Real-time monitoring of exhaled drugs by mass spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 394-413

  Berchtold, Christian ^a   Bosilkovska, Marija ^b   Daali, Youssef ^b   Walder, Bernhard ^b   Zenobi, Renato ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

ambient mass spectrometry; breath analysis; drug analysis; real time analysis

Indexed keywords

MASS SPECTROMETRY; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT TREATMENT;

AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRIES; BREATH ANALYSIS; DRUG ANALYSIS; ON-SITE MEASUREMENT; REAL TIME ANALYSIS; REAL TIME MEASUREMENTS; REAL TIME MONITORING; STATE OF THE ART;

DRUG DOSAGE;

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BREATH ANALYSIS; COMPUTER SYSTEM; DEVICES; DRUG MONITORING; ELECTROSPRAY MASS SPECTROMETRY; EXHALATION; HUMAN; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PHARMACOKINETICS; PROCEDURES; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION;

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BREATH TESTS; COMPUTER SYSTEMS; DRUG MONITORING; EXHALATION; HUMANS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PHARMACOKINETICS; RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES; SPECTROMETRY, MASS, ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

EID: 84905564397     PISSN: 02777037     EISSN: 10982787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mas.21393     Document Type: Review

References (189)

1. Adams NG, Smith D,. 1976. The selected ion flow tube (SIFT); A technique for studying ion-neutral reactions. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Phys 21: 349-359.
2. Almstrand A-C, Ljungstrom E, Lausmaa J, Bake B, Sjovall P, Olin A-C,. 2009. Airway monitoring by collection and mass spectrometric analysis of exhaled particles. Anal Chem 81: 662-668.
3. Alonso M, Castellanos M, Martin BJ, Sanchez JM,. 2009. Capillary thermal desorption unit for near real-time analysis of VOCs at sub-trace levels. Application to the analysis of environmental air contamination and breath samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 877: 1472-1478.
4. Aly MI, Abdel-Latif AA,. 1980. studies on distribution and metabolism of valproate in rat brain, liver, and kidney. Neurochem Res 5: 1231-1242.
5. Amann A, Smith D,. 2013. Breath analysis for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Singapore: Signgapore World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
6. Amann A, Poupart G, Telser S, Ledochowski M, Schmid A, Mechtcheriakov S,. 2004. Applications of breath gas analysis in medicine. Int J Mass Spectrom 239: 227-233.
7. Andrade FJ, Shelley JT, Wetzel WC, Webb MR, Gamez G, Ray SJ, Hieftje GM,. 2008. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. 2. Desorption-ionization for the direct analysis of solid compounds. Anal Chem 80: 2654-2663.
8. Arce L, Menendez M, Garrido-Delgado R, Valcarcel M,. 2008. Sample-introduction systems coupled to ion-mobility spectrometry equipment for determining compounds present in gaseous, liquid and solid samples. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 27: 139-150.
9. 2 analysis: Description and validation of a method. Crit Care Med 24: 96-102.
10. Ashraf N, Linforth RST, Bealin-Kelly F, Smart K, Taylor AJ,. 2010. Rapid analysis of selected beer volatiles by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry. Int J Mass Spectrom 294: 47-53.
11. Badman ER, Cooks RG,. 2000. Special feature: Perspective-Miniature mass analyzers. J Mass Spectrom 35: 659-671.
12. Baumbach JI,. 2009. Ion mobility spectrometry coupled with multi-capillary columns for metabolic profiling of human breath. J Breath Res 3: 034001.
13. Beauchamp J, Herbig J, Gutmann R, Hansel A,. 2008. On the use of Tedlar/sup reg/bags for breath-gas sampling and analysis. J Breath Res 2: 046001.
14. Beck O, Sandqvist S, Bottcher M, Eriksen P, Franck J, Palmskog G,. 2011a. Study on the sampling of methadone from exhaled breath. J Anal Toxicol 35: 257-263.
15. Beck O, Sandqvist S, Eriksen P, Franck J, Palmskog G,. 2011b. Determination of methadone in exhaled breath condensate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 35: 129-133.
16. Beck O, Sandqvist S, Franck J,. 2011c. Demonstration that methadone is being present in the exhaled breath aerosol fraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 56: 1024-1028.
17. Benoit FM, Davidson WR, Lovett AM, Nacson S, Ngo A,. 1983. Breath analysis by atmospheric-pressure ionization mass-spectrometry. Anal Chem 55: 805-807.
18. Benowitz NL, Jacob P, Fong I, Gupta S,. 1994. Nicotine metabolic profile in man-Comparison of cigarette-smoking and transdermal nicotine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 268: 296-303.
19. Berchtold C, Meier L, Zenobi R,. 2011. Evaluation of extractive electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for the detection of narcotics in breath. Int J Mass Spectrom 299: 145-150.
20. Biasioli F, Yeretzian C, Maerk TD, Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H,. 2011. Direct-injection mass spectrometry adds the time dimension to (B)VOC analysis. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 30: 1003-1017.
21. Borsdorf H, Mayer T, Zarejousheghani M, Eiceman GA,. 2011. Recent developments in ion mobility spectrometry. Appl Spectrosc Rev 46: 472-521.
22. Boshier PR, Cushnir JR, Priest OH, Marczin N, Hanna GB,. 2010a. Variation in the levels of volatile trace gases within three hospital environments: Implications for clinical breath testing. J Breath Res 4: 1-6.
23. Boshier PR, Marczin N, Hanna GB,. 2010b. Repeatability of the measurement of exhaled volatile metabolites using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 21: 1070-1074.
24. Boshier PR, Cushnir JR, Mistry V, Knaggs A, Španel P, Smith D, Hanna GB,. 2011. On-line, real time monitoring of exhaled trace gases by SIFT-MS in the perioperative setting: A feasibility study. Analyst 136: 3233-3237.
25. Brosi AR, Borkowski CJ, Conn EE, Griess JC,. 1951. Characteristics of Ni-59 and Ni-63. Phys Rev 81: 391-395.
26. Buszewski B, Kesy M, Ligor T, Amann A,. 2007. Human exhaled air analytics: Biomarkers of diseases. Biomed Chromatogr 21: 553-566.
27. Byrdwell WC,. 2001. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for analysis of lipids. Lipids 36: 327-346.
28. Carpagnano GE, Foschino-Barbaro MP, Mule G, Resta O, Tommasi S, Mangia A, Carpagnano F, Stea G, Susca A, Di Gioia G, De Lena M, Paradiso A,. 2005. 3p microsatellite alterations in exhaled breath condensate from patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172: 738-744.
29. Carroll DI, Dzidic I, Stillwel RN, Horning MG, Horning EC,. 1974. Subpicogram detection system for gas-phase analysis based upon atmospheric-pressure ionization (API) mass-sepctrometry. Anal Chem 46: 706-710.
30. Carter SR, Davis CS, Kovacs EJ,. 2012. Exhaled breath condensate collection in the mechanically ventilated patient. Respir Med 106: 601-613.
31. Cathcart MP, Love S, Hughes KJ,. 2012. The application of exhaled breath gas and exhaled breath condensate analysis in the investigation of the lower respiratory tract in veterinary medicine: A review. Vet J 191: 282-291.
32. Cazzola M, Novelli G,. 2010. Biomarkers in COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 23: 493-500.
33. Chambers ST, Scott-Thomas A, Epton M,. 2012. Developments in novel breath tests for bacterial and fungal pulmonary infection. Curr Opin Pulm Med 18: 228-232.
34. Chatterjee BK, Tosh R, Johnsen R,. 1991. Ion molecule reactions of atmospheric ions with dimethyl-methylphasphonate. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Processes 103: 81-92.
35. Chen H, Venter A, Cooks RG,. 2006. Extractive el ectrospray ionization for direct analysis of undiluted urine, milk and other complex mixtures without sample preparation. Chem Commun 19: 2042-2044.
36. Chen H, Sun Y, Wortmann A, Gu H, Zenobi R,. 2007a. Differentiation of maturity and quality of fruit using noninvasive extractive electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 79: 1447-1455.
37. Chen H, Wortmann A, Zhang W, Zenobi R,. 2007b. Rapid in vivo fingerprinting of nonvoltaile compounds in breath by extractive electrospray ionization quadropole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Angew Chem 46: 580-583.
38. Chen HW, Wortmann A, Zhang WH, Zenobi R,. 2007c. Rapid in vivo fingerprinting of nonvolatile compounds in breath by extractive electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed 46: 580-583.
39. Chen H, Hu B, Hu Y, Huan Y, Zhou Z, Qiaoc X,. 2009a. Neutral desorption using a sealed enclosure to sample explosives on human skin for rapid detection by EESI-MS. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20: 719-722.
40. Chen HW, Gamez G, Zenobi R,. 2009b. What can we learn from ambient ionization techniques ? J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20: 1947-1963.
41. Chingin K, Gamez G, Chen H, Zhu L, Zenobi R,. 2008. Rapid classification of perfumes by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 2009-2014.
42. Cohen MJ, Karasek FW,. 1970. Plasma chromatography-A new dimension for gas chromatography and mass. J Chromatogr Sci 8: 330.
43. Collings BA, Romaschin MA,. 2009. MS/MS of ions in a low pressure linear ion trap using a pulsed gas. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20: 1714-1717.
44. Compton RG, Northing RJ,. 1990. Novel amperometric sensor for the detection of the anesthetic-gases isoflurane and nitrous-oxide. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 86: 1077-1081.
45. Contreras JA, Murray JA, Tolley SE, Oliphant JL, Tolley HD, Lammert SA, Lee ED, Later DW, Lee ML,. 2008. Hand-portable gas chromatograph-toroidal ion trap mass spectrometer (GC-TMS) for detection of hazardous compounds. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 19: 1425-1435.
46. Corradi M, Acampa O, Goldoni M, Andreoli R, Milton D, Sama SR, Rosiello R, de Palma G, Apostoli P, Mutti A,. 2009. Metallic elements in exhaled breath condensate and serum of patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Metallomics 1: 339-345.
47. Costa C, Bucca C, Bergallo M, Solidoro P, Rolla G, Cavallo R,. 2011. Unsuitability of exhaled breath condensate for the detection of Herpesviruses DNA in the respiratory tract. J Virol Methods 173: 384-386.
48. Covey TR, Thomson BA, Schneider BB,. 2009. Atomspheric pressure ion. Mass Spectrom. Rev 28: 870-897.
49. Crews KR, Hicks JK, Pui CH, Relling MV, Evans WE,. 2012. Pharmacogenomics and individualized medicine: Translating science into practice. Clin Pharmacol Ther 92: 467-475.
50. Cristescu SM, Gietema HA, Blanchet L, Kruitwagen CLJJ, Munnik P, van Klaveren RJ, Lammers JWJ, Buydens L, Harren FJM, Zanen P,. 2011. Screening for emphysema via exhaled volatile organic compounds. J Breath Res 5: 4.
51. Davis CE, Bogan MJ, Sankaran S, Molina MA, Loyola BR, Zhao WX, Benner WH, Schivo M, Farquar GR, Kenyon NJ, Frank M,. 2010. Analysis of volatile and non-volatile biomarkers in human breath using differential mobility spectrometry (DMS). IEEE Sens J 10: 114-122.
52. Di Francesco F, Fuoco R, Trivella MG, Ceccarini A,. 2005. Breath analysis: Trends in techniques and clinical applications. Microchem J 79: 405-410.
53. Dillon LA, Stone VN, Croasdell LA, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Thomas CLP,. 2010. Optimisation of secondary electrospray ionisation (SESI) for the trace determination of gas-phase volatile organic compounds. Analyst 135: 306-314.
54. Ding JH, Yang SP, Liang DP, Chen HW, Wu ZZ, Zhang LL, Ren YL,. 2009. Development of extractive electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for in vivo breath analysis. Analyst 134: 2040-2050.
55. Diskin AM, Wang TS, Šmith D, Spanel P,. 2002. A selected ion flow tube (SIFT), study of the reactions of H3O+, NO+ and O-2(+) ions with a series of alkenes; in support of SIFT-MS. Int J Mass Spectrom 218: 87-101.
56. Dwyer TM,. 2004. Sampling airway surface liquid: Non-volatiles in the exhaled breath condensate. Lung 182: 241-250.
57. Ecelberger SA, Cornish TJ, Collins BF, Lewis DL, Bryden WA,. 2004. Suitcase TOF: A man-portable time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Johns Hopkins APL Tech Dig 25: 14-19.
58. Effros RM, Biller J, Foss B, Hoagland K, Dunning MB, Castillo D, Bosbous M, Sun F, Shaker R,. 2003. A simple method for estimating respiratory solute dilution in exhaled breath condensates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168: 1500-1505.
59. Egeghy PP, Nylander-French L, Gwin KK, Hertz-Picciotto I, Rappaport SM,. 2002. Self-collected breath sampling for monitoring low-level benzene exposures among automobile mechanics. Ann Occup Hyg 46: 489-500.
60. Eiceman GA, Karpas Z,. 2005. Ion mobility spectrometry. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. 350 p.
61. Elokhin VA, Ershov TD, Levshankov AI, Nikolaev VI, Saifullin MF, Elizarov AY,. 2011. Mass spectrometry monitoring of sevoflurane in the breathing circuit of an inhalation anesthesia machine. J Anal Chem 66: 1258-1261.
62. Emary WB, Kaiser RE, Kenttämaa HI, Cooks RG,. 1990. Pulsed gas introduction into quadrupole ion traps. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 1: 308-311.
63. Enderby B, Lenney W, Brady M, Emmett C, Španel P, Smith D,. 2009. Concentrations of some metabolites in the breath of healthy children aged 7-18 years measured using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). J Breath Res 3: 036001.
64. Erhart S, Amann A, Haberlandt E, Edlinger G, Schmid A, Filipiak W, Schwarz K, Mochalski P, Rostasy K, Karall D, Scholl-Burgi S,. 2009. 3-Heptanone as a potential new marker for valproic acid therapy. J Breath Res 3: 016004.
65. Fico M, Yu M, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG, Chappell WJ,. 2007. Miniaturization and geometry optimization of a polymer-based rectilinear ion trap. Anal Chem 79: 8076-8082.
66. Friel EN, Wang M, Taylor AJ, MacRae EA,. 2007. In vitro and in vivo release of aroma compounds from yellow-fleshed kiwifruit. J Agric Food Chem 55: 6664-6673.
67. Gamez G, Zhu L, Disko A, Chen H, Azov V, Chingin K, Kraemer G, Zenobi R,. 2011. Real-time, in vivo monitoring and pharmacokinetics of valproic acid via a novel biomarker in exhaled breath. Chem Commun 47: 4884-4886.
68. Gao L, Song Q, Garth E, Peterson GE, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z,. 2006. Handheld rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 78: 5994-6002.
69. Garey KW, Nenhauser MM, Robbins RA, Danziger LH, Rubinstein I,. 2004. Markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers. Chest 125: 22-26.
70. Gehr P, Mwangi DK, Ammann A, Maloiy GMO, Taylor CR, Weibel ER,. 1981. Design of the mammalian respiratory system. V. Scaling morphometric pulmonary diffusing capacity to body mass: Wild and domestic mammals. Respir Physiol 44: 61-86.
71. Giao TN, Jordan JB,. 1968. Modes of corona discharges in air. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst A87: 1207.
72. Gold MS, Melker RJ, Dennis DM, Morey TE, Bajpai LK, Pomm R, Frost-Pineda K,. 2006. Fentanyl abuse and dependence: Further evidence for second hand exposure hypothesis. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 25: 15-21.
73. Gold MS, Graham NA, Goldberger BA,. 2010. Second-hand and third-hand drug exposures in the operating room: A factor in anesthesiologists' dependency on fentanyl. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 29: 280-281.
74. Good A, Durden DA, Kebarle P,. 1970. Mechansim and rate constant of ion-molecule reactions leading to formation of H+(H2O)n in moist oxygen and air. J Chem Phys 52: 222.
75. Graus M, Mueller M, Hansel A,. 2010. High resolution PTR-TOF: Quantification and formula confirmation of VOC in real time. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 21: 1037-1044.
76. Griese M, Noss J, von Bredow C,. 2002. Protein pattern of exhaled breath condensate and saliva. Proteomics 2: 690-696.
77. Grob NM, Aytekin M, Dweik RA,. 2008. Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate: A review of collection, processing and analysis. J Breath Res 2: 3.
78. Grossherr M, Hengstenberg A, Meier T, Dibbelt L, Igl BW, Ziegler A, Schmucker P, Gehring H,. 2009a. Propofol concentration in exhaled air and arterial plasma in mechanically ventilated patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 102: 608-613.
79. Grossherr M, Hengstenberg A, Dibbelt L, Igl BW, Noel R, von der Knesebeck A, Schmucker P, Gehring H,. 2009b. Blood gas partition coefficient and pulmonary extraction ratio for propofol in goats and pigs. Xenobiotica 39: 782-787.
80. Grossherr M, Varadarajan B, Dibbelt L, Schmucker P, Gehring H, Hengstenberg A,. 2011. Time course of ethanol and propofol exhalation after bolus injection using ion molecule reaction-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 401: 2063-2067.
81. Grote C, Pawliszyn J,. 1997. Solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of human breath. Anal Chem 69: 587-596.
82. Gu H, Hu B, Li J, Yang S, Han J, Chen H,. 2010. Rapid analysis of aerosol drugs using nano extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 135: 1259-1267.
83. Hakim M, Billan S, Tisch U, Peng G, Dvrokind I, Marom O, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Kuten A, Haick H,. 2011. Diagnosis of head-and-neck cancer from exhaled breath. Br J Cancer 104: 1649-1655.
84. Hansel A, Jordan A, Holzinger R, Prazeller P, Vogel W, Lindinger W,. 1995. Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry: On-line trace gas analysis at the ppb level. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Processes 149-150: 609-619.
85. Harper JD, Charipar NA, Mulligan CC, Zhang X, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z,. 2008. Low-temperature plasma probe for ambient desorption ionization. Anal Chem 80: 9097-9104.
86. Hilal SH, Karickhoff SW, Carreira LA,. 2003. Prediction of the vapor pressure boiling point, heat of vaporization and diffusion coefficient of organic compounds. QSAR Comb Sci 22: 565-574.
87. Hoffmann ED, Stroobant V,. 2007. Mass spectrometry principles and applications. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
88. Holmgren H, Bake B, Olin AC, Ljungstrom E,. 2011. Relation between humidity and size of exhaled particles. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 24: 253-260.
89. Horning EC, Horning MG, Carroll DI, Dzidic I, Stillwel RN,. 1973. New picogram detection system based on mass-spectrometer with an external ionization source at atmospheric-pressure. Anal Chem 45: 936-943.
90. Horvath, I, Hunt, J, Barnes PJ,. 2005. Exhaled breath condensate: Methodological recommendations and unresolved questions. Eur Respir J 26: 523-548.
91. Huang EC, Wachs T, Conboy JJ, Henion JD,. 1990. Atompheric-pressure ioniization mass-spectrometry-Detection for separation sciences. Anal Chem 62: A713.
92. Huang GM, Xu W, Visbal-Onufrak MA, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG,. 2010. Direct analysis of melamine in complex matrices using a handheld mass spectrometer. Analyst 135: 705-711.
93. Jain R, Schriever CA, Danziger LH, Cho SH, Rubinstein I,. 2007. The IS6110 repetitive DNA element of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not detected in exhaled breath condensate of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Respiration 74: 329-333.
94. Janfelt C, Talaty N, Mulligan CC, Keil A, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG,. 2008. Mass spectra of proteins and other biomolecules recorded using a handheld instrument. Int J Mass Spectrom 278: 166-169.
95. Johnson GR, Morawska L,. 2009. The mechanism of breath aerosol formation. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 22: 229-237.
96. Johnson RC, Cooks RG, Allen TM, Cisper ME, Hemberger PH,. 2000. Membrane introduction mass spectrometry: Trends and applications. Mass Spectrom Rev 19: 1-37.
97. Jordan A, Haidacher S, Hanel G, Hartungen E, Herbig J, Mark L, Schottkowsky R, Seehauser H, Sulzer P, Mark TD,. 2009a. An online ultra-high sensitivity Proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometer combined with switchable reagent ion capability (PTRSRI-MS). Int J Mass Spectrom 286: 32-38.
98. Jordan A, Haidacher S, Hanel G, Hartungen E, Mark L, Seehauser H, Schottkowsky R, Sulzer P, Mark TD,. 2009b. A high resolution and high sensitivity proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). Int J Mass Spectrom 286: 122-128.
99. Joseph H, Stancliff S, Langrod J,. 2000. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): A review of historical and clinical issues. Mt Sinai J Med 67: 347-364.
100. Jublot L, Linforth RST, Taylor AJ,. 2005. Direct atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation ion trap mass spectrometry for aroma analysis: Speed, sensitivity and resolution of isobaric compounds. Int J Mass Spectrom 243: 269-277.
101. Kamysek S, Fuchs P, Schwoebel H, Roesner JP, Kischkel S, Wolter K, Loeseken C, Schubert JK, Miekisch W,. 2011. Drug detection in breath: Effects of pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output on propofol exhalation. Anal Bioanal Chem 401: 2093-2102.
102. Kanu AB, Dwivedi P, Tam M, Matz L, Hill HH,. 2008. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 43: 1-22.
103. Keil A, Talaty N, Janfelt C, Noll RJ, Gao L, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG,. 2007. Ambient mass spectrometry with a handheld mass spectrometer at high pressure. Anal Chem 79: 7734-7739.
104. Keller BO, Suj J, Young AB, Whittal RM,. 2008. Interferences and contaminants encountered in modern mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 627: 71-81.
105. Kelly RT, Tolmachev AV, Page JS, Tang K, Smith RD,. 2010. The ion funnel: Theory, implementations, and applications. Mass Spectrom Rev 29: 294-312.
106. Ketola RA, Kotiaho T, Cisper ME, Allen TM,. 2002. Environmental applications of membrane introduction mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 37: 457-476.
107. Kiem S, Schentag JJ,. 2008. Interpretation of antibiotic concentration ratios measured in epithelial lining fluid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52: 24-36.
108. Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E,. 2012. A review of breath analysis for diagnosis of human health. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 33: 1-8.
109. Knox C, Law V, Jewison T, Liu P, Ly S, Frolkis A, Pon A, Banco K, Mak C, Neveu V, Djoumbou Y, Eisner R, Guo AC, Wishart DS,. 2011. DrugBank 3.0: A comprehensive resource for 'Omics' research on drugs. Nucleic Acids Res 39: D1035-D1041.
110. Kotiaho T, Lauritsen FR, Choudhury TK, Cooks RG, Tsao GT,. 1991. Membrane introduction mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 63: 875A-883A.
111. Krämer G, Walden J,. 2002. Valproinsäure, pharmacologie, klinischer einsatz, nebenwirkungen und therapierichtlinien. Berlin: Springer.
112. Kushch I, Baumann B, Schwarz K, Schwentner L, Dzieir A, Schmid A, Unterkofler K, Gastl G, Španel P, Smith D, Amann A,. 2008. Compounds enhanced in a mass spectrometric profile of smokers' exhaled breath versus non-smokers as determined in a pilot study using PTR-MS. J Breath Res 2: 026002.
113. Larsson P, Mirgorodskaya E, Samuelsson L, Bake B, Almstrand A-C, Bredberg A, Olin A-C,. 2012. Surfactant protein A and albumin in particles in exhaled air. Respir Med 106: 197-204.
114. Lee CY, Shiea J,. 1998. Gas chromatography connected to multiple channel electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of volatile organic compounds. Anal Chem 70: 2757-2761.
115. Lindinger W, Hansel A, Jordan A,. 1998. On-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels by means of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS)-Medical applications, food control and environmental research. Int J Mass Spectrom 173: 191-241.
116. Lovett AM, Reid NM, Buckley JA, French JB, Cameron DM,. 1979. Real-time analyis of breath using an atmospheric-pressure ionization mass spectrometer. Biomed Mass Spectrom 6: 91-97.
117. Martin AN, Farquar GR, Jones AD, Frank M,. 2010. Human breath analysis: Methods for sample collection and reduction of localized background effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 396: 739-750.
118. Martbox drawings light down and leftnez-Lozano P, de la Mora JF,. 2007. Electrospray ionization of volatiles in breath. Int J Mass Spectrom 265: 68-72.
119. Martinez-Lozano P, de la Mora JF,. 2008. Direct analysis of fatty acid vapors in breath by electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 80: 8210-8215.
120. Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Williamson PD, Novelly RA,. 1978. Valproic acid in epilepsy: Clinical and pharmacological effects. Ann Neurol 3: 20-25.
121. Mayer P, Hollt V,. 2006. Pharmacogenetics of opioid receptors and addiction. Pharmacogenet Genomics 16: 1-7.
122. Mazzone PJ, Wang X-F, Xu Y, Mekhail T, Beukemann MC, Na J, Kemling JW, Suslick KS, Sasidhar M,. 2012. Exhaled breath analysis with a colorimetric sensor array for the identification and characterization of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 7: 137-142.
123. McCulloch M, Jezierski T, Broffman M, Hubbard A, Turner K, Janecki T,. 2006. Diagnostic accuracy of canine scent detection in early- and late-stage lung and breast cancers. Integr Cancer Ther 5: 30-39.
124. Meier L, Schmid S, Berchtold C, Zenobi R,. 2011. Contribution of liquid-phase and gas-phase ionization in extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of primary amines. Eur J Mass Spectrom 17: 345-351.
125. Meier L, Berchtold C, Schmid S, Zenobi R,. 2012a. Extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry enhanced sensitivity using an ion funnel. Anal Chem 84: 2076-2080.
126. Meier L, Berchtold C, Schmid S, Zenobi R,. 2012b. Sensitive detection of drug vapors using an ion funnel interface for secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 47: 555-559.
127. Menezes HC, Amorim LCA, Cardeal ZL,. 2009. Sampling of benzene in environmental and exhaled air by solid-phase microextraction and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 395: 2583-2589.
128. Miekisch W, Schubert JK,. 2006. From highly sophisticated analytical techniques to life-saving diagnostics: Technical developments in breath analysis. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 25: 665-673.
129. Mieth M, Kischkel S, Schubert JK, Hein D, Miekisch W,. 2009. Multibed needle trap devices for on site sampling and preconcentration of volatile breath biomarkers. Anal Chem 81: 5851-5857.
130. Mieth M, Schubert JK, Groeger T, Sabel B, Kischkel S, Fuchs P, Hein D, Zimmermann R, Miekisch W,. 2010. Automated needle trap heart-cut GC/MS and needle trap comprehensive two-dimensional GC/TOF-MS for breath gas analysis in the clinical environment. Anal Chem 82: 2541-2551.
131. Montuschi P,. 2009. LC/MS/MS analysis of leukotriene B-4 and other eicosanoids in exhaled breath condensate for assessing lung inflammation. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 877: 1272-1280.
132. Montuschi P, Barnes PJ,. 2002. Analysis of exhaled breath condensate for monitoring airway inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23: 232-237.
133. Moran TF, Hamill WH,. 1963. Cross section of ion-permanent-dipole reaction by mass spectrometry. J Chem Phys 39: 1413.
134. Musah RA, Domin MA, Walling MA, Shepard JRE,. 2012. Rapid identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal samples via direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26: 1109-1114.
135. Oberacher M, Pohl D, Vavricka SR, Fried M, Tutuian R,. 2011. Diagnosing lactase deficiency in three breaths. Eur J Clin Nutr 65: 614-618.
136. Ouyang Z, Noll RJ, Cooks RG,. 2009. Handheld miniature ion trap mass spectrometers. Anal Chem 81: 2421-2425.
137. Perl T, Carstens E, Hirn A, Quintel M, Vautz W, Nolte J, Junger M,. 2009. Determination of serum propofol concentrations by breath analysis using ion mobility spectrometry. Br J Anaesth 103: 822-827.
138. Phillips M,. 1992. Breath tests in medicine. Sci Am 267: 74-79.
139. Phillips M, Herrera J, Krishnan S, Zain M, Greenberg J, Cataneo RN,. 1999. Variation in volatile organic compounds in the breath of normal humans. J Chromatogr 729: 75-88.
140. Reinhold P, Knobloch H,. 2010. Exhaled breath condensate: Lessons learned from veterinary medicine. J Breath Res 4: 017001.
141. Reynolds JC, Blackburn GJ, Guallar-Hoyas C, Moll VH, Bocos-Bintintan V, Kaur-Atwal G, Howdle MD, Harry EL, Brown LJ, Creaser CS, Thomas CLP,. 2010. Detection of volatile organic compounds in breath using thermal desorption electrospray ionization-ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 82: 2139-2144.
142. Risby TH,. 2008. Critical issues for breath analysis. J Breath Res 2: 030302.
143. Risby TH, Solga SF,. 2006. Current status of clinical breath analysis. Appl Phys B Lasers Opt 85: 421-426.
144. Rosias PP, Robroeks CM, Niemarkt HJ, Kester AD, Vernooy JH, Suykerbuyk J, Teunissen J, Heynens J, Hendriks HJ, Jobsis Q, Dompeling E,. 2006. Breath condenser coatings affect measurement of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate. Eur Respir J 28: 1036-1041.
145. Rosias PP, Robroeks CM, Kester A, den Hartog GJ, Wodzig WK, Rilkers GT, Zimmermann LJ, van Schayck CP, Joebsis Q, Dompeling E,. 2008. Biomarker reproducibility in exhaled breath condensate collected with different condensers. Eur Respir J 31: 934-942.
146. Rus J, Moro D, Antonio Sillero J, Royuela J, Casado A, Estevez-Molinero F, de la Mora JF,. 2010. IMS-MS studies based on coupling a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) to commercial API-MS systems. Int J Mass Spectrom 298: 30-40.
147. Schwoebel H, Schubert R, Sklorz M, Kischkel S, Zimmermann R, Schubert JK, Miekisch W,. 2011. Phase-resolved real-time breath analysis during exercise by means of smart processing of PTR-MS data. Anal Bioanal Chem 401: 2079-2091.
148. Shaffer SA, Tang KQ, Anderson GA, Prior DC, Udseth HR, Smith RD,. 1997. A novel ion funnel for focusing ions at elevated pressure using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 11: 1813-1817.
149. Shaffer SA, Prior DC, Anderson GA, Udseth HR, Smith RD,. 1998. An ion funnel interface for improved ion focusing and sensitivity using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 70: 4111-4119.
150. Shen WL, Satzger RD,. 1991. Developpment of a low-power microwave atmopheric pressure molecular ionization source for mass-spectrometry with direct introduction of gaseous and liquid organic samples. Anal Chem 63: 1960-1964.
151. Shimouchi A, Nose K, Shirai M,. 2010. Analysis of breath and skin gases emanating during exercise using an original biogas sampling system connected to an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer. IEEE Sens J 10: 85-91.
152. Shortt BJ, Darrach MR, Holland PM, Chutjian A,. 2005. Miniaturized system of a gas chromatograph coupled with a Paul ion trap mass spectrometer. J Mass Spectrom 40: 36-42.
153. Sinues PM-L, Criado E, Vidal G,. 2012. Mechanistic study on the ionization of trace gases by an electrospray plume. Int J Mass Spectrom 313: 21-29.
154. Smith D, Španel P,. 2005. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) for on-line trace gas analysis. Mass Spectrom Rev 24: 661-700.
155. Smith D, Španel P,. 2011. Direct, rapid quantitative analyses of BVOCs using SIFT-MS and PTR-MS obviating sample collection. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 30: 945-959.
156. Smith I, White PF, Nathanson M, Gouldson R,. 1994. Propofol-An update on its clinical use. Anesthesiology 81: 1005-1043.
157. Smith D, Wang TS, Sule-Suso J, Španel P, El Haj A,. 2003. Quantification of acetaldehyde released by lung cancer cells in vitro using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17: 845-850.
158. Smith PA, Lepage CRJ, Koch D, Wyatt HDM, Hook GL, Betsinger G, Erickson RP, Eckenrode BA,. 2004. Detection of gas-phase chemical warfare agents using field-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems: Instrument and sampling strategy considerations. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 23: 296-306.
159. Smith D, Wang T, Pysanenko A, Španel P,. 2008. A selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry study of ammonia in mouth- and nose-exhaled breath and in the oral cavity. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22: 783-789.
160. Soyer OU, Dizdar EA, Keskin O, Lilly C, Kalayci O,. 2006. Comparison of two methods for exhaled breath condensate collection. Allergy 61: 1016-1018.
161. Španel P, Smith D,. 1996. Selected ion flow tube: A technique for quantitative trace gas analysis of air and breath. Med Biol Eng Comput 34: 409-419.
162. Španel P, Smith D,. 2011. Progress in SIFT-MS: Breath analysis and other. Mass Spectrom Rev 30: 236-267.
163. Španel P, Davies S, Smith D,. 1999. Quantification of breath isoprene using the selected ion flow tube mass spectrometric analytical method. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13: 1733-1738.
164. Španel P, Dryahina K, Smith D,. 2007. Acetone, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide in exhaled breath of several volunteers aged 4-83 years. J Breath Res 1: 011001.
165. Steeb J, Galhena AS, Nyadong L, Facundo JJ, Fernandez M,. 2009. Beta electron-assisted direct chemical ionization (BADCI) probe for ambient mass spectrometry. Chem Commun 4699-4701.
166. Szulejko JE, McCulloch M, Jackson J, McKee DL, Walker JC, Solouki T,. 2010. Evidence for cancer biomarkers in exhaled breath. IEEE Sens J 10: 185-210.
167. Tabrizchi M, Khayamian T, Taj N,. 2000. Design and optimization of a corona discharge ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry. Rev Sci Instrum 71: 2321-2328.
168. Takita A, Masui K, Kazama T,. 2007. On-line monitoring of end-tidal propofol concentration in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 106: 659-664.
169. Tan BK, Smith D, Španel P, Davies SJ,. 2010. Dispersal kinetics of deuterated water in the lungs and airways following mouth inhalation: Real-time breath analysis by flowing afterglow mass spectrometry (FA-MS). J Breath Res 1: 017109.
170. Taylor AJ, Linforth RST,. 2003. Direct mass spectrometry of complex volatile and non-volatile flavour mixtures. Int J Mass Spectrom 223: 179-191.
171. Turner C, Španel P, Smith D,. 2006. A longitudinal study of breath isoprene in healthy volunteers using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Physiol Meas 27: 13-22.
172. Turner PG, Dugdale A, Young IS, Taylor S,. 2008. Portable mass spectrometry for measurement of anaesthetic agents and methane in respiratory gases. Vet J 177: 36-44.
173. Ueta I, Saito Y, Hosoe M, Okamoto M, Ohkita H, Shirai S, Tamura H, Jinno K,. 2009. Breath acetone analysis with miniaturized sample preparation device: In-needle preconcentration and subsequent determination by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 877: 2551-2556.
174. Van den Velde S, Nevens F, Van Hee P, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M,. 2008. GC-MS analysis of breath odor compounds in liver patients. J Chromatogr B
175. Van Loon WAM, Linssen JPH, Boelrijk AEM, Burgering MJM, Voragen AGJ,. 2005. Real-time, flavor release from French fries using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 53: 6438-6442.
176. Vautz W, Nolte J, Fobbe R, Baumbach JI,. 2009. Breath analysis-Performance and potential of ion mobility spectrometry. J Breath Res 3: 036004.
177. Wang C-H, Huang M-W, Lee C-Y, Chei H-L, Huang J-P, Shiea J,. 1998. Detection of a thermally unstable intermediate in the wittig reaction using low-temperature liquid secondary ion and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 9: 1168-1174.
178. Wang CS, Li EY, Xu GW, Wang H, Gong YL, Li P, Liu SJ, He Y,. 2009. Determination of fentanyl in human breath by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Microchem J 91: 149-152.
179. Wang R, Groehn AJ, Zhu L, Dietiker R, Wegner K, Guenther D, Zenobi R,. 2012. On the mechanism of extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) in the dual-spray configuration. Anal Bioanal Chem 402: 2633-2643.
180. Wilson HK, Monster AC,. 1999. New technologies in the use of exhaled breath analysis for biological monitoring. Occup Environ Med 56: 753-757.
181. Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Shrivastava S, Hassanali M, Stothard P, Chang Z, Woolsey J,. 2006. DrugBank: A comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration. Nucleic Acids Res 34: D668-D672.
182. Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Cheng D, Shrivastava S, Tzur D, Gautam B, Hassanali M,. 2008. DrugBank: A knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets. Nucleic Acids Res 36: D901-D906.
183. Wittmer D, Luckenbill BK, Hill HH, Chen YH,. 1994. Electrospray- ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 66: 2348-2355.
184. Wu C, Siems WF, Hill HH,. 2000. Secondary electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry of illicit drugs. Anal Chem 72: 396-403.
185. Yamashita M, Fenn JB,. 1984. Electrospray ion-source-Another variation on the free-jet theme. J Phys Chem 88: 4451-4459.
186. Yang M, Kim T-Y, Hwang H-C, Yi S-K, Kim D-H,. 2008. Development of a palm portable mass spectrometer. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 19: 1442-1448.
187. Zakharkina T, Koczulla AR, Mardanova O, Hattesohl A, Bals R,. 2011. Detection of microorganisms in exhaled breath condensate during acute exacerbations of COPD. Respirology 16: 932-938.
188. Zehentbauer G, Krick T, Reineccius GA,. 2000. Use of humidified air in optimizing APCI-MS response in breath analysis. J Agric Food Chem 48: 5389-5395.
189. Zhan X, Duan J, Duan Y,. 2013. Recent developments of proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and its applications in medical research. Mass Spectrom Rev 32: 143-165.