Antimicrobial peptides from scorpion venoms

Toxicon

Volumn 88, Issue , 2014, Pages 115-137

  Harrison, Patrick L ^a   Abdel Rahman, Mohamed A ^a,b   Miller, Keith ^a   Strong, Peter N ^a  

^a SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Suez Canal University   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Infection; Pore forming peptides; Scorpion venom; Therapeutics; Venomics

Indexed keywords

BACTRIDINE 1; BRADYKININ POTENTIATING PEPTIDE; CTRIPORIN; DEFENSIN; HADRURIN; HETERIN 2; IMCROPORIN; ISCT PEPTIDE; ISCT2 PEPTIDE; KB1 PEPTIDE; KN2 PEPTIDE; MAP1 PEPTIDE; MAP2 PEPTIDE; MEUCIN 13; MEUCIN 18; MEUCIN 24; MEUCIN 25; MUCROPORIN; MUCROPORIN M1; OPISTOPORIN 1; PANDININ 1; PANDININ 2; PARABUTOPORIN; POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; SCORPINE; SCORPION VENOM; TXKS 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN; VEJOVINE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIMICROBIAL CATIONIC PEPTIDE;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BIOASSAY; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG STRUCTURE; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESS DEVELOPMENT; PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; SCORPION; STRUCTURAL HOMOLOGY; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TRANSCRIPTOMICS; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; CHEMISTRY; MOLECULAR GENETICS;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ANTIMICROBIAL CATIONIC PEPTIDES; DEFENSINS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; SCORPION VENOMS;

EID: 84904890016     PISSN: 00410101     EISSN: 18793150     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.006     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. M.A. Abdel-Rahman, V. Quintero-Hernandez, and L.D. Possani Venom proteomic and venomous glands transcriptomic analysis of the Egyptian scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus (Arachnida: Scorpionidae) Toxicon 74 2013 193 207
2. M.A. Abdel-Rahman, P.L. Harrison, and P.N. Strong Snapshots of scorpion venomics J. Arid Environ. 2014 (in press)
3. M.A. Abdel-Rahman, M. Omran, M. Abdel-Nabi, H. Ueda, and A. McVean Intraspecific variation in the Egyptian Scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus venom collected from different biotopes Toxicon 53 2009 349 359
4. A. Almaaytah, M. Zhou, L. Wang, T. Chen, B. Walker, and C. Shaw Antimicrobial/cytolytic peptides from the venom of the North African scorpion, Androctonus amoreuxi: biochemical and functional characterization of natural peptides and a single site-substituted analog Peptides 35 2012 291 299
5. D.D. Almeida, K.C. Scortecci, L.S. Kobashi, L.F. Agnez- Lima, S.R. Medeiros, and A.A. Silva-Junior et al. Profiling the resting venom gland of the scorpion Tityus stigmurus through a transcriptomic survey BMC Genomics 13 2012 362
6. G. Baumann, and P. Mueller A molecular model of membrane excitability J. Supramol. Struct. 2 5-6 1974 538 557
7. O.S. Belokoneva, H. Satake, E.L. Maltseva, N.P. Palmina, E. Villegas, T. Nakajima, and G. Corzo Pore formation of phospholipid membranes by the action of two hemolytic arachnid peptides of different size Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1664 2004 182 188 (Pubitemid 39140991)
8. O.S. Belokoneva, E. Villegas, G. Corzo, L. Dai, and T. Nakajima The hemolytic activity of six arachnid cationic peptides is affected by the phosphatidylcholine-to-sphingomyelin ratio in lipid bilayers Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1617 2003 22 30 (Pubitemid 37456709)
9. S. Bobone, D. Roversi, L. Giordano, M. Zotti, F. Formaggio, C. Toniolo, Y. Park, and L. Stella Lipid dependence of antimicrobial peptide activity is an unreliable experimental test for different pore models Biochemistry 51 51 2012 10124 10126
10. F. Bontems, C. Roumestand, B. Gilquin, A. Ménez, and F. Toma Refined structure of charybdotoxin: common motifs in scorpion toxins and insect defensins Science 254 1991 1521 1523 (Pubitemid 21917495)
11. A. Borges, M.J. Alfonzo, C.C. Garcia, N.J. Winand, E. Leipold, and S.H. Heinemann Isolation, molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel beta-toxin from the Venezuelan scorpion, Tityus zulianus Toxicon 43 2004 671 684 (Pubitemid 38520771)
12. A. Brandeli Nanostructures as promising tools for delivery of antimicrobial peptides Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 12 8 2012 731 741
13. K.A. Brogden Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3 2005 238 250 (Pubitemid 40298223)
14. C.P. Brouwer, M. Rahman, and M.M. Welling Discovery and development of a synthetic peptide derived from lactoferrin for clinical use Peptides 32 9 2011 1953 1963
15. J.J. Calvete (Prote) omics in snake venom research-A mere academic exercise? The 1st Oxford World Symposium on Venoms, Venoms 2012 2012 Oxford University UK
16. J. Calvete Snake venomics: from the inventory of toxins to biology Toxicon 75 2013 44 62
17. L. Cao, Z. Li, R. Zhang, Y. Wu, W. Li, and Z. Cao StCT2, a new antibacterial peptide characterized from the venom of the scorpion Scorpiops tibetanus Peptides 36 2012 213 220
18. G. Carmona, A. Rodriguez, D. Juarez, G. Corzo, and E. Villegas Improved protease stability of the antimicrobial peptide Pin2 substituted with D-amino acids 32 6 2013 456 466
19. I. Chopra, C. Schofield, M. Everett, A. O'Neill, K. Miller, M. Wilcox, J.M. Frere, M. Dawson, L. Czaplewski, U. Urleb, and P. Courvalin Treatment of health-care-associated infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria: a consensus statement Lancet Infect. Dis. 8 2 2006 133 139
20. S. Cociancich, M. Goyffon, F. Bontems, P. Bulet, F. Bouet, A. Menez, and J. Hoffmann Purification and characterization of a scorpion defensin, a 4kDa antibacterial peptide presenting structural similarities with insect defensins and scorpion toxins Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 194 1993 17 22 (Pubitemid 23237894)
21. R. Conde, F.Z. Zamudio, M.H. Rodriguez, and L.D. Possani Scorpine, an anti-malaria and anti-bacterial agent purified from scorpion venom FEBS Lett. 471 2000 165 168 (Pubitemid 30190058)
22. G. Corzo, P. Escoubas, E. Villegas, K.J. Barnhjam, W. He, R.S. Norton, and T. Nakajima Characterization of unique amphipathic antimicrobial peptides from venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator Biochem. J. 359 2001 35 45 (Pubitemid 32939205)
23. C. Dai, Y. Ma, Z. Zhao, R. Zhao, Q. Wang, Y.L. Wu, Z.J. Cao, and W.X. Li Mucroporin, the first cationic host defense peptide from the venom of Lychas mucronatus Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52 2008 3967 3972
24. L. Dai, G. Corzo, H. Naoki, M. Andriantsiferana, and T. Nakajima Purification, structure-function analysis, and molecular characterization of novel linear peptides from scorpion Opisthacanthus madagascariensis Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 293 2002 1514 1522 (Pubitemid 34681050)
25. L. Dai, A. Yasuda, H. Naoki, G. Corzo, M. Andriantsiferana, and T. Nakajima IsCT, a novel cytotoxic linear peptide from scorpion Opisthacanthus madagascariensis Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 286 2001 820 825 (Pubitemid 32912961)
26. S.N. Dean, B.M. Bishop, and M.L. van Hoek Natural and synthetic cathelicidin peptides with anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus BMC Micrcobiol. 2011 111 114
27. A.S. De Groot, D.S. Rivera, J.A. McMurry, S. Buus, and W. Martin Identification of immunogenic HLA-B7 "Achilles' heel" epitopes within highly conserved regions of HIV Vaccine 26 24 2007 3059 3071
28. + permeability changes Toxicon 54 2009 802 817
29. + Channel Blocking Activities of Beta-KTx and Scorpine-like Peptides Purified from Scorpion Venoms 2008
30. E. Diego-Garcia, C.V. Batista, B.I. Garcia-Gomez, S. Lucas, D.M. Candido, F. Gomez-Lagunas, and L.D. Possani The Brazilian scorpion Tityus costatus Karsch: genes, peptides and function Toxicon 45 2005 273 283 (Pubitemid 40431271)
31. E. Diego-Garcia, S. Peigneur, E. Clynen, T. Marien, L. Czech, L. Schoofs, and J. Tytgat Molecular diversity of the telson and venom components from Pandinus cavimanus (Scorpionidae Latreille 1802): transcriptome, venomics and function Proteomics 12 2012 313 328
32. E. Diego-Garcia, E.F. Schwartz, G. D'Suze, S.A. Gonzalez, C.V. Batista, B.I. Garcia, R.C. de la Vega, and L.D. Possani Wide phylogenetic distribution of Scorpine and long-chain beta-KTx-like peptides in scorpion venoms: identification of "orphan" components Peptides 28 2007 31 37 (Pubitemid 44959184)
33. G. D'Suze, C. Sevcik, M. Corona, F.Z. Zamudio, C.V.F. Batista, F.I. Coronas, and L.D. Possani Ardiscretin a novel arthropod-selective toxin from Tityus discrepans scorpion venom Toxicon 43 2004 263 272 (Pubitemid 38367958)
34. A.W. Du, and M.H. Stenzel Drug carriers for the delivery of therapeutic peptides Biomacromolecules 15 4 2014 1097 1114
35. J. Durban, A. Pérez, L. Sanz, A. Gómez, F. Bonilla, S. Rodríguez, D. Chacón, M. Sasa, Y. Angulo, J.M. Gutiérrez, and J.J. Calvete Integrated "omics" profiling indicates that miRNAs are modulators of the ontogenetic venom composition shift in the Central American rattlesnake, Crotalus simus simus BMC Genom. 14 2013 234
36. C. Falciani, L. Lozzi, S. Scali, J. Brunetti, L. Bracci, and A. Pini Site-specific pegylation of an antimicrobial peptide increases resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase Amino Acids 46 5 2014 1403 1407
37. Z. Fan, L. Cao, Y. He, J. Hu, Z. Di, Y. Wu, W. Li, and Z. Cao Ctriporin, a new anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus peptide from the venom of the scorpion Chaerilus tricostatus Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 55 11 2011 5220 5529
38. J.L. Fox Antimicrobial peptides stage a comeback Nat. Biotechnol. 31 5 2013 379 382
39. D.I. Fernandez, A.P. Le Brun, T.C. Whitwell, M.A. Sani, M. James, and F. Separovic The antimicrobial peptide aurein 1.2 disrupts model membranes via the carpet mechanism Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14 2012 15739 15751
40. B. Gao, P. Sherman, L. Luo, J. Bowie, and S. Zhu Structural and functional characterization of two genetically related meucin peptides highlights evolutionary divergence and convergence in antimicrobial peptides FASEB J. 23 2009 1230 1245
41. B. Gao, J. Xu, M. Del Carmen Rodriguez, H. Lanz-Mendoza, R. Hernandez-Rivas, W. Du, and S. Zhu Characterization of two linear cationic antimalarial peptides in the scorpion Mesobuthus eupeus Biochimie 92 2010 350 359
42. A.J. García-Sáez, S. Chiantia, J. Salgado, and P. Schwille Pore formation by a Bax-derived peptide: effect on the line tension of the membrane probed by AFM Biophys. J. 93 2007 103 112 (Pubitemid 47041655)
43. H.L. Gibbs, L. Sanz, M.G. Sovic, and J.J. Calvete Phylogeny-based comparative analysis of venom proteome variation in a clade of rattlesnakes (Sistrurus sp.) PLoS One 8 2013 e67220
44. Y.L. Gordon, E.G. Romanowski, and A.M. McDermott A review of antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential as anti-infective drugs Curr. Eye Res. 30 7 2005 505 515 (Pubitemid 41113552)
45. I. Güell, J. Cabrefiga, E. Badosa, R. Ferre, M. Talleda, E. Bardají, M. Planas, L. Feliu, and E. Montesinos Improvement of the efficacy of linear undecapeptides against plant-pathogenic bacteria by incorporation of D-amino acids Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77 8 2011 2667 2675
46. Guo, X., Ma, C., Du, Q., Wie, R., Wang, L., Zhou, M., Chen, T., Shaw, C., Two peptides, TsAP-1 and TsAP-2, from the venom of the Brazilian yellow scorpion, Tityus serrulatus: evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Biochimie. (in press).
47. C.A. Hernandez-Aponte, J. Silva-Sanchez, V. Quintero-Hernandez, A. Rodriguez-Romero, C. Balderas, L.D. Possani, and G.B. Gurrola Vejovine, a new antibiotic from the scorpion venom of Vaejovis mexicanus Toxicon 57 2011 84 92
48. T.A. Holak, A. Engström, P.J. Kraulis, G. Lindeberg, H. Bennich, T.A. Jones, A.M. Gronenborn, and G.M. Clore The solution conformation of the antibacterial peptide cecropin A: a nuclear magnetic resonance and dynamical simulated annealing study Biochemistry 27 1988 7620 7629
49. W. Hong, T. Li, Y. Song, R. Zhang, Z. Zeng, S. Han, X. Zhang, Y. Wu, W. Li, and Z. Cao Inhibitory activity and mechanism of two scorpion venom peptides against herpes simplex virus type 1 Antivir. Res. 102 2013 1 10
50. H. Hu, C. Wang, X. Guo, W. Li, Y. Wang, and Q. He Broad activity against porcine bacterial pathogens displayed by two insect antimicrobial peptides moricin and cecropin B Mol. Cells 35 2013 106 114
51. H. Jenssen, P. Hamill, and R.E. Hancock Peptide antimicrobial agents Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19 3 2006 491 511 (Pubitemid 44137212)
52. S. Jevsevar, M. Kunstelj, and V.G. Porekar PEGylation of therapeutic proteins Biotechnol. J. 5 1 2010 113 128
53. Z. Jiang, A.I. Vasil, J.D. Hale, R.E. Hancock, M.L. Vasil, and R.S. Hodges Effects of net charge and the number of positively charged residues on the biological activity of amphipathic alpha-helical cationic antimicrobial peptides Biopolymers 90 2008 369 383
54. S. Jones, and J. Howl Enantiomer-specific bioactivities of peptidomimetic analogues of mastoparan and mitoparan: characterization of inverso mastoparan as a highly efficient cell penetrating peptide Bioconjug. Chem. 23 1 2012 47 56
55. L. Kuhn-Nentwig Antimicrobial and cytolytic peptides of venomous arthropods Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 2003 2651 2668 (Pubitemid 38041366)
56. K.K. Kumarasamy, M.A. Toleman, T.R. Walsh, J. Bagaria, and F. Butt et al. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study Lancet Infect. Dis. 10 2010 597 602
57. K.L. Lam, H. Wang, T.A. Siaw, M.R. Chapman, A.J. Waring, J.T. Kindt, and K.Y. Lee Mechanism of structural transformations induced by antimicrobial peptides in lipid membranes Biochim. Biophys. Acta 18 2012 194 204
58. H.M. Lamb, and L.R. Wiseman Pexiganan acetate Drugs 56 6 1998 1047 1052 (Pubitemid 29010224)
59. K. Lee, S.Y. Shin, K. Kim, S.S. Lim, K.S. Hahm, and Y. Kim Antibiotic activity and structural analysis of the scorpion-derived antimicrobial peptide IsCT and its analogs Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 323 2004 712 719 (Pubitemid 39221153)
60. Q. Li, Z. Zhao, D. Zhou, Y. Chen, W. Hong, L. Cao, J. Yang, Y. Zhang, W. Shi, Z. Cao, Y. Wu, H. Yan, and W. Li Virucidal activity of a scorpion venom peptide variant mucroporin-M1 against measles, SARS-CoV and influenza H5N1 viruses Peptides 32 7 2011 1518 1525
61. D.M. Livermore, S. Mushtaq, and M. Warner Activity of the anti-MRSA carbapenem razupenem (PTZ601) against Enterobacteriaceae with defined resistance mechanisms J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64 2009 330 335
62. S.J. Ludtke, K. He, W.T. Heller, T.A. Harroun, L. Yang, and H.W. Huang Membrane pores induced by magainin Biochemistry 35 43 1996 13723 13728 (Pubitemid 26363914)
63. K. Luna-Ramírez, M.A. Sani, J. Silva-Sanchez, J.M. Jiménez-Vargas, F. Reyna-Flores, K.D. Winkel, C.E. Wright, L.D. Possani, and F. Separovic Membrane interactions and biological activity of antimicrobial peptides from Australian scorpion Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2013 (in press)
64. K. Luna-Ramírez, V. Quintero-Hernandez, L. Vargas-Jaimes, C.V. Batista, K. Winkel, and L.D. Possani Characterization of the venom from the Australian scorpion Urodacus yaschenkoi: molecular mass analysis of components, cDNA sequences and peptides with antimicrobial activity Toxicon 63 2013 44 54
65. K. Luna-Ramírez, M.A. Sani, J. Silva-Sanchez, J.M. Jiménez-Vargas, F. Reyna-Flores, K.D. Winkel, C.E. Wright, L.D. Possani, and F. Separovic Membrane interactions and biological activity of antimicrobial peptides from Australian scorpion Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2014 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.022
66. Y. Ma, R. Zhao, Y. He, S. Li, J. Liu, Y. Wu, Z. Cao, and W. Li Transcriptome analysis of the venom gland of the scorpion Scorpiops jendeki: implication for the evolution of the scorpion venom arsenal BMC Genomics 10 2009 290
67. Y. Ma, Y. Zhao, R. Zhao, W. Zhang, Y. He, Y. Wu, Z. Cao, L. Guo, and W. Li Molecular diversity of toxic components from the scorpion Heterometrus petersii venom revealed by proteomic and transcriptome analysis Proteomics 10 2010 2471 2485
68. J.R. Marks, J. Placone, K. Hristova, and W.C. Wimley Spontaneous membrane-translocating peptides by orthogonal high-throughput screening J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 2011 8995 9004
69. K. Matsuzaki, K. Sugishita, N. Ishibe, M. Ueha, S. Nakata, K. Miyajima, and R.M. Epand Relationship of membrane curvature to the formation of pores by magainin 2 Biochemistry 37 1998 11856 11863 (Pubitemid 28400057)
70. M. Miyashita, A. Sakai, N. Matsushita, Y. Hanai, Y. Nakagawa, and H. Miyagawa A novel amphipathic linear peptide with both insect toxicity and antimicrobial activity from the venom of the scorpion Isometrus maculatus Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem 74 2010 364 369
71. L.F.A. Moerman, S. Bosteels, W. Noppe, J. Willems, E. Clynen, L. Schoofs, K. Thevissen, J. Tytgat, J. Van Eldere, J. van der Walt, and F. Verdonck Antibacterial and antifungal properties of alpha-helical, cationic peptides in the venom of scorpions from southern Africa Eur. J. Biochem 269 2002 4799 4810 (Pubitemid 35205323)
72. C.J. Morris, K. Beck, M.A. Fox, D. Ulaeto, G.C. Clark, and M. Gumbleton Pegylation of antimicrobial peptides maintains the active peptide conformation, model membrane interactions, and antimicrobial activity while improving lung tissue biocompatibility following airway delivery Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 6 2012 3298 3308
73. P.H. Mygind, R.L. Fischer, K.M. Schnorr, M.T. Hansen, C.P. Sönksen, S. Ludvigsen, D. Raventós, S. Buskov, B. Christensen, L. De Maria, O. Taboureau, D. Yaver, S.G. Elvig-Jørgensen, M.V. Sørensen, B.E. Christensen, S. Kjaerulff, N. Frimodt-Moller, R.I. Lehrer, M. Zasloff, and H.H. Kristensen Plectasin is a peptide antibiotic with therapeutic potential from a saprophytic fungus Nature 437 7061 2005 975 980 (Pubitemid 41486973)
74. K.A. Newton, M.R. Clench, R. Deshmukh, K. Jeyaseelan, and P.N. Strong Mass fingerprinting of toxic fractions from the venom of the Indian red scorpion, Mesobuthus tamulus: biotope-specific variation in the expression of venom peptides Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21 2007 3467 3476 (Pubitemid 350033327)
75. Y. Nie, X.C. Zeng, Y. Yang, F. Luo, X. Luo, S. Wu, L. Zhang, and J. Zhou A novel class of antimicrobial peptides from the scorpion Heterometrus spinifer Peptides 38 2012 389 394
76. K. Nomura, G. Corzo, T. Nakajima, and T. Iwashita Orientation and pore-forming mechanism of a scorpion pore-forming peptide bound to magnetically oriented lipid bilayers Biophys. J. 87 2004 2497 2507
77. K. Nomura, G. Ferrat, T. Nakajima, H. Darbon, T. Iwashita, and G. Corzo Induction of morphological changes in model lipid membranes and the mechanism of membrane disruption by a large scorpion-derived pore-forming peptide Biophys. J. 89 2005 4067 4080 (Pubitemid 41725627)
78. Z. Oren, J. Hong, and Y. Shai A repertoire of novel antibacterial diastereomeric peptides with selective cytolytic activity J. Biol. Chem. 272 23 1997 14643 14649 (Pubitemid 27251727)
79. S. Peigneur, C. Sevcik, J. Tytgat, C. Castillo, and G. D'Suze Subtype specificity interaction of bactridines with mammalian, insect and bacterial sodium channels under voltage clamp conditions FEBS J. 279 2012 4025 4038
80. Y. Pouny, and Y. Shai Interaction of D-amino acid incorporated analogues of pardaxin with membranes Biochemistry 31 39 1992 9482 9490
81. P.D. Rakowska, H. Jiang, S. Ray, A. Pyne, B. Lamarre, M. Carr, P.J. Judge, J. Ravi, U.I. Gerling, B. Koksch, G.J. Martyna, B.W. Hoogenboom, A. Watts, J. Crain, C.R. Grovenor, and M.G. Ryadnov Nanoscale imaging reveals laterally expanding antimicrobial pores in lipid bilayers Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110 2013 8918 8923
82. S. Ramirez-Carreto, V. Quintero-Hernandez, J.M. Jimenez-Vargas, G. Corzo, L.D. Possani, B. Becerril, and E. Ortiz Gene cloning and functional characterization of four novel antimicrobial-like peptides from scorpions of the family Vaejovidae Peptides 34 2012 290 295
83. A. Rodriguez, E. Villegas, H. Satake, L.D. Possani, and G. Corzo Amino acid substitutions in an alpha-helical antimicrobial arachnid peptide affect its chemical properties and biological activity towards pathogenic bacteria but improves its therapeutic index Amino Acids 40 2011 61 68
84. Z. Ruiming, M. Yibao, H. Yawen, D. Zhiyong, W. Yingliang, C. Zhijian, and L. Wenxin Comparative venom gland transcriptome analysis of the scorpion Lychas mucronatus reveals intraspecific toxic gene diversity and new venomous components BMC Genom. 11 2010 452
85. H.S. Sader, K.A. Fedler, R.P. Rennie, S. Stevens, and R.N. Jones Omiganan pentahydrochloride (MBI 226), a topical 12-amino-acid cationic peptide: spectrum of antimicrobial activity and measurements of bactericidal activity Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 8 2004 3112 3118 (Pubitemid 38989182)
86. E.F. Schwartz, E. Diego-GarcIa, R.C. RodrIguez de la Vega, and L.D. Possani Transcriptome analysis of the venom gland of the Mexican scorpion Hadrurus gertschi (Arachnida: Scorpiones) BMC Genom. 16 8 2007 119
87. E.F. Schwartz, T.S. Camargos, F.Z. Zamudio, L.P. Silva, C. Bloch Jr., F. Caixeta, C.A. Schwartz, and L.D. Possani Mass spectrometry analysis, amino acid sequence and biological activity of venom components from the Brazilian scorpion Opisthacanthus cayaporum Toxicon 51 2008 1499 1508
88. E.C.N. Silva, T.S. Camargos, A.Q. Maranhão, I. Silva-Pereira, L.P. Silva, L.D. Possani, and E.F. Schwartz Cloning and characterization of cDNA sequences encoding for new venom peptides of the Brazilian scorpion Opisthacanthus cayaporum Toxicon 54 2009 252 261
89. E. Strandberg, T. Deniz, M. Ieronimo, N. Kanithasen, P. Wadhwani, and A. Ulrich Influence of C-terminal amidation on the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of cationic α-helical peptides Pure Appl. Chem. 79 4 2007 717 728
90. A. Torres-Larios, G.B. Gurrola, F.Z. Zamudio, and L.D. Possani Hadrurin, a new antimicrobial peptide from the venom of the scorpion Hadrurus aztecus Eur. J. Biochem. 267 2000 5023 5031 (Pubitemid 30641298)
91. N. Uawonggul, S. Thammasirirak, A. Chaveerach, T. Arkaravichien, W. Bunyatratchata, W. Ruangjirachuporn, P. Jearranaiprepame, T. Nakamura, M. Matsuda, M. Kobayashi, S. Hattori, and S. Daduang Purification and characterization of Heteroscorpine-1 (HS-1) toxin from Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom Toxicon 49 2007 19 29 (Pubitemid 44908409)
92. A. von Delwig, D.M. Altmann, J.D. Isaacs, C.V. Harding, R. Holmdahl, N. McKie, and J.H. Robinson The impact of Glycosylation on HLA-DR1-restricted T Cell Recognition of Type II Collagen in a Mouse Model 54 2 2006 482 491
93. D. Wade, A. Boman, B. Wåhlin, C.M. Drain, D. Andreu, H.G. Boman, and R.B. Merrifield All-D amino acid-containing channel-forming antibiotic peptides PNAS 87 12 1990 4761 4765
94. W.C. Wimley Describing the mechanism of antimicrobial peptide action with the interfacial activity model ACS Chem. Biol. 5 2010 905 917
95. A. Won, M. Khan, S. Gustin, A. Akpawu, D. Seebun, T.J. Avis, B.O. Leung, A.P. Hitchcock, and A. Ianoul Investigating the effects of L- to D-amino acid substitution and deamidation on the activity and membrane interactions of antimicrobial peptide anoplin Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1808 2011 1592 1600
96. D. Xie, C. Yao, L. Wang, W. Min, J. Xu, J. Xiao, M. Huang, B. Chen, B. Liu, X. Li, and H. Jiang An albumin-conjugated peptide exhibits potent anti-HIV activity and long in vivo half-life Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 1 2010 191 196
97. R. Yan, Z. Zhao, Y. He, L. Wu, D. Cai, W. Hong, Y. Wu, Z. Cao, C. Zheng, and W. Li A new natural alpha-helical peptide from the venom of the scorpion Heterometrus petersii kills HCV Peptides 32 2011 11 19
98. N.Y. Yount, and M.R. Yeaman Emerging themes and therapeutic prospects for anti-infective peptides Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 52 2012 337 360
99. W. Yuan, L. Cao, Y. Ma, P. Mao, W. Wang, R. Zhao, Y. Wu, Z. Cao, and W. Li Cloning and functional characterization of a new antimicrobial peptide gene StCT1 from the venom of the scorpion Scorpiops tibetanus Peptides 31 2010 22 26
100. E.T. Zambidis, and D.W. Scott Epitope-specific tolerance induction with an engineered immunoglobulin PNAS 93 10 1996 5019 5024 (Pubitemid 26162864)
101. M. Zasloff Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms Nature 415 6870 2002 389 395 (Pubitemid 34100944)
102. X.C. Zeng, G. Corzo, and R. Hahin Scorpion venom peptides without disulfide bridges IUBMB Life 57 2005 13 21 (Pubitemid 40637696)
103. X.C. Zeng, W.X. Li, F. Peng, and Z.H. Zhu Cloning and characterization of a novel cDNA sequence encoding the precursor of a novel venom peptide (BmKbpp) related to a bradykinin-potentiating peptide from Chinese scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch IUBMB Life 49 2000 207 210 (Pubitemid 30350867)
104. X.C. Zeng, S. Wang, Y. Nie, L. Zhang, and X. Luo Characterization of BmKbpp, a multifunctional peptide from the Chinese scorpion Mesobuthus martensii Karsch: gaining insight into a new mechanism for the functional diversification of scorpion venom peptides Peptides 33 2012 44 51
105. X.C. Zeng, S.X. Wang, Y. Zhu, S.Y. Zhu, and W.X. Li Identification and functional characterization of novel scorpion venom peptides with no disulfide bridge from Buthus martensii Karsch Peptides 25 2004 143 150 (Pubitemid 38520043)
106. X.C. Zeng, L. Zhou, W. Shi, X. Luo, L. Zhang, Y. Nie, J. Wang, S. Wu, B. Cao, and H. Cao Three new antimicrobial peptides from the scorpion Pandinus imperator Peptides 45 2013 28 34
107. Z. Zhao, Y. Ma, C. Dai, R. Zhao, S. Li, Y. Wu, Z. Cao, and W. Li Imcroporin, a new cationic antimicrobial peptide from the venom of the scorpion Isometrus maculates Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53 2009 3472 3477
108. Z. Zhao, W. Hong, Z. Zeng, Y. Wu, K. Hu, X. Tian, W. Li, and Z. Cao Mucroporin-M1 inhibits hepatitis B virus replication by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and down-regulating HNF4α in vitro and in vivo J. Biol. Chem. 287 36 2012 30181 30190
109. S. Zhu, W. Li, D. Jiang, and X. Zeng Evidence for the existence of insect defensin-like peptide in scorpion venom IUBMB Life 50 2000 57 61
110. S. Zhu, and J. Tytgat The scorpine family of defensins: gene structure, alternative polyadenylation and fold recognition Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 2004 1751 1763 (Pubitemid 39044253)
111. A. Borges, C.C. Garcia, E. Lugo, M.J. Alfonzo, M.J. Jowers, and H.J.M. Op den Camp Diversity of long-chain toxins in Tityus zulianus and Tityus discrepans venoms (Scorpiones, Buthidae): molecular, immunological, and mass spectral analyses Comp. Biochem Physiol. 142C 2006 240 252
112. D. Morgenstern, B.H. Rohde, G.F. King, T. Tal, D. Sher, and E. Zlotkin The tale of a resting gland: transcriptome of a replete venom gland from the scorpion Hottentotta judaicus Toxicon 57 2011 695 703
113. L.L. Valdez-Velázquez, V. Quintero-Hernández, M.T. Romero-Gutiérrez, F.I. Coronas, and L.D. Possani Mass fingerprinting of the venom and transcriptome of venom gland of scorpion Centruroides tecomanus PLoS One 8 2013 e66486
114. D. Xie, C. Yao, L. Wang, W. Min, J. Xu, J. Xiao, M. Huang, B. Chen, B. Liu, X. Li, and H. Jiang An albumin-conjugated peptide exhibits potent anti-HIV activity and long in vivo half-life Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 1 2012 191 196