"Animals are Part of the Working Class": A Challenge to Labor History

Labor History

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Hribal, Jason ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0347931971     PISSN: 0023656X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0023656032000170069     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. William Cobbett, Rural Rides, Vol. 2 (London: Peter Davies, 1930), 492-493.
2. Edward Topsel, The History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents (London: E. Cotes, 1658), 466; Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987), 34; Nicholas Russell, Like Engend'ring Like: Heredity and Animal Breeding in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 196-197; J.M. Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure, and Social Change, 1700-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). The modern paradigm of paternalism towards animals (that is, the assumption that animals are unable to care for the themselves), was created over the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Likewise, the assumptions of "dog eat dog" and "it must be a brutish, nasty life" are also historical products: products that are interlinked with the creation of similar attitudes towards certain human cultures (i.e., Native Americans, Africans, or the European peasantry). Indeed, whether for human or nonhuman, the purpose of this elitist ideology is to rationalize and justify the exploitation of these creatures. See chapter 4 in Jason Hribal, "Animals are Part of the Working Class: Commons, Enclosure, and Resistance in the Atlantic World" (Ph.D. diss., University of Toledo, 2002) for an historical analysis of these ideological paradigms; and see Stephan Lackner, Peaceable Nature: An Optimistic View of Life on Earth (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), for an ecology "from below" view that stresses, for instance, that violence only causes about 5% of all deaths in nature.
3. Edward Topsel, The History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents (London: E. Cotes, 1658), 466; Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987), 34; Nicholas Russell, Like Engend'ring Like: Heredity and Animal Breeding in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 196-197; J.M. Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure, and Social Change, 1700-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). The modern paradigm of paternalism towards animals (that is, the assumption that animals are unable to care for the themselves), was created over the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Likewise, the assumptions of "dog eat dog" and "it must be a brutish, nasty life" are also historical products: products that are interlinked with the creation of similar attitudes towards certain human cultures (i.e., Native Americans, Africans, or the European peasantry). Indeed, whether for human or nonhuman, the purpose of this elitist ideology is to rationalize and justify the exploitation of these creatures. See chapter 4 in Jason Hribal, "Animals are Part of the Working Class: Commons, Enclosure, and Resistance in the Atlantic World" (Ph.D. diss., University of Toledo, 2002) for an historical analysis of these ideological paradigms; and see Stephan Lackner, Peaceable Nature: An Optimistic View of Life on Earth (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), for an ecology "from below" view that stresses, for instance, that violence only causes about 5% of all deaths in nature.
4. Edward Topsel, The History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents (London: E. Cotes, 1658), 466; Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987), 34; Nicholas Russell, Like Engend'ring Like: Heredity and Animal Breeding in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 196-197; J.M. Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure, and Social Change, 1700-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). The modern paradigm of paternalism towards animals (that is, the assumption that animals are unable to care for the themselves), was created over the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Likewise, the assumptions of "dog eat dog" and "it must be a brutish, nasty life" are also historical products: products that are interlinked with the creation of similar attitudes towards certain human cultures (i.e., Native Americans, Africans, or the European peasantry). Indeed, whether for human or nonhuman, the purpose of this elitist ideology is to rationalize and justify the exploitation of these creatures. See chapter 4 in Jason Hribal, "Animals are Part of the Working Class: Commons, Enclosure, and Resistance in the Atlantic World" (Ph.D. diss., University of Toledo, 2002) for an historical analysis of these ideological paradigms; and see Stephan Lackner, Peaceable Nature: An Optimistic View of Life on Earth (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), for an ecology "from below" view that stresses, for instance, that violence only causes about 5% of all deaths in nature.
5. Edward Topsel, The History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents (London: E. Cotes, 1658), 466; Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987), 34; Nicholas Russell, Like Engend'ring Like: Heredity and Animal Breeding in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 196-197; J.M. Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure, and Social Change, 1700-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). The modern paradigm of paternalism towards animals (that is, the assumption that animals are unable to care for the themselves), was created over the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Likewise, the assumptions of "dog eat dog" and "it must be a brutish, nasty life" are also historical products: products that are interlinked with the creation of similar attitudes towards certain human cultures (i.e., Native Americans, Africans, or the European peasantry). Indeed, whether for human or nonhuman, the purpose of this elitist ideology is to rationalize and justify the exploitation of these creatures. See chapter 4 in Jason Hribal, "Animals are Part of the Working Class: Commons, Enclosure, and Resistance in the Atlantic World" (Ph.D. diss., University of Toledo, 2002) for an historical analysis of these ideological paradigms; and see Stephan Lackner, Peaceable Nature: An Optimistic View of Life on Earth (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), for an ecology "from below" view that stresses, for instance, that violence only causes about 5% of all deaths in nature.
6. Edward Topsel, The History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents (London: E. Cotes, 1658), 466; Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987), 34; Nicholas Russell, Like Engend'ring Like: Heredity and Animal Breeding in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 196-197; J.M. Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure, and Social Change, 1700-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). The modern paradigm of paternalism towards animals (that is, the assumption that animals are unable to care for the themselves), was created over the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Likewise, the assumptions of "dog eat dog" and "it must be a brutish, nasty life" are also historical products: products that are interlinked with the creation of similar attitudes towards certain human cultures (i.e., Native Americans, Africans, or the European peasantry). Indeed, whether for human or nonhuman, the purpose of this elitist ideology is to rationalize and justify the exploitation of these creatures. See chapter 4 in Jason Hribal, "Animals are Part of the Working Class: Commons, Enclosure, and Resistance in the Atlantic World" (Ph.D. diss., University of Toledo, 2002) for an historical analysis of these ideological paradigms; and see Stephan Lackner, Peaceable Nature: An Optimistic View of Life on Earth (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), for an ecology "from below" view that stresses, for instance, that violence only causes about 5% of all deaths in nature.
7. Edward Topsel, The History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents (London: E. Cotes, 1658), 466; Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987), 34; Nicholas Russell, Like Engend'ring Like: Heredity and Animal Breeding in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 196-197; J.M. Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure, and Social Change, 1700-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). The modern paradigm of paternalism towards animals (that is, the assumption that animals are unable to care for the themselves), was created over the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Likewise, the assumptions of "dog eat dog" and "it must be a brutish, nasty life" are also historical products: products that are interlinked with the creation of similar attitudes towards certain human cultures (i.e., Native Americans, Africans, or the European peasantry). Indeed, whether for human or nonhuman, the purpose of this elitist ideology is to rationalize and justify the exploitation of these creatures. See chapter 4 in Jason Hribal, "Animals are Part of the Working Class: Commons, Enclosure, and Resistance in the Atlantic World" (Ph.D. diss., University of Toledo, 2002) for an historical analysis of these ideological paradigms; and see Stephan Lackner, Peaceable Nature: An Optimistic View of Life on Earth (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), for an ecology "from below" view that stresses, for instance, that violence only causes about 5% of all deaths in nature.
8. Robert Bakewell, Observations on the Influence of Soil and Climate upon Wool (Philadelphia, PA: Kimber and Conrad, 1814), 68 and 114; Robert Bakewell quoted in Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 66; Roger Wood and Vitezslav Orel, Genetic Prehistory in Selective Breeding: A Prelude to Mendel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 57-123.
9. Robert Bakewell, Observations on the Influence of Soil and Climate upon Wool (Philadelphia, PA: Kimber and Conrad, 1814), 68 and 114; Robert Bakewell quoted in Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 66; Roger Wood and Vitezslav Orel, Genetic Prehistory in Selective Breeding: A Prelude to Mendel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 57-123.
10. Robert Bakewell, Observations on the Influence of Soil and Climate upon Wool (Philadelphia, PA: Kimber and Conrad, 1814), 68 and 114; Robert Bakewell quoted in Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 66; Roger Wood and Vitezslav Orel, Genetic Prehistory in Selective Breeding: A Prelude to Mendel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 57-123.
11. John Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, Vols. 1 and 2 (London: George Bell, 1883); William Harrison, "A Description of England," in Elizabethan England, ed. Lothrop Withington (London: Walter Scott, 1979); Thomas Isham, The Diary of Thomas Isham of Lamport (Farnborough: Gregg International, 1971); Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys (London: Harper Collins, 1995); Anita Guerrini, Obesity and Depression in the Enlightenment: The Life of George Cheyne (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000). While anthropologists, such as Nick Fiddes, have argued that "meat" is an enduring universal symbol, I do not believe that these scholars have not examined "meat" historically. In fact, to project the contemporary definition of "meat" onto the language of past cultures, when even pre-19th century English did not define "meat" as such, is quite problematic.
12. John Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, Vols. 1 and 2 (London: George Bell, 1883); William Harrison, "A Description of England," in Elizabethan England, ed. Lothrop Withington (London: Walter Scott, 1979); Thomas Isham, The Diary of Thomas Isham of Lamport (Farnborough: Gregg International, 1971); Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys (London: Harper Collins, 1995); Anita Guerrini, Obesity and Depression in the Enlightenment: The Life of George Cheyne (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000). While anthropologists, such as Nick Fiddes, have argued that "meat" is an enduring universal symbol, I do not believe that these scholars have not examined "meat" historically. In fact, to project the contemporary definition of "meat" onto the language of past cultures, when even pre-19th century English did not define "meat" as such, is quite problematic.
13. John Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, Vols. 1 and 2 (London: George Bell, 1883); William Harrison, "A Description of England," in Elizabethan England, ed. Lothrop Withington (London: Walter Scott, 1979); Thomas Isham, The Diary of Thomas Isham of Lamport (Farnborough: Gregg International, 1971); Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys (London: Harper Collins, 1995); Anita Guerrini, Obesity and Depression in the Enlightenment: The Life of George Cheyne (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000). While anthropologists, such as Nick Fiddes, have argued that "meat" is an enduring universal symbol, I do not believe that these scholars have not examined "meat" historically. In fact, to project the contemporary definition of "meat" onto the language of past cultures, when even pre-19th century English did not define "meat" as such, is quite problematic.
14. John Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, Vols. 1 and 2 (London: George Bell, 1883); William Harrison, "A Description of England," in Elizabethan England, ed. Lothrop Withington (London: Walter Scott, 1979); Thomas Isham, The Diary of Thomas Isham of Lamport (Farnborough: Gregg International, 1971); Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys (London: Harper Collins, 1995); Anita Guerrini, Obesity and Depression in the Enlightenment: The Life of George Cheyne (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000). While anthropologists, such as Nick Fiddes, have argued that "meat" is an enduring universal symbol, I do not believe that these scholars have not examined "meat" historically. In fact, to project the contemporary definition of "meat" onto the language of past cultures, when even pre-19th century English did not define "meat" as such, is quite problematic.
15. John Evelyn, Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, Vols. 1 and 2 (London: George Bell, 1883); William Harrison, "A Description of England," in Elizabethan England, ed. Lothrop Withington (London: Walter Scott, 1979); Thomas Isham, The Diary of Thomas Isham of Lamport (Farnborough: Gregg International, 1971); Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys (London: Harper Collins, 1995); Anita Guerrini, Obesity and Depression in the Enlightenment: The Life of George Cheyne (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000). While anthropologists, such as Nick Fiddes, have argued that "meat" is an enduring universal symbol, I do not believe that these scholars have not examined "meat" historically. In fact, to project the contemporary definition of "meat" onto the language of past cultures, when even pre-19th century English did not define "meat" as such, is quite problematic.
16. Daniel Romani, Jr., "The Pettaquamscut Purchase of 1657/58 and the Establishment of a Commercial Livestock Industry in Rhode Island," in New England's Creatures, 1400-1900, ed. Peter Benes (Boston, MA: Boston University Press, 1995), 45-60; Daniel Defoe, A Tour through England and Wales, Vol. 2 (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948), 342-345; Frederic Eden, The State of the Poor, Vol. 1 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), 334; Arthur Young, General Reports on Enclosures (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971), 373-375; Richard Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain: 1840-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 1-32; I.F. Grant, Highland Folk Ways (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), 69.
17. Daniel Romani, Jr., "The Pettaquamscut Purchase of 1657/58 and the Establishment of a Commercial Livestock Industry in Rhode Island," in New England's Creatures, 1400-1900, ed. Peter Benes (Boston, MA: Boston University Press, 1995), 45-60; Daniel Defoe, A Tour through England and Wales, Vol. 2 (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948), 342-345; Frederic Eden, The State of the Poor, Vol. 1 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), 334; Arthur Young, General Reports on Enclosures (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971), 373-375; Richard Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain: 1840-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 1-32; I.F. Grant, Highland Folk Ways (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), 69.
18. Daniel Romani, Jr., "The Pettaquamscut Purchase of 1657/58 and the Establishment of a Commercial Livestock Industry in Rhode Island," in New England's Creatures, 1400-1900, ed. Peter Benes (Boston, MA: Boston University Press, 1995), 45-60; Daniel Defoe, A Tour through England and Wales, Vol. 2 (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948), 342-345; Frederic Eden, The State of the Poor, Vol. 1 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), 334; Arthur Young, General Reports on Enclosures (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971), 373-375; Richard Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain: 1840-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 1-32; I.F. Grant, Highland Folk Ways (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), 69.
19. Daniel Romani, Jr., "The Pettaquamscut Purchase of 1657/58 and the Establishment of a Commercial Livestock Industry in Rhode Island," in New England's Creatures, 1400-1900, ed. Peter Benes (Boston, MA: Boston University Press, 1995), 45-60; Daniel Defoe, A Tour through England and Wales, Vol. 2 (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948), 342-345; Frederic Eden, The State of the Poor, Vol. 1 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), 334; Arthur Young, General Reports on Enclosures (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971), 373-375; Richard Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain: 1840-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 1-32; I.F. Grant, Highland Folk Ways (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), 69.
20. Daniel Romani, Jr., "The Pettaquamscut Purchase of 1657/58 and the Establishment of a Commercial Livestock Industry in Rhode Island," in New England's Creatures, 1400-1900, ed. Peter Benes (Boston, MA: Boston University Press, 1995), 45-60; Daniel Defoe, A Tour through England and Wales, Vol. 2 (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948), 342-345; Frederic Eden, The State of the Poor, Vol. 1 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), 334; Arthur Young, General Reports on Enclosures (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971), 373-375; Richard Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain: 1840-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 1-32; I.F. Grant, Highland Folk Ways (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), 69.
21. Daniel Romani, Jr., "The Pettaquamscut Purchase of 1657/58 and the Establishment of a Commercial Livestock Industry in Rhode Island," in New England's Creatures, 1400-1900, ed. Peter Benes (Boston, MA: Boston University Press, 1995), 45-60; Daniel Defoe, A Tour through England and Wales, Vol. 2 (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948), 342-345; Frederic Eden, The State of the Poor, Vol. 1 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), 334; Arthur Young, General Reports on Enclosures (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971), 373-375; Richard Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain: 1840-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 1-32; I.F. Grant, Highland Folk Ways (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), 69.
22. William Marshall, The Rural Economy of the Midland Counties, Vol. 1 (London: G. Nicol, 1790), 327-331; J. Mathews, Remarks on the Cause and Progress of the Scarcity and Dearness of Cattle (London: M. Ritchie, 1797); Ritvo, 45-81.
23. William Marshall, The Rural Economy of the Midland Counties, Vol. 1 (London: G. Nicol, 1790), 327-331; J. Mathews, Remarks on the Cause and Progress of the Scarcity and Dearness of Cattle (London: M. Ritchie, 1797); Ritvo, 45-81.
24. De Latocnaye, A Frenchman's Walk through Ireland, 1796-7, trans. John Stevenson (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1984), 85; Cobbett, Vol. 3, 894-896 and 892.
25. De Latocnaye, A Frenchman's Walk through Ireland, 1796-7, trans. John Stevenson (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1984), 85; Cobbett, Vol. 3, 894-896 and 892.
26. Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey through Texas (New York: Mason Brothers, 1860), 9. Significantly, the economist R.H. Coase, author of the Coase theorem, got his intellectual start with the labor of pigs; see e.g. R.H. Coase and R.F. Fowler, "Bacon Production and the Pig-Cycle in Great Britain," Economical 6 (May 1935), 142-167.
27. Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey through Texas (New York: Mason Brothers, 1860), 9. Significantly, the economist R.H. Coase, author of the Coase theorem, got his intellectual start with the labor of pigs; see e.g. R.H. Coase and R.F. Fowler, "Bacon Production and the Pig-Cycle in Great Britain," Economical 6 (May 1935), 142-167.
28. Sara Rath, The Complete Pig (Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, 2000), 122.
29. Siegfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History (London: W.W. Norton, 1969), 212-213; Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1905), 41.
30. Siegfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History (London: W.W. Norton, 1969), 212-213; Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1905), 41.
31. Quoted in E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1966); Perren, 3; Thompson, as well as Eric Hobsbawn, have assessed the standard of living of English workers during the Industrial Revolution according to the volume of meat consumption. However, not all individuals from that era, in addition to the Lancashire weavers, would have agreed with their assessment. See the last section of this essay for examples.
32. William Petty, The Political Anatomy of Ireland (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1970), 52-53.
33. Horatio Townsend, Statistical Survey of the County of Cork (Dublin: Graisberry and Campbell, 1810), 579; G.E. Fussell, The English Dairy Farmer, 1500-1900 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), 17-18, 136, 62-63, 24, 28-29, and 302.
34. Horatio Townsend, Statistical Survey of the County of Cork (Dublin: Graisberry and Campbell, 1810), 579; G.E. Fussell, The English Dairy Farmer, 1500-1900 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), 17-18, 136, 62-63, 24, 28-29, and 302.
35. Fussell, 143 and 307-308; Ralph Selitzer, The Dairy Industry in America (New York: Dairy and Ice Cream Field, 1976), 34-37; T.R. Pirtle, The History of the Dairy Industry (Chicago: Mojornier Brothers, 1973), 169.
36. Fussell, 143 and 307-308; Ralph Selitzer, The Dairy Industry in America (New York: Dairy and Ice Cream Field, 1976), 34-37; T.R. Pirtle, The History of the Dairy Industry (Chicago: Mojornier Brothers, 1973), 169.
37. Fussell, 143 and 307-308; Ralph Selitzer, The Dairy Industry in America (New York: Dairy and Ice Cream Field, 1976), 34-37; T.R. Pirtle, The History of the Dairy Industry (Chicago: Mojornier Brothers, 1973), 169.
38. Antoine Ferchault de Ŕeaumur, The Art of Hatching and Bringing up Domestic Fowls by means of Artificial Heat (London: Printed for C. Davis, 1750) ; Giedion, 249.
39. Loyl Stromberg, Poultry of the World (Ontario: Silvio Mattacchione, 1996); John Skinner, ed., American Poultry History, 1823-1973 (Madison: American Printing, 1974); T.B. Miner, Miner's Domestic Poultry Book: A Treatise on the History, Breeding, and General Management of Foreign and Domestic Fowls (Rochester: Geo. W. Fisher, 1853), v.
40. Loyl Stromberg, Poultry of the World (Ontario: Silvio Mattacchione, 1996); John Skinner, ed., American Poultry History, 1823-1973 (Madison: American Printing, 1974); T.B. Miner, Miner's Domestic Poultry Book: A Treatise on the History, Breeding, and General Management of Foreign and Domestic Fowls (Rochester: Geo. W. Fisher, 1853), v.
41. Loyl Stromberg, Poultry of the World (Ontario: Silvio Mattacchione, 1996); John Skinner, ed., American Poultry History, 1823-1973 (Madison: American Printing, 1974); T.B. Miner, Miner's Domestic Poultry Book: A Treatise on the History, Breeding, and General Management of Foreign and Domestic Fowls (Rochester: Geo. W. Fisher, 1853), v.
42. Jennifer Tann, "Horse Power, 1780-1880," in Horses in European Economic History: A Preliminary Canter, ed. F.M.L. Thompson (Reading: The British Agricultural History Society, 1983), 22.
43. Young, 218.
44. Cobbett, Vol. 1, 233; Jethro Tull, Horse-Hoeing Husbandry (London: Printed for A. Millar, 1733).
45. Cobbett, Vol. 1, 233; Jethro Tull, Horse-Hoeing Husbandry (London: Printed for A. Millar, 1733).
46. Geidion, 146-161.
47. Charles Vancouver, The General View of the Agriculture of Hampshire (London: Printed for R. Phillips, 1810), 83; Keith Chivers, "The Supply of Horses in Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century," in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), 34; The Courier, November 8, 1807, in News From the English Countryside, 1750-1850, ed. Clifford Morsley (London: Harrap, 1979), 174; E.J.T. Collins, "The Farm Horse Economy of England and Wales in the Early Tractor Age, 1900-40," in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), 85.
48. Charles Vancouver, The General View of the Agriculture of Hampshire (London: Printed for R. Phillips, 1810), 83; Keith Chivers, "The Supply of Horses in Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century," in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), 34; The Courier, November 8, 1807, in News From the English Countryside, 1750-1850, ed. Clifford Morsley (London: Harrap, 1979), 174; E.J.T. Collins, "The Farm Horse Economy of England and Wales in the Early Tractor Age, 1900-40," in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), 85.
49. Charles Vancouver, The General View of the Agriculture of Hampshire (London: Printed for R. Phillips, 1810), 83; Keith Chivers, "The Supply of Horses in Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century," in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), 34; The Courier, November 8, 1807, in News From the English Countryside, 1750-1850, ed. Clifford Morsley (London: Harrap, 1979), 174; E.J.T. Collins, "The Farm Horse Economy of England and Wales in the Early Tractor Age, 1900-40," in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), 85.
50. Charles Vancouver, The General View of the Agriculture of Hampshire (London: Printed for R. Phillips, 1810), 83; Keith Chivers, "The Supply of Horses in Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century," in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), 34; The Courier, November 8, 1807, in News From the English Countryside, 1750-1850, ed. Clifford Morsley (London: Harrap, 1979), 174; E.J.T. Collins, "The Farm Horse Economy of England and Wales in the Early Tractor Age, 1900-40," in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), 85.
51. Tann, 23; John Storck and Walter Dorwin, Flour for Man's Bread: A History of Milling (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1952), 71-92.
52. Tann, 23; John Storck and Walter Dorwin, Flour for Man's Bread: A History of Milling (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1952), 71-92.
53. John Carroll, The Timber Economy of Puritan New England (Providence: Brown University Press, 1973), 93; Richard Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972), 192-193.
54. John Carroll, The Timber Economy of Puritan New England (Providence: Brown University Press, 1973), 93; Richard Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972), 192-193.
55. Karen Britton, Bale O' Cotton: The Mechanical Art of Cotton Ginning (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1992), 10-11, 20, 25, 37, and 48-49; S.D. Chapman, The Cotton Industry in the Industrial Revolution (London: MacMillian, 1987), 72.
56. Karen Britton, Bale O' Cotton: The Mechanical Art of Cotton Ginning (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1992), 10-11, 20, 25, 37, and 48-49; S.D. Chapman, The Cotton Industry in the Industrial Revolution (London: MacMillian, 1987), 72.
57. Richard Hills, Power in the Industrial Revolution (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970), 33, 55, 67, and 92; R.S. Fitton and A.P. Wadsworth, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758-1830: A Study of the Early Factory System (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958), 64, 82, and 199; Tann, 23-26.
58. Richard Hills, Power in the Industrial Revolution (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970), 33, 55, 67, and 92; R.S. Fitton and A.P. Wadsworth, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758-1830: A Study of the Early Factory System (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958), 64, 82, and 199; Tann, 23-26.
59. Richard Hills, Power in the Industrial Revolution (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970), 33, 55, 67, and 92; R.S. Fitton and A.P. Wadsworth, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758-1830: A Study of the Early Factory System (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958), 64, 82, and 199; Tann, 23-26.
60. Joan Thirsk, Horse in Early Modern England: For Service, For Pleasure, For Power (Reading: University of Reading, 1978), 5; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30, 68-69, and 120; Gervase Markham, Markham's Maister Peece (London: Imprint by W. Wilson, 1656); Markham, The Perfect Horseman (London: Printed for Humphrey Mosely, 1656); Chivers, 34; The Salisbury and Winchester Journal, July 21, 1771, in Morsley (ed.), 74-75; The Glocester Journal, August 16, 1784, in Morsley (ed.), 109; The Weekly Dispatch, September 6, 1807, in Morsley (ed.), 172.
61. Joan Thirsk, Horse in Early Modern England: For Service, For Pleasure, For Power (Reading: University of Reading, 1978), 5; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30, 68-69, and 120; Gervase Markham, Markham's Maister Peece (London: Imprint by W. Wilson, 1656); Markham, The Perfect Horseman (London: Printed for Humphrey Mosely, 1656); Chivers, 34; The Salisbury and Winchester Journal, July 21, 1771, in Morsley (ed.), 74-75; The Glocester Journal, August 16, 1784, in Morsley (ed.), 109; The Weekly Dispatch, September 6, 1807, in Morsley (ed.), 172.
62. Joan Thirsk, Horse in Early Modern England: For Service, For Pleasure, For Power (Reading: University of Reading, 1978), 5; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30, 68-69, and 120; Gervase Markham, Markham's Maister Peece (London: Imprint by W. Wilson, 1656); Markham, The Perfect Horseman (London: Printed for Humphrey Mosely, 1656); Chivers, 34; The Salisbury and Winchester Journal, July 21, 1771, in Morsley (ed.), 74-75; The Glocester Journal, August 16, 1784, in Morsley (ed.), 109; The Weekly Dispatch, September 6, 1807, in Morsley (ed.), 172.
63. Joan Thirsk, Horse in Early Modern England: For Service, For Pleasure, For Power (Reading: University of Reading, 1978), 5; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30, 68-69, and 120; Gervase Markham, Markham's Maister Peece (London: Imprint by W. Wilson, 1656); Markham, The Perfect Horseman (London: Printed for Humphrey Mosely, 1656); Chivers, 34; The Salisbury and Winchester Journal, July 21, 1771, in Morsley (ed.), 74-75; The Glocester Journal, August 16, 1784, in Morsley (ed.), 109; The Weekly Dispatch, September 6, 1807, in Morsley (ed.), 172.
64. Joan Thirsk, Horse in Early Modern England: For Service, For Pleasure, For Power (Reading: University of Reading, 1978), 5; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30, 68-69, and 120; Gervase Markham, Markham's Maister Peece (London: Imprint by W. Wilson, 1656); Markham, The Perfect Horseman (London: Printed for Humphrey Mosely, 1656); Chivers, 34; The Salisbury and Winchester Journal, July 21, 1771, in Morsley (ed.), 74-75; The Glocester Journal, August 16, 1784, in Morsley (ed.), 109; The Weekly Dispatch, September 6, 1807, in Morsley (ed.), 172.
65. Joan Thirsk, Horse in Early Modern England: For Service, For Pleasure, For Power (Reading: University of Reading, 1978), 5; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30, 68-69, and 120; Gervase Markham, Markham's Maister Peece (London: Imprint by W. Wilson, 1656); Markham, The Perfect Horseman (London: Printed for Humphrey Mosely, 1656); Chivers, 34; The Salisbury and Winchester Journal, July 21, 1771, in Morsley (ed.), 74-75; The Glocester Journal, August 16, 1784, in Morsley (ed.), 109; The Weekly Dispatch, September 6, 1807, in Morsley (ed.), 172.
66. Joan Thirsk, Horse in Early Modern England: For Service, For Pleasure, For Power (Reading: University of Reading, 1978), 5; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30, 68-69, and 120; Gervase Markham, Markham's Maister Peece (London: Imprint by W. Wilson, 1656); Markham, The Perfect Horseman (London: Printed for Humphrey Mosely, 1656); Chivers, 34; The Salisbury and Winchester Journal, July 21, 1771, in Morsley (ed.), 74-75; The Glocester Journal, August 16, 1784, in Morsley (ed.), 109; The Weekly Dispatch, September 6, 1807, in Morsley (ed.), 172.
67. Joan Thirsk, Horse in Early Modern England: For Service, For Pleasure, For Power (Reading: University of Reading, 1978), 5; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30, 68-69, and 120; Gervase Markham, Markham's Maister Peece (London: Imprint by W. Wilson, 1656); Markham, The Perfect Horseman (London: Printed for Humphrey Mosely, 1656); Chivers, 34; The Salisbury and Winchester Journal, July 21, 1771, in Morsley (ed.), 74-75; The Glocester Journal, August 16, 1784, in Morsley (ed.), 109; The Weekly Dispatch, September 6, 1807, in Morsley (ed.), 172.
68. Eric Pawson, Transport and Economy: The Turnpike Roads of Eighteenth Century Britain (London: Academic Press, 1977), 122 and 137; John Copeland, Roads and their Traffic, 1750-1850 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 62; Albert Rose, Historic American Roads (New York: Crown, 1976); Cobbett, Vol. 2, 566; Peter Kalm, Kalm's Account of his Visit to England on his way to America in 1748, trans. Joseph Lucas (London: MacMillan, 1892), 24.
69. Eric Pawson, Transport and Economy: The Turnpike Roads of Eighteenth Century Britain (London: Academic Press, 1977), 122 and 137; John Copeland, Roads and their Traffic, 1750-1850 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 62; Albert Rose, Historic American Roads (New York: Crown, 1976); Cobbett, Vol. 2, 566; Peter Kalm, Kalm's Account of his Visit to England on his way to America in 1748, trans. Joseph Lucas (London: MacMillan, 1892), 24.
70. Eric Pawson, Transport and Economy: The Turnpike Roads of Eighteenth Century Britain (London: Academic Press, 1977), 122 and 137; John Copeland, Roads and their Traffic, 1750-1850 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 62; Albert Rose, Historic American Roads (New York: Crown, 1976); Cobbett, Vol. 2, 566; Peter Kalm, Kalm's Account of his Visit to England on his way to America in 1748, trans. Joseph Lucas (London: MacMillan, 1892), 24.
71. Eric Pawson, Transport and Economy: The Turnpike Roads of Eighteenth Century Britain (London: Academic Press, 1977), 122 and 137; John Copeland, Roads and their Traffic, 1750-1850 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 62; Albert Rose, Historic American Roads (New York: Crown, 1976); Cobbett, Vol. 2, 566; Peter Kalm, Kalm's Account of his Visit to England on his way to America in 1748, trans. Joseph Lucas (London: MacMillan, 1892), 24.
72. Eric Pawson, Transport and Economy: The Turnpike Roads of Eighteenth Century Britain (London: Academic Press, 1977), 122 and 137; John Copeland, Roads and their Traffic, 1750-1850 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 62; Albert Rose, Historic American Roads (New York: Crown, 1976); Cobbett, Vol. 2, 566; Peter Kalm, Kalm's Account of his Visit to England on his way to America in 1748, trans. Joseph Lucas (London: MacMillan, 1892), 24.
73. 28 Chivers, 33; Copeland, 88 and 118; James Winter, London's Teeming Streets, 1830-1914 (London: Routledge, 1993), 118.
74. 28 Chivers, 33; Copeland, 88 and 118; James Winter, London's Teeming Streets, 1830-1914 (London: Routledge, 1993), 118.
75. 28 Chivers, 33; Copeland, 88 and 118; James Winter, London's Teeming Streets, 1830-1914 (London: Routledge, 1993), 118.
76. Charles Hadfield, The Canal Age (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968); Hadfield, British Canals: An Illustrated History (London: David and Charles, 1984); L.T.C. Rolt, Navigable Waterways (London: Longmans, Green, 1969).
77. Charles Hadfield, The Canal Age (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968); Hadfield, British Canals: An Illustrated History (London: David and Charles, 1984); L.T.C. Rolt, Navigable Waterways (London: Longmans, Green, 1969).
78. Charles Hadfield, The Canal Age (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968); Hadfield, British Canals: An Illustrated History (London: David and Charles, 1984); L.T.C. Rolt, Navigable Waterways (London: Longmans, Green, 1969).
79. Tann, 28; Britton, 100.
80. Tann, 28; Britton, 100.
81. Eden, 334; John Benson, British Coal Miners in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980), 6-7 and 144; Tann, 26.
82. Eden, 334; John Benson, British Coal Miners in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980), 6-7 and 144; Tann, 26.
83. Eden, 334; John Benson, British Coal Miners in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980), 6-7 and 144; Tann, 26.
84. Donald MacKay, The Lumberjacks (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978).
85. Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, trans. John Forster (Barre: The Imprint Society, 1972), 110; Richard Parkinson, A Tour in America in 1798, 1799, and 1800, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for J. Harding, 1805), 40 and 291; Gilbert White, Natural History of Selborne (London: Humphrey Milford, 1937), 194; Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1969), 273. The word anthropomorphism originally referred to attributing human traits or characteristics to a deity. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all worshipped Gods/Goddesses who had different human/nonhuman forms. By the 4th century, the definition changed to: ascribing human traits to anything irrational or impersonal. Christianity was just then becoming the dominate state religion of the Roman Empire. Thus forth, any sect that still held onto pagan beliefs was now considered a direct threat to the authority and rule of the state. In order to justify the marginalization and destruction of these religions, to be anthropomorphic became a criminal act. The next shift in definition would not occur for another 15 centuries; Although its conception and purpose were quite similar. This was the mid-1800s, and the animal-rights movement had become a serious force to be reckoned with. Most notable were the anti-vivisectionists, who not only were swaying public opinion but were also gaining converts within the medical community. Hence the elite scientific establishment had a serious problem on their hands. As for many, their work directly depended upon the exploitation of other creatures. Indeed, how would they justify the practice of animal experimentation to a general public who had only images of tortured creatures in their heads? Well, one of the answers was anthropomorphism. The impersonal and irrational now became the animals. So while the scientists had no actual study or proof upon the matter, no more than the Roman Church before them, the claim sounded good, and it made for a good rationalization. The anti-vivisections could now be painted as delusional, sympathetic buffoons; while the scientists were objectified truth.
86. Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, trans. John Forster (Barre: The Imprint Society, 1972), 110; Richard Parkinson, A Tour in America in 1798, 1799, and 1800, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for J. Harding, 1805), 40 and 291; Gilbert White, Natural History of Selborne (London: Humphrey Milford, 1937), 194; Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1969), 273. The word anthropomorphism originally referred to attributing human traits or characteristics to a deity. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all worshipped Gods/Goddesses who had different human/nonhuman forms. By the 4th century, the definition changed to: ascribing human traits to anything irrational or impersonal. Christianity was just then becoming the dominate state religion of the Roman Empire. Thus forth, any sect that still held onto pagan beliefs was now considered a direct threat to the authority and rule of the state. In order to justify the marginalization and destruction of these religions, to be anthropomorphic became a criminal act. The next shift in definition would not occur for another 15 centuries; Although its conception and purpose were quite similar. This was the mid-1800s, and the animal-rights movement had become a serious force to be reckoned with. Most notable were the anti-vivisectionists, who not only were swaying public opinion but were also gaining converts within the medical community. Hence the elite scientific establishment had a serious problem on their hands. As for many, their work directly depended upon the exploitation of other creatures. Indeed, how would they justify the practice of animal experimentation to a general public who had only images of tortured creatures in their heads? Well, one of the answers was anthropomorphism. The impersonal and irrational now became the animals. So while the scientists had no actual study or proof upon the matter, no more than the Roman Church before them, the claim sounded good, and it made for a good rationalization. The anti-vivisections could now be painted as delusional, sympathetic buffoons; while the scientists were objectified truth.
87. Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, trans. John Forster (Barre: The Imprint Society, 1972), 110; Richard Parkinson, A Tour in America in 1798, 1799, and 1800, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for J. Harding, 1805), 40 and 291; Gilbert White, Natural History of Selborne (London: Humphrey Milford, 1937), 194; Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1969), 273. The word anthropomorphism originally referred to attributing human traits or characteristics to a deity. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all worshipped Gods/Goddesses who had different human/nonhuman forms. By the 4th century, the definition changed to: ascribing human traits to anything irrational or impersonal. Christianity was just then becoming the dominate state religion of the Roman Empire. Thus forth, any sect that still held onto pagan beliefs was now considered a direct threat to the authority and rule of the state. In order to justify the marginalization and destruction of these religions, to be anthropomorphic became a criminal act. The next shift in definition would not occur for another 15 centuries; Although its conception and purpose were quite similar. This was the mid-1800s, and the animal-rights movement had become a serious force to be reckoned with. Most notable were the anti-vivisectionists, who not only were swaying public opinion but were also gaining converts within the medical community. Hence the elite scientific establishment had a serious problem on their hands. As for many, their work directly depended upon the exploitation of other creatures. Indeed, how would they justify the practice of animal experimentation to a general public who had only images of tortured creatures in their heads? Well, one of the answers was anthropomorphism. The impersonal and irrational now became the animals. So while the scientists had no actual study or proof upon the matter, no more than the Roman Church before them, the claim sounded good, and it made for a good rationalization. The anti-vivisections could now be painted as delusional, sympathetic buffoons; while the scientists were objectified truth.
88. Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, trans. John Forster (Barre: The Imprint Society, 1972), 110; Richard Parkinson, A Tour in America in 1798, 1799, and 1800, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for J. Harding, 1805), 40 and 291; Gilbert White, Natural History of Selborne (London: Humphrey Milford, 1937), 194; Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1969), 273. The word anthropomorphism originally referred to attributing human traits or characteristics to a deity. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all worshipped Gods/Goddesses who had different human/nonhuman forms. By the 4th century, the definition changed to: ascribing human traits to anything irrational or impersonal. Christianity was just then becoming the dominate state religion of the Roman Empire. Thus forth, any sect that still held onto pagan beliefs was now considered a direct threat to the authority and rule of the state. In order to justify the marginalization and destruction of these religions, to be anthropomorphic became a criminal act. The next shift in definition would not occur for another 15 centuries; Although its conception and purpose were quite similar. This was the mid-1800s, and the animal-rights movement had become a serious force to be reckoned with. Most notable were the anti-vivisectionists, who not only were swaying public opinion but were also gaining converts within the medical community. Hence the elite scientific establishment had a serious problem on their hands. As for many, their work directly depended upon the exploitation of other creatures. Indeed, how would they justify the practice of animal experimentation to a general public who had only images of tortured creatures in their heads? Well, one of the answers was anthropomorphism. The impersonal and irrational now became the animals. So while the scientists had no actual study or proof upon the matter, no more than the Roman Church before them, the claim sounded good, and it made for a good rationalization. The anti-vivisections could now be painted as delusional, sympathetic buffoons; while the scientists were objectified truth.
89. For examples see, Terry Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1967), 66, 70, 77, and 93; Jopson's Coventry Mercury, May 5, 1760, in Morsley (ed.), 41; Timothy Nourse, Campania Foelix (New York: Garland, 1982), 26-27 and 62-65; Samuel Sewall, The Diary of Samuel Sewall, Vol. 1 (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973), 11 and 144; William Stephens, The Journal of William Stephens, 1741-3, ed. E.M. Coulter (Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1958), 68-69, 189, 195, and 207. All three journals, William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover, 1967), Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, ed. Richard Hooker (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 1953), and J.H. St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters for an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. Albert Stone (New York: Penguin, 1981), are abundant with descriptions of animal maroons.
90. For examples see, Terry Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1967), 66, 70, 77, and 93; Jopson's Coventry Mercury, May 5, 1760, in Morsley (ed.), 41; Timothy Nourse, Campania Foelix (New York: Garland, 1982), 26-27 and 62-65; Samuel Sewall, The Diary of Samuel Sewall, Vol. 1 (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973), 11 and 144; William Stephens, The Journal of William Stephens, 1741-3, ed. E.M. Coulter (Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1958), 68-69, 189, 195, and 207. All three journals, William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover, 1967), Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, ed. Richard Hooker (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 1953), and J.H. St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters for an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. Albert Stone (New York: Penguin, 1981), are abundant with descriptions of animal maroons.
91. For examples see, Terry Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1967), 66, 70, 77, and 93; Jopson's Coventry Mercury, May 5, 1760, in Morsley (ed.), 41; Timothy Nourse, Campania Foelix (New York: Garland, 1982), 26-27 and 62-65; Samuel Sewall, The Diary of Samuel Sewall, Vol. 1 (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973), 11 and 144; William Stephens, The Journal of William Stephens, 1741-3, ed. E.M. Coulter (Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1958), 68-69, 189, 195, and 207. All three journals, William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover, 1967), Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, ed. Richard Hooker (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 1953), and J.H. St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters for an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. Albert Stone (New York: Penguin, 1981), are abundant with descriptions of animal maroons.
92. For examples see, Terry Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1967), 66, 70, 77, and 93; Jopson's Coventry Mercury, May 5, 1760, in Morsley (ed.), 41; Timothy Nourse, Campania Foelix (New York: Garland, 1982), 26-27 and 62-65; Samuel Sewall, The Diary of Samuel Sewall, Vol. 1 (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973), 11 and 144; William Stephens, The Journal of William Stephens, 1741-3, ed. E.M. Coulter (Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1958), 68-69, 189, 195, and 207. All three journals, William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover, 1967), Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, ed. Richard Hooker (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 1953), and J.H. St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters for an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. Albert Stone (New York: Penguin, 1981), are abundant with descriptions of animal maroons.
93. For examples see, Terry Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1967), 66, 70, 77, and 93; Jopson's Coventry Mercury, May 5, 1760, in Morsley (ed.), 41; Timothy Nourse, Campania Foelix (New York: Garland, 1982), 26-27 and 62-65; Samuel Sewall, The Diary of Samuel Sewall, Vol. 1 (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973), 11 and 144; William Stephens, The Journal of William Stephens, 1741-3, ed. E.M. Coulter (Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1958), 68-69, 189, 195, and 207. All three journals, William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover, 1967), Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, ed. Richard Hooker (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 1953), and J.H. St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters for an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. Albert Stone (New York: Penguin, 1981), are abundant with descriptions of animal maroons.
94. For examples see, Terry Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1967), 66, 70, 77, and 93; Jopson's Coventry Mercury, May 5, 1760, in Morsley (ed.), 41; Timothy Nourse, Campania Foelix (New York: Garland, 1982), 26-27 and 62-65; Samuel Sewall, The Diary of Samuel Sewall, Vol. 1 (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973), 11 and 144; William Stephens, The Journal of William Stephens, 1741-3, ed. E.M. Coulter (Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1958), 68-69, 189, 195, and 207. All three journals, William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover, 1967), Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, ed. Richard Hooker (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 1953), and J.H. St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters for an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. Albert Stone (New York: Penguin, 1981), are abundant with descriptions of animal maroons.
95. For examples see, Terry Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1967), 66, 70, 77, and 93; Jopson's Coventry Mercury, May 5, 1760, in Morsley (ed.), 41; Timothy Nourse, Campania Foelix (New York: Garland, 1982), 26-27 and 62-65; Samuel Sewall, The Diary of Samuel Sewall, Vol. 1 (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973), 11 and 144; William Stephens, The Journal of William Stephens, 1741-3, ed. E.M. Coulter (Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1958), 68-69, 189, 195, and 207. All three journals, William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover, 1967), Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, ed. Richard Hooker (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 1953), and J.H. St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters for an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. Albert Stone (New York: Penguin, 1981), are abundant with descriptions of animal maroons.
96. For examples see, Terry Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1967), 66, 70, 77, and 93; Jopson's Coventry Mercury, May 5, 1760, in Morsley (ed.), 41; Timothy Nourse, Campania Foelix (New York: Garland, 1982), 26-27 and 62-65; Samuel Sewall, The Diary of Samuel Sewall, Vol. 1 (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973), 11 and 144; William Stephens, The Journal of William Stephens, 1741-3, ed. E.M. Coulter (Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1958), 68-69, 189, 195, and 207. All three journals, William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover, 1967), Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, ed. Richard Hooker (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 1953), and J.H. St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters for an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. Albert Stone (New York: Penguin, 1981), are abundant with descriptions of animal maroons.
97. For examples see, Samuel Pepys, The Diary, Vol. 1, 73; Oliver Heywood, The Rev. Oliver Heywood, 1630-1702, Vol. 1 (Brighouse: A.B. Bayes, 1882), 265; The Adams Weekly Courant, January 20, 1767, in Morsley (ed.), 58; The Reading Mercury, August 15, 1796, in Morsley (ed.), 142; The Weekly Dispatch, August 22, 1802, in Morsley (ed.), 156; The Weekly Register, June 8, 1823, in Morsley (ed.), 223; The Windsor and Eton Express, February 14, 1833, in Morsley (ed.), 255. Finally, Judith Adkins, in her "Bodies and Boundaries: Animals in the Early American Experience," (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1998), explores the lives of two colonial American farmers, and their diaries are literally full of such descriptions of resistance.
98. For examples see, Samuel Pepys, The Diary, Vol. 1, 73; Oliver Heywood, The Rev. Oliver Heywood, 1630-1702, Vol. 1 (Brighouse: A.B. Bayes, 1882), 265; The Adams Weekly Courant, January 20, 1767, in Morsley (ed.), 58; The Reading Mercury, August 15, 1796, in Morsley (ed.), 142; The Weekly Dispatch, August 22, 1802, in Morsley (ed.), 156; The Weekly Register, June 8, 1823, in Morsley (ed.), 223; The Windsor and Eton Express, February 14, 1833, in Morsley (ed.), 255. Finally, Judith Adkins, in her "Bodies and Boundaries: Animals in the Early American Experience," (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1998), explores the lives of two colonial American farmers, and their diaries are literally full of such descriptions of resistance.
99. For examples see, Samuel Pepys, The Diary, Vol. 1, 73; Oliver Heywood, The Rev. Oliver Heywood, 1630-1702, Vol. 1 (Brighouse: A.B. Bayes, 1882), 265; The Adams Weekly Courant, January 20, 1767, in Morsley (ed.), 58; The Reading Mercury, August 15, 1796, in Morsley (ed.), 142; The Weekly Dispatch, August 22, 1802, in Morsley (ed.), 156; The Weekly Register, June 8, 1823, in Morsley (ed.), 223; The Windsor and Eton Express, February 14, 1833, in Morsley (ed.), 255. Finally, Judith Adkins, in her "Bodies and Boundaries: Animals in the Early American Experience," (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1998), explores the lives of two colonial American farmers, and their diaries are literally full of such descriptions of resistance.
100. For examples see, Samuel Pepys, The Diary, Vol. 1, 73; Oliver Heywood, The Rev. Oliver Heywood, 1630-1702, Vol. 1 (Brighouse: A.B. Bayes, 1882), 265; The Adams Weekly Courant, January 20, 1767, in Morsley (ed.), 58; The Reading Mercury, August 15, 1796, in Morsley (ed.), 142; The Weekly Dispatch, August 22, 1802, in Morsley (ed.), 156; The Weekly Register, June 8, 1823, in Morsley (ed.), 223; The Windsor and Eton Express, February 14, 1833, in Morsley (ed.), 255. Finally, Judith Adkins, in her "Bodies and Boundaries: Animals in the Early American Experience," (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1998), explores the lives of two colonial American farmers, and their diaries are literally full of such descriptions of resistance.
101. For examples see, Samuel Pepys, The Diary, Vol. 1, 73; Oliver Heywood, The Rev. Oliver Heywood, 1630-1702, Vol. 1 (Brighouse: A.B. Bayes, 1882), 265; The Adams Weekly Courant, January 20, 1767, in Morsley (ed.), 58; The Reading Mercury, August 15, 1796, in Morsley (ed.), 142; The Weekly Dispatch, August 22, 1802, in Morsley (ed.), 156; The Weekly Register, June 8, 1823, in Morsley (ed.), 223; The Windsor and Eton Express, February 14, 1833, in Morsley (ed.), 255. Finally, Judith Adkins, in her "Bodies and Boundaries: Animals in the Early American Experience," (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1998), explores the lives of two colonial American farmers, and their diaries are literally full of such descriptions of resistance.
102. For examples see, Samuel Pepys, The Diary, Vol. 1, 73; Oliver Heywood, The Rev. Oliver Heywood, 1630-1702, Vol. 1 (Brighouse: A.B. Bayes, 1882), 265; The Adams Weekly Courant, January 20, 1767, in Morsley (ed.), 58; The Reading Mercury, August 15, 1796, in Morsley (ed.), 142; The Weekly Dispatch, August 22, 1802, in Morsley (ed.), 156; The Weekly Register, June 8, 1823, in Morsley (ed.), 223; The Windsor and Eton Express, February 14, 1833, in Morsley (ed.), 255. Finally, Judith Adkins, in her "Bodies and Boundaries: Animals in the Early American Experience," (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1998), explores the lives of two colonial American farmers, and their diaries are literally full of such descriptions of resistance.
103. For examples see, Samuel Pepys, The Diary, Vol. 1, 73; Oliver Heywood, The Rev. Oliver Heywood, 1630-1702, Vol. 1 (Brighouse: A.B. Bayes, 1882), 265; The Adams Weekly Courant, January 20, 1767, in Morsley (ed.), 58; The Reading Mercury, August 15, 1796, in Morsley (ed.), 142; The Weekly Dispatch, August 22, 1802, in Morsley (ed.), 156; The Weekly Register, June 8, 1823, in Morsley (ed.), 223; The Windsor and Eton Express, February 14, 1833, in Morsley (ed.), 255. Finally, Judith Adkins, in her "Bodies and Boundaries: Animals in the Early American Experience," (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1998), explores the lives of two colonial American farmers, and their diaries are literally full of such descriptions of resistance.
104. For examples see, Samuel Pepys, The Diary, Vol. 1, 73; Oliver Heywood, The Rev. Oliver Heywood, 1630-1702, Vol. 1 (Brighouse: A.B. Bayes, 1882), 265; The Adams Weekly Courant, January 20, 1767, in Morsley (ed.), 58; The Reading Mercury, August 15, 1796, in Morsley (ed.), 142; The Weekly Dispatch, August 22, 1802, in Morsley (ed.), 156; The Weekly Register, June 8, 1823, in Morsley (ed.), 223; The Windsor and Eton Express, February 14, 1833, in Morsley (ed.), 255. Finally, Judith Adkins, in her "Bodies and Boundaries: Animals in the Early American Experience," (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1998), explores the lives of two colonial American farmers, and their diaries are literally full of such descriptions of resistance.
105. Neeson, 134-150; Ruth Herndon, "'Breachy' Sheep and Mad Dogs: Troublesome Domestic Animals in Rhode Island, 1750-1800," in New England's Creatures, 66; Kalm, Travels, 51, 89, and 111; de Crevecoeur, 266; Adkins, 36; Jordan, 49-51; Robert Malcolmson and Stephanos Mastoris, The English Pig: A History (London: The Hambledon Press, 1998), 78-79.
106. Neeson, 134-150; Ruth Herndon, "'Breachy' Sheep and Mad Dogs: Troublesome Domestic Animals in Rhode Island, 1750-1800," in New England's Creatures, 66; Kalm, Travels, 51, 89, and 111; de Crevecoeur, 266; Adkins, 36; Jordan, 49-51; Robert Malcolmson and Stephanos Mastoris, The English Pig: A History (London: The Hambledon Press, 1998), 78-79.
107. Neeson, 134-150; Ruth Herndon, "'Breachy' Sheep and Mad Dogs: Troublesome Domestic Animals in Rhode Island, 1750-1800," in New England's Creatures, 66; Kalm, Travels, 51, 89, and 111; de Crevecoeur, 266; Adkins, 36; Jordan, 49-51; Robert Malcolmson and Stephanos Mastoris, The English Pig: A History (London: The Hambledon Press, 1998), 78-79.
108. Neeson, 134-150; Ruth Herndon, "'Breachy' Sheep and Mad Dogs: Troublesome Domestic Animals in Rhode Island, 1750-1800," in New England's Creatures, 66; Kalm, Travels, 51, 89, and 111; de Crevecoeur, 266; Adkins, 36; Jordan, 49-51; Robert Malcolmson and Stephanos Mastoris, The English Pig: A History (London: The Hambledon Press, 1998), 78-79.
109. Neeson, 134-150; Ruth Herndon, "'Breachy' Sheep and Mad Dogs: Troublesome Domestic Animals in Rhode Island, 1750-1800," in New England's Creatures, 66; Kalm, Travels, 51, 89, and 111; de Crevecoeur, 266; Adkins, 36; Jordan, 49-51; Robert Malcolmson and Stephanos Mastoris, The English Pig: A History (London: The Hambledon Press, 1998), 78-79.
110. Neeson, 134-150; Ruth Herndon, "'Breachy' Sheep and Mad Dogs: Troublesome Domestic Animals in Rhode Island, 1750-1800," in New England's Creatures, 66; Kalm, Travels, 51, 89, and 111; de Crevecoeur, 266; Adkins, 36; Jordan, 49-51; Robert Malcolmson and Stephanos Mastoris, The English Pig: A History (London: The Hambledon Press, 1998), 78-79.
111. Neeson, 134-150; Ruth Herndon, "'Breachy' Sheep and Mad Dogs: Troublesome Domestic Animals in Rhode Island, 1750-1800," in New England's Creatures, 66; Kalm, Travels, 51, 89, and 111; de Crevecoeur, 266; Adkins, 36; Jordan, 49-51; Robert Malcolmson and Stephanos Mastoris, The English Pig: A History (London: The Hambledon Press, 1998), 78-79.
112. See Markham's various pieces on horse training. One of the earliest works which spoke to any large extent upon the actual operation of gelding and spaying is John Crowshey, The Good-Husbands Jewel (London: Printed for N. Ekins, 1636). Although it was really not until the mid to later 19th century that one finds entire treatises upon the matter, see A. Liautard, Animal Castration (New York: William Jenkins, 1884); or Frederick Hobday, The Castration of Cryptorchid Horses and the Ovariotomy of Troublesome Mares (New York: W.R. Jenkins, 1903); H.H. Haaff, Haaff's Practical Dehorner; Or, Every Man his own Dehorner (Chicago: Clark and Longley, 1868).
113. See Markham's various pieces on horse training. One of the earliest works which spoke to any large extent upon the actual operation of gelding and spaying is John Crowshey, The Good-Husbands Jewel (London: Printed for N. Ekins, 1636). Although it was really not until the mid to later 19th century that one finds entire treatises upon the matter, see A. Liautard, Animal Castration (New York: William Jenkins, 1884); or Frederick Hobday, The Castration of Cryptorchid Horses and the Ovariotomy of Troublesome Mares (New York: W.R. Jenkins, 1903); H.H. Haaff, Haaff's Practical Dehorner; Or, Every Man his own Dehorner (Chicago: Clark and Longley, 1868).
114. See Markham's various pieces on horse training. One of the earliest works which spoke to any large extent upon the actual operation of gelding and spaying is John Crowshey, The Good-Husbands Jewel (London: Printed for N. Ekins, 1636). Although it was really not until the mid to later 19th century that one finds entire treatises upon the matter, see A. Liautard, Animal Castration (New York: William Jenkins, 1884); or Frederick Hobday, The Castration of Cryptorchid Horses and the Ovariotomy of Troublesome Mares (New York: W.R. Jenkins, 1903); H.H. Haaff, Haaff's Practical Dehorner; Or, Every Man his own Dehorner (Chicago: Clark and Longley, 1868).
115. See Markham's various pieces on horse training. One of the earliest works which spoke to any large extent upon the actual operation of gelding and spaying is John Crowshey, The Good-Husbands Jewel (London: Printed for N. Ekins, 1636). Although it was really not until the mid to later 19th century that one finds entire treatises upon the matter, see A. Liautard, Animal Castration (New York: William Jenkins, 1884); or Frederick Hobday, The Castration of Cryptorchid Horses and the Ovariotomy of Troublesome Mares (New York: W.R. Jenkins, 1903); H.H. Haaff, Haaff's Practical Dehorner; Or, Every Man his own Dehorner (Chicago: Clark and Longley, 1868).
116. E.P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York: Dutton, 1906); Herndon, 68; Kalm, Kalm's Account, 114; Stephens, 69, 189, 195, and 207; Isham, 81; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, Vol. 1 (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1962), 314; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30; Morsley (ed.), 195; Adkins, 23.
117. E.P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York: Dutton, 1906); Herndon, 68; Kalm, Kalm's Account, 114; Stephens, 69, 189, 195, and 207; Isham, 81; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, Vol. 1 (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1962), 314; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30; Morsley (ed.), 195; Adkins, 23.
118. E.P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York: Dutton, 1906); Herndon, 68; Kalm, Kalm's Account, 114; Stephens, 69, 189, 195, and 207; Isham, 81; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, Vol. 1 (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1962), 314; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30; Morsley (ed.), 195; Adkins, 23.
119. E.P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York: Dutton, 1906); Herndon, 68; Kalm, Kalm's Account, 114; Stephens, 69, 189, 195, and 207; Isham, 81; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, Vol. 1 (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1962), 314; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30; Morsley (ed.), 195; Adkins, 23.
120. E.P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York: Dutton, 1906); Herndon, 68; Kalm, Kalm's Account, 114; Stephens, 69, 189, 195, and 207; Isham, 81; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, Vol. 1 (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1962), 314; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30; Morsley (ed.), 195; Adkins, 23.
121. E.P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York: Dutton, 1906); Herndon, 68; Kalm, Kalm's Account, 114; Stephens, 69, 189, 195, and 207; Isham, 81; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, Vol. 1 (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1962), 314; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30; Morsley (ed.), 195; Adkins, 23.
122. E.P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York: Dutton, 1906); Herndon, 68; Kalm, Kalm's Account, 114; Stephens, 69, 189, 195, and 207; Isham, 81; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, Vol. 1 (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1962), 314; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30; Morsley (ed.), 195; Adkins, 23.
123. E.P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York: Dutton, 1906); Herndon, 68; Kalm, Kalm's Account, 114; Stephens, 69, 189, 195, and 207; Isham, 81; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, Vol. 1 (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1962), 314; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30; Morsley (ed.), 195; Adkins, 23.
124. E.P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York: Dutton, 1906); Herndon, 68; Kalm, Kalm's Account, 114; Stephens, 69, 189, 195, and 207; Isham, 81; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, Vol. 1 (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1962), 314; Evelyn, Vol. 2, 30; Morsley (ed.), 195; Adkins, 23.
125. Pierre J. Proudhon, What is Property? An Enquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government (New York: Howard Fertig, 1966), 232-233.
126. David Fideler, ed., The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library, trans. Kenneth Guthrie (Grand Rapids: Phanes Press, 1987).
127. J. Bauthumley
128. Thomas Edwards, Gangraena (London: Printed for Ralph Smith, 1645/6), 20-21, 26-28, 34, 67, and 79-80; Jacob Bauthumley, The Light and Darksides of God (London: Printed for William Learner, 1650), 3; Andrew Hopton, ed., The Declaration of John Robins and Other Writings (London: Aporia Press, 1992); Lodowick Muggleton, The Acts of Witnesses, ed. T.L. Underwood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), chaps. VII-X; Roger Crab, "The English Hermit; Or, Wonder of his Age," in The Harleian Miscellany, Vol. 6 (London: Printed for Robert Dutton, 1810), 390-405; Thomas Tryon, Some Memoirs of the Life of Mr. Tho. Tryon (London: Printed by T. Sowle, 1705).
129. Thomas Edwards, Gangraena (London: Printed for Ralph Smith, 1645/6), 20-21, 26-28, 34, 67, and 79-80; Jacob Bauthumley, The Light and Darksides of God (London: Printed for William Learner, 1650), 3; Andrew Hopton, ed., The Declaration of John Robins and Other Writings (London: Aporia Press, 1992); Lodowick Muggleton, The Acts of Witnesses, ed. T.L. Underwood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), chaps. VII-X; Roger Crab, "The English Hermit; Or, Wonder of his Age," in The Harleian Miscellany, Vol. 6 (London: Printed for Robert Dutton, 1810), 390-405; Thomas Tryon, Some Memoirs of the Life of Mr. Tho. Tryon (London: Printed by T. Sowle, 1705).
130. Thomas Edwards, Gangraena (London: Printed for Ralph Smith, 1645/6), 20-21, 26-28, 34, 67, and 79-80; Jacob Bauthumley, The Light and Darksides of God (London: Printed for William Learner, 1650), 3; Andrew Hopton, ed., The Declaration of John Robins and Other Writings (London: Aporia Press, 1992); Lodowick Muggleton, The Acts of Witnesses, ed. T.L. Underwood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), chaps. VII-X; Roger Crab, "The English Hermit; Or, Wonder of his Age," in The Harleian Miscellany, Vol. 6 (London: Printed for Robert Dutton, 1810), 390-405; Thomas Tryon, Some Memoirs of the Life of Mr. Tho. Tryon (London: Printed by T. Sowle, 1705).
131. Thomas Edwards, Gangraena (London: Printed for Ralph Smith, 1645/6), 20-21, 26-28, 34, 67, and 79-80; Jacob Bauthumley, The Light and Darksides of God (London: Printed for William Learner, 1650), 3; Andrew Hopton, ed., The Declaration of John Robins and Other Writings (London: Aporia Press, 1992); Lodowick Muggleton, The Acts of Witnesses, ed. T.L. Underwood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), chaps. VII-X; Roger Crab, "The English Hermit; Or, Wonder of his Age," in The Harleian Miscellany, Vol. 6 (London: Printed for Robert Dutton, 1810), 390-405; Thomas Tryon, Some Memoirs of the Life of Mr. Tho. Tryon (London: Printed by T. Sowle, 1705).
132. Thomas Edwards, Gangraena (London: Printed for Ralph Smith, 1645/6), 20-21, 26-28, 34, 67, and 79-80; Jacob Bauthumley, The Light and Darksides of God (London: Printed for William Learner, 1650), 3; Andrew Hopton, ed., The Declaration of John Robins and Other Writings (London: Aporia Press, 1992); Lodowick Muggleton, The Acts of Witnesses, ed. T.L. Underwood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), chaps. VII-X; Roger Crab, "The English Hermit; Or, Wonder of his Age," in The Harleian Miscellany, Vol. 6 (London: Printed for Robert Dutton, 1810), 390-405; Thomas Tryon, Some Memoirs of the Life of Mr. Tho. Tryon (London: Printed by T. Sowle, 1705).
133. Alexander Pope, The Guardian, ed. John Stephens (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), No. 61; Richard Steele, The Tatler (Philadelphia: J.J. Woodward, 1831), 252-253; Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. I, ed. Donald Bond (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965), 489-497; John Gay, Fables (Barre: Imprint Society, 1970), 28-29; Robert Vaux, Memoirs of the Lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Saniford (Philadelphia, PA: Solomon Conrad, 1815); Guillaume-Hyacinthe Bougeant, A Philosophical Amusement upon the Language of Beasts and Birds (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1739), 4; John Hildrop, Free Thought upon the Brute-Creation, Letter 2 (London: Printed for R. Minors, 1742), 72; Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes, Vol. 2 (Manchester: Printed by J. Harrop, 1767), 2.
134. Alexander Pope, The Guardian, ed. John Stephens (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), No. 61; Richard Steele, The Tatler (Philadelphia: J.J. Woodward, 1831), 252-253; Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. I, ed. Donald Bond (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965), 489-497; John Gay, Fables (Barre: Imprint Society, 1970), 28-29; Robert Vaux, Memoirs of the Lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Saniford (Philadelphia, PA: Solomon Conrad, 1815); Guillaume-Hyacinthe Bougeant, A Philosophical Amusement upon the Language of Beasts and Birds (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1739), 4; John Hildrop, Free Thought upon the Brute-Creation, Letter 2 (London: Printed for R. Minors, 1742), 72; Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes, Vol. 2 (Manchester: Printed by J. Harrop, 1767), 2.
135. Alexander Pope, The Guardian, ed. John Stephens (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), No. 61; Richard Steele, The Tatler (Philadelphia: J.J. Woodward, 1831), 252-253; Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. I, ed. Donald Bond (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965), 489-497; John Gay, Fables (Barre: Imprint Society, 1970), 28-29; Robert Vaux, Memoirs of the Lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Saniford (Philadelphia, PA: Solomon Conrad, 1815); Guillaume-Hyacinthe Bougeant, A Philosophical Amusement upon the Language of Beasts and Birds (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1739), 4; John Hildrop, Free Thought upon the Brute-Creation, Letter 2 (London: Printed for R. Minors, 1742), 72; Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes, Vol. 2 (Manchester: Printed by J. Harrop, 1767), 2.
136. Alexander Pope, The Guardian, ed. John Stephens (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), No. 61; Richard Steele, The Tatler (Philadelphia: J.J. Woodward, 1831), 252-253; Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. I, ed. Donald Bond (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965), 489-497; John Gay, Fables (Barre: Imprint Society, 1970), 28-29; Robert Vaux, Memoirs of the Lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Saniford (Philadelphia, PA: Solomon Conrad, 1815); Guillaume-Hyacinthe Bougeant, A Philosophical Amusement upon the Language of Beasts and Birds (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1739), 4; John Hildrop, Free Thought upon the Brute-Creation, Letter 2 (London: Printed for R. Minors, 1742), 72; Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes, Vol. 2 (Manchester: Printed by J. Harrop, 1767), 2.
137. Alexander Pope, The Guardian, ed. John Stephens (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), No. 61; Richard Steele, The Tatler (Philadelphia: J.J. Woodward, 1831), 252-253; Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. I, ed. Donald Bond (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965), 489-497; John Gay, Fables (Barre: Imprint Society, 1970), 28-29; Robert Vaux, Memoirs of the Lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Saniford (Philadelphia, PA: Solomon Conrad, 1815); Guillaume-Hyacinthe Bougeant, A Philosophical Amusement upon the Language of Beasts and Birds (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1739), 4; John Hildrop, Free Thought upon the Brute-Creation, Letter 2 (London: Printed for R. Minors, 1742), 72; Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes, Vol. 2 (Manchester: Printed by J. Harrop, 1767), 2.
138. Alexander Pope, The Guardian, ed. John Stephens (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), No. 61; Richard Steele, The Tatler (Philadelphia: J.J. Woodward, 1831), 252-253; Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. I, ed. Donald Bond (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965), 489-497; John Gay, Fables (Barre: Imprint Society, 1970), 28-29; Robert Vaux, Memoirs of the Lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Saniford (Philadelphia, PA: Solomon Conrad, 1815); Guillaume-Hyacinthe Bougeant, A Philosophical Amusement upon the Language of Beasts and Birds (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1739), 4; John Hildrop, Free Thought upon the Brute-Creation, Letter 2 (London: Printed for R. Minors, 1742), 72; Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes, Vol. 2 (Manchester: Printed by J. Harrop, 1767), 2.
139. Alexander Pope, The Guardian, ed. John Stephens (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), No. 61; Richard Steele, The Tatler (Philadelphia: J.J. Woodward, 1831), 252-253; Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. I, ed. Donald Bond (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965), 489-497; John Gay, Fables (Barre: Imprint Society, 1970), 28-29; Robert Vaux, Memoirs of the Lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Saniford (Philadelphia, PA: Solomon Conrad, 1815); Guillaume-Hyacinthe Bougeant, A Philosophical Amusement upon the Language of Beasts and Birds (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1739), 4; John Hildrop, Free Thought upon the Brute-Creation, Letter 2 (London: Printed for R. Minors, 1742), 72; Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes, Vol. 2 (Manchester: Printed by J. Harrop, 1767), 2.
140. Alexander Pope, The Guardian, ed. John Stephens (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), No. 61; Richard Steele, The Tatler (Philadelphia: J.J. Woodward, 1831), 252-253; Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. I, ed. Donald Bond (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965), 489-497; John Gay, Fables (Barre: Imprint Society, 1970), 28-29; Robert Vaux, Memoirs of the Lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Saniford (Philadelphia, PA: Solomon Conrad, 1815); Guillaume-Hyacinthe Bougeant, A Philosophical Amusement upon the Language of Beasts and Birds (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1739), 4; John Hildrop, Free Thought upon the Brute-Creation, Letter 2 (London: Printed for R. Minors, 1742), 72; Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes, Vol. 2 (Manchester: Printed by J. Harrop, 1767), 2.
141. John Oswald, The Cry of Nature; Or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals, ed. Jason C. Hribal (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2000); George Nicholson, On the Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals (Manchester: G. Nicholson, 1797); Joseph Ritson, An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (London: Richard Phillips, 1802); Joseph Metcalfe, Memoir of Rev. WM Metcalfe, M.D. (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott, 1872); Joshua Evans, "Journal of Joshua Evans," in Friend's Miscellany, Vol. 10 (Philadelphia, PA: J. Richards, 1837); John Lawrence, A Philosophical and Practical Treatises on Horses, and on the Moral Duties of Man Towards the Brute Creation, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for T.N. Longman, 1796), 119; Thomas Young An Essay on Humanity to Animals (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1798), 2.
142. John Oswald, The Cry of Nature; Or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals, ed. Jason C. Hribal (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2000); George Nicholson, On the Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals (Manchester: G. Nicholson, 1797); Joseph Ritson, An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (London: Richard Phillips, 1802); Joseph Metcalfe, Memoir of Rev. WM Metcalfe, M.D. (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott, 1872); Joshua Evans, "Journal of Joshua Evans," in Friend's Miscellany, Vol. 10 (Philadelphia, PA: J. Richards, 1837); John Lawrence, A Philosophical and Practical Treatises on Horses, and on the Moral Duties of Man Towards the Brute Creation, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for T.N. Longman, 1796), 119; Thomas Young An Essay on Humanity to Animals (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1798), 2.
143. John Oswald, The Cry of Nature; Or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals, ed. Jason C. Hribal (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2000); George Nicholson, On the Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals (Manchester: G. Nicholson, 1797); Joseph Ritson, An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (London: Richard Phillips, 1802); Joseph Metcalfe, Memoir of Rev. WM Metcalfe, M.D. (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott, 1872); Joshua Evans, "Journal of Joshua Evans," in Friend's Miscellany, Vol. 10 (Philadelphia, PA: J. Richards, 1837); John Lawrence, A Philosophical and Practical Treatises on Horses, and on the Moral Duties of Man Towards the Brute Creation, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for T.N. Longman, 1796), 119; Thomas Young An Essay on Humanity to Animals (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1798), 2.
144. John Oswald, The Cry of Nature; Or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals, ed. Jason C. Hribal (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2000); George Nicholson, On the Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals (Manchester: G. Nicholson, 1797); Joseph Ritson, An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (London: Richard Phillips, 1802); Joseph Metcalfe, Memoir of Rev. WM Metcalfe, M.D. (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott, 1872); Joshua Evans, "Journal of Joshua Evans," in Friend's Miscellany, Vol. 10 (Philadelphia, PA: J. Richards, 1837); John Lawrence, A Philosophical and Practical Treatises on Horses, and on the Moral Duties of Man Towards the Brute Creation, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for T.N. Longman, 1796), 119; Thomas Young An Essay on Humanity to Animals (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1798), 2.
145. John Oswald, The Cry of Nature; Or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals, ed. Jason C. Hribal (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2000); George Nicholson, On the Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals (Manchester: G. Nicholson, 1797); Joseph Ritson, An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (London: Richard Phillips, 1802); Joseph Metcalfe, Memoir of Rev. WM Metcalfe, M.D. (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott, 1872); Joshua Evans, "Journal of Joshua Evans," in Friend's Miscellany, Vol. 10 (Philadelphia, PA: J. Richards, 1837); John Lawrence, A Philosophical and Practical Treatises on Horses, and on the Moral Duties of Man Towards the Brute Creation, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for T.N. Longman, 1796), 119; Thomas Young An Essay on Humanity to Animals (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1798), 2.
146. John Oswald, The Cry of Nature; Or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals, ed. Jason C. Hribal (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2000); George Nicholson, On the Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals (Manchester: G. Nicholson, 1797); Joseph Ritson, An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (London: Richard Phillips, 1802); Joseph Metcalfe, Memoir of Rev. WM Metcalfe, M.D. (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott, 1872); Joshua Evans, "Journal of Joshua Evans," in Friend's Miscellany, Vol. 10 (Philadelphia, PA: J. Richards, 1837); John Lawrence, A Philosophical and Practical Treatises on Horses, and on the Moral Duties of Man Towards the Brute Creation, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for T.N. Longman, 1796), 119; Thomas Young An Essay on Humanity to Animals (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1798), 2.
147. John Oswald, The Cry of Nature; Or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals, ed. Jason C. Hribal (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2000); George Nicholson, On the Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals (Manchester: G. Nicholson, 1797); Joseph Ritson, An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (London: Richard Phillips, 1802); Joseph Metcalfe, Memoir of Rev. WM Metcalfe, M.D. (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott, 1872); Joshua Evans, "Journal of Joshua Evans," in Friend's Miscellany, Vol. 10 (Philadelphia, PA: J. Richards, 1837); John Lawrence, A Philosophical and Practical Treatises on Horses, and on the Moral Duties of Man Towards the Brute Creation, Vol. 1 (London: Printed for T.N. Longman, 1796), 119; Thomas Young An Essay on Humanity to Animals (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1798), 2.
148. For descriptions of these laws or the SPCA see Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes towards Specieism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 83-92. For the popularizing of "root-eating" during the early 19th century, see H. Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Pioneer of Reformed Diet (Adelphi: London Vegetarian Society, 1940); John Newton, A Return to Nature; Or, a Defense of the Vegetable Regimen (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1811); Percy Shelley, "A Vindication of Natural Diet," in Shelley's Prose, ed. David Clark (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1954). For the more interesting of the mass literature of the time, see Joseph Taylor's explorations of the emotional lives of animals: The Wonders of the Horse (London: Printed by Darton, 1808); Taylor, Ornithalogia Curioso: Or, the Wonders of the Feathered Creation (London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, 1807) ; Taylor, Anecdotes of Remarkable Insects (London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817); Taylor, The General Character of the Dog (London: Darton and Harvey, 1804); or see the children's book: The Hare; Or, Hunting Incompatible with Humanity (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1802).
149. For descriptions of these laws or the SPCA see Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes towards Specieism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 83-92. For the popularizing of "root-eating" during the early 19th century, see H. Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Pioneer of Reformed Diet (Adelphi: London Vegetarian Society, 1940); John Newton, A Return to Nature; Or, a Defense of the Vegetable Regimen (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1811); Percy Shelley, "A Vindication of Natural Diet," in Shelley's Prose, ed. David Clark (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1954). For the more interesting of the mass literature of the time, see Joseph Taylor's explorations of the emotional lives of animals: The Wonders of the Horse (London: Printed by Darton, 1808); Taylor, Ornithalogia Curioso: Or, the Wonders of the Feathered Creation (London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, 1807) ; Taylor, Anecdotes of Remarkable Insects (London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817); Taylor, The General Character of the Dog (London: Darton and Harvey, 1804); or see the children's book: The Hare; Or, Hunting Incompatible with Humanity (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1802).
150. For descriptions of these laws or the SPCA see Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes towards Specieism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 83-92. For the popularizing of "root-eating" during the early 19th century, see H. Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Pioneer of Reformed Diet (Adelphi: London Vegetarian Society, 1940); John Newton, A Return to Nature; Or, a Defense of the Vegetable Regimen (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1811); Percy Shelley, "A Vindication of Natural Diet," in Shelley's Prose, ed. David Clark (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1954). For the more interesting of the mass literature of the time, see Joseph Taylor's explorations of the emotional lives of animals: The Wonders of the Horse (London: Printed by Darton, 1808); Taylor, Ornithalogia Curioso: Or, the Wonders of the Feathered Creation (London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, 1807) ; Taylor, Anecdotes of Remarkable Insects (London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817); Taylor, The General Character of the Dog (London: Darton and Harvey, 1804); or see the children's book: The Hare; Or, Hunting Incompatible with Humanity (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1802).
151. For descriptions of these laws or the SPCA see Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes towards Specieism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 83-92. For the popularizing of "root-eating" during the early 19th century, see H. Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Pioneer of Reformed Diet (Adelphi: London Vegetarian Society, 1940); John Newton, A Return to Nature; Or, a Defense of the Vegetable Regimen (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1811); Percy Shelley, "A Vindication of Natural Diet," in Shelley's Prose, ed. David Clark (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1954). For the more interesting of the mass literature of the time, see Joseph Taylor's explorations of the emotional lives of animals: The Wonders of the Horse (London: Printed by Darton, 1808); Taylor, Ornithalogia Curioso: Or, the Wonders of the Feathered Creation (London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, 1807) ; Taylor, Anecdotes of Remarkable Insects (London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817); Taylor, The General Character of the Dog (London: Darton and Harvey, 1804); or see the children's book: The Hare; Or, Hunting Incompatible with Humanity (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1802).
152. For descriptions of these laws or the SPCA see Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes towards Specieism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 83-92. For the popularizing of "root-eating" during the early 19th century, see H. Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Pioneer of Reformed Diet (Adelphi: London Vegetarian Society, 1940); John Newton, A Return to Nature; Or, a Defense of the Vegetable Regimen (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1811); Percy Shelley, "A Vindication of Natural Diet," in Shelley's Prose, ed. David Clark (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1954). For the more interesting of the mass literature of the time, see Joseph Taylor's explorations of the emotional lives of animals: The Wonders of the Horse (London: Printed by Darton, 1808); Taylor, Ornithalogia Curioso: Or, the Wonders of the Feathered Creation (London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, 1807) ; Taylor, Anecdotes of Remarkable Insects (London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817); Taylor, The General Character of the Dog (London: Darton and Harvey, 1804); or see the children's book: The Hare; Or, Hunting Incompatible with Humanity (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1802).
153. For descriptions of these laws or the SPCA see Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes towards Specieism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 83-92. For the popularizing of "root-eating" during the early 19th century, see H. Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Pioneer of Reformed Diet (Adelphi: London Vegetarian Society, 1940); John Newton, A Return to Nature; Or, a Defense of the Vegetable Regimen (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1811); Percy Shelley, "A Vindication of Natural Diet," in Shelley's Prose, ed. David Clark (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1954). For the more interesting of the mass literature of the time, see Joseph Taylor's explorations of the emotional lives of animals: The Wonders of the Horse (London: Printed by Darton, 1808); Taylor, Ornithalogia Curioso: Or, the Wonders of the Feathered Creation (London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, 1807) ; Taylor, Anecdotes of Remarkable Insects (London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817); Taylor, The General Character of the Dog (London: Darton and Harvey, 1804); or see the children's book: The Hare; Or, Hunting Incompatible with Humanity (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1802).
154. For descriptions of these laws or the SPCA see Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes towards Specieism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 83-92. For the popularizing of "root-eating" during the early 19th century, see H. Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Pioneer of Reformed Diet (Adelphi: London Vegetarian Society, 1940); John Newton, A Return to Nature; Or, a Defense of the Vegetable Regimen (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1811); Percy Shelley, "A Vindication of Natural Diet," in Shelley's Prose, ed. David Clark (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1954). For the more interesting of the mass literature of the time, see Joseph Taylor's explorations of the emotional lives of animals: The Wonders of the Horse (London: Printed by Darton, 1808); Taylor, Ornithalogia Curioso: Or, the Wonders of the Feathered Creation (London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, 1807) ; Taylor, Anecdotes of Remarkable Insects (London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817); Taylor, The General Character of the Dog (London: Darton and Harvey, 1804); or see the children's book: The Hare; Or, Hunting Incompatible with Humanity (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1802).
155. For descriptions of these laws or the SPCA see Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes towards Specieism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 83-92. For the popularizing of "root-eating" during the early 19th century, see H. Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Pioneer of Reformed Diet (Adelphi: London Vegetarian Society, 1940); John Newton, A Return to Nature; Or, a Defense of the Vegetable Regimen (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1811); Percy Shelley, "A Vindication of Natural Diet," in Shelley's Prose, ed. David Clark (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1954). For the more interesting of the mass literature of the time, see Joseph Taylor's explorations of the emotional lives of animals: The Wonders of the Horse (London: Printed by Darton, 1808); Taylor, Ornithalogia Curioso: Or, the Wonders of the Feathered Creation (London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, 1807) ; Taylor, Anecdotes of Remarkable Insects (London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817); Taylor, The General Character of the Dog (London: Darton and Harvey, 1804); or see the children's book: The Hare; Or, Hunting Incompatible with Humanity (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1802).
156. For descriptions of these laws or the SPCA see Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes towards Specieism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 83-92. For the popularizing of "root-eating" during the early 19th century, see H. Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Pioneer of Reformed Diet (Adelphi: London Vegetarian Society, 1940); John Newton, A Return to Nature; Or, a Defense of the Vegetable Regimen (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1811); Percy Shelley, "A Vindication of Natural Diet," in Shelley's Prose, ed. David Clark (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 1954). For the more interesting of the mass literature of the time, see Joseph Taylor's explorations of the emotional lives of animals: The Wonders of the Horse (London: Printed by Darton, 1808); Taylor, Ornithalogia Curioso: Or, the Wonders of the Feathered Creation (London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, 1807) ; Taylor, Anecdotes of Remarkable Insects (London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817); Taylor, The General Character of the Dog (London: Darton and Harvey, 1804); or see the children's book: The Hare; Or, Hunting Incompatible with Humanity (Philadelphia: Johnson, 1802).
157. Samuel Bamford, The Autobiography of Samuel Bamford, Vol. 1 (London: Frank Cass, 1967), 39-40; Thomas Cooper, The Life of Thomas Cooper (New York: Leicester University, 1971), 393; E. P. Thompson, "The Poverty of Theory," in The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London: Merlin Press, 1991), 363.
158. Samuel Bamford, The Autobiography of Samuel Bamford, Vol. 1 (London: Frank Cass, 1967), 39-40; Thomas Cooper, The Life of Thomas Cooper (New York: Leicester University, 1971), 393; E. P. Thompson, "The Poverty of Theory," in The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London: Merlin Press, 1991), 363.
159. Samuel Bamford, The Autobiography of Samuel Bamford, Vol. 1 (London: Frank Cass, 1967), 39-40; Thomas Cooper, The Life of Thomas Cooper (New York: Leicester University, 1971), 393; E. P. Thompson, "The Poverty of Theory," in The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London: Merlin Press, 1991), 363.