Auditory late effects of childhood cancer therapy: A report from the children's oncology group

Pediatrics

Volumn 125, Issue 4, 2010, Pages

  Grewal, Satkiran ^a   Merchant, Thomas ^b   Reymond, Renee ^c   McInerney, Maryrose ^d   Hodge, Cathy ^e   Shearer, Patricia ^f  

^a BAYSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c Department of Pathology   (United States)

^d ST JOHN'S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Katy TX   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMIFOSTINE; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; ANTIOXIDANT; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; MAGNESIUM; METHIONINE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SODIUM THIOSULFATE;

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ARTICLE; ATROPHY; AUDITORY CANAL; BODY SURFACE; BONE NECROSIS; BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURVIVOR; CANCER THERAPY; CHILD; CHILDHOOD CANCER; CHORDA TYMPANI; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COCHLEA; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG MEGADOSE; EAR PROTECTION; EARDRUM PERFORATION; EXTERNAL OTITIS; GENETICS; GERM CELL TUMOR; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HAIR CELL; HEAD AND NECK TUMOR; HEARING LOSS; HEPATOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; HYDROCEPHALUS; INCIDENCE; LEARNING; MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MYELOABLATIVE CONDITIONING; NEUROBLASTOMA; OSTEOSARCOMA; OTOTOXICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT COUNSELING; PERCEPTION DEAFNESS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RADIATION DOSE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLID TUMOR; SPIRAL GANGLION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STENOSIS; STRIA VASCULARIS; ULCER;

ADVISORY COMMITTEES; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; AUDITORY PERCEPTION; CHILD; CISPLATIN; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HEALTH PLANNING GUIDELINES; HEARING DISORDERS; HUMANS; MEDICAL ONCOLOGY; NEOPLASMS; RADIATION INJURIES; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 77950581013     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-1597     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. 1. McHaney VA, Thibadoux G, Hayes FA, Green AA. Hearing loss in children receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. J Pediatr. 1983; 102(2): 314-317 (Pubitemid 13194726)
2. Schell MJ, McHaney VA, Green AA, et al. Hearing loss in children and young adults receiving cisplatin with or without prior cranial irradiation. J Clin Oncol. 1989; 7(6): 754-760
3. Brock PR, Bellman SC, Yeomans EC, Pinkerton CR, Pritchard J. Cisplatin ototoxicity in children: a practical grading system. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1991; 19(4): 295-300
4. Ilveskoski I, Saarinen UM, Wiklund T, et al. Ototoxicity in children with malignant brain tumors treated with the "8 in 1 " chemotherapy protocol. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996; 27(1): 26-31
5. Kortmann RD, Kuhl J, Timmermann B, et al. Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT '91. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000; 46(2): 269-279
6. Parsons SK, Neault MW, Lehmann LE, et al. Severe ototoxicity following carboplatincontaining conditioning regimen for autologous marrow transplantation for neuroblastoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998; 22(7): 669-674
7. 7. Punnett A, Bliss B, Dupuis LL, Abdolell M, Doyle J, Sung L. Ototoxicity following pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004; 42(7): 598-603 (Pubitemid 38669747)
8. 8. Bertolini P, Lassalle M, Mercier G, et al. Platinum compound-related ototoxicity in children: long-term follow-up reveals continuous worsening of hearing loss. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004; 26(10): 649-655 (Pubitemid 39350398)
9. Cushing B, Giller R, Cullen JW, et al. Randomized comparison of combination chemotherapy with etoposide, bleomycin, and either high-dose or standard-dose cisplatin in children and adolescents with high-risk malignant germ cell tumors: a pediatric intergroup study-Pediatric Oncology Group 9049 and Children's Cancer Group 8882. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(13): 2691-2700
10. 10. Gupta AA, Capra M, Papaioannou V, et al. Low incidence of ototoxicity with continuous infusion of cisplatin in the treatment of pediatric germ cell tumors. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006; 28(2): 91-94 (Pubitemid 43315666)
11. Knight KR, Kraemer DF, Neuwelt EA. Oto- toxicity in children receiving platinum chemotherapy: underestimating a commonly occurring toxicity that may influence academic and social development. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23(34): 8588-8596
12. 12. Kushner BH, Budnick A, Kramer K, Modak S, Cheung NK. Ototoxicity from high-dose use of platinum compounds in patients with neuroblastoma. Cancer. 2006; 107(2): 417-422 (Pubitemid 44036572)
13. 13. Laverdière C, Cheung NK, Kushner BH, et al. Long-term complications in survivors of advanced stage neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005; 45(3): 324-332 (Pubitemid 41077167)
14. 14. Merchant TE, Gould CJ, Xiong X, et al. Early neuro-otologic effects of three-dimensional irradiation in children with primary brain tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004; 58(4): 1194-1207 (Pubitemid 38314805)
15. Brock PR, Yeomans EC, Bellman SC, Pritchard J. Cisplatin therapy in infants: short and long-term morbidity. BrJ Cancer Suppl. 1992; 18: S36-S40
16. Hua C, Bass JK, Khan R, Kun LE, Merchant TE. Hearing loss after radiotherapy for pediatric brain tumors: effect of cochlear dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008; 72(3): 892-899
17. 17. Low WK, Toh ST, Wee J, Fook-Chong SM, Wang DY. Sensorineural hearing loss after radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy: a single, blinded, randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24(12): 1904-1909 (Pubitemid 46638990)
18. 18. Merchant TE, Hua CH, Shukla H, Ying X, Nill S, Oelfke U. Proton versus photon radiotherapy for common pediatric brain tumors: comparison of models of dose characteristics and their relationship to cognitive function. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008; 51(1): 110-117 (Pubitemid 351717400)
19. 19. Miettinen S, Laurikainen E, Johansson R, Minn H, Laurell G, Salmi TT. Radiotherapy enhanced ototoxicity of cisplatin in children. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997; 529: 90-94 (Pubitemid 27364367)
20. 20. Walker DA, Pillow J, Waters KD, Keir E. Enhanced cis-platinum ototoxicity in children with brain tumours who have received simultaneous or prior cranial irradiation. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1989; 17(1): 48-52 (Pubitemid 19051071)
21. Landier W, Bhatia S, Eshelman DA, et al. Development of risk-based guidelines for pediatric cancer survivors: the Children's Oncology Group Long-term Follow-up Guidelines from the Children's Oncology Group Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(24): 4979-4990
22. Children's Oncology Group. Long-term Follow-up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Cancers. Version 3.0, Arcadia, CA; Children's Oncology Group: 2008. Available at: www. survivorshipguidelines.org. Accessed January 4, 2010
23. 23. Eshelman D, Landier W, Sweeney T, et al. Facilitating care for childhood cancer survivors: integrating Children's Oncology Group long-term follow-up guidelines and health links in clinical practice. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2004; 21(5): 271-280 (Pubitemid 39256288)
24. Cunningham M, Cox EO; American Academy of Pediatrics.Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine and the Section on Otolaryngology and Bronchoesophagology. Hearing assessment in infants and children: recommendations beyond neonatal screening. Pediatrics. 2003; 111(2): 436-440
25. Winn RJ, Botnick WZ. The NCCN Guideline Program: a conceptual framework. Oncology (Williston Park). 1997; 11(11A): 25-32
26. American National Standards Institute. Common terminology criteria for adverse events, version 3.0. Available at: http:// ctep.cancer.gov/ protocolDevelopment/electronic-applications/docs/ctcaev3.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2010
27. 27. Dolan ME, Newbold KG, Nagasubramanian R, et al. Heritability and linkage analysis of sensitivity to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Cancer Res. 2004; 64(12): 4353-4356 (Pubitemid 38802443)
28. Huang RS, Kistner EO, Bleibel WK, Shukla SJ, Dolan ME. Effect of population and gender on chemotherapeutic agent-induced cytotoxicity. MoI Cancer Ther. 2007; 6(1): 31-36
29. Comis SD, Rhys-Evans PH, Osborne MP, Pickles JO, Jeffries DJ, Pearse HA. Early morphological and chemical changes induced by cisplatin in the guinea pig. J Laryngol Otol. 1986; 100(12): 1375-1383
30. Lin CP, Liu JD, Chow JM, Liu CR, Liu HE. Smallmolecule c-Myc inhibitor, 10058-F4, inhibits proliferation, downregulates human telomerase reverse transcriptase and enhances chemosensrtivity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Anticancer Drugs. 2007; 18(2): 161-170
31. Faragher AJ, Fry AM. Nek2A kinase stimulates centrosome disjunction and is required for formation of bipolar mitotic spindles. Mol Biol Cell. 2003; 14(7): 2876-2889
32. Martindale JL, Holbrook NJ. Cellular response to oxidative stress: signaling for suicide and survival. J Cell Physiol. 2002; 192(1): 1-15
33. Rybak LP, Ramkumar V. Ototoxicity. Kidney Int. 2007; 72(8): 931-935
34. Rybak LP, Whitworth CA, Mukherjea D, Ramkumar V. Mechanisms of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and prevention. Hear Res. 2007; 226(1-2): 157-167
35. Brusilow SW, Gordes E. The mutual independence of the endolymphatic potential and the concentrations of sodium and potassium in endolymph. J Clin Invest. 1973; 52(10): 2517-2521
36. 36. Altura BM, Altura BT, Gebrewold A, Ising H, Günther T. Magnesium deficiency and hypertension: correlation between magnesium deficient diets and microcirculatory changes in situ. Science. 1984; 223(4642): 1315-1317 (Pubitemid 14163190)
37. Brown R. Ethacrinic acid and furosemide: possible cochlear sites and mechanisms of ototoxic action. Mednikon. 1975; 5(4): 33-40
38. 38. Joachims Z, Babisch W, Ising H, Günther T, Handrock M. Dependence of noise-induced hearing loss upon perilymph magnesium concentration. J Acoust Soc Am. 1983; 74(1): 104-108 (Pubitemid 13003078)
39. 39. Nakai Y, Konishi K, Chang KC, et al. Ototoxicity of the anticancer drug cisplatin: an experimental study. Acta Otolaryngol. 1982; 93(3-4): 227-232 (Pubitemid 12173676)
40. Stadnicki SW, Fleischman RW, Schaeppi U, Merriam P. Cis-chlorodiammine platinum (II): (NSC-119875): hearing loss and other toxic effects in rhesus monkeys. Cancer Chemother Rep. 1975; 59(3): 467-480
41. Landier W, Merchant TE. Adverse effects of cancer treatment on hearing. In: Schwartz CL, Hobbie WL, Constine LS, Ruccionne KS, eds. Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2005: 109-123
42. Hall JW, Mueller HG, eds. Audiologists Desk Reference. Vol 1. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc; 1998
43. 43. Doz F, Pinkerton R, Pacquement H, et al. Platinum derivatives in pediatric oncology [in French]. Arch Fr Pediatr. 1993; 50(4): 353-359 (Pubitemid 23138385)
44. Gaynon P. Carboplatin in pediatric malignancies. Semin Oncol. 1994; 21(5 suppl 12): 65-76
45. Daw NC, Gregornik D, Rodman J, et al. Renal function after ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) chemotherapy, nephrectomy and radiotherapy in children with Wilms tumour. Eur J Cancer. 2009; 45(1): 99-106
46. 46. Bokemeyer C, Berger CC, Hartmann JT, et al. Analysis of risk factors for cisplatininduced ototoxicity in patients with testicular cancer. Br J Cancer. 1998; 77(8): 1355-1362 (Pubitemid 28140629)
47. Kushner BH, Kramer K, Modak S, et al. Topotecan, thiotepa, and carboplatin for neuroblastoma: failure to prevent relapse in the central nervous system. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006; 37(3): 271-276
48. 48. Huang E, Teh BS, Strother DR, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for pediatric medulloblastoma: early report on the reduction of ototoxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002; 52(3): 599-605 (Pubitemid 34158719)
49. 49. Li Y, Womer RB, Silber JH. Predicting cisplatin ototoxicity in children: the influence of age and the cumulative dose. Eur J Cancer. 2004; 40(16): 2445-2451 (Pubitemid 39424959)
50. Packer RJ, Sutton LN, Elterman R, et al. Outcome for children with medulloblastoma treated with radiation and cisplatin, CCNU, and vincristine chemotherapy. J Neurosurg. 1994; 81(5): 690-698
51. 51. Granowetter L, Rosenstock JG, Packer RJ. Enhanced cis-platinum neurotoxicity in pediatric patients with brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 1983; 1(4): 293-297 (Pubitemid 14163768)
52. Weatherly RA, Owens JJ, Catlin Fl, Mahoney DH. Cis-platinum ototoxicity in children. Laryngoscope. 1991; 101(9): 917-924
53. Bates DE, Beaumont SJ, Baylis BW. Ototoxicity induced by gentamicin and furosemide. Ann Pharmacother. 2002; 36(3): 446-451
54. Bitner-Glindzicz M, Rahman S. Ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides. BMJ. 2007; 335(7624): 784-785
55. 55. Bergeron C, Dubourg L, Chastagner P, et al. Long-term renal and hearing toxicity of carboplatin in infants treated for localized and unresectable neuroblastoma: results of the SFOP NBL90 study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005; 45(1): 32-36 (Pubitemid 40791743)
56. Dean JB, Hayashi SS, Albert CM, King AA, Karzon R, Hayashi RJ. Hearing loss in pediatric oncology patients receiving carboplatincontaining regimens. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008; 30(2): 130-134
57. Lambert MP, Shields C, Meadows AT. A retrospective review of hearing in children with retinoblastoma treated with carboplatin-based chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008; 50(2): 223-226
58. Smits C, Swen SJ, Theo Goverts S, Moll AC, lmhof SM, Schouten-van Meeteren AY. Assessment of hearing in very young children receiving carboplatin for retinoblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 2006; 42(4): 492-500
59. Jehanne M, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Savignoni A, et al. Analysis of ototoxicity in young children receiving carboplatin in the context of conservative management of unilateral or bilateral retinoblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009; 52(5): 637-643
60. 60. Bhandare N, Antonelli PJ, Morris CG, Malayapa RS, Mendenhall WM. Ototoxicity after radiotherapy for head and neck tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 67(2): 469-479 (Pubitemid 46108326)
61. 61. Bohne BA, Marks JE, Glasgow GP. Delayed effects of ionizing radiation on the ear. Laryngoscope. 1985; 95(7 pt 1): 818-828 (Pubitemid 15032777)
62. Gamble JE, Peterson EA, Chandler JR. Radiation effects on the inner ear. Arch Otolaryngol. 1968; 88(2): 156-161
63. 63. Tokimoto T, Kanagawa K. Effects of X-ray irradiation on hearing in guinea pigs. Acta Otolaryngol. 1985; 100(3-4): 266-272 (Pubitemid 15233612)
64. Winther FO. X-ray irradiation of the inner ear of the guinea pig: early degenerative changes in the cochlea. Acta Otolaryngol. 1969; 68(1): 98-117
65. Fong RS, Beste DJ, Murray KJ. Pediatric sensorineural hearing loss after temporal bone radiation. Am J Otol. 1995; 16(6): 793-796
66. Merchant TE, Conklin HM, Wu S, Lustig RH, Xiong X. Late effects of conformai radiation therapy for pediatric patients with lowgrade glioma: prospective evaluation of cognitive, endocrine, and hearing deficits. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(22): 3691-3697
67. Yock TI, Tarbell NJ. Technology insight: proton beam radiotherapy for treatment in pediatric brain tumors. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2004; 1(2): 97-103; quiz 1 p following 111
68. Barr RD, Chalmers D, De Pauw S, Furlong W, Weitzman S, Feeny D. Health-related quality of life in survivors of Wilms' tumor and advanced neuroblastoma: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18(18): 3280-3287
69. Gurney JG, Tersak JM, Ness KK, Landier W, Matthay KK, Schmidt ML; Children's Oncology Group. Hearing loss, quality of life, and academic problems in long-term neuroblastoma survivors: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatrics. 2007; 120(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ full/120/5/e1229
70. 70. Bess FH, Dodd-Murphy J, Parker RA. Children with minimal sensorineural hearing loss: prevalence, educational performance and functional status. Ear Hear. 1998; 19(5): 339-354 (Pubitemid 28465218)
71. Blair J, Peterson ME, Viehweg SH. The effects of mild sensorineural hearing loss on academic performance of young school age children. Volta Rev. 1985; 87(2): 87-93
72. 72. Tibussek D, Meister H, Walger M, Foerst A, von WH. Hearing loss in early infancy affects maturation of the auditory pathway. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002; 44(2): 123-129 (Pubitemid 34168253)
73. 73. Most T. Assessment of school functioning among Israeli Arab children with hearing loss in the primary grades. Am Ann Deaf. 2006; 151(3): 327-335 (Pubitemid 44886229)
74. 74. Moeller MP, Tomblin JB, Yoshinaga-ltano C, Connor CM, Jerger S. Current state of knowledge: language and literacy of children with hearing impairment. Ear Hear. 2007; 28(6): 740-753 (Pubitemid 350059317)
75. Pittman AL, Lewis DE, Hoover BM, Stelmachowicz PG. Rapid word-learning in normalhearing and hearing-impaired children: effects of age, receptive vocabulary, and high-frequency amplification. Ear Hear. 2005; 26(6): 619-629
76. American Academy of Pediatrics, Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. Year 2007 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Pediatrics. 2007; 120(4): 898-921
77. Quigley SP, Thomure FE. Some effects of hearing impairment on school performance. In: Bess FH, ed. Ear Hear. Vol 6. Springfield IL: Illinois Office of Education; 1968: 43-47
78. 78. Tharpe AM. Unilateral and mild bilateral hearing loss in children: past and current perspectives. Trends Amplif. 2008; 12(1): 7-15 (Pubitemid 351200436)
79. 79. Kennedy CR, McCann DC, Campbell MJ, et al. Language ability after early detection of permanent childhood hearing impairment. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(20): 2131-2141 (Pubitemid 43736613)
80. Gifford KA, Holmes MG, Bernstein HH. Hearing loss in children. Pediatr Rev. 2009; 30(6): 207-215; quiz 216
81. 81. Minami SB, Sha SH, Schacht J. Antioxidant protection in a new animal model of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Hear Res. 2004; 198(1-2): 137-143 (Pubitemid 39536163)
82. Ravi R, Somani SM, Rybak LP. Mechanism of cisplatin ototoxicity: antioxidant system. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995; 76(6): 386-394
83. 83. Neuwelt EA, Gilmer-Knight K, Lacy C, et al. Toxicity profile of delayed high dose sodium thiosulfate in children treated with carboplatin in conjunction with blood-brainbarrier disruption. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006; 47(2): 174-182 (Pubitemid 44025250)
84. 84. Hyppolito MA, de Oliveira JA, Rossato M. Cisplatin ototoxicity and otoprotection with sodium salicylate. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2006; 263(9): 798-803 (Pubitemid 44127303)
85. Kalkanis JG, Whitworth C, Rybak LP. Vitamin E reduces cisplatin ototoxicity. Laryngoscope. 2004; 114(3): 538-542
86. 86. Korver KD, Rybak LP, Whitworth C, Campbell KM. Round window application of D-methionine provides complete cisplatin otoprotection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002; 126(6): 683-689 (Pubitemid 41115249)
87. 87. Kemp G, Rose P, Lurain J, et al. Amifostine pretreatment for protection against cyclophosphamide-induced and cisplatininduced toxicities: results of a randomized control trial in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996; 14(7): 2101-2112 (Pubitemid 26230113)
88. 88. Marina N, Chang KW, Malogolowkin M, et al. Amifostine does not protect against the ototoxicity of high-dose cisplatin combined with etoposide and bleomycin in pediatric germ-cell tumors: a Children's Oncology Group study. Cancer. 2005; 104(4): 841-847 (Pubitemid 41113686)
89. 89. Gallegos-Castorena S, Martinez-Avalos A, Mohar-Betancourt A, Guerrero-Avendano G, Zapata-Tarres M, Medina-Sanson A. Toxicity prevention with amifostine in pediatric osteosarcoma patients treated with cisplatin and doxorubicin. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2007; 24(6): 403-408 (Pubitemid 47301148)
90. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Ad Hoc Committee on Audiologic Management of Individuals Receiving Ototoxic and/or Vestibulotoxic Drug Therapy. Guidelines for the audiologic management of individuals receiving cochleotoxic drug therapy. ASHA 1994; 35(suppl 12): 11-19
91. 91. Nagy JL, Adelstein DJ, Newman CW, Rybicki LA, Rice TW, Lavertu P. Cisplatin ototoxicity: the importance of baseline audiometry. Am J Clin Oncol. 1999; 22(3): 305-308 (Pubitemid 30263329)
92. Papsin BC, Gordon KA. Cochlear implants for children with severe-to-profound hearing loss. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(23): 2380-2387
93. Roland JT Jr, Cosetti M, Liebman T, Waltzman S, Allen JC. Cochlear implantation following treatment for medulloblastoma. Laryngoscope. 2009; 120(1): 139-143
94. Roland JT Jr, Cosetti M, Wang KH, Immerman S, Waltzman SB. Cochlear implantation in the very young child: long-term safety and efficacy. Laryngoscope. 2009; 119(11): 2205-2210
95. Niskar AS, Kieszak SM, Holmes AE, Esteban E, Rubin C, Brody DJ. Estimated prevalence of noise-induced hearing threshold shifts among children 6 to 19 years of age: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994, United States. Pediatrics. 2001; 108(1): 40-43
96. Brookhouser P. Diseases of the cochlea and labyrinth. In: Wetmore RF, Muntz HR, McGiII TJ, eds. Pediatric Otolaryngology: Principles and Practice Pathways. New York, NY: Thieme; 2000: 327-354