Headache and sleep: Shared pathophysiological mechanisms

Cephalalgia

Volumn 34, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 725-744

  Holland, Philip R ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brainstem; Headache; Hypothalamus; Pathophysiology; Sleep

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; HYPOPHYSIS ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE; MELATONIN; OREXIN;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BRAIN STEM; CHOLINERGIC NERVE CELL; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLUSTER HEADACHE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FOREBRAIN; GANGLION; HEADACHE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; LOCUS CERULEUS; MIGRAINE; MIGRAINE WITH AURA; MONOAMINE NERVE CELL; MOTOR CORTEX; NONHUMAN; PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS; PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHASE TRANSITION; REM SLEEP; RETINA GANGLION CELL; RISK FACTOR; SENSORY GATING; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP PATTERN; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; THALAMUS; THALAMUS NUCLEUS; TRIGEMINUS GANGLION; TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS; WAKEFULNESS; COMPLICATION; PHYSIOLOGY; SLEEP;

HEADACHE; HUMANS; SLEEP; SLEEP DISORDERS;

EID: 84906559784     PISSN: 03331024     EISSN: 14682982     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0333102414541687     Document Type: Article

References (259)

1. Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, et al. The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2012 ; 19: 155-162
2. Bauer PR, Carpay JA, Terwindt GM, et al. Headache and epilepsy. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013 ; 17: 351-351
3. Buse DC, Silberstein SD, Manack AN, et al. Psychiatric comorbidities of episodic and chronic migraine. J Neurol. 2013 ; 260: 1960-1969
4. Robbins MS. The psychiatric comorbidities of cluster headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013 ; 17: 313-313
5. Watson NF, Viola-Saltzman M. Sleep and comorbid neurologic disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2013 ; 19: 148-169
6. Kelman L. The triggers or precipitants of the acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia. 2007 ; 27: 394-402 (Pubitemid 46632598)
7. Sahota PK, Dexter JD. Sleep and headache syndromes: A clinical review. Headache. 1990 ; 30: 80-84 (Pubitemid 20376068)
8. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Modifiable risk factors for migraine progression. Headache. 2006 ; 46: 1334-1343 (Pubitemid 44556426)
9. Wilkinson M. Migraine treatment: The British perspective. Headache. 1994 ; 34: S13 - S16
10. Giffin NJ, Ruggiero L, Lipton RB, et al. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: An electronic diary study. Neurology. 2003 ; 60: 935-940 (Pubitemid 36348924)
11. Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine - current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med. 2002 ; 346: 257-270 (Pubitemid 34438866)
12. Penfield W, McNaughton F. Dural headache and innervation of the dura mater. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1940 ; 44: 43-75
13. Ray BS, Wolff HG. Experimental studies on headache. Pain-sensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch Surg. 1940 ; 41: 813-856
14. McNaughton FL, Feindel W Physiological aspects of clinical neurology. Rose FC, ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific ; 1977: 279-293.
15. Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. Neuropeptides in headache. Eur J Neurol. 1998 ; 5: 329-341 (Pubitemid 28365275)
16. Akerman S, Holland PR, Goadsby PJ. Diencephalic and brainstem mechanisms in migraine. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 ; 12: 570-584
17. Burstein R, Yamamura H, Malick A, et al. Chemical stimulation of the intracranial dura induces enhanced responses to facial stimulation in brain stem trigeminal neurons. J Neurophysiol. 1998 ; 79: 964-982 (Pubitemid 28095912)
18. Holland PR, Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Orexin 1 receptor activation attenuates neurogenic dural vasodilation in an animal model of trigeminovascular nociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 ; 315: 1380-1385 (Pubitemid 41635428)
19. Liu Y, Broman J, Edvinsson L. Central projections of sensory innervation of the rat superior sagittal sinus. Neuroscience. 2004 ; 129: 431-437 (Pubitemid 39388862)
20. Liu Y, Broman J, Edvinsson L. Central projections of the sensory innervation of the rat middle meningeal artery. Brain Res. 2008 ; 1208: 103-110
21. Akerman S, Holland PR, Summ O, et al. A translational in vivo model of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias: Therapeutic characterization. Brain. 2012 ; 135: 3664-3675
22. May A, Goadsby PJ. The trigeminovascular system in humans: Pathophysiologic implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999 ; 19: 115-127 (Pubitemid 29284258)
23. Bartsch T, Goadsby PJ. Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after stimulation of the dura mater. Brain. 2003 ; 126: 1801-1813 (Pubitemid 36917339)
24. Bartsch T, Goadsby PJ. Anatomy and physiology of pain referral in primary and cervicogenic headache disorders. Headache Currents. 2005 ; 2: 42-48 (Pubitemid 41702573)
25. Liu Y, Broman J, Zhang M, et al. Brainstem and thalamic projections from a craniovascular sensory nervous centre in the rostral cervical spinal dorsal horn of rats. Cephalalgia. 2009 ; 29: 935-948
26. Edelmayer RM, Vanderah TW, Majuta L, et al. Medullary pain facilitating neurons mediate allodynia in headache-related pain. Ann Neurol. 2009 ; 65: 184-193
27. Hoskin KL, Bulmer DCE, Lasalandra M, et al. Fos expression in the midbrain periaqueductal grey after trigeminovascular stimulation. J Anat. 2001 ; 198: 29-35 (Pubitemid 32164426)
28. Knight YE, Classey JD, Lasalandra MP, et al. Patterns of fos expression in the rostral medulla and caudal pons evoked by noxious craniovascular stimulation and periaqueductal gray stimulation in the cat. Brain Res. 2005 ; 1045: 1-11 (Pubitemid 40725214)
29. Lambert GA, Hoskin KL, Zagami AS. Cortico-NRM influences on trigeminal neuronal sensation. Cephalalgia. 2008 ; 28: 640-652 (Pubitemid 351614941)
30. Malick A, Jakubowski M, Elmquist JK, et al. A neurohistochemical blueprint for pain-induced loss of appetite. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001 ; 98: 9930-9935 (Pubitemid 32769406)
31. Guy N, Chalus M, Dallel R, et al. Both oral and caudal parts of the spinal trigeminal nucleus project to the somatosensory thalamus in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2005 ; 21: 741-754 (Pubitemid 40363509)
32. Veinante P, Jacquin MF, Deschenes M. Thalamic projections from the whisker-sensitive regions of the spinal trigeminal complex in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 2000 ; 420: 233-243 (Pubitemid 30185980)
33. Williams MN, Zahm DS, Jacquin MF. Differential foci and synaptic organization of the principal and spinal trigeminal projections to the thalamus in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 1994 ; 6: 429-453 (Pubitemid 24077156)
34. Afridi SK, Giffin NJ, Kaube H, et al. A positron emission tomographic study in spontaneous migraine. Arch Neurol. 2005 ; 62: 1270-1275 (Pubitemid 41168356)
35. Burstein R, Jakubowski M, Garcia-Nicas E, et al. Thalamic sensitization transforms localized pain into widespread allodynia. Ann Neurol. 2010 ; 68: 81-91
36. May A, Bahra A, Buchel C, et al. Hypothalamic activation in cluster headache attacks. Lancet. 1998 ; 352: 275-278 (Pubitemid 28340145)
37. Zagami AS, Lambert GA. Stimulation of cranial vessels excites nociceptive neurones in several thalamic nuclei of the cat. Exp Brain Res. 1990 ; 81: 552-566 (Pubitemid 20258536)
38. Zagami AS, Lambert GA. Craniovascular application of capsaicin activates nociceptive thalamic neurones in the cat. Neurosci Lett. 1991 ; 121: 187-190
39. Benjamin L, Levy MJ, Lasalandra MP, et al. Hypothalamic activation after stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat: A Fos study. Neurobiol Dis. 2004 ; 16: 500-505 (Pubitemid 38942982)
40. Burstein R, Cliffer KD, Giesler GJ. Direct somatosensory projections from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus and telencephalon. J Neurosci. 1987 ; 7: 4159-4164 (Pubitemid 18012426)
41. Malick A, Burstein R. Cells of origin of the trigeminohypothalamic tract in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1998 ; 400: 125-144 (Pubitemid 28440758)
42. Malick A, Strassman RM, Burstein R. Trigeminohypothalamic and reticulohypothalamic tract neurons in the upper cervical spinal cord and caudal medulla of the rat. J Neurophysiol. 2000 ; 84: 2078-2112
43. Jasmin L, Burkey AR, Card JP, et al. Transneuronal labeling of a nociceptive pathway, the spino-(trigemino-)parabrachio-amygdaloid, in the rat. J Neurosci. 1997 ; 17: 3751-3765 (Pubitemid 27200599)
44. Kunkler PE, Kraig RP. Hippocampal spreading depression bilaterally activates the caudal trigeminal nucleus in rodents. Hippocampus. 2003 ; 13: 835-844 (Pubitemid 37407970)
45. Denk F, McMahon SB, Tracey I. Pain vulnerability: A neurobiological perspective. Nat Neurosci. 2014 ; 17: 192-200
46. Akerman S, Holland PR, Lasalandra MP, et al. Endocannabinoids in the brainstem modulate dural trigeminovascular nociceptive traffic via CB1 and "triptan" receptors: Implications in migraine. J Neurosci. 2013 ; 33: 14869-14877
47. Bartsch T, Knight YE, Goadsby PJ. Activation of 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor in the periaqueductal gray inhibits nociception. Ann Neurol. 2004 ; 56: 371-381 (Pubitemid 39166556)
48. Knight YE, Bartsch T, Kaube H, et al. P/Q-type calcium-channel blockade in the periaqueductal gray facilitates trigeminal nociception: A functional genetic link for migraine?. J Neurosci. 2002 ; 22: RC213 - RC213
49. Porreca F, Ossipov MH, Gebhart GF. Chronic pain and medullary descending facilitation. Trends Neurosci. 2002 ; 25: 319-325 (Pubitemid 34667014)
50. Supronsinchai W, Hoffmann J, Akerman S, et al. The Role of the orexin-2 receptor in the nucleus raphe magnus on trigeminovascular nociceptive transmission. Cephalalgia. 2013 ; 33: 223-224
51. Supronsinchai W, Storer RJ, Hoffmann J, et al. GABAA receptors in the nucleus raphe magnus modulate trigeminal cell firing responsive to activation of craniovascular and dural afferents. Headache. 2012 ; 52: 903-904
52. Rosenwasser AM. Functional neuroanatomy of sleep and circadian rhythms. Brain Res Rev. 2009 ; 61: 281-306
53. Abrahamson EE, Moore RY. Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: Retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections. Brain Res. 2001 ; 916: 172-191 (Pubitemid 32971919)
54. Johnson RF, Morin LP, Moore RY. Retinohypothalamic projections in the hamster and rat demonstrated using cholera toxin. Brain Res. 1988 ; 462: 301-312
55. Moore RY, Card JP. Intergeniculate leaflet: An anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex. J Comp Neurol. 1994 ; 344: 403-430 (Pubitemid 24177224)
56. Morin LP, Allen CN. The circadian visual system, 2005. Brain Res Rev. 2006 ; 51: 1-60 (Pubitemid 44218910)
57. Bina KG, Rusak B, Semba K. Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rat. J Comp Neurol. 1993 ; 335: 295-307 (Pubitemid 23256194)
58. Cagampang FR, Okamura H, Inouye S. Circadian rhythms of norepinephrine in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci Lett. 1994 ; 173: 185-188 (Pubitemid 24165339)
59. Meyer-Bernstein EL, Morin LP. Differential serotonergic innervation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet and its role in circadian rhythm modulation. J Neurosci. 1996 ; 16: 2097-2111 (Pubitemid 26144022)
60. Moga MM, Moore RY. Organization of neural inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1997 ; 389: 508-534 (Pubitemid 28353911)
61. Bell-Pedersen D, Cassone VM, Earnest DJ, et al. Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: Lessons from diverse organisms. Nat Rev Genet. 2005 ; 6: 544-556 (Pubitemid 40910431)
62. Abrahamson EE, Leak RK, Moore RY. The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems. Neuroreport. 2001 ; 12: 435-440 (Pubitemid 32114393)
63. Deurveilher S, Semba K. Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major arousal-promoting cell groups in rat: Implications for the circadian control of behavioural state. Neuroscience. 2005 ; 130: 165-183 (Pubitemid 39550423)
64. Chou TC, Scammell TE, Gooley JJ, et al. Critical role of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in a wide range of behavioral circadian rhythms. J Neurosci. 2003 ; 23: 10691-10702 (Pubitemid 37485283)
65. Deurveilher S, Burns J, Semba K. Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: A dual tract-tracing study in rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2002 ; 16: 1195-1213 (Pubitemid 35340843)
66. Deurveilher S, Semba K. Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the median preoptic nucleus in rat. Brain Res. 2003 ; 987: 100-106 (Pubitemid 37267892)
67. Silver R, LeSauter J, Tresco PA, et al. A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms. Nature. 1996 ; 382: 810-813 (Pubitemid 26299564)
68. Levey AI, Hallanger AE, Wainer BH. Cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons may influence the cortex via the thalamus. Neurosci Lett. 1987 ; 74: 7-13 (Pubitemid 17229017)
69. Moruzzi G, Magoun HW. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1949 ; 1: 455-473
70. Jones BE. Activity, modulation and role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervating the cerebral cortex. Prog Brain Res. 2004 ; 145: 157-169 (Pubitemid 37442942)
71. Sakurai T. The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): Maintaining sleep and wakefulness. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 ; 8: 171-181 (Pubitemid 46294664)
72. Szymusiak R, Alam N, McGinty D. Discharge patterns of neurons in cholinergic regions of the basal forebrain during waking and sleep. Behav Brain Res. 2000 ; 115: 171-182
73. Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, et al. Orexins and orexin receptors: A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell. 1998 ; 92: 1 page following 696-1 page following 696
74. Estabrooke IV, McCarthy MT, Ko E, et al. Fos expression in orexin neurons varies with behavioral state. J Neurosci. 2001 ; 21: 1656-1662 (Pubitemid 32182206)
75. Brown RE, Sergeeva OA, Eriksson KS, et al. Convergent excitation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons by multiple arousal systems (orexin/hypocretin, histamine and noradrenaline). J Neurosci. 2002 ; 22: 8850-8859 (Pubitemid 35379054)
76. Hagan JJ, Leslie RA, Patel S, et al. Orexin A activates locus coeruleus cell firing and increases arousal in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999 ; 96: 10911-10916 (Pubitemid 29442243)
77. Horvath TL, Peyron C, Diano S, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) activation and synaptic innervation of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system. J Comp Neurol. 1999 ; 415: 145-159 (Pubitemid 29519873)
78. Liu RJ, van den Pol AN, Aghajanian GK. Hypocretins (orexins) regulate serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus by excitatory direct and inhibitory indirect actions. J Neurosci. 2002 ; 22: 9453-9464 (Pubitemid 35356188)
79. Yamanaka A, Tsujino N, Funahashi H, et al. Orexins activate histaminergic neurons via the orexin 2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 ; 290: 1237-1245 (Pubitemid 34694437)
80. Monti JM, Torterolo P, Lagos P. Melanin-concentrating hormone control of sleep-wake behavior. Sleep Med Rev. 2013 ; 17: 293-298
81. Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE. The sleep switch: Hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci. 2001 ; 24: 726-731 (Pubitemid 33097540)
82. Lu J, Sherman D, Devor M, et al. A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature. 2006 ; 441: 589-594 (Pubitemid 43927285)
83. Charles A. Does cortical spreading depression initiate a migraine attack? Maybe not. Headache. 2010 ; 50: 731-733
84. Afra J. Intensity dependence of auditory evoked cortical potentials in migraine. Changes in the peri-ictal period. Funct Neurol. 2005 ; 20: 199-200
85. Battelli L, Black KR, Wray SH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of visual area V5 in migraine. Neurology. 2002 ; 58: 1066-1069 (Pubitemid 34298547)
86. Brighina F, Piazza A, Daniele O, et al. Modulation of visual cortical excitability in migraine with aura: Effects of 1?Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 2002 ; 145: 177-181 (Pubitemid 34743969)
87. Chronicle EP, Mulleners WM. Visual system dysfunction in migraine: A review of clinical and psychophysical findings. Cephalalgia. 1996 ; 16: 525-535; discussion 523 (Pubitemid 27015924)
88. Coppola G, Pierelli F, Schoenen J. Is the cerebral cortex hyperexcitable or hyperresponsive in migraine?. Cephalalgia. 2007 ; 27: 1427-1439
89. Giffin NJ, Kaube H. The electrophysiology of migraine. Curr Opin Neurol. 2002 ; 15: 303-309 (Pubitemid 34596894)
90. Lambert GA, Truong L, Zagami AS. Effect of cortical spreading depression on basal and evoked traffic in the trigeminovascular sensory system. Cephalalgia. 2011 ; 31: 1439-1451
91. Zhang X, Levy D, Kainz V, et al. Activation of central trigeminovascular neurons by cortical spreading depression. Ann Neurol. 2011 ; 69: 855-865
92. Zhang X, Levy D, Noseda R, et al. Activation of meningeal nociceptors by cortical spreading depression: Implications for migraine with aura. J Neurosci. 2010 ; 30: 8807-8814
93. Cui Y, Kataoka Y, Inui T, et al. Up-regulated neuronal COX-2 expression after cortical spreading depression is involved in non-REM sleep induction in rats. J Neurosci Res. 2008 ; 86: 929-936 (Pubitemid 351357773)
94. Faraguna U, Nelson A, Vyazovskiy VV, et al. Unilateral cortical spreading depression affects sleep need and induces molecular and electrophysiological signs of synaptic potentiation in vivo. Cereb Cortex. 2010 ; 20: 2939-2947
95. Arakawa S, Nakamura S, Kawashima N, et al. Antidromic burst activity of locus coeruleus neurons during cortical spreading depression. Neuroscience. 1997 ; 78: 1147-1158 (Pubitemid 27223717)
96. Manganotti P, Fuggetta G, Fiaschi A. Changes of motor cortical excitability in human subjects from wakefulness to early stages of sleep: A combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalographic study. Neurosci Lett. 2004 ; 362: 31-34 (Pubitemid 38638378)
97. Manganotti P, Palermo A, Patuzzo S, et al. Decrease in motor cortical excitability in human subjects after sleep deprivation. Neurosci Lett. 2001 ; 304: 153-156 (Pubitemid 32436399)
98. Badawy RA, Curatolo JM, Newton M, et al. Sleep deprivation increases cortical excitability in epilepsy: Syndrome-specific effects. Neurology. 2006 ; 67: 1018-1022 (Pubitemid 44454596)
99. Loddenkemper T, Lockley SW, Kaleyias J, et al. Chronobiology of epilepsy: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of chrono-epileptology. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 ; 28: 146-153
100. van den Maagdenberg AM, Pietrobon D, Pizzorusso T, et al. A Cacna1a knockin migraine mouse model with increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression. Neuron. 2004 ; 41: 701-710 (Pubitemid 38326833)
101. Brennan KC, Bates EA, Shapiro RE, et al. Casein kinase idelta mutations in familial migraine and advanced sleep phase. Sci Transl Med. 2013 ; 5: 183ra56, 1-11
102. Deboer T, van Diepen HC, Ferrari MD, et al. Reduced sleep and low adenosinergic sensitivity in cacna1a R192Q mutant mice. Sleep. 2013 ; 36: 127-136
103. Burstein R, Dado RJ, Giesler GJ. The cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract of the rat: A quantitative reexamination. Brain Res. 1990 ; 511: 329-337 (Pubitemid 20092022)
104. May A, Bahra A, Buchel C, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in spontaneous attacks of SUNCT: Short-lasting neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing. Ann Neurol. 1999 ; 46: 791-794 (Pubitemid 29518144)
105. May A, Kaube H, Buchel C, et al. Experimental cranial pain elicited by capsaicin: A PET study. Pain. 1998 ; 74: 61-66 (Pubitemid 28097730)
106. Andreou AP, Shields KG, Goadsby PJ. GABA and valproate modulate trigeminovascular nociceptive transmission in the thalamus. Neurobiol Dis. 2010 ; 37: 314-323
107. Shields KG, Goadsby PJ. Propranolol modulates trigeminovascular responses in thalamic ventroposteromedial nucleus: A role in migraine?. Brain. 2005 ; 128: 86-97 (Pubitemid 40070523)
108. Shields KG, Goadsby PJ. Serotonin receptors modulate trigeminovascular responses in ventroposteromedial nucleus of thalamus: A migraine target?. Neurobiol Dis. 2006 ; 23: 491-501 (Pubitemid 44234086)
109. Summ O, Charbit AR, Andreou AP, et al. Modulation of nocioceptive transmission with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists in the thalamus. Brain. 2010 ; 133: 2540-2548
110. Park J, Moon H, Akerman S, et al. Differential trigeminovascular nociceptive responses in the thalamus in the familial hemiplegic migraine 1 knock-in mouse: A Fos protein study. Neurobiol Dis. 2014 ; 64: 1-7
111. Kolaj M, Zhang L, Ronnekleiv OK, et al. Midline thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons display diurnal variation in resting membrane potentials, conductances, and firing patterns in vitro. J Neurophysiol. 2012 ; 107: 1835-1844
112. Steriade M, McCormick DA, Sejnowski TJ. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science. 1993 ; 262: 679-685 (Pubitemid 23350685)
113. Peyron C, Tighe DK, van den Pol AN, et al. Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems. J Neurosci. 1998 ; 18: 9996-10015 (Pubitemid 28543775)
114. Noseda R, Kainz V, Jakubowski M, et al. A neural mechanism for exacerbation of headache by light. Nat Neurosci. 2010 ; 13: 239-245
115. Denuelle M, Fabre N, Payoux P, et al. Hypothalamic activation in spontaneous migraine attacks. Headache. 2007 ; 47: 1418-1426 (Pubitemid 350209521)
116. Matharu MS, Cohen AS, Frackowiak RS, et al. Posterior hypothalamic activation in paroxysmal hemicrania. Ann Neurol. 2006 ; 59: 535-545 (Pubitemid 43358075)
117. Matharu MS, Cohen AS, McGonigle DJ, et al. Posterior hypothalamic and brainstem activation in hemicrania continua. Headache. 2004 ; 44: 747-761 (Pubitemid 39310958)
118. Maniyar FH, Sprenger T, Monteith T, et al. Brain activations in the premonitory phase of nitroglycerin-triggered migraine attacks. Brain. 2014 ; 137 (Pt 1). 232-241
119. Fleetwood-Walker SM, Hope PJ, Mitchell R. Antinociceptive actions of descending dopaminergic tracts on cat and rat dorsal horn somatosensory neurones. J Physiol. 1988 ; 399: 335-348
120. Qiu E, Wang Y, Ma L, et al. Abnormal brain functional connectivity of the hypothalamus in cluster headaches. PloS One. 2013 ; 8: e57896 - e57896
121. Leone M, Franzini A, Cecchini AP, et al. Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation in the treatment of chronic cluster headache. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2010 ; 3: 187-195
122. Kovac S, Wright MA, Eriksson SH, et al. The effect of posterior hypothalamus region deep brain stimulation on sleep. Cephalalgia. 2014 ; 34: 219-223
123. Holland PR, Akerman S, Lasalandra M, et al. Hypothalamic neurons that contain orexin A and B express c-fos in response to superior sagittal sinus (SSS) stimulation in the cat. Cephalalgia. 2005 ; 25: 1194-1195
124. Lipton RB, Buse DC, Hall CB, et al. Reduction in perceived stress as a migraine trigger: Testing the "let-down headache" hypothesis. Neurology. 2014 ; 82: 1395-1401
125. Bartsch T, Levy MJ, Knight YE, et al. Differential modulation of nociceptive dural input to [hypocretin] orexin A and B receptor activation in the posterior hypothalamic area. Pain. 2004 ; 109: 367-378 (Pubitemid 38638714)
126. Bartsch T, Levy MJ, Knight YE, et al. Inhibition of nociceptive dural input in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis by somatostatin receptor blockade in the posterior hypothalamus. Pain. 2005 ; 117: 30-39 (Pubitemid 41764770)
127. Belle MD, Hughes AT, Bechtold DA, et al. Acute suppressive and long-term phase modulation actions of orexin on the mammalian circadian clock. J Neurosci. 2014 ; 34: 3607-3621
128. Charbit AR, Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Trigeminocervical complex responses after lesioning dopaminergic A11 nucleus are modified by dopamine and serotonin mechanisms. Pain. 2011 ; 152: 2365-2376
129. Charbit AR, Akerman S, Holland PR, et al. Neurons of the dopaminergic/calcitonin gene-related peptide A11 cell group modulate neuronal firing in the trigeminocervical complex: An electrophysiological and immunohistochemical study. J Neurosci. 2009 ; 29: 12532-12541
130. Trenkwalder C, Paulus W. Restless legs syndrome: Pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 ; 6: 337-346
131. Afridi SK, Matharu MS, Lee L, et al. A PET study exploring the laterality of brainstem activation in migraine using glyceryl trinitrate. Brain. 2005 ; 128: 932-939 (Pubitemid 40516929)
132. Bahra A, Matharu MS, Buchel C, et al. Brainstem activation specific to migraine headache. Lancet. 2001 ; 357: 1016-1017 (Pubitemid 32285399)
133. Fields HL, Bry J, Hentall I, et al. The activity of neurons in the rostral medulla of the rat during withdrawal from noxious heat. J Neurosci. 1983 ; 3: 2545-2552 (Pubitemid 14187131)
134. Fields HL, Vanegas H, Hentall ID, et al. Evidence that disinhibition of brain stem neurones contributes to morphine analgesia. Nature. 1983 ; 306: 684-686 (Pubitemid 14201851)
135. Mason P. Deconstructing endogenous pain modulations. J Neurophysiol. 2005 ; 94: 1659-1663
136. Holland PR. Modulation of trigeminovascular processing: Novel insights into primary headache disorders. Cephalalgia. 2009 ; 29: 1-6
137. Knight YE, Bartsch T, Goadsby PJ. Trigeminal antinociception induced by bicuculline in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is not affected by PAG P/Q-type calcium channel blockade in rat. Neurosci Lett. 2003 ; 336: 113-116 (Pubitemid 36009320)
138. Knight YE, Goadsby PJ. The periaqueductal grey matter modulates trigeminovascular input: A role in migraine?. Neuroscience. 2001 ; 106: 793-800 (Pubitemid 33000183)
139. Lu J, Jhou TC, Saper CB. Identification of wake-active dopaminergic neurons in the ventral periaqueductal gray matter. J Neurosci. 2006 ; 26: 193-202 (Pubitemid 43089532)
140. Kaur S, Thankachan S, Begum S, et al. Hypocretin-2 saporin lesions of the ventrolateral periaquaductal gray (vlPAG) increase REM sleep in hypocretin knockout mice. PloS One. 2009 ; 4: e6346 - e6346
141. Fragoso YD, Brooks JB. Two cases of lesions in brainstem in multiple sclerosis and refractory migraine. Headache. 2007 ; 47: 852-854 (Pubitemid 46944393)
142. Gee JR, Chang J, Dublin AB, et al. The association of brainstem lesions with migraine-like headache: An imaging study of multiple sclerosis. Headache. 2005 ; 45: 670-677 (Pubitemid 40798688)
143. Kruit MC, Launer LJ, Ferrari MD, et al. Brain stem and cerebellar hyperintense lesions in migraine. Stroke. 2006 ; 37: 1109-1112
144. Raskin NH, Hosobuchi Y, Lamb S. Headache may arise from perturbation of brain. Headache. 1987 ; 27: 416-420 (Pubitemid 17148700)
145. Veloso F, Kumar K, Toth C. Headache secondary to deep brain implantation. Headache. 1998 ; 38: 507-515 (Pubitemid 28429338)
146. Borsook D, Burstein R. The enigma of the dorsolateral pons as a migraine generator. Cephalalgia. 2012 ; 32: 803-812
147. Robert C, Bourgeais L, Arreto CD, et al. Paraventricular hypothalamic regulation of trigeminovascular mechanisms involved in headaches. J Neurosci. 2013 ; 33: 8827-8840
148. Goadsby PJ, Lambert GA, Lance JW. Effects of locus coeruleus stimulation on carotid vascular resistance in the cat. Brain Res. 1983 ; 278: 175-183 (Pubitemid 14219286)
149. Goadsby PJ, Lambert GA, Lance JW. Differential effects on the internal and external carotid circulation of the monkey evoked by locus coeruleus stimulation. Brain Res. 1982 ; 249: 247-254 (Pubitemid 12035402)
150. Goadsby PJ, Lambert GA, Lance JW. The mechanism of cerebrovascular vasoconstriction in response to locus coeruleus stimulation. Brain Res. 1985 ; 326: 213-217 (Pubitemid 15160032)
151. Goadsby PJ, Duckworth JW. Low frequency stimulation of the locus coeruleus reduces regional cerebral blood flow in the spinalized cat. Brain Res. 1989 ; 476: 71-77 (Pubitemid 19006365)
152. Rasmussen K, Morilak DA, Jacobs BL. Single unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the freely moving cat. I. During naturalistic behaviors and in response to simple and complex stimuli. Brain Res. 1986 ; 371: 324-334 (Pubitemid 16082911)
153. Hobson JA, McCarley RW, Wyzinski PW. Sleep cycle oscillation: Reciprocal discharge by two brainstem neuronal groups. Science. 1975 ; 189: 55-58
154. Fort P, Khateb A, Pegna A, et al. Noradrenergic modulation of cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons demonstrated by in vitro pharmacological and immunohistochemical evidence in the guinea-pig brain. Eur J Neurosci. 1995 ; 7: 1502-1511
155. McCormick DA, Pape HC. Noradrenergic and serotonergic modulation of a hyperpolarization-activated cation current in thalamic relay neurones. J Physiol. 1990 ; 431: 319-342
156. Bai D, Renaud LP. Median preoptic nucleus neurons: An in vitro patch-clamp analysis of their intrinsic properties and noradrenergic receptors in the rat. Neuroscience. 1998 ; 83: 905-916 (Pubitemid 28068910)
157. Gallopin T, Fort P, Eggermann E, et al. Identification of sleep-promoting neurons in vitro. Nature. 2000 ; 404: 992-995 (Pubitemid 30243592)
158. Jones BE, Harper ST, Halaris AE. Effects of locus coeruleus lesions upon cerebral monoamine content, sleep-wakefulness states and the response to amphetamine in the cat. Brain Res. 1977 ; 124: 473-496 (Pubitemid 8062413)
159. Sakai K, Crochet S. Role of the locus coeruleus in the control of paradoxical sleep generation in the cat. Arch Ital Biol. 2004 ; 142: 421-427 (Pubitemid 39297600)
160. Huang ZL, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. The role of adenosine in the regulation of sleep. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011 ; 11: 1047-1057
161. Christie MA, Bolortuya Y, Chen LC, et al. Microdialysis elevation of adenosine in the basal forebrain produces vigilance impairments in the rat psychomotor vigilance task. Sleep. 2008 ; 31: 1393-1398
162. Dunwiddie TV, Worth T. Sedative and anticonvulsant effects of adenosine analogs in mouse and rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1982 ; 220: 70-76 (Pubitemid 12219290)
163. Virus RM, Djuricic-Nedelson M, Radulovacki M, et al. The effects of adenosine and 2?-deoxycoformycin on sleep and wakefulness in rats. Neuropharmacology. 1983 ; 22: 1401-1404 (Pubitemid 14222235)
164. Satoh S, Matsumura H, Hayaishi O. Involvement of adenosine A2A receptor in sleep promotion. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 ; 351: 155-162 (Pubitemid 28312926)
165. Fredholm BB, Bättig K, Holmén J, et al. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev. 1999 ; 51: 83-133 (Pubitemid 29113867)
166. Snyder SH, Katims JJ, Annau Z, et al. Adenosine receptors and behavioral actions of methylxanthines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981 ; 78: 3260-3264
167. Musafia B, Rosenberg G. Methylphenidate therapy, headaches and caffeine consumption. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 ; 33: 148-148
168. Shapiro RE. Caffeine and headaches. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008 ; 12: 311-315
169. Porkka-Heiskanen T, Strecker RE, Thakkar M, et al. Adenosine: A mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness. Science. 1997 ; 276: 1265-1268
170. Johansson B, Halldner L, Dunwiddie TV, et al. Hyperalgesia, anxiety, and decreased hypoxic neuroprotection in mice lacking the adenosine A1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001 ; 98: 9407-9412 (Pubitemid 32743930)
171. Ledent C, Vaugeois JM, Schiffmann SN, et al. Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2a receptor. Nature. 1997 ; 388: 674-678 (Pubitemid 27366438)
172. Yoon MH, Bae HB, Choi JI. Antinociception of intrathecal adenosine receptor subtype agonists in rat formalin test. Anesth Analg. 2005 ; 101: 1417-1421 (Pubitemid 41531881)
173. Adamantidis A, de Lecea L. The hypocretins as sensors for metabolism and arousal. J Physiol. 2009 ; 587 (Pt 1). 33-40
174. Thakkar MM, Engemann SC, Walsh KM, et al. Adenosine and the homeostatic control of sleep: Effects of A1 receptor blockade in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus on sleep-wakefulness. Neuroscience. 2008 ; 153: 875-880
175. Liu ZW, Gao XB. Adenosine inhibits activity of hypocretin/orexin neurons by the A1 receptor in the lateral hypothalamus: A possible sleep-promoting effect. J Neurophysiol. 2007 ; 97: 837-848
176. Holland P, Goadsby PJ. The hypothalamic orexinergic system: Pain and primary headaches. Headache. 2007 ; 47: 951-962 (Pubitemid 46944378)
177. Holland PR, Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Modulation of nociceptive dural input to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis via activation of the orexin 1 receptor in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2006 ; 24: 2825-2833 (Pubitemid 44813833)
178. Yang YC, Hu CC, Huang CS, et al. Thalamic synaptic transmission of sensory information modulated by synergistic interaction of adenosine and serotonin. J Neurochem. 2014 ; 128: 852-863
179. Goadsby PJ, Hoskin KL, Storer RJ, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor agonists inhibit trigeminovascular nociceptive transmission. Brain. 2002 ; 125: 1392-1401 (Pubitemid 34587147)
180. Giffin NJ, Kowacs F, Libri V, et al. Effect of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist GR79236 on trigeminal nociception with blink reflex recordings in healthy human subjects. Cephalalgia. 2003 ; 23: 287-292 (Pubitemid 36577947)
181. Hohoff C, Marziniak M, Lesch KP, et al. An adenosine A2A receptor gene haplotype is associated with migraine with aura. Cephalalgia. 2007 ; 27: 177-181 (Pubitemid 46169445)
182. Guieu R, Devaux C, Henry H, et al. Adenosine and migraine. Can J Neurol Sci. 1998 ; 25: 55-58 (Pubitemid 28210160)
183. Guieu R, Paganelli F, Sampieri F, et al. The use of HPLC to evaluate the variations of blood coronary adenosine levels during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Clin Chim Acta. 1994 ; 230: 63-68 (Pubitemid 24303649)
184. Brown SG, Waterer GW. Migraine precipitated by adenosine. Med J Aust. 1995 ; 162: 389, 391-389, 391
185. Saper CB, Scammell TE, Lu J. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature. 2005 ; 437: 1257-1263 (Pubitemid 41568665)
186. Comai S, Ochoa-Sanchez R, Gobbi G. Sleep-wake characterization of double MT(1)/MT(2) receptor knockout mice and comparison with MT1 and MT2 receptor knockout mice. Behav Brain Res. 2013 ; 243: 231-238
187. Chazot G, Claustrat B, Brun J, et al. A chronobiological study of melatonin, cortisol growth hormone and prolactin secretion in cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 1984 ; 4: 213-220
188. Leone M, Frediani F, D'Amico D, et al. Dexamethasone suppression test, melatonin and TRH-test in cluster headache. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1992 ; 13: 227-232
189. Leone M, Lucini V, D'Amico D, et al. Twenty-four-hour melatonin and cortisol plasma levels in relation to timing of cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 1995 ; 15: 224-229
190. Waldenlind E, Gustafsson SA, Ekbom K, et al. Circadian secretion of cortisol and melatonin in cluster headache during active cluster periods and remission. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987 ; 50: 207-213 (Pubitemid 17016562)
191. Leone M, D'Amico D, Moschiano F, et al. Melatonin versus placebo in the prophylaxis of cluster headache: A double-blind pilot study with parallel groups. Cephalalgia. 1996 ; 16: 494-496 (Pubitemid 26373787)
192. Claustrat B, Brun J, Chiquet C, et al. Melatonin secretion is supersensitive to light in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2004 ; 24: 128-133 (Pubitemid 38221727)
193. Claustrat B, Loisy C, Brun J, et al. Nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in migraine: A preliminary report. Headache. 1989 ; 29: 242-245 (Pubitemid 20346774)
194. Murialdo G, Fonzi S, Costelli P, et al. Urinary melatonin excretion throughout the ovarian cycle in menstrually related migraine. Cephalalgia. 1994 ; 14: 205-209 (Pubitemid 24220226)
195. Srinivasan V, Lauterbach EC, Ho KY, et al. Melatonin in antinociception: Its therapeutic applications. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2012 ; 10: 167-178
196. Laurido C, Pelissie T, Soto-Moyano R, et al. Effect of melatonin on rat spinal cord nociceptive transmission. Neuroreport. 2002 ; 13: 89-91 (Pubitemid 34102032)
197. Tanuri FC, de Lima E, Peres MF, et al. Melatonin treatment decreases c-fos expression in a headache model induced by capsaicin. J Headache Pain. 2009 ; 10: 105-110
198. le Grand SM, Patumraj S, Phansuwan-Pujito P, et al. Melatonin inhibits cortical spreading depression-evoked trigeminal nociception. Neuroreport. 2006 ; 17: 1709-1713 (Pubitemid 44621569)
199. Nambu T, Sakurai T, Mizukami K, et al. Distribution of orexin neurons in the adult rat brain. Brain Res. 1999 ; 827: 243-260 (Pubitemid 29222929)
200. Nakamura T, Uramura K, Nambu T, et al. Orexin-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotypy are mediated by the dopaminergic system. Brain Res. 2000 ; 873: 181-187 (Pubitemid 30468504)
201. Peyron C, Faraco J, Rogers W, et al. A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat Med. 2000 ; 6: 991-997
202. Sakurai T, Nagata R, Yamanaka A, et al. Input of orexin/hypocretin by a genetically encoded neurons revealed tracer in mice. Neuron. 2005 ; 46: 297-308 (Pubitemid 40545784)
203. Yoshida K, McCormack S, España RA, et al. Afferents to the orexin neurons of the rat brain. J Comp Neurol. 2006 ; 494: 845-861 (Pubitemid 43054230)
204. Machaalani R, Hunt NJ, Waters KA. Effects of changes in energy homeostasis and exposure of noxious insults on the expression of orexin (hypocretin) and its receptors in the brain. Brain Res. 2013 ; 1526: 102-122
205. Trivedi P, Yu H, MacNeil DJ, et al. Distribution of orexin receptor mRNA in the rat brain. FEBS Lett. 1998 ; 438: 71-75 (Pubitemid 28517837)
206. Chemelli RM, Willie JT, Sinton CM, et al. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: Molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell. 1999 ; 98: 437-451 (Pubitemid 29402482)
207. Hara J, Beuckmann CT, Nambu T, et al. Genetic ablation of orexin neurons in mice results in narcolepsy, hypophagia, and obesity. Neuron. 2001 ; 30: 345-354 (Pubitemid 32530580)
208. Lin L, Faraco J, Li R, et al. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell. 1999 ; 98: 365-376 (Pubitemid 29380571)
209. Thannickal TC, Moore RY, Nienhuis R, et al. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron. 2000 ; 27: 469-474
210. Dahmen N, Kasten M, Wieczorek S, et al. Increased frequency of migraine in narcoleptic patients: A confirmatory study. Cephalalgia. 2003 ; 23: 14-19 (Pubitemid 36356798)
211. Rainero I, Gallone S, Rubino E, et al. Haplotype analysis confirms the association between the HCRTR2 gene and cluster headache. Headache. 2008 ; 48: 1108-1114 (Pubitemid 351952077)
212. Rainero I, Rubino E, Gallone S, et al. Evidence for an association between migraine and the hypocretin receptor 1 gene. J Headache Pain. 2011 ; 12: 193-199
213. Schurks M, Kurth T, Geissler I, et al. Cluster headache is associated with the G1246A polymorphism in the hypocretin receptor 2 gene. Neurology. 2006 ; 66: 1917-1919 (Pubitemid 44049827)
214. Schurks M, Limmroth V, Geissler I, et al. Association between migraine and the G1246A polymorphism in the hypocretin receptor 2 gene. Headache. 2007 ; 47: 1195-1199 (Pubitemid 47457768)
215. Baumber L, Sjöstrand C, Leone M, et al. A genome-wide scan and HCRTR2 candidate gene analysis in a European cluster headache cohort. Cephalalgia. 2006 ; 26: 1363-1364
216. Herring WJ, Snyder E, Budd K, et al. Orexin receptor antagonism for treatment of insomnia: A randomized clinical trial of suvorexant. Neurology. 2012 ; 79: 2265-2274
217. Hoffmann J, Supronsinchai W, Akerman S, et al. Nociceptive trigeminal neurotransmission is inhibited by the dual orexin receptor antagonist DORA-12. Cephalalgia. 2013 ; 33: 8-9
218. Bergström AL, Hannibal J, Hindersson P, et al. Light-induced phase shift in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is attenuated by the PACAP receptor antagonist PACAP6-38 or PACAP immunoneutralization. Eur J Neurosci. 2003 ; 18: 2552-2562 (Pubitemid 37452671)
219. Chen D, Buchanan GF, Ding JM, et al. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide: A pivotal modulator of glutamatergic regulation of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999 ; 96: 13468-13473
220. Hannibal J, Ding JM, Chen D, et al. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) in the retinohypothalamic tract: A potential daytime regulator of the biological clock. J Neurosci. 1997 ; 17: 2637-2644 (Pubitemid 27137429)
221. Ahnaou A, Basille M, Gonzalez B, et al. Long-term enhancement of REM sleep by the pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the pontine reticular formation of the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 1999 ; 11: 4051-4058 (Pubitemid 29537584)
222. Ahnaou A, Yon L, Arluison M, et al. Immunocytochemical distribution of VIP and PACAP in the rat brain stem: Implications for REM sleep physiology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 ; 1070: 135-142 (Pubitemid 44126631)
223. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Komaki G, et al. Passage of pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide(1-27) and pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide(1-38) across the blood-brain-barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 ; 267: 690-696 (Pubitemid 23352525)
224. Tuka B, Helyes Z, Markovics A, et al. Alterations in PACAP-38-like immunoreactivity in the plasma during ictal and interictal periods of migraine patients. Cephalalgia. 2013 ; 33: 1085-1095
225. Zagami AS, Edvinsson L, Hoskin KL, et al. Stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus causes exracranial release of PACAP. Cephalalgia. 1995 ; 14: 109-109
226. Schytz HW, Birk S, Wienecke T, et al. PACAP38 induces migraine-like attacks in patients with migraine without aura. Brain. 2009 ; 132: 16-25
227. Csati A, Tajti J, Kuris A, et al. Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, nitric oxide synthase, and their receptors in human and rat sphenopalatine ganglion. Neuroscience. 2012 ; 202: 158-168
228. Masuo Y, Ohtaki T, Masuda Y, et al. Binding sites for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP): Comparison with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) binding site localization in rat brain sections. Brain Res. 1992 ; 575: 113-123
229. Tajti J, Uddman R, Edvinsson L. Neuropeptide localization in the "migraine generator" region of the human brainstem. Cephalalgia. 2001 ; 21: 96-101 (Pubitemid 32575471)
230. Uddman R, Goadsby PJ, Jansen I, et al. PACAP, a VIP-like peptide: Immunohistochemical localization and effect upon cat pial arteries and cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1993 ; 13: 291-297 (Pubitemid 23067464)
231. Laburthe M, Couvineau A. Molecular pharmacology and structure of VPAC receptors for VIP and PACAP. Regul Pept. 2002 ; 108: 165-173 (Pubitemid 35239874)
232. Markovics A, Kormos V, Gaszner B, et al. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide plays a key role in nitroglycerol-induced trigeminovascular activation in mice. Neurobiol Dis. 2012 ; 45: 633-644
233. Iversen HK, Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P. Intravenous nitroglycerin as an experimental-model of vascular headache. Basic characteristics. Pain. 1989 ; 38: 17-24 (Pubitemid 19184833)
234. Léger L, Gay N, Burlet S, et al. Localization of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons sending projections to the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1998 ; 257: 147-150 (Pubitemid 28552881)
235. Leonard CS, Kerman I, Blaha G, et al. Interdigitation of nitric-oxide-synthase-containing, tyrosine hydroxylase-containing, and serotonin-containing neurons in and around the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei of the guinea-pig. J Comp Neurol. 1995 ; 362: 411-432
236. Chen LC, Majde JA, Krueger JA. Spontaneous sleep in mice with targeted disruptions of neuronal or inducible nitric oxide synthase genes. Brain Res. 2003 ; 973: 214-222 (Pubitemid 36549159)
237. Datta S, Patterson EH, Siwek DF. Endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide in the pedunculopontine tegmentum induces sleep. Synapse. 1997 ; 27: 69-78 (Pubitemid 27327603)
238. Olesen J, Iversen HK, Thomsen LL. Nitric oxide supersensitivity: A possible molecular mechanism of migraine pain. Neuroreport. 1993 ; 4: 1027-1030 (Pubitemid 23242637)
239. Olesen J, Jansen-Olesen I. Nitric oxide mechanisms in migraine. Pathol Biol. 2000 ; 48: 648-657
240. Afridi SK, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Glyceryl trinitrate triggers premonitory symptoms in migraineurs. Pain. 2004 ; 110: 675-680 (Pubitemid 39036799)
241. Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Kaube H, et al. The effect of anti-migraine compounds on nitric oxide-induced dilation of dural meningeal vessels. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 ; 452: 223-228 (Pubitemid 35283934)
242. Strecker T, Dux M, Messlinger K. Increase in meningeal blood flow by nitric oxide - interaction with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor and prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. Cephalalgia. 2002 ; 22: 233-241 (Pubitemid 34557000)
243. Koulchitsky S, Fischer MJ, De Col R, et al. Biphasic response to nitric oxide of spinal trigeminal neurons with meningeal input in rat - possible implications for the pathophysiology of headaches. J Neurophysiol. 2004 ; 92: 1320-1328 (Pubitemid 39100634)
244. Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Kaube H, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors can antagonize neurogenic and calcitonin gene-related peptide induced dilation of dural meningeal vessels. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 ; 137: 62-68 (Pubitemid 34983464)
245. Hoskin KL, Bulmer DCE, Lasalandra M, et al. Fos expression in the trigeminocervical complex is reduced by NOS inhibition. Cephalalgia. 1999 ; 19: 394-394
246. Offenhauser N, Zinck T, Hoffmann J, et al. CGRP release and c-fos expression within trigeminal nucleus caudalis of the rat following glyceryltrinitrate infusion. Cephalalgia. 2005 ; 25: 225-236 (Pubitemid 40321716)
247. Lassen LH, Olesen J Headache pathogenesis: Monoamines, neuropeptides, purines and nitric oxide. Olesen J Edvinsson L, ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven ; 1997: 247-255.
248. Zhang X, Burstein R, Levy D. Local action of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6 on intracranial meningeal nociceptors. Cephalalgia. 2012 ; 32: 66-72
249. Rothrock JF. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for acute migraine treatment. Headache. 2010 ; 50: 1635-1636
250. Breder CD, Dinarello CA, Saper CB. Interleukin-1 immunoreactive innervation of the human hypothalamus. Science. 1988 ; 240: 321-324
251. Eriksson C, Nobel S, Winblad B, et al. Expression of interleukin 1 alpha and beta, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist mRNA in the rat central nervous system after peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharides. Cytokine. 2000 ; 12: 423-431 (Pubitemid 30449839)
252. Imeri L, Opp MR. How (and why) the immune system makes us sleep. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009 ; 10: 199-210
253. Munno I, Marinaro M, Bassi A, et al. Immunological aspects in migraine: Increase of IL-10 plasma levels during attack. Headache. 2001 ; 41: 764-767 (Pubitemid 32953326)
254. Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Baldi A, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and lymphocyte integrin expression in the internal jugular blood of migraine patients without aura assessed ictally. Headache. 2006 ; 46: 200-207
255. Zhang XC, Kainz V, Burstein R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces sensitization of meningeal nociceptors mediated via local COX and p38 MAP kinase actions. Pain. 2011 ; 152: 140-149
256. Cearley C, Churchill L, Krueger JM. Time of day differences in IL1beta and TNFalpha mRNA levels in specific regions of the rat brain. Neurosci Lett. 2003 ; 352: 61-63 (Pubitemid 37412326)
257. Krueger JM, Obál FJ, Fang J, et al. The role of cytokines in physiological sleep regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 ; 933: 211-221 (Pubitemid 32386036)
258. Sprenger T, Goadsby PJ. What has functional neuroimaging done for primary headache... and for the clinical neurologist?. J Clin Neurosci. 2010 ; 17: 547-553
259. Jego S, Glasgow SD, Herrera CG, et al. Optogenetic identification of a rapid eye movement sleep modulatory circuit in the hypothalamus. Nat Neurosci. 2013 ; 16: 1637-1643