Aerosol light absorption, black carbon, and elemental carbon at the Fresno Supersite, California

Atmospheric Research

Volumn 93, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 874-887

  Chow, Judith C ^a,b   Watson, John G ^a,b   Doraiswamy, Prakash ^a,c   Chen, Lung Wen Antony ^a   Sodeman, David A ^a   Lowenthal, Douglas H ^a   Park, Kihong ^a,d   Arnott, W Patrick ^e   Motallebi, Nehzat ^f  

^a DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b Chinese Academy of Sciences   (China)

^c STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^d Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)   (South Korea)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^f CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD   (United States)

Author keywords

Black carbon; Elemental carbon; Light absorption; Organic carbon; Supersite

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION EFFICIENCY; ABSORPTION ENHANCEMENT; AEROSOL CONCENTRATION; AEROSOL LIGHT ABSORPTION; AETHALOMETER; ANALYTICAL PROTOCOLS; BLACK CARBON; CALIFORNIA; CORRECTION METHOD; CURRENT TECHNIQUES; ELEMENTAL CARBON; FILTER-BASED; HIGHLY-CORRELATED; IN-SITU; MASS ABSORPTION; MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; MULTI-ANGLE; ORGANIC FRACTIONS; SEMI-CONTINUOUS; SPECTRAL DEPENDENCES; SUPERSITE; THERMAL PROTOCOL; TOTAL CARBON;

ABSORPTION; ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; BACKSCATTERING; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT; FIRE HAZARDS; LIGHT ABSORPTION; ORGANIC CARBON; PHOTOMETERS; PHOTOMETRY;

CARBON BLACK;

ABSORPTION EFFICIENCY; AEROSOL; ALGORITHM; BLACK CARBON; OPTICAL PROPERTY; ORGANIC CARBON;

CALIFORNIA; FRESNO; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 67649220645     PISSN: 01698095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.04.010     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Ackerman A.S., Toon O.B., Stevens D.E., Heymsfield A.J., Ramanathan V., and Welton E.J. Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot. Science 288 (2000) 1042-1047
2. Anderson T.L., and Ogren J.A. Determining aerosol radiative properties using the TSI 3563 integrating nephelometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 29 (1998) 57-69
3. Andreae M.O., and Gelencser A. Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6 (2006) 3131-3148
4. Arnott W.P., Moosmüller H., Rogers C.F., Jin T., and Bruch R. Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring light absorption by aerosol: instrument description. Atmos. Environ. 33 (1999) 2845-2852
5. Arnott W.P., Moosmüller H., and Walker J.W. Nitrogen dioxide and kerosene-flame soot calibration of photoacoustic instruments for measurement of light absorption by aerosols. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71 (2000) 4545-4552
6. Arnott W.P., Moosmüller H., Sheridan P.J., Ogren J.A., Raspet R., Slaton W.V., Hand J.L., Kreidenweis S.M., and Collett Jr. J.L. Photoacoustic and filter-based ambient aerosol light absorption measurements: instrument comparison and the role of relative humidity. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (2003) 10.1029/2002JD002165 AAC 15-1-AAC 15-11
7. Arnott W.P., Hamasha K., Moosmüller H., Sheridan P.J., and Ogren J.A. Towards aerosol light-absorption measurements with a 7-wavelength aethalometer: evaluation with a photoacoustic instrument and 3-wavelength nephelometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 17-29
8. Bae M.S., Schauer J.J., Deminter J.T., Turner J.R., Smith D., and Cary R.A. Validation of a semi-continuous instrument for elemental carbon and organic carbon using a thermal-optical method. Atmos. Environ. 38 (2004) 2885-2893
9. Bell A.G. Production of sound by radiant energy. Manuf. Build. 15 (1881) 156-158. http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid%20=%20ABS1821-0013-416 http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid = ABS1821-0013-416
10. Bevington P.R. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences (1969), McGraw Hill, New York, NY
11. Birch M.E. Analysis of carbonaceous aerosols: interlaboratory comparison. Analyst 123 (1998) 851-857
12. Birch M.E., and Cary R.A. Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 25 (1996) 221-241
13. Birch M.E., and Cary R.A. Elemental carbon-based method for occupational monitoring of particulate diesel exhaust: methodology and exposure issues. Analyst 121 (1996) 1183-1190
14. Bond T.C., Anderson T.L., and Campbell D.E. Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols. Aerosol Sci.Technol. 30 (1999) 582-600
15. Bond T.C. Spectral dependence of visible light absorption by carbonaceous particles emitted from coal combustion. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (2001) 4075-4078
16. Bond T.C., and Bergstrom R.W. Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: an investigative review. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 27-67
17. Cachier H., Bremond M.P., and Buat-Ménard P. Determination of atmospheric soot carbon with a simple thermal method. Tellus 41B (1989) 379-390
18. Cachier H., Bremond M.P., and Buat-Ménard P. Thermal separation of soot carbon. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10 (1989) 358-364
19. Chen L.-W.A., Moosmüller H., Arnott W.P., Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Susott R.A., Babbitt R.E., Wold C., Lincoln E., and Hao W.M. Particle emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: in situ optical and mass measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 (2006) 1-4 10.1029/2005GL024838
20. 2.5 source contributions for the San Joaquin valley with multivariate receptor models. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 2818-2826
21. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Pritchett L.C., Pierson W.R., Frazier C.A., and Purcell R.G. The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmos. Environ. 27A (1993) 1185-1201
22. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Crow D., Lowenthal D.H., and Merrifield T.M. Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 34 (2001) 23-34
23. Chow J.C., Bachmann J.D., Wierman S.S.G., Mathai C.V., Malm W.C., White W.H., Mueller P.K., Kumar N.K., and Watson J.G. 2002 Critical review discussion - visibility: science and regulation. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 52 (2002) 973-999
24. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Chen L.-W.A., Arnott W.P., Moosmüller H., and Fung K.K. Equivalence of elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance and transmittance with different temperature protocols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 4414-4422
25. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Chen L.-W.A., Paredes-Miranda G., Chang M.-C.O., Trimble D., Fung K.K., Zhang H., and Yu J.Z. Refining temperature measures in thermal/optical carbon analysis. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5 4 (2005) 2961-2972
26. 2.5 carbon measurement methods in Hong Kong, China. Environ. Poll. 137 (2005) 334-344
27. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Mauderly J.L., Costa D.L., Wyzga R.E., Vedal S., Hidy G.M., Altshuler S.L., Marrack D., Heuss J.M., Wolff G.T., Pope III C.A., and Dockery D.W. 2006 Critical review discussion - health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56 (2006) 1368-1380
28. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Doraiswamy P., Chen L.-W.A., Sodeman D.A., Ho S.S.H., Kohl S.D., Trimble D.L., Voepel H., and Fung K.K. Climate change - characterization of Black Carbon and Organic Carbon Air Pollution Emissions and Evaluation of Measurement Methods. Phase I: method intercomparison. Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, for California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA (2006). http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/04-307_v2.pdf http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/04-307_v2.pdf
29. 2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS). J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 111 (2006) 1-17 10.1029/2005JD006457
30. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Chen L.W.A., Chang M.C.O., Robinson N.F., Trimble D., and Kohl S. The IMPROVE_A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: maintaining consistency with a long-term database. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 57 (2007) 1014-1023
31. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Lowenthal D.H., Chen L.-W.A., Zielinska B., Mazzoleni L.R., and Magliano K.L. Evaluation of organic markers for chemical mass balance source apportionment at the Fresno Supersite. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 (2007) 1741-2754
32. Chow J.C., Doraiswamy P., Watson J.G., Chen L.-W.A., Ho S.S.H., and Sodeman D.A. Advances in integrated and continuous measurements for particle mass and chemical composition. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 58 (2008) 141-163
33. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Lowenthal D.H., and Chen L.-W.A. Climate change - characterization of black carbon and organic carbon air pollution emissions and evaluation of measurement methods. Prepared by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, for the California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA (2009). http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/04-307_v2.pdf http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/04-307_v2.pdf
34. Currie L.A., Benner Jr. B.A., Cachier H., Cary R., Chow J.C., Druffel E.R.M., Eglinton T.I., Gustafsson Ö., Hartmann P.C., Hedges J.I., Kessler J.D., Kirchstetter T.W., Klinedinst D.B., Klouda G.A., Marolf J.V., Masiello C.A., Novakov T., Pearson A., Prentice K.M., Puxbaum H., Quinn J.G., Reddy C.M., Schmid H., Slater J.F., Watson J.G., and Wise S.A. A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a. J. Res. National Bureau Standards 107 (2002) 279-298
35. Gundel L.A., Dod R.L., Rosen H., and Novakov T. The relationship between optical attenuation and black carbon concentration for ambient and source particles. Sci.Total Environ. 36 (1984) 197-202
36. Hansen A.D.A., Rosen H., and Novakov T. The aethalometer - an instrument for the real-time measurement of optical absorption by aerosol particles. Sci. Total Environ. 36 (1984) 191-196
37. Hansen, A.H.A., 2005. The Aethalometer. Magee Scientific Company, Berkeley, CA.
38. Horvath H. Atmospheric light absorption - a review. Atmos. Environ. 27A (1993) 293-317
39. Jacobson M.Z. Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Nature 409 (2001) 695-697
40. Japar S.M., Moore J., Killinger D.K., and Szkarlat A.C. Spectrophone measurements of diesel vehicle particulate material. In: Gerber H.E., and Hindman E.E. (Eds). Light Absorption by Aerosol Particles (1982), Spectrum Press, Hampton, VA 275-278
41. Kirchstetter T.W., Novakov T., and Hobbs P.V. Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 109 (2004) D21208 10.1029/2004JD004999
42. 2.5 source contributions and comparison to emissions during the 1995 integrated monitoring study. Atmos. Environ. 33 (1999) 4757-4773
43. Mauderly J.L., and Chow J.C. Health effects of organic aerosols. Inhal. Toxicol. 20 (2008) 257-288 10.1080/08958370701866008
44. McCracken M.C. Critical review: prospects for future climate change and the reasons for early action. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 58 (2008) 735-786 10.3155/1047-3289.58.6.735
45. Murphy D.M. The effect of water evaporation on photoacoustic signals in transition and molecular flow. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 356-363
46. Park K., Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Trimble D.L., Doraiswamy P., Arnott W.P., Stroud K.R., Bowers K., Bode R., Petzold A., and Hansen A.D.A. Comparison of continuous and filter-based carbon measurements at the Fresno Supersite. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56 (2006) 474-491
47. 2.5 by the EPA/NIOSH method. In: Winegar E.D., and Tropp R.J. (Eds). Proceedings, Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology-2002 (2002), Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA 83-1-83-19
48. Petzold A., and Schönlinner M. Multi-angle absorption photometry - a new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon. J. Aerosol Sci. 35 (2004) 421-441
49. Petzold A., Kramer H., and Schönlinner M. Continuous measurement of atmospheric black carbon using a multi-angle absorption photometer. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. (2002) 78-82
50. Petzold A., Schloesser H., Sheridan P.J., Arnott W.P., Ogren J.A., and Virkkula A. Evaluation of multiangle absorption photometry for measuring aerosol light absorption. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 40-51
51. Pope III C.A., and Dockery D.W. Critical review: health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56 (2006) 709-742
52. Roessler D.M. Photoacoustic insights on diesel exhaust particles. Appl. Opt. 23 (1984) 1148-1155
53. Schauer J.J., and Cass G.R. Source apportionment of wintertime gas-phase and particle-phase air pollutants using organic compounds as tracers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 1821-1832
54. Schmid H.P., Laskus L., Abraham H.J., Baltensperger U., Lavanchy V.M.H., Bizjak M., Burba P., Cachier H., Crow D., Chow J.C., Gnauk T., Even A., ten Brink H.M., Giesen K.P., Hitzenberger R., Hueglin C., Maenhaut W., Pio C.A., Puttock J., Putaud J.P., Toom-Sauntry D., and Puxbaum H. Results of the "Carbon Conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test: stage 1. Atmos. Environ. 35 (2001) 2111-2121
55. Schmidt M.W.I., Skjemstad J.O., Czimczik C.I., Glaser B., Prentice K.M., Gelinas Y., and Kuhlbusch T.K. Comparative analysis of black carbon in soils. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 15 (2001) 163-167
56. Sheridan P.J., Arnott W.P., Ogren J.A., Andrews E., Atkinson D.B., Covert D.S., Moosmüller H., Petzold A., Schmid B., Strawa A.W., Varma R., and Virkkula A. The Reno aerosol optics study: an evaluation of aerosol absorption measurement methods. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 1-16
57. Virkkula A., Ahlquist N.C., Covert D.S., Arnott W.P., Sheridan P.J., Quinn P.K., and Coffman D.J. Modification, calibration and a field test of an instrument for measuring light absorption by particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 68-83
58. Watson J.G. Visibility: science and regulation. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 52 (2002) 628-713
59. Watson J.G., and Chow J.C. Comparison and evaluation of in-situ and filter carbon measurements at the Fresno Supersite. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (2002) 10.1029/2001JD000573 ICC 3-1-ICC 3-15
60. 2.5 episode at the Fresno, CA, Supersite. Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002) 465-475
61. Watson J.G., Chow J.C., Bowen J.L., Lowenthal D.H., Hering S., Ouchida P., and Oslund W. Air quality measurements from the Fresno Supersite. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 50 (2000) 1321-1334
62. Watson J.G., Turpin B.J., and Chow J.C. The measurement process: precision, accuracy, and validity. In: Cohen B.S., and McCammon C.S.J. (Eds). Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants. Ninth Edition (2001), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH 201-216
63. Watson J.G., Chow J.C., and Chen L.-W.A. Summary of methods and comparison studies for organic and elemental carbon: implications for visibility and global warming. In: Pitchford M., and Poirot R. (Eds). Proceedings, Regional and Global Perspectives on Haze: Causes, Consequences and Controversies Visibility Specialty Conference (2004), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA 55-1-55-38
64. Watson J.G., Chow J.C., and Chen L.-W.A. Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. AAQR 5 (2005) 65-102. http://www.aaqr.org http://www.aaqr.org
65. Watson J.G., Chow J.C., Park K., and Lowenthal D.H. Nanoparticle and ultrafine particle events at the Fresno Supersite. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56 (2006) 417-430
66. Watson J.G., Chen L.-W.A., Chow J.C., Lowenthal D.H., and Doraiswamy P. Source apportionment: findings from the U.S. Supersite Program. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 58 (2008) 265-288