environmental regulation: A test of the race to the bottom thesis,” Social Science Quarterly, 87, 1: 174-89.
375. Wright, T. (2004) “The political economy of coal mine disasters in China: ‘Your rice bowl or your life’,” China Quarterly, 179: 629-46.
376. Wyatt, T. (2013) “From the Cardamom Mountains of Southwest Cambodia to the forests of the world: An exploration of the illegal charcoal trade,” International journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal justice, 37, 1: 15-29.
377. Xu, J., Grumbine, R.E., Shrestha, A., Eriksson, M., Yang, X., Wang, Y. and Wilkes, A. (2009) “The melting Himalayas: Cascading effects of climate change on water, biodiversity, and livelihoods,” Conservation Biology, 23, 3: 520-30.
378. Yale Law School (2011) Environmental Law. Career Development Office. Online. Available at (accessed 4 July 2012).
379. Yardley, J. (2004) “Rivers run black, and Chinese die of cancer,” New York Times, 12 September. Online. Available at (accessed 6 January 2013).
380. Ydersbond, I.M. (2012) Multi-level lobbying in the EU: The Case of the Renewables Directive and the German Energy Industry. Masters thesis, University of Oslo, Norway. Online. Available at (accessed 16 January 2013).
381. Yeager, P.C. (1993) The Limits of Law: The Public Regulation of Private Pollution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
382. York, R. (2004) “The treadmill of (diversifying) production,” Organization and Environment, 17, 3: 355-62.
383. Yusoff, S. (2003) “Renewable energy from palm oil: Innovation on effective utilization of waste,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 14: 87-93.
384. Zakrzewski, S.F. (2002). Environmental Toxicology. New York: Oxford University Press.
385. Zimring, F.E. and Hawkins, G. (1973) Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.