Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity and ototoxicity: New paradigms for translational genomics

Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Volumn 106, Issue 5, 2014, Pages

  Travis, Lois B ^a   Fossa, Sophie D ^b   Sesso, Howard D ^c   Frisina, Robert D ⁱ   Herrmann, David N ^a   Beard, Clair J ^d   Feldman, Darren R ^e   Pagliaro, Lance C ^f   Miller, Robert C ^g   Vaughn, David J ^h,i   Einhorn, Lawrence H ^j   Cox, Nancy J ^k   Dolan, M Eileen ^k  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b OSLO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^f MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^h MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^j INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE;

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER SURVIVOR; CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROTOXICITY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOMICS; HEARING; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; NEUROTOXICITY; OTOTOXICITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SELECTION; PHARMACOGENOMICS; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TRANSLATIONAL GENOMICS; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETICS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); TOXICITY AND INTOXICATION; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; GENOMICS; HUMANS; NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TRANSLATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH;

EID: 84905185084     PISSN: 00278874     EISSN: 14602105     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju044     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Altekruse S, Kosary C, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2007. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2010. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975-2007/. Accessed February 18, 2014.
2. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(4):220-241
3. Anonymous. Cancer survivors: living longer, and now, better. Lancet. 2004;364(9452):2153-2154.
4. Travis LB, Demark Wahnefried W, Allan JM, et al. Aetiology, genetics and prevention of secondary neoplasms in adult cancer survivors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2013;10(5):289-301.
5. Elena JW, Travis LB, Simonds NI, et al. Leveraging epidemiology and clinical studies of cancer outcomes: recommendations and opportunities for translational research. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(2):85-94.
6. Grisold W, Cavaletti G, Windebank AJ. Peripheral neuropathies from chemotherapeutics and targeted agents: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Neuro Oncol. 2012;14(Suppl 4):iv45-54.
7. Smith EM, Pang H, Cirrincione C, et al. Effect of duloxetine on pain, function, and quality of life among patients with chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309(13):1359- 1367.
8. Hammack JE, Michalak JC, Loprinzi CL, et al. Phase III evaluation of nor-triptyline for alleviation of symptoms of cis-platinum-induced peripheral neuropathy. Pain. 2002;98(1-2):195-203.
9. Albers JW, Chaudhry V, Cavaletti G, et al. Interventions for preventing neuropathy caused by cisplatin and related compounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2:CD005228.
10. Argyriou AA, Bruna J, Marmiroli P, et al. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN): an update. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012;82(1):51-77.
11. Park SB, Goldstein D, Krishnan AV, et al. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity: a critical analysis [published online ahead of print October 31, 2013]. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013; doi:10.1002/caac.21204.
12. Mykletun A, Dahl AA, Haaland CF, et al. Side effects and cancer-related stress determine quality of life in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(13):3061-3068.
13. Brydoy M, Oldenburg J, Klepp O, et al. Observational study of prevalence of long-term Raynaud-like phenomena and neurological side effects in tes-ticular cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(24):1682-1695.
14. Sprauten M, Darrah TH, Peterson DR, et al. Impact of long-term serum platinum concentrations on neuro-and ototoxicity in cisplatin-treated survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(3):300-307.
15. Bhatia S. Role of genetic susceptibility in development of treatment-related adverse outcomes in cancer survivors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(10):2048-2067.
16. Schell MJ, McHaney VA, Green AA, et al. Hearing loss in children and young adults receiving cisplatin with or without prior cranial irradiation. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7(6):754-760.
17. Mukherjea D, Jajoo S, Whitworth C, et al. Short interfering RNA against transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 attenuates cisplatin-induced hearing loss in the rat. J Neurosci. 2008;28(49):13056-13065.
18. Knight KR, Kraemer DF, Neuwelt EA. Ototoxicity in children receiving platinum chemotherapy: underestimating a commonly occurring tox-icity that may influence academic and social development. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(34):8588-8596.
19. Grewal S, Merchant T, Reymond R, et al. Auditory late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatrics. 2010;125(4):e938-e950.
20. Langer T, am Zehnhoff-Dinnesen A, Radtke S, et al. Understanding platinum-induced ototoxicity. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2013;34(8):458-469.
21. Kemp G, Rose P, Lurain J, et al. Amifostine pretreatment for protection against cyclophosphamide-induced and cisplatin-induced toxicities: results of a randomized control trial in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(7):2101-2112.
22. Marina N, Chang KW, Malogolowkin M, et al. Amifostine does not protect against the ototoxicity of high-dose cisplatin combined with etopo-side and bleomycin in pediatric germ-cell tumors: a Children's Oncology Group study. Cancer. 2005;104(4):841-847.
23. Gallegos-Castorena S, Martinez-Avalos A, Mohar-Betancourt A, et al. Toxicity prevention with amifostine in pediatric osteosarcoma patients treated with cisplatin and doxorubicin. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2007;24(6):403-408.
24. van As JW, van den Berg H, van Dalen EC. Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD009219.
25. Baldwin RM, Owzar K, Zembutsu H, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies novel loci for paclitaxel-induced sensory peripheral neuropathy in CALGB 40101. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(18):5099-5109.
26. Travis LB. The epidemiology of second primary cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(11):2020-2026.
27. Wheeler HE, Gamazon ER, Wing C, et al. Integration of cell line and clinical trial genome-wide analyses supports a polygenic architecture of paclitaxel-induced sensory peripheral neuropathy. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(2):491-499.
28. Einhorn LH, Donohue J. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1977;87(3):293-298.
29. National Cancer Institute. Provocative questions: identifiying problems to drive progress against cancer. http://provocativequestions.nci.nih.gov/. Accessed February 18, 2014.
30. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, et al. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61(2):69-90.
31. IARC. Globocan 2008 fact sheet. http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/ cancers/breast.asp. Accessed February 18, 2014.
32. Sirohi B, Arnedos M, Popat S, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(11):1847-1852.
33. Bosch A, Eroles P, Zaragoza R, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: molecular features, pathogenesis, treatment and current lines of research. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010;36(3):206-215.
34. Isakoff SJ. Triple-negative breast cancer: role of specific chemotherapy agents. Cancer J. 2010;16(1):53-61.
35. Uhm JE, Park YH, Yi SY, et al. Treatment outcomes and clinico-pathologic characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer patients who received platinum-containing chemotherapy. Int J Cancer. 2009;124(6):1457-1462.
36. McDonald ES, Randon KR, Knight A, et al. Cisplatin preferentially binds to DNA in dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro and in vivo: a potential mechanism for neurotoxicity. Neurobiol Dis. 2005;18(2):305-313.
37. Meijer C, de Vries EG, Marmiroli P, et al. Cisplatin-induced DNA-platination in experimental dorsal root ganglia neuronopathy. Neurotoxicology. 1999;20(6):883-887.
38. Hausheer FH, Schilsky RL, Bain S, et al. Diagnosis, management, and evaluation of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Semin Oncol. 2006;33(1):15-49.
39. Quasthoff S, Hartung HP. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol. 2002;249(1):9-17.
40. Gregg RW, Molepo JM, Monpetit VJ, et al. Cisplatin neurotoxicity: the relationship between dosage, time, and platinum concentration in neurologic tissues, and morphologic evidence of toxicity. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10(5):795-803.
41. Krarup-Hansen A, Rietz B, Krarup C, et al. Histology and platinum content of sensory ganglia and sural nerves in patients treated with cis-platin and carboplatin: an autopsy study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1999;25(1):29-40.
42. Thompson SW, Davis LE, Kornfeld M, et al. Cisplatin neuropathy. Clinical, electrophysiologic, morphologic, and toxicologic studies. Cancer. 1984;54(7):126-1275.
43. Bokemeyer C, Berger CC, Kuczyk MA, et al. Evaluation of long-term toxicity after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(11):2923-2932.
44. Aass N, Kaasa S, Lund E, et al. Long-term somatic side-effects and morbidity in testicular cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 1990;61(1):151-155.
45. Hansen SW, Helweg-Larsen S, Trojaborg W. Long-term neurotoxicity in patients treated with cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin for metastatic germ cell cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7(10):1457-1461.
46. von Schlippe M, Fowler CJ, Harland SJ. Cisplatin neurotoxicity in the treatment of metastatic germ cell tumour: time course and prognosis. Br J Cancer. 2001;85(6):823-826.
47. Boyer M, Raghavan D, Harris PJ, et al. Lack of late toxicity in patients treated with cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy for meta-static testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(1):21-26.
48. Bissett D, Kunkeler L, Zwanenburg L, et al. Long-term sequelae of treatment for testicular germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer. 1990;62(4):655-659.
49. Petersen PM, Hansen SW. The course of long-term toxicity in patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy for non-seminomatous germ-cell cancer. Ann Oncol. 1999;10(12):1475-1483.
50. Roth BJ, Greist A, Kubilis PS, et al. Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy for disseminated germ cell tumors: long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol. 1988;6(8):1239-1247.
51. Oldenburg J, Kraggerud SM, Brydoy M, et al. Association between long-term neuro-toxicities in testicular cancer survivors and polymorphisms in glutathione-s-transferase-P1 and-M1, a retrospective cross sectional study. J Transl Med. 2007;5:70.
52. Oldenburg J, Fossa SD, Dahl AA. Scale for chemotherapy-induced long-term neurotoxicity (SCIN): psychometrics, validation, and findings in a large sample of testicular cancer survivors. Qual Life Res. 2006;15(5):791-800.
53. Khrunin AV, Moisseev A, Gorbunova V, et al. Genetic polymorphisms and the efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients. Pharmacogenomics J. 2010;10(1):54-61.
54. Cavaletti G, Alberti P, Marmiroli P. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity in the era of pharmacogenomics. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(12):1151- 1161.
55. Leandro-Garcia LJ, Leskela S, Jara C, et al. Regulatory polymorphisms in B-tubulin IIa are associated with paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(16):4441-4448.
56. Beutler AS, Kulkarni A, Kanwar R, et al. Sequencing symptom control: Results from the Alliance N08C1 and N08CA genetics of chemotherapy neuropathy trials. In: 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; Washington, DC; 2013. http://www.abstractsonline.com/Plan/ ViewAbstract. aspx?sKey=d4332bf8-005b-4cb2-a378-921ae4782081&cKey=52268d6b- 7335-4aca-9338-653d6c27ffdb&mKey=%7b9B2D28E7-24A0-466F-A3C9-07C21F6E9BC9%7d. Accessed February 18, 2014.
57. Rademaker-Lakhai JM, Crul M, Zuur L, et al. Relationship between cis-platin administration and the development of ototoxicity. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(6):918-924.
58. Rybak L P. Mechanisms of cisplatin ototoxicity and progress in otoprotec-tion. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;15(5):364-369.
59. Oldenburg J, Kraggerud SM, Cvancarova M, et al. Cisplatin-induced long-term hearing impairment is associated with specific glutathione s-transferase genotypes in testicular cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(6):708-714.
60. Ross CJ, Katzov-Eckert H, Dube M P, et al. Genetic variants in TPMT and COMT are associated with hearing loss in children receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. Nat Genet. 2009;41(12):1345-1349.
61. Bokemeyer C, Berger CC, Hartmann JT, et al. Analysis of risk factors for cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in patients with testicular cancer. Br J Cancer. 1998;77(8):1355-1362.
62. Osanto S, Bukman A, Van Hoek F, et al. Long-term effects of chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10(4):574-579.
63. Biro K, Noszek L, Prekopp P, et al. Characteristics and risk factors of cispl-atin-induced ototoxicity in testicular cancer patients detected by distortion product otoacoustic emission. Oncology. 2006;70(3):177-184.
64. Hudson MM, Ness KK, Gurney JG, et al. Clinical ascertainment of health outcomes among adults treated for childhood cancer. JAMA. 2013;309(22):2371- 2381.
65. van Ruijven MW, de Groot JC, Klis SF, et al. The cochlear targets of cispl-atin: an electrophysiological and morphological time-sequence study. Hear Res. 2005;205(1-2):241-248.
66. van Ruijven MW, de Groot JC, Smoorenburg G F. Time sequence of degeneration pattern in the guinea pig cochlea during cispl-atin administration. A quantitative histological study. Hear Res. 2004;197(1-2):44-54
67. el Barbary A, Altschuler RA, Schacht J. Glutathione S-transferases in the organ of Corti of the rat: enzymatic activity, subunit composition and immunohistochemical localization. Hear Res. 1993;71(1-2):80-90.
68. Yang JJ, Lim JY, Huang J, et al. The role of inherited TPMT and COMT genetic variation in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in children with cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94(2):252-259.
69. Pussegoda K, Ross CJ, Visscher H, et al. Replication of TPMT and ABCC3 genetic variants highly associated with cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94(2):243-251.
70. Ratain MJ, Cox NJ, Henderson TO. Challenges in interpreting the evidence for genetic predictors of ototoxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94(6):631-635.
71. Peters U, Preisler-Adams S, Hebeisen A, et al. Glutathione S-transferase genetic polymorphisms and individual sensitivity to the ototoxic effect of cisplatin. Anticancer Drugs. 2000;11(8):639-643.
72. Peters U, Preisler-Adams S, Lanvers-Kaminsky C, et al. Sequence variations of mitochondrial DNA and individual sensitivity to the ototoxic effect of cisplatin. Anticancer Res. 2003;23(2B):1249-1255.
73. Riedemann L, Lanvers C, Deuster D, et al. Megalin genetic polymorphisms and individual sensitivity to the ototoxic effect of cisplatin. Pharmacogenomics J. 2008;8(1):23-28.
74. Xu X, Ren H, Zhou B, et al. Prediction of copper transport protein 1 (CTR1) genotype on severe cisplatin induced toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Lung Cancer. 2012;77(2):438-442.
75. Dores GM, Metayer C, Curtis RE, et al. Second malignant neoplasms among long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease: a population-based evaluation over 25 years. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(16):3484-3494.
76. Robison LL, Armstrong GT, Boice JD, et al. The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study: a National Cancer Institute-supported resource for outcome and intervention research. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(14):2308-2318.
77. Oeffinger KC, Mertens AC, Sklar CA, et al. Chronic health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(15):1572-1582.
78. Travis LB, Hill DA, Dores GM, et al. Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease. JAMA. 2003;290(4):465-475.
79. Inskip PD, Robison LL, Stovall M, et al. Radiation dose and breast cancer risk in the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(24):3901- 3907.
80. Reulen RC, Frobisher C, Winter DL, et al. Long-term risks of subsequent primary neoplasms among survivors of childhood cancer. JAMA. 2011;305(22):2311-2319.
81. US Department of Health and Human Services, Alliance LYA. Closing the Gap: Research and Care Imperatives for Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer-Report of the Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Progress Review Group. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2006.
82. Travis LB, Beard C, Allan JM, et al. Testicular cancer survivorship: research strategies and recommendations. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(15):1114-1130.
83. Li C, Ekwueme DU, Rim SH, et al. Years of potential life lost and productivity losses from male urogenital cancer deaths-United States, 2004. Urology. 2010;76(3):528-535.
84. Vaughn DJ, Palmer SC, Carver JR, et al. Cardiovascular risk in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Cancer. 2008;112(9):1949-1953.
85. Nuver J, Smit AJ, van der Meer J, et al. Acute chemotherapy-induced cardiovascular changes in patients with testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(36):9130-9137.
86. Haugnes HS, Aass N, Fossa SD, et al. Components of the metabolic syndrome in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(2):241-248.
87. Meinardi MT, Gietema JA, van der Graaf WT, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity in long-term survivors of metastatic testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(8):1725-1732.
88. Huddart RA, Norman A, Shahidi M, et al. Cardiovascular disease as a long-term complication of treatment for testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(8):1513-1523.
89. Travis LB, Fossa SD, Schonfeld SJ, et al. Second cancers among 40, 576 testicular cancer patients: focus on long-term survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(18):1354-1365.
90. van den Belt-Dusebout AW, de Wit R, Gietema JA, et al. Treatment-specific risks of second malignancies and cardiovascular disease in 5-year survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(28):4370-4378.
91. Fung C, Fossa SD, Beard CJ, et al. Second malignant neoplasms in testicu-lar cancer survivors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012;10(4):545-556.
92. Bajorin DF. The graying of testis cancer patients: what have we learned? J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(28):4341-4343.
93. National Human Genome Research Institute. A Catalog of Published Genome-Wide Association Studies. http://www.genome.gov/26525384. Accessed Febraury 18, 2014.
94. Nelson MR, Bacanu SA, Mosteller M, et al. Genome-wide approaches to identify pharmacogenetic contributions to adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenomics J. 2009;9(1):23-33.
95. Daly AK, Donaldson PT, Bhatnagar P, et al. HLA-B*5701 genotype is a major determinant of drug-induced liver injury due to flucloxacillin. Nat Genet. 2009;41(7):816-819.
96. Travis LB, Holowaty EJ, Bergfeldt K, et al. Risk of leukemia after platinum-based chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(5):351-357.
97. Travis LB, Andersson M, Gospodarowicz M, et al. Treatment-associated leukemia following testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(14):1165-1171.
98. Cavaletti G, Cornblath DR, Merkies IS, et al. The chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy outcome measures standardization study: from consensus to the first validity and reliability findings. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(2):454-462.
99. Cavaletti G, Frigeni B, Lanzani F, et al. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity assessment: a critical revision of the currently available tools. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(3):479-494.
100. Leonard GD, Wright MA, Quinn MG, et al. Survey of oxaliplatin-associ-ated neurotoxicity using an interview-based questionnaire in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2005;5:116.
101. Allen PD, Eddins DA. Presbycusis phenotypes form a heterogeneous continuum when ordered by degree and configuration of hearing loss. Hear Res. 2010;264(1-2):10-20.
102. McBride D, Williams S. Characteristics of the audiometric notch as a clinical sign of noise exposure. Scand Audiol. 2001;30(2):106-111.
103. McBride DI, Williams S. Audiometric notch as a sign of noise induced hearing loss. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58(1):46-51.
104. Mellion M, Gilchrist JM, de la Monte S. Alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy: nutritional, toxic, or both? Muscle Nerve. 2011;43(3):309-316.
105. Cruickshanks KJ, Klein R, Klein BE, et al. Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: the epidemiology of hearing loss study. JAMA. 1998;279(21):1715-1719.
106. Glendenning JL, Barbachano Y, Norman AR, et al. Long-term neurologic and peripheral vascular toxicity after chemotherapy treatment of testicular cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(10):2322-2331.
107. Broyl A, Corthals SL, Jongen JL, et al. Mechanisms of peripheral neuropathy associated with bortezomib and vincristine in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a prospective analysis of data from the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(11):1057-1065.
108. Palomar Garcia V, Abdulghani Martinez F, Bodet Agusti E, et al. Drug-induced otoxicity: current status. Acta Otolaryngol. 2001;121(5):569-572.
109. Wheeler HE, Dolan ME. Lymphoblastoid cell lines in pharmacogenomic discovery and clinical translation. Pharmacogenomics. 2012;13(1):55-70.
110. Madian AG, Wheeler HE, Jones RB, et al. Relating human genetic variation to variation in drug responses. Trends Genet. 2012;28(10):487-495.
111. Welsh M, Mangravite L, Medina MW, et al. Pharmacogenomic discovery using cell-based models. Pharmacol Rev. 2009;61(4):413-429.
112. Shukla SJ, Duan S, Badner JA, et al. Susceptibility loci involved in cis-platin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008;18(3):253-262.
113. Duan S, Huang RS, Zhang W, et al. Genetic architecture of transcript-level variation in humans. Am J Hum Genet. 2008;82(5):1101-1113.
114. Huang RS, Gamazon ER, Ziliak D, et al. Population differences in micro-RNA expression and biological implications. RNA Biol. 2011;8(4):692-701.
115. Moen EL, Zhang X, Mu W, et al. Genome-wide variation of cytosine modifications between European and African populations and the implications for complex traits. Genetics. 2013;194(4):987-996.
116. Wheeler HE, Gamazon ER, Stark AL, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies variants associated with platinating agent susceptibility across populations. Pharmacogenomics J. 2013;13(1):35-43.
117. Cox NJ, Gamazon ER, Wheeler HE, et al. Clinical translation of cell-based pharmacogenomic discovery. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92(4):425-427.
118. Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, et al. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature. 2009;461(7265):747-753.
119. Eichler EE, Flint J, Gibson G, et al. Missing heritability and strategies for finding the underlying causes of complex disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2010;11(6):446-450.
120. Lee SH, Wray NR, Goddard ME, et al. Estimating missing heritabil-ity for disease from genome-wide association studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;88(3):294-305.
121. O'Donnell PH, Bush A, Spitz J, et al. The 1200 patients project: creating a new medical model system for clinical implementation of pharmacog-enomics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92(4):446-449.
122. Bell GC, Crews KR, Wilkinson MR, et al. Development and use of active clinical decision support for preemptive pharmacogenomics. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21(e1):e93-99. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001993.
123. Wetterstrand KA. DNA Sequencing costs: data from the NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program (GSP). http://www.genome.gov/sequencingcosts/. Accessed February 18, 2014.
124. Wheeler HE, Aquino-Michaels K, Gamazon ER, et al. Poly-omic prediction of complex traits: OmicKriging. http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.1788. Accessed February 18, 2014.
125. Yeh ET, Bickford CL. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(24):2231-2247.
126. de Haas EC, Oosting SF, Lefrandt JD, et al. The metabolic syndrome in cancer survivors. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(2):193-203.
127. Tichelli A, Socie G. Considerations for adult cancer survivors. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2005;516-22.
128. Sakoda LC, Jorgenson E, Witte JS. Turning of COGS moves forward findings for hormonally mediated cancers. Nat Genet. 2013;45(4):345-348.
129. Gadalla SM, Lund M, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Cancer risk among patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy. JAMA. 2011;306(22):2480-2486.
130. Braun S, Bitton-Worms K, LeRoith D. The link between the metabolic syndrome and cancer. Int J Biol Sci. 2011;7(7):1003-1015.
131. Khandekar MJ, Cohen P, Spiegelman BM. Molecular mechanisms of cancer development in obesity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(12):886-895.
132. Travis LB, Gospodarowicz M, Curtis RE, et al. Lung cancer following chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94(3):182-192.
133. Travis LB, Ng AK, Allan JM, et al. Second malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease following radiotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(5):357-370.
134. Ng AK, Kenney LB, Gilbert ES, et al. Secondary malignancies across the age spectrum. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2010;20(1):67-78.
135. Li F P, Stovall EL. Long-term survivors of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7(4):269-270.
136. World Bank. Health expenditure, total (% of GDP). http://data.worldbank. org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS. Accessed February 18, 2014.
137. GTEx Consortium. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Nat Genet. 2013;45(6):580-585.