A descriptive model of wear evolution in rolling bearings

Engineering Failure Analysis

Volumn 45, Issue , 2014, Pages 204-224

  El Thalji, Idriss ^a   Jantunen, Erkki ^a  

^a VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

Abrasive wear; Condition monitoring; Rolling bearing; Rolling contact fatigue; Wear evolution

Indexed keywords

ABRASION; ADHESIVES; CONDITION MONITORING; FRICTION; ROLLER BEARINGS; TRIBOLOGY;

DEFECT PROPAGATION; DESCRIPTIVE MODEL; EMPIRICAL FINDINGS; EVOLUTION PROCESS; PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; ROLLING BEARINGS; ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE; ROLLING CONTACT WEARS;

FATIGUE OF MATERIALS;

EID: 84904871981     PISSN: 13506307     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (266)

1. Williams J. Wear modelling: analytical, computational and mapping: a continuum mechanics approach. Wear 1999, 225-229:1-17.
2. Lim S. Recent developments in wear-mechanism maps. Tribol Int 1998, 31(1-3):87-97.
3. Lim S.C., Ashby M.F.A. Wear mechanism maps. Acta Metall 1987, 35.
4. Cantizano A., Carnicero A., Zavarise G. Numerical simulation of wear-mechanism maps. Comput Mater Sci 2002, 25(1-20):54-60.
5. Bosman R., Schipper D.J. Mild wear prediction of boundary-lubricated contacts. Tribol Lett 2011, 42(2):169-178.
6. Voskamp A.P. Material response to rolling contact loading. J Tribol 1985, 107:359-364.
7. Longching C., Qing C., Eryu S. Study on initiation and propagation angles of subsurface cracks in GCr15 bearings steel under rolling contact. Wear 1989, 133:205-218.
8. Raje N., Slack T., Sadeghi F. A discrete damage mechanics model for high cycle fatigue in polycrystalline materials subject to rolling contact. Int J Fatigue 2009, 31:346-360.
9. Gao N., Dwyer-Joyce R.S., Beynon J.H. Effects of surface defects on rolling contact fatigue of 60/40 brass. Wear 1999, 225-229:983-994.
10. Mota V. Investigations on surface damage by rolling contact fatigue in elastohydrodynamic contacts using artificial dents. Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto; 2005.
11. El-Thalji I, Jantunen E. Wear of rolling element bearings. In: Proceedings conference of condition monitoring and diagnostic engineering management (COMADEM); 2013.
12. Jantunen E. How to diagnose the wear of rolling element bearings based on indirect condition monitoring methods. Int J COMADEM 2006, 9(3):24-38.
13. Yoshioka T., Shimizu S. Monitoring of ball bearing operation under grease lubrication using a new compound diagnostic system detecting vibration and acoustic emission. Tribol Trans 2009, 52(6):725-730.
14. Dempsey PJ, Bolander N, Haynes C, Toms AM. Investigation of bearing fatigue damage life prediction using oil debris monitoring; 2011.
15. Xu G., Sadeghi F. Spall initiation and propagation due to debris denting. Wear 1996, 201:106-116.
16. Ding Y., Jones R., Kuhnell B.T. Elastic-plastic finite element analysis of spall formation in gears. Wear 1996, 197:197-205.
17. Ahmed R. Contact fatigue failure modes of HVOF coatings. Wear 2002, 253:473-487.
18. Dwyer-Joyce R.S. The life cycle of a debris particle. Tribol Interface Eng Ser 2005, 48:681-690.
19. Marble S, Morton BP. Predicting the remaining life of propulsion system bearings. In: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE aerospace conference; 2006.
20. Ueda T., Mitamura N. Mechanism of dent initiated flaking and bearing life enhancement technology under contaminated lubrication condition Part I: effect of tangential force on dent initiated flaking. Tribol Int 2008, 41:965-974.
21. Harvey T.J., Wood R.J.K., Powrie H.E.G. Electrostatic wear monitoring of rolling element bearings. Wear 2007, 263:1492-1501.
22. Arakere N.K., Branch N., Levesque G., Svendsen V., Forster N.H. Rolling contact fatigue life and spall propagation of AISI M50, M50NiL, and AISI 52100, Part II: stress modeling. Tribol Trans 2009, 53(1):42-51.
23. Sawalhi N., Randall R.B. Vibration response of spalled rolling element bearings: observations, simulations and signal processing techniques to track the spall size. Mech Syst Signal Process 2011, 25(3):846-870.
24. Kaneta M., Sakai T., Nishikawa H. Effects of surface roughness on point contact EHL. Tribol Trans 1993, 36(4):605-612.
25. Polonsky I.A., Chang T.P., Keer L.M., Sproul W.D. An analysis of the effect of hard coatings on near-surface rolling contact fatigue initiation induced by surface roughness. Wear 1997, 208:204-219.
26. Dahlberg J., Alfredsson B. Influence of a single axisymmetric asperity on surface stresses during dry rolling contact. Int J Fatigue 2007, 29:909-921.
27. Sayles R.S., Ioannides E. Debris damage in rolling bearings and its effects on fatigue life. Trans ASME, J Tribol 1988, 110:26-31.
28. Nikas G.K., Sayles R.S., Ioannides E. Effects of debris particles in sliding/rolling elastohydrodynamic contacts. Proc Int Mech Eng 1998, 212(Part J):333-343.
29. Ai X. Effect of debris contamination on the fatigue life of roller bearings. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part J: J Eng Tribol 2001, 215(Part J):563-775.
30. Hiratsuka K., Muramoto K. Role of wear particles in severe - mild wear transition. Wear 2005, 259:467-476.
31. Stachowiak G.P., Stachowiak G.W., Podsiadlo P. Automated classification of wear particles based on their surface texture and shape features. Tribol Int 2008, 41(1):34-43.
32. Yamashita N., Mura T. Contact fatigue crack initiation under repeated oblique force. Wear 1983, 91:235-250.
33. Cheng W., Cheng H.S., Keer L.M. Experimental investigation on rolling/sliding contact fatigue crack initiation with artificial defects. Tribol Trans 1994, 37(1):1-12.
34. Wong S.L., Bold P.E., Brown M.W., Allen R.J. A branch criterion for shallow angled rolling contact fatigue cracks in rails. Wear 1996, 191:45-53.
35. Ringsberg J.W., Loo-morrey M., Josefson B.L. Prediction of fatigue crack initiation for rolling contact fatigue. Int J Fatigue 2000, 22:205-215.
36. Wang Y., Hadfield M. Rolling contact fatigue failure modes of lubricated silicon nitride in relation to ring crack defects. Wear 1999, 225-229:1284-1292.
37. Chue C., Chung H. Pitting formation under rolling contact. Theor Appl Fract Mech 2000, 34.
38. Datsyshyn O.P., Panasyuk V.V. Pitting of the rolling bodies contact surface. Wear 2001, 251:1347-1355.
39. Olver A.V. The mechanism of rolling contact fatigue: an update. J Mech Eng, Eng Tribol 2005, 219(Part J):313-329.
40. Randall R.B., Antoni J. Rolling element bearing diagnostics-a tutorial. Mech Syst Signal Process 2011, 25(2):485-520.
41. Fan H., Keer L.M., Cheng W., Cheng H.S. Competition between fatigue crack propagation and wear. J Tribol 1993, 115:141-157.
42. Oliveira S., Bower A. An analysis of fracture and delamination in thin coatings subjected to contact loading. Wear 1996, 198:15-32.
43. Tarantino M.G., Beretta S., Foletti S., Papadopoulos I. Experiments under pure shear and rolling contact fatigue conditions: competition between tensile and shear mode crack growth. Int J Fatigue 2013, 46:67-80.
44. Harris F.J. Rolling bearing analysis I, First 1966, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
45. Harris F.J. Wear. Rolling bearing analysis 1991, 891-917. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 3rd ed.
46. Hockenhull B.S., Kopalinsky E.M., Oxley P.L.B. Mechanical wear models for metallic surfaces in sliding contact. J Phys 1992, 25:266-272.
47. Engel P.A. Failure models for mechanical wear modes and mechanisms. IEEE Trans Reliab 1993, 42(2):262-267.
48. Watson M., Byington C., Edwards D., Amin S. Dynamic modeling and wear-based remaining useful life prediction of high power clutch systems. STLE Tribol Trans 2005, 48(2):208-217.
49. Holmberg K., Ronkainen H., Laukkanen A., Wallin K. Friction and wear of coated surfaces-scales, modelling and simulation of tribomechanisms. Surf Coat Technol 2007, 202:1034-1049.
50. Montgomery S, Kennedy D, O'Dowd N. Analysis of wear models for advanced coated materials. In: International conference on materials, tribology, recycling; 2009.
51. Mukras S., Kim N.H., Mauntler N.A., Schmitz T.L., Sawyer W.G. Analysis of planar multibody systems with revolute joint wear. Wear 2010, 268(5-6):643-652.
52. Suh N.P. An overview of the delamination theory of wear. Wear 1977, 44:1-16.
53. Fouvry S., Kapsa P. An energy description of hard coating wear mechanisms. Surf Coat Technol 2001, 138(2-3):141-148.
54. Kruschov MM. Resistance of metals to wear by abrasion, as related to hardness. In: Proceedings conference on lubrication and wear; 1957. p. 655-9.
55. Richardson R.C.D. The wear of metals by hard abrasives. Wear 1967, 291.
56. Challen J.M., Oxley P.L.B. An explanation of the different regimes of friction and wear using asperoty deformation models. Wear 1979, 17:229-243.
57. Zum-Gahr K-H. Micro-structure and wear of materials. Amsterdam; 1987.
58. Zum-Gahr K.-H. Modelling of two-body abrasive wear. Wear 1988, 124:87-102.
59. Petryk H. Slip-line field solutions for sliding contact. In: Proceedings conference on friction, lubrication and wear; 1987. p. 987-94.
60. Torrance A.A., Buckley T.R. A slip-line field model of abrasive wear. Wear 1996, 196(1-2):35-45.
61. Jacobson S., Wallen P., Hogmark S. Correlation between groove size, wear rate and topography of abraded surfaces. Wear 1987, 115:83-93.
62. Garrison W.M. Abrasive wear resistance: the effect of ploughing and the removal of plouged material. Wear 1986, 114:239-247.
63. Gåhlin R. Micro-scale studies of wear 1998, University of Upsala.
64. Kassman Å., Jacobson S., Erickson L., Hedenqvist P., Olsson M. A new test method for the intrinsic abrasion resistance of thin coatings. Surf Coat Technol 1991, 50(1):75-84.
65. Olofsson U. Characterisation of wear in boundary lubricated spherical roller thrust bearings. Wear 1997, 208:194-203.
66. Hamblin M., Stachowiak G. Characterisation of surface abrasivity and its relation to two-body abrasive wear. Wear 1997, 206(1-2):69-75.
67. Jiang J., Sheng F., Ren F. Modelling of two-body abrasive wear under multiple contact conditions. Wear 1998, 217:35-45.
68. Dwyer-Jones R.S. Predicting the abrasive wear of ball bearings by lubricant debris. Wear 1999, 233-235:692-701.
69. Stachowiak G., Podsiadlo P. Characterization and classification of wear particles and surfaces. Wear 2001, 249:194-200.
70. Torrance A.A. Modelling abrasive wear. Wear 2005, 258:281-293.
71. Nilsson R. On wear in rolling/sliding contacts 2005, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.
72. Nilsson R., Svahn F., Olofsson U. Relating contact conditions to abrasive wear. Wear 2006, 261(1):74-78.
73. Savio G., Meneghello R., Concheri G. A surface roughness predictive model in deterministic polishing of ground glass moulds. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 2009, 52(2):611-633.
74. Lundgren G., Palmgren A. Dynamic capacity of roller bearings. Ingenicorsrenten skapsakedemiens 1952, 210.
75. Giannakopoulos A.E., Lindley T.C., Suresh S. Aspects of equivalence between contact mechanics and fracture mechanics: theoretical connections and a life-prediction methodology for fretting-fatigue. Acta Mater 1998, 46(9):2955-2968.
76. Kato K., Adachi K. Wear mechanisms. Modern tribology handbook 2001, CRC Press. B. Bhushan (Ed.).
77. Bayer R. Mechanical wear fundamentals and testing 2004, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2nd ed.
78. Ekberg A., Kabo E. Fatigue of railway wheels and rails under rolling contact and thermal loading-an overview. Wear 2005, 258:1288-1300.
79. Sadeghi F., Jalalahmadi B., Slack T.S., Raje N., Arakere N.K. A review of rolling contact fatigue. J Tribol 2009, 131(4).
80. Joseph Ebert F. Fundamentals of design and technology of rolling element bearings. Chin J Aeronaut 2010, 23:123-136.
81. Pattabhiraman S., Levesque G., Kim N.H., Arakere N.K. Uncertainty analysis for rolling contact fatigue failure probability of silicon nitride ball bearings. Int J Solids Struct 2010, 47:2543-2553.
82. Lewis M., Tomkins B. A fracture mechanics interpretation of rolling bearing fatigue. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part J: J Eng Tribol 2012, 226(5):389-405.
83. Kim T.H., Olver A.V. Stress history in rolling-sliding contact of rough surfaces. Tribol Int 1998, 31(12):727-736.
84. Karmakar S., Rao U.R.K., Sethuramiah A. An approach towards fatigue wear modelling. Wear 1996, 198:242-250.
85. Jaing Y., Sehitoglu H. Rolling contact stress analysis with the application of a new plasticity model. Wear 1996, 191:35-44.
86. Franklin F.J., Widiyarta I., Kapoor A. Computer simulation of wear and rolling contact fatigue. Wear 2001, 251:949-955.
87. Masen M.A., de Rooij M.B., Schipper D.J. Micro-contact based modelling of abrasive wear. Wear 2005, 258:339-348.
88. Khan Z.A., Hadfield M., Tobe S., Wang Y. Residual stress variations during rolling contact fatigue of refrigerant lubricated silicon nitride bearing elements. Ceram Int 2006, 32:751-754.
89. Raje N., Sadeghi F., Rateick R.G. A discrete element approach to evaluate stresses due to line loading on an elastic half-space. Comput Mech 2007, 40:513-529.
90. Zaretsky EV, Poplawski JV, Root LE. Relation between hertz stress-life exponent, ball-race conformity, and ball bearing life; 2008.
91. Branch N., Arakere N., Svendsen V., Forster N. Stress field evolution in a ball bearing raceway fatigue. J ASTM Int 2010, 7(2):1-18.
92. Morales-Espejel G.E., Brizmer V. Micropitting modelling in rolling-sliding contacts: application to rolling bearings. Tribol Trans 2011, 54(4):625-643.
93. Karolczuk A., Macha E. A review of critical plane orientations in multiaxial fatigue failure criteria of metallic materials. Int J Fract 2005, 134:267-304.
94. Ciavarella M., Monno F., Demelio G. On the Dang Van fatigue limit in rolling contact fatigue. Int J Fatigue 2006, 28:852-863.
95. Desimone H., Bernasconi A., Beretta S. On the application of Dang Van criterion to rolling contact fatigue. Wear 2006, 260:567-572.
96. Ciavarella M., Monno F. A comparison of multiaxial fatigue criteria as applied to rolling contact fatigue. Tribol Int 2010, 43:2139-2144.
97. Conrado E., Foletti S., Gorla C., Papadopoulos I.V. Use of multiaxial fatigue criteria and shakedown theorems in thermo-elastic rolling-sliding contact problems. Wear 2011, 270:344-354.
98. Ringsberg J.W. Life prediction of rolling contact fatigue crack initiation. Int J Fatigue 2001, 23:575-586.
99. Harris T.A., Barnsby R.M. Life ratings for ball and roller bearings. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part J: J Eng Tribol 2001, 215(6):577-595.
100. Akama M., Mori T. Boundary element analysis of surface initiated rolling contact fatigue cracks in wheel/rail contact systems. Wear 2002, 253:35-41.
101. Bormetti E., Donzella G., Mazzù A. Surface and subsurface cracks in rolling contact fatigue of hardened components. Tribol Trans 2002, 45(3):274-283.
102. Sraml M., Flasker J., Potrc I. Numerical procedure for predicting the rolling contact fatigue crack initiation. Int J Fatigue 2003, 25:585-595.
103. Gessesse Y.B., Attia M.H., Osman M.O.M. On the mechanics of crack initiation and propagation in elasto-plastic materials in impact fretting wear. J Tribol 2004, 126:395-403.
104. Bernasconi A., Davoli P., Filippini M., Foletti S. An integrated approach to rolling contact sub-surface fatigue assessment of railway wheels. Wear 2005, 258:973-980.
105. Li Y., Kang G., Wang C., Dou P., Wang J. Vertical short-crack behavior and its application in rolling contact fatigue. Int J Fatigue 2006, 28:804-811.
106. Fajdiga G., Sraml M. Fatigue crack initiation and propagation under cyclic contact loading. Eng Fract Mech 2009, 76:1320-1335.
107. Nagatani H. Improved method of rolling bearing fatigue life prediction under edge loading conditions. NTN Tech Rev 2010, 78:83-90.
108. Grabulov A., Petrov R., Zandbergen H.W. EBSD investigation of the crack initiation and TEM/FIB analyses of the microstructural changes around the cracks formed under rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Int J Fatigue 2010, 32:576-583.
109. Alley E.S., Sawamiphakdi K., Anderson P.I., Neu R.W., Beswick J., Dean S.W. Modeling the influence of microstructure in rolling contact fatigue. J ASTM Int 2010, 7(2).
110. Alley E.S., Neu R.W. Microstructure-sensitive modeling of rolling contact fatigue. Int J Fatigue 2010, 32:841-850.
111. Beheshti A., Khonsari M.M. On the prediction of fatigue crack initiation in rolling/sliding contacts with provision for loading sequence effect. Tribol Int 2011, 44:1620-1628.
112. Sandström J., de Maré J. Probability of subsurface fatigue initiation in rolling contact. Wear 2011, 271:143-147.
113. Lu L., Wang X., Gao Z., Jiang Y. Influence of the contact pressure on rolling contact fatigue initiation of 1070 steel. Proc Eng 2011, 10:3000-3005.
114. Datsyshyn O.P., Panasyuk V.V., Glazov A.Y. Modeling of fatigue contact damages formation in rolling bodies and assessment of their lifetime. Wear 2011, 271:186-194.
115. Kadin Y., Rychahivskyy A.V. Modeling of surface cracks in rolling contact. Mater Sci Eng 2012, 541:143-151.
116. O'Regan S.D., Hahn G.T., Rubin C.A. The driving force for mode II crack growth under rolling contact. Wear 1985, 101:333-346.
117. Salehizadeh H., Saka N. Crack propagation in rolling line contacts. Trans ASME, J Tribol 1992, 114:690-696.
118. Panasyuk V.V., Datsyshyn O.P., Marchenko H.P. The crack propagation theory under rolling contact. Eng Fract Mech 1995, 52(1):179-191.
119. Wang Y., Hadfield M. Ring crack propagation in silicon nitride under rolling contact. Wear 2001, 250:282-292.
120. Ringsberg J.W., Bergkvist A. On propagation of short rolling contact fatigue cracks. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 2003, 26:969-983.
121. Zhao P., Hadfield M., Wang Y., Vieillard C. Subsurface propagation of partial ring cracks under rolling contact: Part I. Experimental studies. Wear 2006, 261:382-389.
122. Zhao P., Hadfield M., Wang Y., Vieillard C. Subsurface propagation of partial ring cracks under rolling contact: Part II. Fracture mechanics analysis. Wear 2006, 261:390-397.
123. Tsushima N. Crack propagation of rolling contact fatigue in ball bearing steel due to tensile strain. NTN Tech Rev 2007, 75:128-138.
124. Liu Y., Liu L., Mahadevan S. Analysis of subsurface crack propagation under rolling contact loading in railroad wheels using FEM. Eng Fract Mech 2007, 74:2659-2674.
125. Richard Liu C., Choi Y. A new methodology for predicting crack initiation life for rolling contact fatigue based on dislocation and crack propagation. Int J Mech Sci 2008, 50:117-123.
126. Donzella G., Petrogalli C. A failure assessment diagram for components subjected to rolling contact loading. Int J Fatigue 2010, 32:256-268.
127. Leonel E.D., Venturini W.S. Multiple random crack propagation using a boundary element formulation. Eng Fract Mech 2011, 78:1077-1090.
128. Komvopoulos K. Subsurface crack mechanisms under indentation loading. Wear 1996, 199:9-23.
129. Komvopoulos K., Cho S.-S. Finite element analysis of subsurface crack propagation in a half-space due to a moving asperity contact. Wear 1997, 209:57-68.
130. Glodez S., Ren Z. Modelling of crack growth under cyclic contact loading. Theoret Appl Fract Mech 2000, 30:159-173.
131. Bogdanski S., Brown M.W. Modelling the three-dimensional behaviour of shallow rolling contact fatigue cracks in rails. Wear 2002, 253:17-25.
132. Bogdański S., Trajer M. A dimensionless multi-size finite element model of a rolling contact fatigue crack. Wear 2005, 258:1265-1272.
133. Choi Y., Liu C.R. Rolling contact fatigue life of finish hard machined surfaces Part 1. Model development. Wear 2006, 261:485-491.
134. Fajdiga G., Ren Z., Kramar J. Comparison of virtual crack extension and strain energy density methods applied to contact surface crack growth. Eng Fract Mech 2007, 74:2721-2734.
135. Raje N., Sadeghi F., Rateick R.G., Hoeprich M.R. A numerical model for life scatter in rolling element bearings. J Tribol 2008, 130.
136. Canadinc D., Sehitoglu H., Verzal K. Analysis of surface crack growth under rolling contact fatigue. Int J Fatigue 2008, 30:1678-1689.
137. Slack T., Sadeghi F. Explicit finite element modeling of subsurface initiated spalling in rolling contacts. Tribol Int 2010, 43:1693-1702.
138. Slack T., Sadeghi F. Cohesive zone modeling of intergranular fatigue damage in rolling contacts. Tribol Int 2011, 44:797-804.
139. Warhadpande A., Sadeghi F., Kotzalas M.N., Doll G. Effects of plasticity on subsurface initiated spalling in rolling contact fatigue. Int J Fatigue 2012, 36:80-95.
140. Weinzapfel N., Sadeghi F. Numerical modeling of sub-surface initiated spalling in rolling contacts. Tribol Int 2012.
141. Santus C., Beghini M., Bartilotta I., Facchini M. Surface and subsurface rolling contact fatigue characteristic depths and proposal of stress indexes. Int J Fatigue 2012, 45:71-81.
142. Lin J.F., Chu H.Y. A numerical solution for calculating elastic deformation in elliptical-contact EHL of rough surface. Trans ASME, J Tribol 1991, 113:12-21.
143. Biao L.S., Ju M.J., Yang C.X. Elliptoc-paraboloid method for calculating surface elastic deformation in EHL. Tribol Int 1993, 26(6):443-448.
144. Fatemi A., Vangt L. Cumulative fatigue damage and life prediction theories: a survey of the state of the art for homogeneous materials. Int J Fatigue 1998, 20(1):9-34.
145. Xiao Y., Li S., Gao Z. A continuum damage mechanics model for high cycle fatigue. Int J Fatigue 1998, 20(7):503-508.
146. Shang D.-Guang, Yao W.-Xing A nonlinear damage cumulative model for uniaxial fatigue. Int J Fatigue 1999, 21:187-194.
147. Liu Y., Liang L.H., Hong Q.C., Antes H. Non-linear surface crack analysis by three dimensional boundary element with mixed boundary conditions. Eng Fract Mech 1999, 63:413-424.
148. Alfredsson B., Dahlberg J., Olsson M. The role of a single surface asperity in rolling contact fatigue. Wear 2008, 264:757-762.
149. Hannes D., Alfredsson B. Rolling contact fatigue crack path prediction by the asperity point load mechanism. Eng Fract Mech 2011, 78:2848-2869.
150. Hannes D., Alfredsson B. Surface initiated rolling contact fatigue based on the asperity point load mechanism-a parameter study. Wear 2012, 294-295:457-468.
151. Jouini N., Revel P., Mazeran P.-E., Bigerelle M. The ability of precision hard turning to increase rolling contact fatigue life. Tribol Int 2012.
152. Chang L., Jackson A. A study of asperity interactions in EHL line contacts. Tribol Trans 1993, 36(4):679-685.
153. Heyes M. Molecular lubrication aspects of boundary. Tribol Int 1996, 29(8):627-629.
154. Li Q., Loughran J., Peng Z.X., Osborne J. A fracture based model for wear debris formation. Key Eng Mater 2006, 324-325:1157-1160.
155. Fletcher D.I., Hyde P., Kapoor A. Modelling and full-scale trials to investigate fluid pressurisation of rolling contact fatigue cracks. Wear 2008, 265:1317-1324.
156. Balcombe R., Fowell M.T., Dini D. Modelling rolling contact fatigue cracks in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime: a coupled approach. Proc Eng 2009, 1:245-248.
157. Balcombe R., Fowell M.T., Olver A.V., Ioannides S., Dini D. A coupled approach for rolling contact fatigue cracks in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime: the importance of fluid/solid interactions. Wear 2011, 271:720-733.
158. Tichy J.A. A surface layer model for thin film lubrication. Tribol Trans 1995, 38(3):577-582.
159. Fernandez Rico J.E., Hernandez Battez A., Garcia Cuervo D. Rolling contact fatigue in lubricated contacts. Tribol Int 2003, 36:35-40.
160. Lainé E., Olver A.V., Beveridge T.A. Effect of lubricants on micropitting and wear. Tribol Int 2008, 41:1049-1055.
161. Glodež S., Potočnik R., Flašker J., Zafošnik B. Numerical modelling of crack path in the lubricated rolling-sliding contact problems. Eng Fract Mech 2008, 75:880-891.
162. Zhu W.S., Neng Y.T. A theoretical and experimental study of EHL lubricated with grease. Trans ASME, J Tribol 1988, 110:38-43.
163. Chang L., Webster M.N. A study of elastohydrodynamic lubrication of rough surfaces. Trans ASME, J Tribol 1991, 113:110-115.
164. Khonsari M.M., Hua D.Y. Generalised non-Nowtonian elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Tribol Int 1993, 26(6):405-411.
165. Dowson D. Elastohydrodynamic and micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Wear 1995, 190:125-138.
166. Dowson D., Ehret P. Past, present and future studies in elastohydrodynamics. Int Mech Eng 1999, 213(J):317-333.
167. Sugimura J., Okumura T., Yamamoto Y., Spikes H.A. Simple equation for elastohydrodynamic film thickness under acceleration. Tribol Int 1999, 32(2):117-123.
168. Demirel A.L., Granick S. Transition from static to kinetic friction in a model lubricated system. J Chem Phys 1998, 109(16):6889-6897.
169. Stewart S., Ahmed R. Rolling contact fatigue of surface coatings - a review. Wear 2002, 253:1132-1144.
170. Hwang D., Gahr K.Z. Transition from static to kinetic friction of unlubricated or oil lubricated steel/steel, steel/ceramic and ceramic/ceramic pairs. Wear 2003, 255:365-375.
171. Wang J., Hashimoto T., Nishikawa H., Kaneta M. Pure rolling elastohydrodynamic lubrication of short stroke reciprocating motion. Tribol Int 2005, 38:1013-1021.
172. Maeda Y, Iwasaki M, Kawafuku M, Hirai H. Nonlinear modeling and evaluation of rolling friction. In: IEEE international conference on mechatronics, vol. 00; 2009.
173. Ciulli E., Stadler K., Draexl T. The influence of the slide-to-roll ratio on the friction coefficient and film thickness of EHD point contacts under steady state and transient conditions. Tribol Int 2009, 42:526-534.
174. Edwin L.-J. Numerical model to study of contact force in a cylindrical roller bearing with technical mechanical event simulation. J Mech Eng Automat Aug. 2011, 1(1).
175. Lu X., Khonsari M.M., Gelinck E.R.M. The stribeck curve: experimental results and theoretical prediction. Trans ASME, J Tribol 2006, 128:789-794.
176. Lord J., Larsson R. Film-forming capability in rough surface EHL investigated using contact resistance. Tribol Int 2008, 41:831-838.
177. Schlijper A.G., Scales L.E., Rycroft J.E. Current tools and techniques for EHL modelling. Tribol Int 1996, 29(8):669-673.
178. Tasgetiren S., Aslantas K. A numerical study of the behaviour of surface cracks under dry-sliding conditions. Mater Des 2003, 24:273-279.
179. Evans H.P., Snidle R.W., Sharif K.J., Bryant M.J. Predictive modelling of fatigue failure in concentrated lubricated contacts. Roy Soc Chem 2012, 156:105-121.
180. Yang Z., Chung Y.-W., Cheng H.S. Lubricant effects in the transition from boundary to microelastohydrodynamic lubrication. Tribol Trans 1996, 39(4):974-978.
181. Polonsky I.A., Keer L.M. A numerical method for solving rough contact problems based on the multi-level multi-summation and conjugate gradient techniques. Wear 1999, 231:206-219.
182. Jubault I., Molimard J., Lubrecht A.A., Mansot J.L., Vergne P. In situ pressure and film thickness measurements in rolling/sliding lubricated point contacts. Tribol Lett 2003, 15(4):421-429.
183. Molimard J., Querry M., Vergne P., Krupka I., Hartl M. Calculation of pressure distribution in EHD point contacts from experimentally determinated film thickness. Tribol Int 2005, 38(4):391-401.
184. Popov V.L., Psakhie S.G. Numerical simulation methods in tribology. Tribol Int 2007, 40:916-923.
185. Wang Z., Nakamura T. Simulations of crack propagation in elastic-plastic graded materials. Mech Mater 2004, 36:601-622.
186. Zhang Z., Liu G., Liu T.X., Wang Q.J. Integrated adaptive element free Galerkin model for elastoplastic contact of engineering surfaces. Tribology 2007, 1(2):87-97.
187. Elsharkawy A. Visco-elastohydrodynamic lubrication of line contacts. Wear 1996, 199:45-53.
188. Luo J.B., Liu S. The investigation of contact ratio in mixed lubrication. Tribol Int 2006, 39:409-416.
189. Choo J.W., Olver A.V., Spikes H.A. The influence of transverse roughness in thin film, mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Tribol Int 2007, 40(2):220-232.
190. Anandan N., Pandey R.K., Jagga C.R. An efficient numerical analysis of starved thermohydrodynamically lubricated rolling line contacts. Tribol Int 2008, 41(9-10):940-946.
191. Carli M., Sharif K.J., Ciulli E., Evans H.P., Snidle R.W. Thermal point contact EHL analysis of rolling/sliding contacts with experimental comparison showing anomalous film shapes. Tribol Int 2009, 42:517-525.
192. Jiang J., Stott F.H., Stack M.M. A mathematical model for sliding wear of metals at elevated temperatures. Wear 1995, 183:20-31.
193. Michael P.C., Rabinowicz E., Iwasa Y. Thermal activation in boundary lubricated friction. Wear 1996, 193:218-225.
194. Pandey R.K., Ghosh M.K. A thermal analysis of traction in elastohydrodynamic rolling/sliding line contacts. Wear 1998, 216(2):106-114.
195. Pandey R.K., Ghosh M.K. Temperature rise due to sliding in rolling / sliding elastohydrodynamic lubrication line contacts: an efficient numerical analysis for contact zone temperatures. Tribol+Schmierungstechnik 1999, 31(12):745-752.
196. Jeng Y.-R., Huang P.Y. Temperature rise of hybrid ceramic and steel ball bearings with oil-mist lubrication. Lubr Eng 2000, 18-23.
197. Stott F., Jordan M. The effects of load and substrate hardness on the development and maintenance of wear-protective layers during sliding at elevated temperatures. Wear 2001, 250:391-400.
198. Stott F.H. High-temperature sliding wear of metals. Tribol Int 2002, 35:489-495.
199. Liu C.R., Choi Y. Rolling contact fatigue life model incorporating residual stress scatter. Int J Mech Sci 2008, 50:1572-1577.
200. Choi Y. A study on the effects of machining-induced residual stress on rolling contact fatigue. Int J Fatigue 2009, 31:1517-1523.
201. Guo Y., Barkey M. Modeling of rolling contact fatigue for hard machined components with process-induced residual stress. Int J Fatigue 2004, 26:605-613.
202. Schwach D., Guo Y. A fundamental study on the impact of surface integrity by hard turning on rolling contact fatigue. Int J Fatigue 2006, 28:1838-1844.
203. Sedlaček M., Podgornik B., Vižintin J. Influence of surface preparation on roughness parameters, friction and wear. Wear 2009, 266:482-487.
204. Coe HH, Zaretsky EV. Effect of interference fits on roller bearing fatigue life. Cleveland, Ohio, USA; 1986.
205. Cookson J.M., Mutton P.J. The role of the environment in the rolling contact fatigue cracking of rails. Wear 2011, 271:113-119.
206. Mosleh M., Bradshaw K. Role of component configuration in evaluation of accelerated rolling contact fatigue of ball bearings. Wear 2011, 271:2681-2686.
207. Mosleh M., Bradshaw K., Belk J.H., Waldrop J.C. Fatigue failure of all-steel and steel-silicon nitride rolling ball combinations. Wear 2011, 271:2471-2476.
208. Nilsson R.A., Olofsson U., Sundvall K. Filtration and coating effects on self-generated particle wear in boundary lubricated roller bearings. Tribol Finn J Tribol 2005, 38:145-150.
209. Guan von C., Schweitzer F., Köttritsch H. Cleanliness of rolling bearings a new environmental approach. Tribologie+Schmierungstechnik 2009, 56(6):19-23.
210. Fysh S.D., Oravec E.M., Medley J.B. An experimental simulation of the tribology of large spherical roller bearings in paper machines. Tribol Int 1990, 23(5):317-327.
211. Kunc R., Zerovnik A., Prebil I. Verification of numerical determination of carrying capacity of large rolling bearings with hardened raceway. Int J Fatigue 2007, 29:1913-1919.
212. Kim T.H., Olver A.V., Pearson P.K. Fatigue and fracture mechanisms in large rolling element bearings. Tribol Trans 2008, 44(4):583-590.
213. Arakere N.K., Subhash G. Work hardening response of M50-NiL case hardened bearing steel during shakedown in rolling contact fatigue. Mater Sci Technol 2012, 28:34-38.
214. Andersson S. Prediction of wear in rolling and sliding contacts; 1999.
215. Boness R.J., McBride S.L. Adhesive and abrasive wear studies using acoustic emission techniques. Wear 1991, 149:41-53.
216. Serrato R., Maru M.M., Padovese L.R. Effect of lubricant viscosity grade on mechanical vibration of roller bearings. Tribol Int 2007, 40:1270-1275.
217. Massouros G.P. Normal vibration of a plain bearing working under boundary lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 1983, 16(5):235-238.
218. Peng Z., Kessissoglou N. An integrated approach to fault diagnosis of machinery using wear debris and vibration analysis. Wear 2003, 255(7-12):1221-1232.
219. Ioannides E., Bergling G., Gabelli A. The SKF formula for rolling bearing life. Evol - Bus Technol Mag, SKF 2001, 25-28.
220. Dizdar S., Andersson S. Influence of plastic deformation on seizure initiation in a lubricated sliding contact. Wear 1999, 232:151-156.
221. Kotzalas M.N., Doll G.L. Tribological advancements for reliable wind turbine performance. Philos Trans. Ser A, Math, Phys, Eng Sci 2010, 368:4829-4850.
222. Olofsson U., Andersson S., Bjorklund S. Simulation of mild wear in boundary lubricated spherical roller thrust bearings. Wear 2000, 241:180-185.
223. Massi F., Rocchi J., Culla A., Berthier Y. Coupling system dynamics and contact behaviour: modelling bearings subjected to environmental induced vibrations and 'false brinelling' degradation. Mech Syst Signal Process 2010, 24(4):1068-1080.
224. Wijnat Y.H., Wensing J.A., van Nijen G.C. The influence of lubrication on the dynamic behaviour of ball bearings. J Sound Vib 1999, 222(4):579-596.
225. Maru M.M., Castillo R.S., Padovese L.R. Study of solid contamination in ball bearings through vibration and wear analyses. Tribol Int 2007, 40(3):433-440.
226. Larsson P.O., Larsson R., Jolkin A., Marklund O. Pressure fluctuations as grease soaps pass through an EHL contact. Tribol Int 2000, 33:211-216.
227. Mota V., Moreira P., Ferreira L. A study on the effects of dented surfaces on rolling contact fatigue. Int J Fatigue 2008, 30:1997-2008.
228. Halme J., Andersson P. Rolling contact fatigue and wear fundamentals for rolling bearing diagnostics-state of the art. J Eng Tribol 2009, 224:377-393.
229. Söchting S., Sherrington I., Lewis S.D., Roberts E.W. An evaluation of the effect of simulated launch vibration on the friction performance and lubrication of ball bearings for space applications. Wear 2006, 260:1190-1202.
230. Miettinen H.L. The influence of the running parameters on the acoustic emission of grease lubricated rolling bearings. Maint Asset Manage 2000.
231. Yhland E.M. Waviness measurement-an instrument for quality control in rolling bearing industry. Proc Inst Mech Eng 1967, 182:438-445.
232. Sunnersjö C.S. Rolling bearing vibrations - the effects of geometrical imperfections and wear. J Sound Vib 1985, 98(4):455-474.
233. Faik S, Witteman H. Modeling of impact dynamics : a literature survey. In: International ADAMS user conference; 2000.
234. Johnson K.L. Contact mechanics 1985, Cambridge University Press.
235. Holmberg K., Laukkanen A., Ronkainen H., Wallin K. Tribological analysis of fracture conditions in thin surface coatings by 3D FEM modelling and stress simulations. Tribol Int 2005, 38(11-12):1035-1049.
236. Jacobson B. The Stribeck memorial lecture. Tribol Int 2003, 36:781-789.
237. Blau P.J. The significance and use of the friction coefficient. Tribol Int 2008, 34:585-591.
238. Borruto A., Taraschi I. Wear dependence on some factors characterizing the surface state: the hardness, the roughness and the surface degreasing. Wear 1995, 184:119-124.
239. Chue C.H., Chung H.H., Lin J.F., Chou C.C. The effects of strain hardened layer on pitting formation during rolling contact. Wear 2001, 249:108-115.
240. Aslantas K., Tasgetiren S. Debonding between coating and substrate due to rolling-sliding contact. Mater Des 2002, 23:571-576.
241. Kocich R, Cagala M, Crha J, Kozelsky P. Character of acoustic emission signal generated during plastic deformation. In: 30th European conference on acoustic emission testing & 7th international conference on acoustic emission, vol. 1; 2012.
242. Zhi-qiang Z., Guo-lu L., Hai-dou W., Bin-shi X., Zhong-yu P., Li-na Z. Investigation of rolling contact fatigue damage process of the coating by acoustics emission and vibration signals. Tribol Int 2012, 47:25-31.
243. Kim H., Shaik N.H., Xu X., Raman A., Strachan A. Multiscale contact mechanics model for RF-MEMS switches with quantified uncertainties. Modell Simul Mater Sci Eng 2013, 21(8):085002.
244. Begg CD, Merdes T, Byington C, Maynard K. Dynamics modeling for mechanical fault diagnostics and prognostics. In: Mechanical system modeling for failure diagnosis and prognosis, maintenance and reliability conference; 1999. no. Marcon 99.
245. Gegner J. Tribological aspects of rolling bearing failures. In: Physics, Germany; 2011.
246. Nierlich W, Gegner J. Material response models for sub-surface and surface rolling contact fatigue; 2007. p. 182-92.
247. Gegner J, Wolfgang N. Operational residual stress formation in vibration-loaded rolling contact. In: JCPCS- International centre of diffraction data; 2009. p. 722-31.
248. Yoshioka T. Detection of rolling contact subsurface fatigue cracks using acoustic emission technique. J Soc Tribol Lubr Eng 1992, 49(4):303-308.
249. Price E.D., Lees A.W., Friswell M.I., Roylance B.J. Online detection of subsurface distress by acoustic emissions. Key Eng Mater 2003, 246-246:451-460.
250. Challen J.M., Oxley P.L.B., Hockenhull B.S. Prediction of Archard's wear coefficient for metallic sliding friction assuming a low cycle fatigue wear mechanism. Wear 1986, 111:275-288.
251. Jiang Y., Sehitoglu H. Rolling contact stress analysis with the application of a new plasticity model. Wear 1996, 191:35-44.
252. Jiang Y., Sehitoglu H. A model for rolling contact failure. Wear 1999, 224:38-49.
253. Kotzalas M.N., Harris T.A. Fatigue failure progression in ball bearings. Trans ASME, J Tribol 2001, 123:238-242.
254. Ciavarella M., Maitournam H. Letter to the editor: On the Ekberg, Kabo and Andersson calculation of the Dang Van high cycle fatigue limit for rolling contact fatigue. Fatigue fracture engineering material structure 2004, 27:523-528.
255. Wang Y., Hadfield M. A mechanism for nucleating secondary fractures near a pre-existing flaw subjected to contact loading. Wear Apr. 2003, 254:597-605.
256. Magalhães L., Seabra J., Sá C. Experimental observations of contact fatigue crack mechanisms for austempered ductile iron (ADI) discs. Wear Nov. 2000, 246(1-2):134-148.
257. Kabo E. Material defects in rolling contact fatigue- influence of overloads and defect clusters. Int J Fatigue 2002, 24:887-894.
258. Alexandre F., Deyber S., Pineau A. Modelling the optimum grain size on the low cycle fatigue life of a Ni based superalloy in the presence of two possible crack initiation sites. Scripta Mater Jan. 2004, 50:25-30.
259. Seo J., Kwon S., Jun H., Lee D. Numerical stress analysis and rolling contact fatigue of White Etching Layer on rail steel. Int J Fatigue Feb. 2011, 33:203-211.
260. Yoshioka T., Fujiwara T. Measurement of propagation initiation and propagation time of rolling contact fatigue cracks by observation of acoustic emission and vibration. Tribology Series 1987, 12:29-33.
261. Navarro A., Rios E.R. Short and long fatigue crack growth - a unified model. Philos Mag 1988, 57:15-36.
262. Sun Z., Rios E.R., Miller K.J. Modelling small fatigue cracks interacting with grain boundaries. Fatigue Fract Eng Meteorol 1991, 14:277-291.
263. Al-Ghamd A.M., Mba D. A comparative experimental study on the use of acoustic emission and vibration analysis for bearing defect identification and estimation of defect size. Mech Syst Signal Process 2006, 20:1537-1571.
264. Kakishima H., Nagatomo T., Ikeda H., Yoshioka T., Korenaga A. Measurement of acoustic emission and vibration of rolling bearings with an artificial defect. QR RTRI 2000, 41(3):127-130.
265. Kim Y-H, Tan ACC, Mathew J, Yang B-S. Condition monitoring of low speed bearings: a comparative study of the ultrasound technique versus vibration measurements. In: World congress of engineering asset management; 2006.
266. Kappa B. Predicting bearing failures and measuring lubrication film thickness in your plants rotating equipment; 2006. p. 5969-74.