TET proteins and 5-methylcytosine oxidation in the immune system

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

Volumn 78, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-10

  Tsagaratou, Ageliki ^a   Rao, Anjana ^a,b,c  

^a LA JOLLA INSTITUTE FOR ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY   (United States)

^b San Diego   (United States)

^c SANFORD CONSORTIUM FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

5 HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE; 5 METHYLCYTOSINE; BASE; BIOTIN; BISULFITE; CYTOSINE; CYTOSINE 5 GLUCOSYL 5 HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE; CYTOSINE 5 METHYLENESULFONIC ACID; CYTOSINE DERIVATIVE; DNA; GENOMIC DNA; NUCLEOTIDE; OXIDOREDUCTASE; POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHASE; PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; RECOMBINANT TET1 PROTEIN; STREPTAVIDIN; TET PROTEIN; THYMINE DNA GLYCOSYLASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; URACIL; 5-CARBOXYLCYTOSINE; 5-FORMYLCYTOSINE; 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE; DIOXYGENASE; DNA BINDING PROTEIN; ONCOPROTEIN; TET1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TET2 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TET3 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; DILUTION; DNA METHYLATION; DNA REPAIR; DNA REPLICATION; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; IN VITRO STUDY; INNER CELL MASS; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OXIDATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION SITE; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; METABOLISM; MOUSE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

5-METHYLCYTOSINE; ANIMALS; CYTOSINE; DIOXYGENASES; DNA METHYLATION; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; HUMANS; IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; MICE; OXIDOREDUCTASES; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS;

EID: 84904887535     PISSN: 00917451     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2013.78.020248     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Ansel KM, Lee DU, Rao A. 2003. An epigenetic view of helper T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 4: 616-623.
2. Ansel KM, Djuretic I, Tanasa B, Rao A. 2006. Regulation of Th2 differentiation and Il4 locus accessibility. Annu Rev Immunol 24: 607-656.
3. Avvakumov GV, Walker JR, Xue S, Li Y, Duan S, Bronner C, Arrowsmith CH, Dhe-Paganon S. 2008. Structural basis for recognition of hemi-methylated DNA by the SRA domain of human UHRF1. Nature 455: 822-825.
4. Bernstein BE, Mikkelsen TS, Xie X, Kamal M, Huebert DJ, Cuff J, Fry B, Meissner A, Wernig M, Plath K, et al. 2006. A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. Cell 125: 315-326.
5. Bestor T, Laudano A, Mattaliano R, Ingram V. 1988. Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding DNA methyltransferase of mouse cells. The carboxyl-terminal domain of the mammalian enzymes is related to bacterial restriction methyltransferases. J Mol Biol 203: 971-983.
6. Bock C, Tomazou EM, Brinkman AB, Muller F, Simmer F, Gu H, Jager N, Gnirke A, Stunnenberg HG, Meissner A. 2010. Quantitative comparison of genome-wide DNA methylation mapping technologies. Nat Biotechnol 28: 1106-1114.
7. Booth MJ, Branco MR, Ficz G, Oxley D, Krueger F, Reik W, Balasubramanian S. 2012. Quantitative sequencing of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at single-base resolution. Science 336: 934-937.
8. Booth MJ, Ost TW, Beraldi D, Bell NM, Branco MR, Reik W, Balasubramanian S. 2013. Oxidative bisulfite sequencing of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nat Protoc 8: 1841-1851.
9. Bruniquel D, Schwartz RH. 2003. Selective, stable demethylation of the interleukin-2 gene enhances transcription by an active process. Nat Immunol 4: 235-240.
10. Cortazar D, Kunz C, Selfridge J, Lettieri T, Saito Y, MacDougall E,Wirz A, Schuermann D, Jacobs AL, Siegrist F, et al. 2011. Embryonic lethal phenotype reveals a function of TDG in maintaining epigenetic stability. Nature 470: 419-423.
11. Cortellino S, Xu J, Sannai M, Moore R, Caretti E, Cigliano A, Le Coz M, Devarajan K, Wessels A, Soprano D, et al. 2011. Thymine DNA glycosylase is essential for active DNA demethylation by linked deamination-base excision repair. Cell 146: 67-79.
12. Deaton AM, Bird A. 2011. CpG islands and the regulation of transcription. Genes Dev 25: 1010-1022.
13. Deplus R, Delatte B, Schwinn MK, Defrance M, Mendez J, Murphy N, Dawson MA, Volkmar M, Putmans P, Calonne E, et al. 2013. TET2 and TET3 regulate GlcNAcylation and H3K4 methylation through OGT and SET1/COMPASS. EMBO J 32: 645-655.
14. Ficz G, Branco MR, Seisenberger S, Santos F, Krueger F, Hore TA, Marques CJ, Andrews S, Reik W. 2011. Dynamic regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse ES cells and during differentiation. Nature 473: 398-402.
15. Frauer C, Hoffmann T, Bultmann S, Casa V, Cardoso MC, Antes I, Leonhardt H. 2011. Recognition of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the Uhrf1 SRA domain. PLoS One 6: e21306.
16. Frommer M, McDonald LE, Millar DS, Collis CM, Watt F, GriggGW, Molloy PL, Paul CL. 1992.A genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:1827-1831.
17. Gifford CA, Ziller MJ, Gu H, Trapnell C, Donaghey J, Tsankov A, Shalek AK, Kelley DR, Shishkin AA, Issner R, et al. 2013. Transcriptional and epigenetic dynamics during specification of human embryonic stem cells. Cell 153: 1149-1163.
18. Gu TP, Guo F,Yang H,WuHP, Xu GF, LiuW, Xie ZG, Shi L, He X, Jin SG, et al. 2011. The role of Tet3 DNA dioxygenase in epigenetic reprogramming by oocytes. Nature 477: 606-610.
19. Hackett JA, Sengupta R, Zylicz JJ, Murakami K, Lee C, Down TA, Surani MA. 2013. Germline DNA demethylation dynamics and imprint erasure through 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Science 339: 448-452.
20. Hahn MA, Qiu R, Wu X, Li AX, Zhang H,Wang J, Jui J, Jin SG, Jiang Y, Pfeifer GP, et al. 2013. Dynamics of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and chromatin marks in mammalian neurogenesis. Cell Rep 3: 291-300.
21. Hansen KD, Timp W, Bravo HC, Sabunciyan S, Langmead B, McDonald OG, Wen B, Wu H, Liu Y, Diep D, et al. 2011. Increased methylation variation in epigenetic domains across cancer types. Nat Genet 43: 768-775.
22. Hashimoto H, Horton JR, Zhang X, Bostick M, Jacobsen SE, Cheng X. 2008. The SRA domain of UHRF1 flips 5-methylcytosine out of the DNA helix. Nature 455: 826-829.
23. Hashimoto H, Pais JE, Zhang X, Saleh L, Fu ZQ, Dai N, Correa IR, Zheng Y, Cheng X. 2014. Structure of a Naegleria Tetlike dioxygenase in complex with 5-methylcytosine DNA. Nature 506: 391-395.
24. He YF, Li BZ, Li Z, Liu P,Wang Y, Tang Q, Ding J, Jia Y, Chen Z, Li L, et al. 2011. Tet-mediated formation of 5-carboxylcytosine and its excision by TDG in mammalian DNA. Science 333: 1303-1307.
25. Hu L, Li Z, Cheng J, Rao Q, Gong W, Liu M, Shi YG, Zhu J, Wang P, Xu Y. 2013. Crystal structure of TET2-DNA complex:Insight into TET-mediated 5mC oxidation. Cell 155:1545-1555.
26. Huang Y, PastorWA, Martinez JK, Rao A. 2012. The anti-CMS method for genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nature Prot 7: 1897-1908.
27. Huang Y, Chavez L, Chang X, Wang X, Pastor WA, Kang J, Zepeda-Martinez JA, Pape UJ, Jacobsen SE, Peters B, et al. 2014. Distinct roles of Tet1 and Tet2 in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111: 1361-1366.
28. Inoue A, Zhang Y. 2011. Replication-dependent loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse preimplantation embryos. Science 334: 194.
29. Ito S, Shen L, Dai Q, Wu SC, Collins LB, Swenberg JA, He C, Zhang Y. 2011. Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science 333:1300-1303.
30. Iyer LM, Anantharaman V, Wolf MY, Aravind L. 2008. Comparative genomics of transcription factors and chromatin proteins in parasitic protists and other eukaryotes. Int J Parasitol 38: 1-31.
31. Iyer LM, Tahiliani M, Rao A, Aravind L. 2009. Prediction of novel families of enzymes involved in oxidative and other complex modifications of bases in nucleic acids. Cell Cycle 8: 1698-1710.
32. Jeong M, Sun D, Luo M, Huang Y, Challen GA, Rodriguez B, Zhang X, Chavez L, Wang H, Hannah R, et al. 2014. Large conserved domains of low DNA methylation maintained by Dnmt3a. Nat Genet 46: 17-23.
33. Ji H, Ehrlich LI, Seita J, Murakami P, Doi A, Lindau P, Lee H, Aryee MJ, Irizarry RA, Kim K, et al. 2010. Comprehensive methylome map of lineage commitment from haematopoietic progenitors. Nature 467: 338-342.
34. Klose RJ, Bird AP. 2006. Genomic DNA methylation: The mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem Sci 31: 89-97.
35. Ko M, Huang Y, Jankowska AM, Pape UJ, Tahiliani M, Bandukwala HS, An J, Lamperti ED, Koh KP, Ganetzky R, et al. 2010. Impaired hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine in myeloid cancers with mutant TET2. Nature 468: 839-843.
36. Ko M, Bandukwala HS, An J, Lamperti ED, Thompson EC, Hastie R, Tsangaratou A, Rajewsky K, Koralov SB, Rao A. 2011. Ten-Eleven-Translocation 2 (TET2) negatively regulates homeostasis and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108: 14566-14571.
37. Ko M, An J, Bandukwala HS, Chavez L, Aijo T, Pastor WA, Segal MF, Li H, Koh KP, Lahdesmaki H, et al. 2013. Modulation of TET2 expression and 5-methylcytosine oxidation by the CXXC domain protein IDAX. Nature 497: 122-126.
38. Koh KP, Yabuuchi A, Rao S, Huang Y, Cunniff K, Nardone J, Laiho A, Tahiliani M, Sommer CA, Mostoslavsky G, et al. 2011. Tet1 and Tet2 regulate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine production and cell lineage specification in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 8: 200-213.
39. Kohli RM, Zhang Y. 2013. TET enzymes, TDG and the dynamics of DNA demethylation. Nature 502: 472-479.
40. Kriaucionis S, Heintz N. 2009. The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain. Science 324: 929-930.
41. Kulis M, Heath S, Bibikova M, Queiros AC, Navarro A, Clot G, Martinez-Trillos A, Castellano G, Brun-Heath I, Pinyol M, et al. 2012. Epigenomic analysis detects widespread genebody DNA hypomethylation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Genet 44: 1236-1242.
42. Laurent L, Wong E, Li G, Huynh T, Tsirigos A, Ong CT, Low HM, Kin Sung KW, Rigoutsos I, Loring J, et al. 2010. Dynamic changes in the human methylome during differentiation. Genome Res 20: 320-331.
43. Lee PP, Fitzpatrick DR, Beard C, Jessup HK, Lehar S, Makar KW, Perez-Melgosa M, Sweetser MT, Schlissel MS, Nguyen S, et al. 2001. A critical role for Dnmt1 and DNA methylation in T cell development, function, and survival. Immunity 15:763-774.
44. Lee DU, Agarwal S, Rao A. 2002. Th2 lineage commitment and efficient production involves extended demethylation of the IL-4 gene. Immunity 16: 649-660.
45. Lian CG, Xu Y, Ceol C, Wu F, Larson A, Dresser K, Xu W, Tan L, Hu Y, Zhan Q, et al. 2012. Loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is an epigenetic hallmark of melanoma. Cell 150: 1135-1146.
46. Lister R, Pelizzola M, Dowen RH, Hawkins RD, Hon G, Tonti-Filippini J, Nery JR, Lee L, Ye Z, Ngo QM, et al. 2009. Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature 462: 315-322.
47. Lister R, Mukamel EA, Nery JR, Urich M, Puddifoot CA, Johnson ND, Lucero J, Huang Y, Dwork AJ, Schultz MD, et al. 2013. Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development. Science 341: 1237905.
48. Loenarz C, Schofield CJ. 2008. Expanding chemical biology of 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases. Nat Chem Biol 4: 152-156.
49. Loenarz C, Schofield CJ. 2011. Physiological and biochemical aspects of hydroxylations and demethylations catalyzed by human 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases. Trends Biochem Sci 36:7-18.
50. Lorsbach RB, Moore J, Mathew S, Raimondi SC, Mukatira ST, Downing JR. 2003. TET1, a member of a novel protein family, is fused to MLL in acute myeloid leukemia containing the t(10;11)(q22;q23). Leukemia 17: 637-641.
51. Makar KW,Wilson CB. 2004. DNA methylation is a nonredundant repressor of the Th2 effector program. J Immunol 173:4402-4406.
52. Meissner A, Mikkelsen TS, Gu H, Wernig M, Hanna J, Sivachenko A, Zhang X, Bernstein BE, Nusbaum C, Jaffe DB, et al. 2008. Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature 454: 766-770.
53. Mellen M, Ayata P, Dewell S, Kriaucionis S, Heintz N. 2012. MeCP2 binds to 5hmC enriched within active genes and accessible chromatin in the nervous system. Cell 151: 1417-1430.
54. Mukasa R, Balasubramani A, Lee YK, Whitley SK,Weaver BT, Shibata Y, Crawford GE, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. 2010. Epigenetic instability of cytokine and transcription factor gene loci underlies plasticity of the T helper 17 cell lineage. Immunity 32: 616-627.
55. Murayama A, Sakura K, Nakama M, Yasuzawa-Tanaka K, Fujita E, Tateishi Y, Wang Y, Ushijima T, Baba T, Shibuya K, et al. 2006. A specific CpG site demethylation in the human interleukin 2 gene promoter is an epigenetic memory. EMBO J 25: 1081-1092.
56. Ono R, Taki T, Taketani T, Taniwaki M, Kobayashi H, Hayashi Y. 2002. LCX, leukemia-associated protein with a CXXC domain, is fused to MLL in acute myeloid leukemia with trilineage dysplasia having t(10;11)(q22;q23). Cancer Res 62: 4075-4080.
57. Ooi SK, O'Donnell AH, Bestor TH. 2009. Mammalian cytosine methylation at a glance. J Cell Sci 122: 2787-2791.
58. Pastor WA, Pape UJ, Huang Y, Henderson HR, Lister R, Ko M, McLoughlin EM, Brudno Y, Mahapatra S, Kapranov P, et al. 2011. Genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in embryonic stem cells. Nature 473: 394-397.
59. Pastor WA, Huang Y, Henderson HR, Agarwal S, Rao A. 2012. The GLIB technique for genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nat Protoc 7: 1909-1917.
60. Pastor WA, Aravind L, Rao A. 2013. TETonic shift: Biological roles of TET proteins in DNA demethylation and transcription. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14: 341-356.
61. Pfeifer GP, Kadam S, Jin SG. 2013. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and its potential roles in development and cancer. Epigenetics Chromatin 6: 10.
62. Shen L, Wu H, Diep D, Yamaguchi S, D'Alessio AC, Fung HL, Zhang K, Zhang Y. 2013. Genome-wide analysis reveals TET-and TDG-dependent 5-methylcytosine oxidation dynamics. Cell 153: 692-706.
63. Shilatifard A. 2012. The COMPASS family of histone H3K4 methylases: Mechanisms of regulation in development and disease pathogenesis. Annu Rev Biochem 81: 65-95.
64. Song CX, Szulwach KE, Fu Y, Dai Q, Yi C, Li X, Li Y, Chen CH, Zhang W, Jian X, et al. 2011. Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nat Biotechnol 29: 68-72.
65. Song CX, Yi C, He C. 2012. Mapping recently identified nucleotide variants in the genome and transcriptome. Nat Biotechnol 30: 1107-1116.
66. Song CX, Szulwach KE, Dai Q, Fu Y, Mao SQ, Lin L, Street C, Li Y, Poidevin M, Wu H, et al. 2013. Genome-wide profiling of 5-formylcytosine reveals its roles in epigenetic priming. Cell 153: 678-691.
67. Spruijt CG, Gnerlich F, Smits AH, Pfaffeneder T, Jansen PW, Bauer C, Munzel M, Wagner M, Muller M, Khan F, et al. 2013. Dynamic readers for 5-(hydroxy)methylcytosine and its oxidized derivatives. Cell 152: 1146-1159.
68. Stadler MB, Murr R, Burger L, Ivanek R, Lienert F, Scholer A, van Nimwegen E, Wirbelauer C, Oakeley EJ, Gaidatzis D, et al. 2011. DNA-binding factors shape the mouse methylome at distal regulatory regions. Nature 480: 490-495.
69. Stroud H, Feng S, Morey Kinney S, Pradhan S, Jacobsen SE. 2011. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is associated with enhancers and gene bodies in human embryonic stem cells. Genome Biol 12: R54.
70. Suzuki MM, Bird A. 2008. DNA methylation landscapes: Provocative insights from epigenomics. Nat Rev Genet 9: 465-476.
71. Szulwach KE, Li X, Li Y, Song CX, Han JW, Kim S, Namburi S, Hermetz K, Kim JJ, Rudd MK, et al. 2011a. Integrating 5-hydroxymethylcytosine into the epigenomic landscape of human embryonic stem cells. PLoS Genet 7: e1002154.
72. Szulwach KE, Li X, Li Y, Song CX, Wu H, Dai Q, Irier H, Upadhyay AK, Gearing M, Levey AI, et al. 2011b. 5-hmCmediated epigenetic dynamics during postnatal neurodevelopment and aging. Nat Neurosci 14: 1607-1616.
73. Tahiliani M, Koh KP, Shen Y, Pastor WA, Bandukwala H, Brudno Y, Agarwal S, Iyer LM, Liu DR, Aravind L, et al. 2009. Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science 324: 930-935.
74. Taniuchi I, Osato M, Egawa T, Sunshine MJ, Bae SC, Komori T, Ito Y, Littman DR. 2002. Differential requirements for Runx proteins in CD4 repression and epigenetic silencing during T lymphocyte development. Cell 111: 621-633.
75. Valinluck V, Sowers LC. 2007. Endogenous cytosine damage products alter the site selectivity of human DNA maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1. Cancer Res 67: 946-950.
76. Vincent JJ, Huang Y, Chen PY, Feng S, Calvopina JH, Nee K, Lee SA, Le T, Yoon AJ, Faull K, et al. 2013. Stage-specific roles for Tet1 and Tet2 in DNA demethylation in primordial germ cells. Cell Stem Cell 12: 470-478.
77. Weber M, Davies JJ,Wittig D, Oakeley EJ, Haase M, Lam WL, Schubeler D. 2005. Chromosome-wide and promoter-specific analyses identify sites of differential DNA methylation in normal and transformed human cells. Nat Genet 37: 853-862.
78. Williams K, Christensen J, Pedersen MT, Johansen JV, Cloos PA, Rappsilber J, Helin K. 2011. TET1 and hydroxymethylcytosine in transcription and DNA methylation fidelity. Nature 473: 343-348.
79. Williams K,Christensen J,Helin K. 2012.DNAmethylation:TET proteins-guardians of CpG islands? EMBO Rep 13: 28-35.
80. Wu H, Zhang Y. 2011. Tet1 and 5-hydroxymethylation: A genome-wide view in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Cycle 10: 2428-2436.
81. Wu H, Zhang Y. 2014. Reversing DNA methylation: Mechanisms, genomics, and biological functions. Cell 156: 45-68.
82. Wu H, D'Alessio AC, Ito S, Wang Z, Cui K, Zhao K, Sun YE, Zhang Y. 2011a. Genome-wide analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine distribution reveals its dual function in transcriptional regulation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Genes Dev 25:679-684.
83. Wu H, D'Alessio AC, Ito S, Xia K,Wang Z, Cui K, Zhao K, Sun YE, Zhang Y. 2011b. Dual functions of Tet1 in transcriptional regulation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature 473: 389-393.
84. Xie W, Schultz MD, Lister R, Hou Z, Rajagopal N, Ray P, Whitaker JW, Tian S, Hawkins RD, Leung D, et al. 2013. Epigenomic analysis of multilineage differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Cell 153: 1134-1148.
85. Xu Y, Wu F, Tan L, Kong L, Xiong L, Deng J, Barbera AJ, Zheng L, Zhang H, Huang S, et al. 2011. Genome-wide regulation of 5hmC, 5mC, and gene expression by Tet1 hydroxylase in mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell 42: 451-464.
86. Yu M, Hon GC, Szulwach KE, Song CX, Zhang L, Kim A, Li X, Dai Q, Shen Y, Park B, et al. 2012. Base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian genome. Cell 149: 1368-1380.
87. Zheng Y, Josefowicz S, Chaudhry A, Peng XP, Forbush K, Rudensky AY. 2010. Role of conserved non-coding DNA elements in the Foxp3 gene in regulatory T-cell fate. Nature 463: 808-812.
88. Zhou L, Chong MM, Littman DR. 2009. Plasticity of CD4{thorn} T cell lineage differentiation. Immunity 30: 646-655.
89. Ziller MJ, Gu H, Muller F, Donaghey J, Tsai LT, Kohlbacher O, De Jager PL, Rosen ED, Bennett DA, Bernstein BE, et al. 2013. Charting a dynamic DNA methylation landscape of the human genome. Nature 500: 477-481.