Stress, sex, and addiction: Potential roles of corticotropin-releasing factor, oxytocin, and arginine-vasopressin

Behavioural Pharmacology

Volumn 25, Issue 5-6, 2014, Pages 445-457

  Bisagno, Verónica ^a   Cadet, Jean Lud ^b  

^a Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacologicas   (Argentina)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE   (United States)

Author keywords

addiction; arginine vasopressin; corticotropin releasing factor; oxytocin; sex; stress

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ANDROGEN; ARGIPRESSIN; CATECHOLAMINE; COCAINE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; DOPAMINE; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; METHAMPHETAMINE; NARCOTIC AGENT; NEUROPEPTIDE; NORADRENALIN; OXYTOCIN; PROGESTERONE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT;

AGGRESSION; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CHRONIC STRESS; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE COURSE; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; EMOTION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FEAR; HIPPOCAMPUS; HORMONE RESPONSE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; LIFE STRESS; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MOOD DISORDER; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PAIR BONDING; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PREVALENCE; RELAPSE; REWARD; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STRESS; STRIA TERMINALIS; ANIMAL; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; BRAIN; COPING BEHAVIOR; DRUG EFFECTS; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

ANIMALS; ARGININE VASOPRESSIN; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; BRAIN; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMANS; OXYTOCIN; RESILIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84906047918     PISSN: 09558810     EISSN: 14735849     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000049     Document Type: Article

References (222)

1. Abercrombie ED, Keefe KA, DiFrischia DS, Zigmond MJ (1989). Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. J Neurochem 52:1655-1658.
2. Aguilera G, Pham Q, Rabadan-Diehl C (1994). Regulation of pituitary vasopressin receptors during chronic stress: Relationship to corticotroph responsiveness. J Neuroendocrinol 6:299-304.
3. Ahmed SH, Koob GF (1997). Cocaine-but not food-seeking behavior-is reinstated by stress after extinction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 132:289-295.
4. Andrews JA, Tildesley E, Hops H, Li F (2002). The influence of peers on young adult substance use. Health Psychol 2:349-357.
5. Anker JJ, Carroll ME (2010). The role of progestins in the behavioral effects of cocaine and other drugs of abuse: Human and animal research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:315-333.
6. Anker JJ, Larson EB, Gliddon LA, Carroll ME (2007). Effects of progesterone on the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in female rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 15:472-480.
7. Antelman SM, Eichler AJ, Black CA, Kocan D (1980). Interchangeability of stress and amphetamine in sensitization. Science 207:329-331.
8. Aragona BJ, Liu Y, Yu YJ, Curtis JT, Detwiler JM, Insel TR, Wang Z (2006). Nucleus accumbens dopamine differentially mediates the formation and maintenance of monogamous pair bonds. Nat Neurosci 9:133-139.
9. Arima H, Aguilera G (2000). Vasopressin and oxytocin neurones of hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei co-express mRNA for type-1 and type-2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors. J Neuroendocrinol 12:833-842.
10. Bale TL, Vale WW (2004). CRF and CRF receptors: Role in stress responsivity and other behaviors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44:525-557.
11. Bangasser DA, Curtis A, Reyes BA, Bethea TT, Parastatidis I, Ischiropoulos H, et al. (2010). Sex differences in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor signaling and trafficking: Potential role in female vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry 15:896-904.
12. Bao A-M, Swaab DF (2007). Gender difference in age-related number of corticotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons in the human hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the role of sex hormones. Neuroendocrinology 85:27-36.
13. Bao A-M, Hestiantoro A, Van Someren EJW, Swaab DF, Zhou J-N (2005). Colocalization of corticotropin-releasing hormone and oestrogen receptoralpha in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in mood disorders. Brain 128:1301-1313.
14. Bao A-M, Fischer DF, Wu Y-H, Hol EM, Balesar R, Unmehopa UA, et al. (2006). A direct androgenic involvement in the expression of human corticotropin-releasing hormone. Mol Psychiatry 11:567-576.
15. Baracz SJ, Rourke PI, Pardey MC, Hunt GE, McGregor IS, Cornish JL (2012). Oxytocin directly administered into the nucleus accumbens core or subthalamic nucleus attenuates methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res 228:185-193.
16. Becker JB, Hu M (2008). Sex differences in drug abuse. Front Neuroendocrinol 29:36-47.
17. Bielsky IF, Hu SB, Young LJ (2005). Sexual dimorphism in the vasopressin system: Lack of an altered behavioral phenotype in female V1a receptor knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 164:132-136.
18. Brady KT, Randall CL (1999). Gender differences in substance use disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 22:241-252.
19. Brecht M-L, O'Brien A, von Mayrhauser C, Anglin MD (2004). Methamphetamine use behaviors and gender differences. Addict Behav 29:89-106.
20. Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Peterson EL, Lucia VC (1999). Vulnerability to assaultive violence: Further specification of the sex difference in post-Traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med 29:813-821.
21. Buisman-Pijlman F, Sumracki NM, Gordon JJ, Hull PR, Carter CS, Tops M (2014). Individual differences underlying susceptibility to addiction: Role for the endogenous oxytocin system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 119C:22-38.
22. Cadet JL, Bisagno V, Milroy CM (2014). Neuropathology of substance use disorders. Acta Neuropathol 127:91-107.
23. Cadet JL, Brannock C, Ladenheim B, McCoy MT, Krasnova IN, Lehrmann E, et al. (2014). Enhanced upregulation of CRH mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens of male rats after a second injection of methamphetamine given thirty days later. PLoS One 9:e84665.
24. Caine SB, Bowen CA, Yu G, Zuzga D, Negus SS, Mello NK (2004). Effect of gonadectomy and gonadal hormone replacement on cocaine self-Administration in female and male rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:929-942.
25. Caldwell HK, Lee HJ, Macbeth AH, Young WS 3rd (2008). Vasopressin: Behavioral roles of an 'original' neuropeptide. Prog Neurobiol 84:1-24.
26. Carroll ME, Lynch WJ, Roth ME, Morgan AD, Cosgrove KP (2004). Sex and estrogen influence drug abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:273-279.
27. Carson DS, Cornish JL, Guastella AJ, Hunt GE, McGregor IS (2010). Oxytocin decreases methamphetamine self-Administration, methamphetamine hyperactivity, and relapse to methamphetamine-seeking behaviour in rats. Neuropharmacology 58:38-43.
28. Carson DS, Hunt GE, Guastella AJ, Barber L, Cornish JL, Arnold JC, et al. (2010). Systemically administered oxytocin decreases methamphetamine activation of the subthalamic nucleus and accumbens core and stimulates oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus. Addict Biol 15:448-463.
29. Carter CS (2014). Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 65:17-39.
30. Charmandari E, Tsigos C, Chrousos G (2005). Endocrinology of the stress response. Annu Rev Physiol 67:259-284.
31. Cole BJ, Koob GF (1989). Low doses of corticotropin-releasing factor potentiate amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 99:27-33.
32. Contoreggi C, Herning RI, Na P, Gold PW, Chrousos G, Negro PJ, et al. (2003). Stress hormone responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in substance abusers without severe comorbid psychiatric disease. Biol Psychiatry 54:873-878.
33. Crestani CC, Alves FH, Gomes FV, Resstel LB, Correa FM, Herman JP (2013). Mechanisms in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis involved in control of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions: A review. Curr Neuropharmacol 11:141-159.
34. Dabrowska J, Hazra R, Ahern TH, Guo J-D, McDonald AJ, Mascagni F, et al. (2011). Neuroanatomical evidence for reciprocal regulation of the corticotrophin-releasing factor and oxytocin systems in the hypothalamus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat: Implications for balancing stress and affect. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36:1312-1326.
35. Dale HH (1906). On some physiological actions of ergot. J Physiol 34:163-206.
36. De Kloet ER, Joëls M, Holsboer F (2005). Stress and the brain: From adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:463-475.
37. De Vries GJ (2008). Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin innervation of the brain. Prog Brain Res 170:17-27.
38. De Vries GJ, Panzica GC (2006). Sexual differentiation of central vasopressin and vasotocin systems in vertebrates: Different mechanisms, similar endpoints. Neuroscience 138:947-955.
39. De Vries GJ, Södersten P (2009). Sex differences in the brain: The relation between structure and function. Horm Behav 55:589-596.
40. De Vries GJ, Buijs RM, Swaab DF (1981). Ontogeny of the vasopressinergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their extrahypothalamic projections in the rat brain-presence of a sex difference in the lateral septum. Brain Res 218:67-78.
41. De Vries GJ, Buijs RM, Sluiter AA (1984). Gonadal hormone actions on the morphology of the vasopressinergic innervation of the adult rat brain. Brain Res 298:141-145.
42. Der-Avakian A, Bland ST, Rozeske RR, Tamblyn JP, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR, Maier SF (2007). The effects of a single exposure to uncontrollable stress on the subsequent conditioned place preference responses to oxycodone, cocaine, and ethanol in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191:909-917.
43. Di Chiara G, Imperato A (1988). Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5274-5278.
44. Di Paolo T, Falardeau P, Morissette M (1988). Striatal D-2 dopamine agonist binding sites fluctuate during the rat estrous cycle. Life Sci 43:665-672.
45. Ditzen B, Schaer M, Gabriel B, Bodenmann G, Ehlert U, Heinrichs M (2009). Intranasal oxytocin increases positive communication and reduces cortisol levels during couple conflict. Biol Psychiatry 65:728-731.
46. Dluzen DE, Liu B (2008). Gender differences in methamphetamine use and responses: A review. Gend Med 5:24-35.
47. Domes G, Heinrichs M, Gläscher J, Büchel C, Braus DF, Herpertz SC (2007). Oxytocin attenuates amygdala responses to emotional faces regardless of valence. Biol Psychiatry 62:1187-1190.
48. Domes G, Lischke A, Berger C, Grossmann A, Hauenstein K, Heinrichs M, Herpertz SC (2010). Effects of intranasal oxytocin on emotional face processing in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35:83-93.
49. Donner NC, Lowry CA (2013). Sex differences in anxiety and emotional behavior. Pflugers Arch 465:601-626.
50. Du Vigneaud V (1956). Trail of sulfur research: From insulin to oxytocin. Science 123:967-974.
51. Edwards S, Self DW (2006). Monogamy: Dopamine ties the knot. Nat Neurosci 9:7-8.
52. Elliott JC, Lubin DA, Walker CH, Johns JM (2001). Acute cocaine alters oxytocin levels in the medial preoptic area and amygdala in lactating rat dams: Implications for cocaine-induced changes in maternal behavior and maternal aggression. Neuropeptides 35:127-134.
53. Elman I, Karlsgodt KH, Gastfriend DR (2001). Gender differences in cocaine craving among non-Treatment-seeking individuals with cocaine dependence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 27:193-202.
54. Erb S, Stewart J (1999). A role for the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not the amygdala, in the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on stressinduced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. J Neurosci 19:RC35.
55. Erb S, Salmaso N, Rodaros D, Stewart J (2001). A role for the CRF-containing pathway from central nucleus of the amygdala to bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 158:360-365.
56. Evans JL, Hahn JA, Page-Shafer K, Lum PJ, Stein ES, Davidson PJ, Moss AR (2003). Gender differences in sexual and injection risk behavior among active young injection drug users in San Francisco (the UFO study). J Urban Health 80:137-146.
57. Evans SM, Haney M, Foltin RW (2002). The effects of smoked cocaine during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 159:397-406.
58. Febo M, Ferris CF (2014). Oxytocin and vasopressin modulation of the neural correlates of motivation and emotion: Results from functional MRI studies in awake rats. Brain Res pii: S0006-8993:00072-00079.
59. Fernández-Ruiz JJ, de Miguel R, Hernández ML, Ramos JA (1990). Time-course of the effects of ovarian steroids on the activity of limbic and striatal dopaminergic neurons in female rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36:603-606.
60. Ferris CF, Melloni RH Jr, Koppel G, Perry KW, Fuller RW, Delville Y (1997). Vasopressin/serotonin interactions in the anterior hypothalamus control aggressive behavior in golden hamsters. J Neurosci 17:4331-4340.
61. Ferris CF, Stolberg T, Kulkarni P, Murugavel M, Blanchard R, Blanchard DC, et al. (2008). Imaging the neural circuitry and chemical control of aggressive motivation. BMC Neurosci 9:111.
62. Festa ED, Quinones-Jenab V (2004). Gonadal hormones provide the biological basis for sex differences in behavioral responses to cocaine. Horm Behav 46:509-519.
63. Figueiredo HF, Ulrich-Lai YM, Choi DC, Herman JP (2007). Estrogen potentiates adrenocortical responses to stress in female rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292:E1173-E1182.
64. Flagel SB, Akil H, Robinson TE (2009). Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to reward-related cues: Implications for addiction. Neuropharmacology 56 (Suppl 1):139-148.
65. Ford JD, Gelernter J, DeVoe JS, Zhang W, Weiss RD, Brady K, et al. (2009). Association of psychiatric and substance use disorder comorbidity with cocaine dependence severity and treatment utilization in cocaine-dependent individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 99:193-203.
66. Gaffori O, Le Moal M (1979). Disruption of maternal behavior and appearance of cannibalism after ventral mesencephalic tegmentum lesions. Physiol Behav 23:317-323.
67. Gallop RJ, Crits-Christoph P, Ten Have TR, Barber JP, Frank A, Griffin ML, Thase ME (2007). Differential transitions between cocaine use and abstinence for men and women. J Consult Clin Psychol 75:95-103.
68. Gimpl G, Fahrenholz F (2001). The oxytocin receptor system: Structure, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev 81:629-683.
69. Giovenardi M, Padoin MJ, Cadore LP, Lucion AB (1997). Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, oxytocin, and maternal aggression in rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 807:606-609.
70. Goldstein JM, Jerram M, Abbs B, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Makris N (2010). Sex differences in stress response circuitry activation dependent on female hormonal cycle. J Neurosci 30:431-438.
71. Goodson JL, Kelly AM, Kingsbury MA (2012). Evolving nonapeptide mechanisms of gregariousness and social diversity in birds. Horm Behav 61:239-250.
72. Griffin ML, Weiss RD, Mirin SM, Lange U (1989). A comparison of male and female cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:122-126.
73. Hamamura T, Fibiger HC (1993). Enhanced stress-induced dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex of amphetamine-sensitized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 237:65-71.
74. Han Y, Yu L-C (2009). Involvement of oxytocin and its receptor in nociceptive modulation in the central nucleus of amygdala of rats. Neurosci Lett 454:101-104.
75. Haney M, Maccari S, Le Moal M, Simon H, Piazza PV (1995). Social stress increases the acquisition of cocaine self-Administration in male and female rats. Brain Res 698:46-52.
76. Hansen S, Harthon C, Wallin E, Löfberg L, Svensson K (1991). The effects of 6-OHDA-induced dopamine depletions in the ventral or dorsal striatum on maternal and sexual behavior in the female rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39:71-77.
77. Hansen S, Bergvall AH, Nyiredi S (1993). Interaction with pups enhances dopamine release in the ventral striatum of maternal rats: A microdialysis study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45:673-676.
78. Heinrichs M, Baumgartner T, Kirschbaum C, Ehlert U (2003). Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biol Psychiatry 54:1389-1398.
79. Hoffmann A, Spengler D (2012). The lasting legacy of social stress on the epigenome of the hypothalamic-pituitary-Adrenal axis. Epigenomics 4:431-444.
80. Hoge EA, Pollack MH, Kaufman RE, Zak PJ, Simon NM (2008). Oxytocin levels in social anxiety disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther 14:165-170.
81. Holahan MR, Kalin NH, Kelley AE (1997). Microinfusion of corticotropinreleasing factor into the nucleus accumbens shell results in increased behavioral arousal and oral motor activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 130:189-196.
82. Hser Y-I, Evans E, Huang Y-C (2005). Treatment outcomes among women and men methamphetamine abusers in California. J Subst Abuse Treat 28:77-85.
83. Huber D, Veinante P, Stoop R (2005). Vasopressin and oxytocin excite distinct neuronal populations in the central amygdala. Science 308:245-248.
84. Hudson A, Stamp JA (2011). Ovarian hormones and propensity to drug relapse: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:427-436.
85. Inoue H, Yamasue H, Tochigi M, Abe O, Liu X, Kawamura Y, et al. (2010). Association between the oxytocin receptor gene and amygdalar volume in healthy adults. Biol Psychiatry 68:1066-1072.
86. Insel TR (2003). Is social attachment an addictive disorder? Physiol Behav 79:351-357.
87. Iwasaki-Sekino A, Mano-Otagiri A, Ohata H, Yamauchi N, Shibasaki T (2009). Gender differences in corticotropin and corticosterone secretion and corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the central nucleus of the amygdala in response to footshock stress or psychological. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34:226-237.
88. Jackson LR, Robinson TE, Becker JB (2006). Sex differences and hormonal influences on acquisition of cocaine self-Administration in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:129-138.
89. Javed A, Kamradt MC, Van de Kar LD, Gray TS (1999). D-Fenfluramine induces serotonin-mediated Fos expression in corticotropin-releasing factor and oxytocin neurons of the hypothalamus, and serotonin-independent Fos expression in enkephalin and neurotensin neurons of the amygdala. Neuroscience 90:851-858.
90. Johns JM, Caldwell JD, Pedersen CA (1993). Acute cocaine treatment decreases oxytocin levels in the rat hippocampus. Neuropeptides 24:165-169.
91. Kalivas PW, Duffy P (1989). Similar effects of daily cocaine and stress on mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission in the rat. Biol Psychiatry 25:913-928.
92. Karatsoreos IN, McEwen BS (2011). Psychobiological allostasis: Resistance, resilience and vulnerability. Trends Cogn Sci 15:576-584.
93. Keer SE, Stern JM (1999). Dopamine receptor blockade in the nucleus accumbens inhibits maternal retrieval and licking, but enhances nursing behavior in lactating rats. Physiol Behav 67:659-669.
94. Kelly MM, Tyrka AR, Anderson GM, Price LH, Carpenter LL (2008). Sex differences in emotional and physiological responses to the Trier Social Stress Test. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 39:87-98.
95. Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO (2000). Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: An evaluation of the 'kindling' hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 157:1243-1251.
96. Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J (2014). Peer deviance, parental divorce, and genetic risk in the prediction of drug abuse in a nationwide Swedish sample evidence of environment-environment and geneenvironment interaction. JAMA Psychiatry 71:439-445.
97. Kessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Walters EE, et al. (2005). Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. N Engl J Med 352:2515-2523.
98. Kirsch P, Esslinger C, Chen Q, Mier D, Lis S, Siddhanti S, et al. (2005). Oxytocin modulates neural circuitry for social cognition and fear in humans. J Neurosci 25:11489-11493.
99. Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH (1993). The 'Trier Social Stress Test'-A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28:76-81.
100. Koob G, Kreek MJ (2007). Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence. Am J Psychiatry 164:1149-1159.
101. Koob GF, Heinrichs SC (1999). A role for corticotropin releasing factor and urocortin in behavioral responses to stressors. Brain Res 848:141-152.
102. Koob GF, Zorrilla EP (2010). Neurobiological mechanisms of addiction: Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 11:63-71.
103. Koob GF, Buck CL, Cohen A, Edwards S, Park PE, Schlosburg JE, et al. (2014). Addiction as a stress surfeit disorder. Neuropharmacology 76 (Pt B):370-382.
104. Kosten TA, Gawin FH, Kosten TR, Rounsaville BJ (1993). Gender differences in cocaine use and treatment response. J Subst Abuse Treat 10:63-66.
105. Kovàcs GL, Sarnyai Z, Barbarczi E, Szabó G, Telegdy G (1990). The role of oxytocin-dopamine interactions in cocaine-induced locomotor hyperactivity. Neuropharmacology 29:365-368.
106. Kreibich AS, Blendy JA (2004). Camp response element-binding protein is required for stress but not cocaine-induced reinstatement. J Neurosci 24:6686-6692.
107. Kudielka BM, Kirschbaum C (2005). Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: A review. Biol Psychol 69:113-132.
108. Kufahl PR, Li Z, Risinger RC, Rainey CJ, Wu G, Bloom AS, Li SJ (2005). Neural responses to acute cocaine administration in the human brain detected by fMRI. Neuroimage 28:904-914.
109. Kuhn C, Johnson M, Thomae A, Luo B, Simon SA, Zhou G, Walker QD (2010). The emergence of gonadal hormone influences on dopaminergic function during puberty. Horm Behav 58:122-137.
110. Larson EB, Anker JJ, Gliddon LA, Fons KS, Carroll ME (2007). Effects of estrogen and progesterone on the escalation of cocaine self-Administration in female rats during extended access. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 15:461-471.
111. Lee H-J, Macbeth AH, Pagani JH, Young WS (2009). Oxytocin: The great facilitator of life. Prog Neurobiol 88:127-151.
112. Lévesque D, Gagnon S, Di Paolo T (1989). Striatal D1 dopamine receptor density fluctuates during the rat estrous cycle. Neurosci Lett 98:345-350.
113. Lex BW (1991). Some gender differences in alcohol and polysubstance users. Health Psychol 10:121-132.
114. Leyton M, Stewart J (1990). Preexposure to foot-shock sensitizes the locomotor response to subsequent systemic morphine and intra-nucleus accumbens amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37:303-310.
115. Light KC, Grewen KM, Amico JA, Boccia M, Brownley KA, Johns JM (2004). Deficits in plasma oxytocin responses and increased negative affect, stress, and blood pressure in mothers with cocaine exposure during pregnancy. Addict Behav 29:1541-1564.
116. Lim MM, Young LJ (2006). Neuropeptidergic regulation of affiliative behavior and social bonding in animals. Horm Behav 50:506-517.
117. Logrip ML, Koob GF, Zorrilla EP (2011). Role of corticotropin-releasing factor in drug addiction: Potential for pharmacological intervention. CNS Drugs 25:271-287.
118. Lonstein JS, Simmons DA, Swann JM, Stern JM (1998). Forebrain expression of c-fos due to active maternal behaviour in lactating rats. Neuroscience 82:267-281.
119. Loup F, Tribollet E, Dubois-Dauphin M, Dreifuss JJ (1991). Localization of highaffinity binding sites for oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain. An autoradiographic study. Brain Res 555:220-232.
120. Love TM, Enoch M-A, Hodgkinson CA, Peciña M, Mickey B, Koeppe RA, et al. (2012). Oxytocin gene polymorphisms influence human dopaminergic function in a sex-dependent manner. Biol Psychiatry 72:198-206.
121. Luine VN (2008). Sex steroids and cognitive function. J Neuroendocrinol 20:866-872.
122. Lund TD, Munson DJ, Haldy ME, Handa RJ (2004). Androgen inhibits, while oestrogen enhances, restraint-induced activation of neuropeptide neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 16:272-278.
123. Lynch WJ (2006). Sex differences in vulnerability to drug self-Administration. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 14:34-41.
124. Lynch WJ, Roth ME, Carroll ME (2002). Biological basis of sex differences in drug abuse: Preclinical and clinical studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 164:121-137.
125. MacLennan AJ, Maier SF (1983). Coping and the stress-induced potentiation of stimulant stereotypy in the rat. Science 219:1091-1093.
126. Makino S, Smith MA, Gold PW (1995). Increased expression of corticotropinreleasing hormone and vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus during repeated stress: Association with reduction in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels. Endocrinology 136:3299-3309.
127. Mansi JA, Rivest S, Drolet G (1996). Regulation of corticotropin- releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus by exogenous CRF. Endocrinology 137:4619-4629.
128. Martin TA, Jayanthi S, McCoy MT, Brannock C, Ladenheim B, Garrett T, et al. (2012). Methamphetamine causes differential alterations in gene expression and patterns of histone acetylation/hypoacetylation in the rat nucleus accumbens. PLoS One 7:e34236.
129. McEwen BS (1999). Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:105-122.
130. McEwen BS (2010). Stress, sex, and neural adaptation to a changing environment: Mechanisms of neuronal remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1204 (Suppl):E38-E59.
131. McFall ME, Mackay PW, Donovan DM (1992). Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder and severity of substance abuse in Vietnam veterans. J Stud Alcohol 53:357-363.
132. McGregor IS, Bowen MT (2012). Breaking the loop: Oxytocin as a potential treatment for drug addiction. Horm Behav 61:331-339.
133. McLaughlin JP, Land BB, Li S, Pintar JE, Chavkin C (2006). Prior activation of kappa opioid receptors by U50,488 mimics repeated forced swim stress to potentiate cocaine place preference conditioning. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:787-794.
134. McLean CP, Anderson ER (2009). Brave men and timid women? a review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clin Psychol Rev 29:496-505.
135. Melis MR, Melis T, Cocco C, Succu S, Sanna F, Pillolla G, et al. (2007). Oxytocin injected into the ventral tegmental area induces penile erection and increases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male rats. Eur J Neurosci 26:1026-1035.
136. Michopoulos V, Checchi M, Sharpe D, Wilson ME (2011). Estradiol effects on behavior and serum oxytocin are modified by social status and polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene in female rhesus monkeys. Horm Behav 59:528-535.
137. Miller MA, Devries GJ, al-Shamma HA, Dorsa DM (1992). Decline of vasopressin immunoreactivity and mRNA levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis following castration. J Neurosci 12:2881-2887.
138. Morrell JI, Basso JC, Pereira M (2011). Both high and low doses of cocaine derail normal maternal caregiving-lessons from the laboratory rat. Front Psychiatry 2:30.
139. Munro CA, McCaul ME, Wong DF, Oswald LM, Zhou Y, Brasic J, et al. (2006). Sex differences in striatal dopamine release in healthy adults. Biol Psychiatry 59:966-974.
140. Nemeroff CB (1996). The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hypothesis of depression: New findings and new directions. Mol Psychiatry 1:336-342.
141. Nephew BC, Bridges RS (2008). Central actions of arginine vasopressin and a V1a receptor antagonist on maternal aggression, maternal behavior, and grooming in lactating rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 91:77-83.
142. Neumann ID, Landgraf R (2012). Balance of brain oxytocin and vasopressin: Implications for anxiety, depression, and social behaviors. Trends Neurosci 35:649-659.
143. Neumann ID, Krömer SA, Toschi N, Ebner K (2000). Brain oxytocin inhibits the (re)activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-Adrenal axis in male rats: Involvement of hypothalamic and limbic brain regions. Regul Pept 96:31-38.
144. Nomura M, McKenna E, Korach KS, Pfaff DW, Ogawa S (2002). Estrogen receptor-β regulates transcript levels for oxytocin and arginine vasopressin in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of male mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 109:84-94.
145. Olff M, Frijling JL, Kubzansky LD, Bradley B, Ellenbogen MA, Cardoso C, et al. (2013). The role of oxytocin in social bonding, stress regulation and mental health: An update on the moderating effects of context and interindividual differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38:1883-1894.
146. Onaka T (2004). Neural pathways controlling central and peripheral oxytocin release during stress. J Neuroendocrinol 16:308-312.
147. Opacka-Juffry J, Mohiyeddini C (2012). Experience of stress in childhood negatively correlates with plasma oxytocin concentration in adult men. Stress 15:1-10.
148. Ouimette P, Coolhart D, Funderburk JS, Wade M, Brown PJ (2007). Precipitants of first substance use in recently abstinent substance use disorder patients with PTSD. Addict Behav 32:1719-1727.
149. Pacchioni AM, Gioino G, Assis A, Cancela LM (2002). A single exposure to restraint stress induces behavioral and neurochemical sensitization to stimulating effects of amphetamine: Involvement of NMDA receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 965:233-246.
150. Parker G, Brotchie H (2010). Gender differences in depression. Int Rev Psychiatry 22:429-436.
151. Paulus MP (2007). Decision-making dysfunctions in psychiatry-Altered homeostatic processing? Science 318:602-606.
152. Pelleymounter MA, Joppa M, Carmouche M, Cullen MJ, Brown B, Murphy B, et al. (2000). Role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors in the anorexic syndrome induced by CRF. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293:799-806.
153. Perrin MH, Vale WW (1999). Corticotropin releasing factor receptors and their ligand family. Ann N Y Acad Sci 885:312-328.
154. Peter J, Burbach H, Adan RA, Lolait SJ, van Leeuwen FW, Mezey E, et al. (1995). Molecular neurobiology and pharmacology of the vasopressin/oxytocin receptor family. Cell Mol Neurobiol 15:573-595.
155. Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Moore GJ, Uhde TW, Tancer ME (2005). Neural substrates for voluntary suppression of negative affect: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 57:210-219.
156. Piazza PV, Deroche-Gamonet V (2013). A multistep general theory of transition to addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 229:387-413.
157. Piazza PV, Deminiàre JM, Le Moal M, Simon H (1989). Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-Administration. Science 245:1511-1513.
158. Pigott TA (2003). Anxiety disorders in women. Psychiatr Clin North Am 26:621-672.
159. Post RM, Kalivas P (2013). Bipolar disorder and substance misuse: Pathological and therapeutic implications of their comorbidity and cross-sensitisation. Br J Psychiatry 202:172-176.
160. Potenza MN, Hong KI, Lacadie CM, Fulbright RK, Tuit KL, Sinha R (2012). Neural correlates of stress-induced and cue-induced drug craving: Influences of sex and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 169:406-414.
161. Qi J, Yang J-Y, Song M, Li Y, Wang F, Wu C-F (2008). Inhibition by oxytocin of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity related to dopamine turnover in the mesolimbic region in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 376:441-448.
162. Qi J, Yang J-Y, Wang F, Zhao Y-N, Song M, Wu C-F (2009). Effects of oxytocin on methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference and the possible role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice in reinstatement. Neuropharmacology 56:856-865.
163. Quinones-Jenab V (2006). Why are women from Venus and men from Mars when they abuse cocaine? Brain Res 1126:200-203.
164. Rabadan-Diehl C, Kiss A, Camacho C, Aguilera G (1996). Regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid for corticotropin releasing hormone receptor in the pituitary during stress. Endocrinology 137:3808-3814.
165. Raggenbass M (2008). Overview of cellular electrophysiological actions of vasopressin. Eur J Pharmacol 583:243-254.
166. Reed MD, Price KE, Archbold J, Moffa A, Febo M (2013). Predator odorevoked BOLD activation in the awake rat: Modulation by oxytocin and V1a vasopressin receptor antagonists. Brain Res 1494:70-83.
167. Reichel CM, Chan CH, Ghee SM, See RE (2012). Sex differences in escalation of methamphetamine self-Administration: Cognitive and motivational consequences in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 223:371-380.
168. Robbins SJ, Ehrman RN, Childress AR, O'Brien CP (1999). Comparing levels of cocaine cue reactivity in male and female outpatients. Drug Alcohol Depend 53:223-230.
169. Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 18:247-291.
170. Rodríguez-Borrero E, Rivera-Escalera F, Candelas F, Montalvo J, Muñoz-Miranda WJ, Walker JR, Maldonado-Vlaar CS (2010). Arginine vasopressin gene expression changes within the nucleus accumbens during environment elicited cocaine-conditioned response in rats. Neuropharmacology 58:88-101.
171. Roth ME, Carroll ME (2004). Sex differences in the acquisition of IV methamphetamine self-Administration and subsequent maintenance under a progressive ratio schedule in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 172:443-449.
172. Rood BD, Stott RT, You S, Smith CJ, Woodbury ME, De Vries GJ (2013). Site of origin of and sex differences in the vasopressin innervation of the mouse (Mus musculus) brain. J Comp Neurol 521:2321-2358.
173. Russo SJ, Festa ED, Fabian SJ, Gazi FM, Kraish M, Jenab S, Quiñones-Jenab V (2003). Gonadal hormones differentially modulate cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in male and female rats. Neuroscience 120:523-533.
174. Saal D, Dong Y, Bonci A, Malenka RC (2003). Drugs of abuse and stress trigger a common synaptic adaptation in dopamine neurons. Neuron 37:577-582.
175. Sanchez CJ, Bailie TM, Wu W-R, Li N, Sorg BA (2003). Manipulation of dopamine d1-like receptor activation in the rat medial prefrontal cortex alters stress-And cocaine-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference behavior. Neuroscience 119:497-505.
176. Sanders G, Freilicher J, Lightman SL (1990). Psychological stress of exposure to uncontrollable noise increases plasma oxytocin in high emotionality women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 15:47-58.
177. Sapolsky RM (2000). Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:925-935.
178. Sarnyai Z (2011). Oxytocin as a potential mediator and modulator of drug addiction. Addict Biol 16:199-201.
179. Sawyer WH (1967). Evolution of antidiuretic hormones and their functions. Am J Med 42:678-686.
180. Schindler CW, Bross JG, Thorndike EB (2002). Gender differences in the behavioral effects of methamphetamine. Eur J Pharmacol 442:231-235.
181. Schoofs D, Wolf OT (2011). Are salivary gonadal steroid concentrations influenced by acute psychosocial stress? A study using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Int J Psychophysiol 80:36-43.
182. Scott DJ, Heitzeg MM, Koeppe RA, Stohler CS, Zubieta J-K (2006). Variations in the human pain stress experience mediated by ventral and dorsal basal ganglia dopamine activity. J Neurosci 26:10789-10795.
183. Shaham Y, Rajabi H, Stewart J (1996). Relapse to heroin-seeking in rats under opioid maintenance: The effects of stress, heroin priming, and withdrawal. J Neurosci 16:1957-1963.
184. Shahrokh DK, Zhang T-Y, Diorio J, Gratton A, Meaney MJ (2010). Oxytocindopamine interactions mediate variations in maternal behavior in the rat. Endocrinology 151:2276-2286.
185. Shughrue PJ, Dellovade TL, Merchenthaler I (2002). Estrogen modulates oxytocin gene expression in regions of the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei that contain estrogen receptor-beta. Prog Brain Res 139:15-29.
186. Sinha R (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1141:105-130.
187. Sinha R, Li CSR (2007). Imaging stress-And cue-induced drug and alcohol craving: Association with relapse and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Rev 26:25-31.
188. Sofuoglu M, Mitchell E, Kosten TR (2004). Effects of progesterone treatment on cocaine responses in male and female cocaine users. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 78:699-705.
189. Sorg BA, Kalivas PW (1993). Effects of cocaine and footshock stress on extracellular dopamine levels in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 53:695-703.
190. Sripada CS, Phan KL, Labuschagne I, Welsh R, Nathan PJ, Wood AG (2013). Oxytocin enhances resting-state connectivity between amygdala and medial frontal cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 16:255-260.
191. Sterrenburg L, Gaszner B, Boerrigter J, Santbergen L, Bramini M, Roubos EW, et al. (2012). Sex-dependent and differential responses to acute restraint stress of corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat paraventricular nucleus, central amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J Neurosci Res 90:179-192.
192. Stoop R (2012). Neuromodulation by oxytocin and vasopressin. Neuron 76:142-159.
193. Stribley JM, Carter CS (1999). Developmental exposure to vasopressin increases aggression in adult prairie voles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:12601-12604.
194. Taylor SE, Saphire-Bernstein S, Seeman TE (2010). Are plasma oxytocin in women and plasma vasopressin in men biomarkers of distressed pair-bond relationships? Psychol Sci 21:3-7.
195. Tetrault JM, Desai RA, Becker WC, Fiellin DA, Concato J, Sullivan LE (2008). Gender and non-medical use of prescription opioids: Results from a National US Survey. Addiction 103:258-268.
196. Thompson RR, George K, Walton JC, Orr SP, Benson J (2006). Sex-specific influences of vasopressin on human social communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:7889-7894.
197. Tolin DF, Foa EB (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychol Bull 132:959-992.
198. Tost H, Kolachana B, Hakimi S, Lemaitre H, Verchinski BA, Mattay VS, et al. (2010). A common allele in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) impacts prosocial temperament and human hypothalamic-limbic structure and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:13936-13941.
199. Triffleman EG, Marmar CR, Delucchi KL, Ronfeldt H (1995). Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in substance abuse inpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis 183:172-176.
200. Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J (1981). Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin. Science 213:1394-1397.
201. Valentino RJ, Van Bockstaele E (2008). Convergent regulation of locus coeruleus activity as an adaptive response to stress. Eur J Pharmacol 583:194-203.
202. Vamvakopoulos NC, Chrousos GP (1993). Evidence of direct estrogenic regulation of human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression. Potential implications for the sexual dimophism of the stress response and immune/ inflammatory reaction. J Clin Invest 92:1896-1902.
203. Vaughan J, Donaldson C, Bittencourt J, Perrin MH, Lewis K, Sutton S, et al. (1995). Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin-releasing factor. Nature 378:287-292.
204. Viau V, Bingham B, Davis J, Lee P, Wong M (2005). Gender and puberty interact on the stress-induced activation of parvocellular neurosecretory neurons and corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the rat. Endocrinology 146:137-146.
205. Viviani D, Charlet A, van den Burg E, Robinet C, Hurni N, Abatis M, et al. (2011). Oxytocin selectively gates fear responses through distinct outputs from the central amygdala. Science 333:104-107.
206. Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Telang F (2011). Addiction: Beyond dopamine reward circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:15037-15042.
207. Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Fowler JS, Tomasi D (2012). Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 52:321-336.
208. Weinstock M, Razin M, Schorer-Apelbaum D, Men D, McCarty R (1998). Gender differences in sympathoadrenal activity in rats at rest and in response to footshock stress. Int J Dev Neurosci 16:289-295.
209. Weiser MJ, Foradori CD, Handa RJ (2008). Estrogen receptor beta in the brain: From form to function. Brain Res Rev 57:309-320.
210. Weissman MM, Bland R, Joyce PR, Newman S, Wells JE, Wittchen HU (1993). Sex differences in rates of depression: Cross-national perspectives. J Affect Disord 29:77-84.
211. White TL, Justice AJ, de Wit H (2002). Differential subjective effects of D-Amphetamine by gender, hormone levels and menstrual cycle phase. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73:729-741.
212. Wilson N, Cadet JL (2009). Comorbid mood, psychosis, and marijuana abuse disorders: A theoretical review. J Addict Dis 28:309-319.
213. Windle RJ, Kershaw YM, Shanks N, Wood SA, Lightman SL, Ingram CD (2004). Oxytocin attenuates stress-induced c-fos mRNA expression in specific forebrain regions associated with modulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-Adrenal activity. J Neurosci 24:2974-2982.
214. Yoshida M, Takayanagi Y, Inoue K, Kimura T, Young LJ, Onaka T, Nishimori K (2009). Evidence that oxytocin exerts anxiolytic effects via oxytocin receptor expressed in serotonergic neurons in mice. J Neurosci 29:2259-2271.
215. Young L J, Wang Z (2004). The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nat Neurosci 7:1048-1054.
216. Young L J, Muns S, Wang Z, Insel TR (1997). Changes in oxytocin receptor mRNA in rat brain during pregnancy and the effects of estrogen and interleukin-6. J Neuroendocrinol 9:859-865.
217. Young L J, Toloczko D, Insel TR (1999). Localization of vasopressin (V1a) receptor binding and mRNA in the rhesus monkey brain. J Neuroendocrinol 11:291-297.
218. Zhou Y, Spangler R, LaForge KS, Maggos CE, Ho A, Kreek MJ (1996). Corticotropin-releasing factor and type 1 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor messenger RNAs in rat brain and pituitary during 'binge'-pattern cocaine administration and chronic withdrawal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279:351-358.
219. Zhou Y, Leri F, Cummins E, Hoeschele M, Kreek MJ (2008). Involvement of arginine vasopressin and V1b receptor in heroin withdrawal and heroin seeking precipitated by stress and by heroin. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:226-236.
220. Zhou Y, Litvin Y, Piras AP, Pfaff DW, Kreek MJ (2011). Persistent increase in hypothalamic arginine vasopressin gene expression during protracted withdrawal from chronic escalating-dose cocaine in rodents. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:2062-2075.
221. Zilberman M, Tavares H, el-Guebaly N (2003). Gender similarities and differences: The prevalence and course of alcohol-And other substance-related disorders. J Addict Dis 22:61-74.
222. Zink CF, Stein JL, Kempf L, Hakimi S, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2010). Vasopressin modulates medial prefrontal cortex-Amygdala circuitry during emotion processing in humans. J Neurosci 30:7017-7022.