Black carbon concentrations and sources in the marine boundary layer of the tropical Atlantic Ocean using four methodologies

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 14, 2014, Pages 7431-7443

  Pohl, K ^a   Cantwell, M ^b   Herckes, P ^c   Lohmann, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^c ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AEROSOL FORMATION; BIOMASS BURNING; BLACK CARBON; BOUNDARY LAYER; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); MARINE ATMOSPHERE; PARTICULATE MATTER; SOOT;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (TROPICAL);

BAUHINIA GALPINII;

EID: 84904683374     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-7431-2014     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Ahmed, T., Dutkiewicz, V. A., Shareef, A., Tuncel, G., Tuncel, S., and Husain, L.: Measurement of black carbon (BC) by an optical method and a thermal-optical method: intercomparison for four sites, Atmos. Environ., 43, 6305-6311, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.031, 2009.
2. Allen, R. J., Sherwood, S. C., Norris, J. R., and Zender, C. S.: Recent Northern Hemisphere tropical expansion primarily driven by black carbon and tropospheric ozone, Nature, 485, 350-U393, doi:10.1038/Nature11097, 2012.
3. Andreae, M. O.: Soot carbon and excess fine potassium - longrange transport of combustion-derived aerosols, Science, 220, 1148-1151, doi:10.1126/science.220.4602.1148, 1983. (Pubitemid 14256549)
4. Andreae, M. O. and Gelencsér, A.: Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3131-3148, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3131-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44154660)
5. Bates, T. S., Anderson, T. L., Baynard, T., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Carmichael, G., Clarke, A., Erlick, C., Guo, H., Horowitz, L., Howell, S., Kulkarni, S., Maring, H., McComiskey, A., Middlebrook, A., Noone, K., O'Dowd, C. D., Ogren, J., Penner, J., Quinn, P. K., Ravishankara, A. R., Savoie, D. L., Schwartz, S. E., Shinozuka, Y., Tang, Y., Weber, R. J., and Wu, Y.: Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1657-1732, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1657-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198617)
6. Birch, M. E. and Cary, R. A.: Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust, Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 25, 221-241, doi:10.1080/02786829608965393, 1996. (Pubitemid 26327546)
7. Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M.,Woo, J. H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D14203, doi:10.1029/2003jd003697, 2004. (Pubitemid 39366556)
8. Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofirm, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos., 118, 5380-5552, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
9. Cahoon, D. R., Stocks, B. J., Levine, J. S., Cofer, W. R., and Oneill, K. P.: Seasonal distribution of African savanna fires, Nature, 359, 812-815, doi:10.1038/359812a0, 1992. (Pubitemid 23375770)
10. Cavalli, F., Facchini, M. C.; Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Emblico, L., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Yoon, Y. J., O'Dowd, C. D., Putaud, J. P., and Dell'Acqua, A.: Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, doi:10.1029/2004jd005137, 2004. (Pubitemid 40335215)
11. Chester, R., Griffiths, A. G., and Hirst, J. M.: Influence of soilsized atmospheric particulates on the elemental L chemistry of the deep-sea sediments of the Northeastern Atlantic, Mar. Geol., 32, 141-154, doi:10.1016/0025-3227(79) 90150-6, 1979. (Pubitemid 9462832)
12. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Doraiswamy, P., Chen, L. W. A., Sodeman, D. A., Lowenthal, D. H., Park, K., Arnott, W. P., and Motallebi, N.: Aerosol light absorption, black carbon, and elemental carbon at the Fresno Supersite, California, Atmos. Res., 93, 874- 887, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.04.010, 2009.
13. Chuang, C. C., Penner, J. E., Prospero, J. M., Grant, K. E., Rau, G. H., and Kawamoto, K.: Cloud susceptibility and the first aerosol indirect forcing: sensitivity to black carbon and aerosol concentrations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4564, doi:10.1029/2000jd000215, 2002. (Pubitemid 43211940)
14. Cooke, W. F. and Wilson, J. J. N.: A global black carbon aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 19395-19409, doi:10.1029/96jd00671, 1996.
15. Corrigan, C. E., Roberts, G. C., Ramana, M. V., Kim, D., and Ramanathan, V.: Capturing vertical profiles of aerosols and black carbon over the Indian Ocean using autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 737-747, doi:10.5194/acp-8-737-2008, 2008.
16. Currie, L. A., Benner, B. A., Kessler, J. D., Klinedinst, D. B., Klouda, G. A., Marolf, J. V., Slater, J. F., Wise, S. A., Cachier, H., Cary, R., Chow, J. C., Watson, J., Druffel, E. R. M., Masiello, C. A., Eglinton, T. I., Pearson, A., Reddy, C. M., Gustafsson, O., Quinn, J. G., Hartmann, P. C., Hedges, J. I., Prentice, K. M., Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., Puxbaum, H., and Schmid, H.: A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stan., 107, 279-298, doi:10.6028/Jres.107.022, 2002. (Pubitemid 34963666)
17. Davies, D., Kumar, S., and Descloitres, J.: Global fire monitoring using MODIS near-real-time satelitte data, GIM International, 18, 41-43, 2004. (Pubitemid 38462067)
18. Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website, available at: http://www.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD, 2013.
19. Duncan, B. N., Martin, R. V., Staudt, A. C., Yevich, R., and Logan, J. A.: Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, doi:10.1029/2002jd002378, 2003.
20. Dutkiewicz, V. A., Alvi, S., Ghauri, B. M., Choudhary, M. I., and Husain, L.: Black carbon aerosols in urban air in South Asia, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1737-1744, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.043, 2009.
21. Elmquist, M., Cornelissen, G., Kukulska, Z., and Gustafsson, O.: Distinct oxidative stabilities of char versus soot black carbon: implications for quantification and environmental recalcitrance, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, Gb2009, doi:10.1029/2005gb002629, 2006. (Pubitemid 44767054)
22. Farquhar, G. D., Ehleringer, J. R., and Hubick, K. T.: Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Photosynthesis, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol., 40, 503-537, doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.40.1.503, 1989.
23. Flores-Cervantes, D. X., Reddy, C. M., and Gschwend, P. M.: Inferring black carbon concentrations in particulate organic matter by observing pyrene fluorescence losses, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4864-4870, doi:10.1021/ Es900043c, 2009.
24. Forbes, M. S., Raison, R. J., and Skjemstad, J. O.: Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, Sci. Total. Environ., 370, 190-206, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2006.06.007, 2006. (Pubitemid 44414940)
25. Gelinas, Y., Prentice, K. M., Baldock, J. A., and Hedges, J. I.: An improved thermal oxidation method for the quantification of soot/graphitic black carbon in sediments and soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3519-3525, doi:10.1021/Es010504c, 2001. (Pubitemid 32848698)
26. Giglio, L. D. J., Justice, C. O., and Kaufman, Y. J.: An enhanced cotextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS, Remote. Sens. Environ., 87, 273-282, 2003. (Pubitemid 39661174)
27. Goldberg, E. D.: Black Carbon in the Environment, Wiley, New York, New York, USA, 1985.
28. Gustafsson, O., Haghseta, F., Chan, C., MacFarlane, J., and Gschwend, P. M.: Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 203-209, doi:10.1021/Es960317s, 1997. (Pubitemid 27023937)
29. Gustafsson, O., Krusa, M., Zencak, Z., Sheesley, R. J., Granat, L., Engstrom, E., Praveen, P. S., Rao, P. S. P., Leck, C., and Rodhe, H.: Brown Clouds over South Asia: Biomass or Fossil Fuel Combustion? Science, 323, 495-498, doi:10.1126/science.1164857, 2009
30. Hammes, K., Schmidt, M. W. I., Smernik, R. J., Currie, L. A., Ball, W. P., Nguyen, T. H., Louchouarn, P., Houel, S., Gustafsson, O., Elmquist, M., Cornelissen, G., Skjemstad, J. O., Masiello, C. A., Song, J., Peng, P., Mitra, S., Dunn, J. C., Hatcher, P. G., Hockaday, W. C., Smith, D. M., Hartkopf- Froeder, C., Boehmer, A., Luer, B., Huebert, B. J., Amelung,W., Brodowski, S., Huang, L., Zhang, W., Gschwend, P. M., Flores- Cervantes, D. X., Largeau, C., Rouzaud, J. N., Rumpel, C., Guggenberger, G., Kaiser, K., Rodionov, A., Gonzalez-Vila, F. J., Gonzalez-Perez, J. A., de la Rosa, J. M., Manning, D. A. C., Lopez-Capel, E., and Ding, L.: Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black/elemental) carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, Gb3016, doi:10.1029/2006gb002914, 2007. (Pubitemid 350201913)
31. Han, Y. M., Chen, A., Cao, J. J., Fung, K., Ho, F., Yan, B. Z., Zhan, C. L. L., Liu, S. X., Wei, C., and An, Z. S.: Thermal/Optical Methods for Elemental Carbon Quantification in Soils and Urban Dusts: Equivalence of Different Analysis Protocols, PLOS One, 8, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083462, 2013.
32. Hansen, A. D. A., Artz, R. S., Pszenny, A. A. P., Larson, R. E.: Aerosol black carbon and radon as tracers for air mass origin over the North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 4, 189- 199, 1990.
33. Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Madronich, S., Canagaratna, M. R., De- Carlo, P. F., Kleinman, L., and Fast, J.: Modeling organic aerosols in a megacity: potential contribution of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5491-5514, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5491-2010, 2010.
34. Hoetzel, S., Dupont, L., Schefuss, E., Rommerskirchen, F., and Wefer, G.: The role of fire in Miocene to Pliocene C-4 grassland and ecosystem evolution, Nat. Geosci., 6, 1027-1030, doi:10.1038/Ngeo1984, 2013.
35. Holtvoeth, J., Kolonic, S., andWagner, T.: Soil organic matter as an important contributor to late Quaternary sediments of the tropicalWest African continental margin, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 69, 2031-2041, doi:10.1016/j.gca. 2004.09.030, 2005. (Pubitemid 40549399)
36. Husain, L., Dutkiewicz, V. A., Khan, A., and Ghauri, B. M.: Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols in urban air, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6872-6883, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.037, 2007. (Pubitemid 47430048)
37. Jeong, C. H., Hopke, P. K., Kim, E., and Lee, D. W.: The comparison between thermal- optical transmittance elemental carbon and Aethalometer black carbon measured at multiple monitoring sites, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5193-5204, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.065, 2004. (Pubitemid 39165319)
38. Keene, W. C., Maring, H., Maben, J. R., Kieber, D. J., Pszenny, A. A. P., Dahl, E. E., Izaguirre, M. A., Davis, A. J., Long, M. S., Zhou, X. L., Smoydzin, L., and Sander, R.: Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air-sea interface, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, doi:10.1029/2007jd008464, 2007.
39. Keiluweit, M., Nico, P. S., Johnson, M. G., and Kleber, M.: Complexity of aromatic carbon in biomass-derived black carbon (biochar): Implications for molecular structure and sorptive interactions, Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 240, 2010.
40. Koch, D., Bond, T. C., Streets, D., Unger, N., and van der Werf, G. R.: Global impacts of aerosols from particular source regions and sectors, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, doi:10.1029/2005jd007024, 2007. (Pubitemid 47260880)
41. Koch, D. and Hansen, J.: Distant origins of Arctic black carbon: a Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D04204, doi:10.1029/2004jd005296, 2005. (Pubitemid 40599447)
42. Koch, D., Schulz, M., Kinne, S., McNaughton, C., Spackman, J. R., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Bond, T. C., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Clarke, A., De Luca, N., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Dubovik, O., Easter, R., Fahey, D. W., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Freitag, S., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Horowitz, L., Iversen, T., Kirkevag, A., Klimont, Z., Kondo, Y., Krol, M., Liu, X., Miller, R., Montanaro, V., Moteki, N., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Perlwitz, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Sahu, L., Sakamoto, H., Schuster, G., Schwarz, J. P., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takegawa, N., Takemura, T., Textor, C., van Aardenne, J. A., and Zhao, Y.: Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9001-9026, doi:10.5194/acp-9-9001-2009, 2009.
43. Lavanchy, V. M. H., Gaggeler, H. W., Nyeki, S., and Baltensperger, U.: Elemental carbon (EC) and black carbon (BC) measurements with a thermal method and an aethalometer at the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2759-2769, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00328-8, 1999. (Pubitemid 29227233)
44. Liousse, C., Penner, J. E., Chuang, C., Walton, J. J., Eddleman, H., and Cachier, H.: A global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 19411- 19432, doi:10.1029/95jd03426, 1996.
45. Liu, X. H., Penner, J. E., and Wang, M. H.: Influence of anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon on upper tropospheric clouds in the NCAR CAM3 model coupled to the IMPACT global aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, doi:10.1029/2008jd010492, 2008.
46. Lohmann, R., Bollinger, K., Cantwell, M., Feichter, J., Fischer- Bruns, I., and Zabel, M.: Fluxes of soot black carbon to South Atlantic sediments, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, Gb1015, doi:10.1029/2008gb003253, 2009.
47. Masiello, C. A.: New directions in black carbon organic geochemistry, Mar. Chem., 92, 201-213, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.043, 2004. (Pubitemid 39579675)
48. Novakov, T. and Rosen, H.: The black carbon story: early history and new perspectives, Ambio, 42, 840-851, doi:10.1007/s13280- 013-0392-8, 2013.
49. O'Dowd, C. D. and De Leeuw, G.: Marine aerosol production: a review of the current knowledge, Phil. T. R. Soc. A., 365, 1753- 1774, doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2043, 2007.
50. O'Dowd, C. D., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Mircea, M., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Yoon, Y. J., and Putaud, J. P.: Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol, Nature, 431, 676-680, doi:10.1038/Nature02959, 2004. (Pubitemid 39382611)
51. Ogren, J. A. and Charlson, R. J.: Elemental Carbon in the Atmosphere - Cycle and Lifetime, Tellus B, 35, 241-254, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.1983.tb00027. x, 1983 (Pubitemid 14240378)
52. Park, K., Chow, J. C.,Watson, J. G., Trimble, D. L., Doraiswamy, P., Park, K., Arnott, W. P., Stroud, K. R., Bowers, K., Bode, R., Petzold, A., and Hansen, A. D. A.: Comparison of continuous and filter-based carbon measurements at the Fresno Supersite, J. Air Waste. Manage., 56, 474-491, 2006.
53. Perry, K. D., Cahill, T. A., Eldred, R. A., Dutcher, D. D., and Gill, T. E.: Long-range transport of North African dust to the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 11225- 11238, doi:10.1029/97jd00260, 1997.
54. Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365-8379, doi:10.5194/acp-13-8365- 2013, 2013.
55. Putaud, J. P., Van Dingenen, R., Mangoni, M., Virkkula, A., Raes, F., Maring, H., Prospero, J. M., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Hillamo, R., and Makela, T.: Chemical mass closure and assessment of the origin of the submicron aerosol in the marine boundary layer and the free troposphere at Tenerife during ACE-2, Tellus B, 52, 141-168, doi:10.1034/j.1600- 0889.2000.00056.x, 2000. (Pubitemid 30333956)
56. Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nature Geosci., 1, 221-227, doi:10.1038/Ngeo156, 2008.
57. Reddy, M. S. and Boucher, O.: Climate impact of black carbon emitted from energy consumption in the world's regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi:10.1029/2006gl028904, 2007. (Pubitemid 47272414)
58. Rolph, G. D.: Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem (READY) Website, available at: http://www.ready.noaa. gov, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD, 2013.
59. Schmid, H., Laskus, L., Abraham, H. J., Baltensperger, U., Lavanchy, V., Bizjak, M., Burba, P., Cachier, H., Crow, D., Chow, J., Gnauk, T., Even, A., ten Brink, H. M., Giesen, K. P., Hitzenberger, R., Hueglin, C., Maenhaut, W., Pio, C., Carvalho, A., Putaud, J. P., Toom-Sauntry, D., and Puxbaum, H.: Results of the "carbon conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2111-2121, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00493-3, 2001. (Pubitemid 32194621)
60. Schmidt, M. W. I. and Noack, A. G.: Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 777-793, doi:10.1029/1999gb001208, 2008.
61. Shank, L. M., Howell, S., Clarke, A. D., Freitag, S., Brekhovskikh, V., Kapustin, V., McNaughton, C., Campos, T., and Wood, R.: Organic matter and non-refractory aerosol over the remote Southeast Pacific: oceanic and combustion sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 557-576, doi:10.5194/acp-12-557-2012, 2012.
62. Sharma, S., Lavoue, D., Cachier, H., Barrie, L. A., and Gong, S. L.: Long-term trends of the black carbon concentrations in the Canadian Arctic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D15203, doi:10.1029/2003jd004331, 2004. (Pubitemid 39408302)
63. Spracklen, D. V., Arnold, S. R., Sciare, J., Carslaw, K. S., and Pio, C.: Globally significant oceanic source of organic carbon aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, doi:10.1029/2008gl033359, 2008.
64. Swap, R., Garstang, M., Macko, S. A., Tyson, P. D., Maenhaut, W., Artaxo, P., Kallberg, P., and Talbot, R.: The long-range transport of southern African aerosols the tropical South Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 23777-23791, doi:10.1029/95jd01049, 1996.
65. Talbot, R. W., Harriss, R. C., Browell, E. V., Gregory, G. L., Sebacher, D. I., and Beck, S. M.: Distribution and Geochemistry of Aerosols in the Tropical North-Atlantic Troposphere - Relationship to Saharan Dust, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 91, 5173-5182, doi:10.1029/Jd091id04p05173, 1996.
66. Verardo, D. J. and Ruddiman, W. F.: Late pleistocene charcoal in tropical Atlantic deep- sea sediments: Climatic and geochemical significance, Geology, 24, 855-857, doi:10.1130/0091-7613, 1996.
67. Wang, R., Tao, S., Balkanski, Y., Ciais, P., Boucher, O., Lie, J., Piao, S., Shen, H., Vuolo, M. R., Valari, M., Chen, H., Chen, Y., Cozic, A., Huang, Y., Li, B., Li, W., Shen, G., Wang, B., and Zhang, Y.: Exposure to ambient black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high resolution model, PNAS, 111, 2459-2463, doi:10.1073/pnas.1318763111, 2013
68. Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., and Chen, L.-W. A.: Summary of organic and environmental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 5, 65-102, 2005.
69. Wolff, E. W. and Cachier, H.: Concentrations and seasonal cycle of black carbon in aerosol at a coastal Antarctic station, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 11033-11041, doi:10.1029/97jd01363, 1998. (Pubitemid 128718606)
70. Zencak, Z., Elmquist, M., and Gustafsson, O.: Quantification and radiocarbon source apportionment of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols using the CTO-375 method, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7895-7906, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007. 06.006, 2007. (Pubitemid 350016986)