Association of low-level arsenic exposure in drinking water with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and risk assessment

Toxicology

Volumn 323, Issue , 2014, Pages 78-94

  Tsuji, Joyce S ^a   Perez, Vanessa ^a   Garry, Michael R ^a   Alexander, Dominik D ^b  

^a EXPONENT INC   (United States)

^b EpidStat Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Arsenic; Cardiovascular disease; Hypertension; Ischemic heart disease; Reference dose; Risk assessment; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ARSENIC; DRINKING WATER;

ARTICLE; BANGLADESH; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHINA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH HAZARD; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SKIN DEFECT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TAIWAN; UNITED STATES;

ARSENIC; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; REFERENCE DOSE; RISK ASSESSMENT; STROKE;

ARSENIC; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRINKING WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; RISK ASSESSMENT; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84903540653     PISSN: 0300483X     EISSN: 18793185     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.06.008     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Abhyankar L.N., Jones M.R., Guallar E., Navas-Acien A. Arsenic exposure and hypertension: a systematic review. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120:494-500.
2. Abir T., Rahman B., D'Este C., AF, Milton A.H. The association between chronic arsenic exposure and hypertension: a meta-analysis. J. Toxicol. 2012, 198793.
3. Al-Amin, M. Mahmud, K., Hosen, S., Islam, M.A. 2011. Domestic water consumption patterns in a village in Bangladesh. 4th Annual Paper Meet and 1st Civil Engineering Congress, December 22-24, 2011, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-984-33-4363-5. Noor, Amin, Bhuiyan, Chowdhury, Kakoli (Eds). Available at:. http://www.iebconferences.info/356.pdf.
4. Argos M., Kalra T., Pierce B.L., Chen Y., Parvez F., Islam T., Ahmed A., Hasan R., Hasan K., Sarwar G., Levy D., Slavkovich V., Graziano J.H., Rathouz P.J., Ahsan H. A prospective study of arsenic exposure from drinking water and incidence of skin lesions in Bangladesh. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 174:185-194.
5. Arnold L.L., Suzuki S., Yokohira M., Kakiuchi-Kiyota S., Pennington K.L., Cohen S.M. Time course of urothelial changes in rats and mice orally administered arsenite. Toxicol. Pathol. 2013, DOI: 0.1177/0192623313489778, published online, May 20, 2013.
6. ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Arsenic. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service 2007, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia.
7. Aylward L.L., Ramasamy S., Hays S.M., Schoeny R., Kirman C.R. Evaluation of urinary speciated arsenic in NHANES: issues in interpretation in the context of potential inorganic arsenic exposure. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2014, 69:49-54.
8. Bae M., Watanabe C., Inaoka T., Sekiyama M., Sudo N., Bokul M.H., Ohtsuka R. Arsenic in cooked rice in Bangladesh. Lancet 2002, 360:1839-1840.
9. Beebe-Dimmer J.L., Iyer P.T., Nriagu J.O., Keele G.R., Mehta S., Meliker J.R., Lange E.M., Schwartz A.G., Zuhlke K.A., Schottenfeld D., Cooney K.A. Genetic variation in glutathione S-transferase omega-1, arsenic methyltransferase and methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase, arsenic exposure and bladder cancer a case-control study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 11:43.
10. Cantor K.P., Lubin J.H. Arsenic, internal cancers, and issues in inference from studies of low-level exposures in human populations. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2007, 222:252-257.
11. Carlsson S., Hammar N., Grill V., Kaprio J. Alcohol consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a 20-year follow-up of the Finnish twin cohort study. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:2785-2790.
12. Chen C.-J., Hsueh Y.-M., Tseng M.-P., Lin Y.-C., Hsu L.-I., Chou W.-L., Chiou H.-Y., Wang I.-H., Chou Y.-L., Tseng C.-H., Liou S.-H. Individual susceptibility to Arseniasis. Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV 2001, Elsevier Science Ltd., New York, N.Y. W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon (Eds.).
13. Chen C.L., Hsu L.I., Chiou H.Y., Hsueh Y.M., Chen S.Y., Wu M.M., Chen C.J. Ingested arsenic, cigarette smoking, and lung cancer risk: a follow-up study in arseniasis-endemic areas in Taiwan. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2004, 292:2984-2990.
14. Chen Y., Ahsan H., Slavkovich V., Peltier G.L., Gluskin R.T., Parvez F., Liu X., Graziano J.H. No association between arsenic exposure from drinking water and diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:1299-1305.
15. Chen Y., Ge W., Parvez F., Bangalore S., Eunus M., Ahmed A., Islam T., Rakibuz-Zaman M., Hasan R., Argos M., Levy D., Sarwar G., Ahsan H. A prospective study of arm circumference and risk of death in Bangladesh. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 1-10. Advance Access published April 7, 2014. 10.1093/ije/dyu082.
16. Chen Y., Graziano J.H., Parvez F., Hussain I., Momotaj H., van Geen A., Howe G.R., Ahsan H. Modification of risk of arsenic-induced skin lesions by sunlight exposure, smoking, and occupational exposures in Bangladesh. Epidemiology 2006, 17:459-467.
17. Chen Y., Graziano J.H., Parvez F., Liu M., Slavkovich V., Kalra T., Argos M., Islam T., Ahmed A., Rakibuz-Zaman M., Hasan R., Sarwar G., Levy D., van Geen A., Ahsan H. Arsenic exposure from drinking water and mortality from cardiovascular disease in Bangladesh: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011, 342:d2431.
18. Chen Y., Hakim M.E., Parvez F., Islam T., Rahman A.M., Ahsan H. Arsenic exposure from drinking-water and carotid artery intima-medial thickness in healthy young adults in Bangladesh. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2006, 24:253-257.
19. Chen Y., Hall M., Graziano J.H., Slavkovich V., van Geen A., Parvez F., Ahsan H. A prospective study of blood selenium levels and the risk of arsenic-related premalignant skin lesions. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2007, 16:207-213.
20. Chen Y., Wu F., Liu M., Parvez F., Slavkovich V., Eunus M., Ahmed A., Argos M., Islam T., Rakibuz-Zaman M., Hasan R., Sarwar G., Levy D., Graziano J., Ahsan H. A prospective study of arsenic exposure, arsenic methylation capacity, and risk of cardiovascular disease in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121:832-838.
21. Chen Y., Wu F., Parvez F., Ahmed A., Eunus M., McClintock T.R., Patwary T.I., Islam T., Ghosal A.K., Islam S., Hasan R., Levy D., Sarwar G., Slavkovich V., van Geen A., Graziano J.H., Ahsan H. Arsenic exposure from drinking water and QT-interval prolongation: results from the health effects of arsenic longitudinal study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121:421-427. 432e421-427.
22. Choumenkovitch S.F., Selhub J., Wilson P.W., Rader J.I., Rosenberg I.H., Jacques P.F. Folic acid intake from fortification in United States exceeds predictions. J. Nutr. 2002, 132:2792-2798.
23. Chowdhury M.E., Rahman M., Mondal B.K., Paul K., Lodh D., Biswas B.K., Basu G.K., Chanda C.R., Saha C., Mukherjee S.C., Roy S., Das R., Kaies I., Barua A.K., Palit S.K., Quamruzzaman Q., Chakraborti D. Groundwater arsenic contamination and human suffering in West Bengal, India and Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. 2001, 8:393-415.
24. Chung J.S., Kalman D.A., Moore L.E., Kosnett M.J., Arroyo A.P., Beeris M., Mazumder D.N., Hernandez A.L., Smith A.H. Family correlations of arsenic methylation patterns in children and parents exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110:729-733.
25. Clewell H.J., Thomas R.S., Kenyon E.M., Hughes M.F., Adair B.M., Gentry P.R., Yager J.W. Concentration- and time-dependent genomic changes in the mouse urinary bladder following exposure to arsenate in drinking water for up to 12 weeks. Toxicol. Sci. 2011, 123:421-432.
26. Cohen S.M., Arnold L.L., Beck B.D., Lewis A.S., Eldan M. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2013, 43:711-752.
27. Dodmane P.R., Arnold L.L., Pennington K.L., Thomas D.J., Cohen S.M. Effect of dietary treatment with dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) on the urinary bladder epithelium of arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (As3mt) knockout and C57BL/6 wild type female mice. Toxicology 2013, 305:130-135.
28. Eilat-Adar S., Mete M., Fretts A., Fabsitz R.R., Handeland V., Loria C., Xu J., Howard B.V. Dietary patterns and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in a population undergoing lifestyle changes: The Strong Heart Study. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2013, 23:528-535.
29. Engel R.R., Smith A.H. Arsenic in drinking water and mortality from vascular disease: an ecologic analysis in 30 counties in the United States. Arch. Environ. Health 1994, 49:418-427.
30. EPA Inorganic Arsenic entry in Integrated Risk Information System 1993, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
31. EPA A review of the reference dose and reference concentration processes 2002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Risk Assessment Forum.
32. FAO Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation, Bangkok, Thailand 2001, Food and Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization, Rome.
33. FDA, 2013. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling September 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
34. Feki-Tounsi M., Olmedo P., Gil F., Khlifi R., Mhiri M.N., Rebai A., Hamza-Chaffai A. Low-level arsenic exposure is associated with bladder cancer risk and cigarette smoking: a case-control study among men in Tunisia. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2013, 20:3923-3931.
35. Gamble M.V., Ahsan H., Liu X., Factor-Litvak P., Ilievski V., Slavkovich V., Parvez F., Graziano J.H. Folate and cobalamin deficiencies and hyperhomocysteinemia in Bangladesh. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81:1372-1377.
36. Gamble M.V., Liu X., Ahsan H., Pilsner R., Ilievski V., Slavkovich V., Parvez F., Levy D., Factor-Litvak P., Graziano J.H. Folate, homocysteine, and arsenic metabolism in arsenic-exposed individuals in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1683-1688.
37. Gamble M.V., Liu X., Slavkovich V., Pilsner J.R., Ilievski V., Factor-Litvak P., Levy D., Alam S., Islam M., Parvez F., Ahsan H., Graziano J.H. Folic acid supplementation lowers blood arsenic. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 86:1202-1209.
38. Garciafigueroa D.Y., Klei L.R., Ambrosio F., Barchowsky A. Arsenic-stimulated lipolysis and adipose remodeling is mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors. Toxicol. Sci. 2013, 134:335-344.
39. Gentry P.R., McDonald T.B., Sullivan D.E., Shipp A.M., Yager J.W., Clewell H.J. Analysis of genomic dose-response information on arsenic to inform key events in a mode of action for carcinogenicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2010, 51:1-14.
40. Gong G., O'Bryant S.E. Low-level arsenic exposure, AS3MT gene polymorphism and cardiovascular diseases in rural Texas counties. Environ. Res. 2012, 113:52-57.
41. Grashow R., Zhang J., Fang S.C., Weisskopf M.G., Christiani D.C., Kile M.L., Cavallari J.M. Inverse association between toenail arsenic and body mass index in a population of welders. Environ. Res. 2014, 131:131-133.
42. Gribble M.O., Howard B.V., Umans J.G., Shara N.M., Francesconi K.A., Goessler W., Crainiceanu C.M., Silbergeld E.K., Guallar E., Navas-Acien A. Arsenic exposure, diabetes prevalence, and diabetes control in the Strong Heart Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 176:865-874.
43. Gruber J.F., Karagas M.R., Gilbert-Diamond D., Bagley P.J., Zens M.S., Sayarath V., Punshon T., Morris J.S., Cottingham K.L. Associations between toenail arsenic concentration and dietary factors in a New Hampshire population. Nutr. J. 2012, 11:45.
44. Guha Mazumder D., Purkayastha I., Ghose A., Mistry G., Saha C., Nandy A.K., Das A., Majumdar K.K. Hypertension in chronic arsenic exposure: a case control study in West Bengal. J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2012, 47:1514-1520.
45. Hall, M.N., Gamble, M.V. 2012. Nutritional manipulation of one-carbon metabolism: effects on arsenic methylation and toxicity. J Toxicol. 2012:595307. doi: 10.1155/2012/595307. Epub 2012 Mar 14. Available at:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3317163/.
46. Hopenhayn-Rich C., Biggs M.L., Kalman D.A., Moore L.E., Smith A.H. Arsenic methylation patterns before and after changing from high to lower concentrations of arsenic in drinking water. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104:1200-1207.
47. Hossain M.A., Rahman M.M., Murrill M., Das B., Roy B., Dey S., Maity D., Chakraborti D. Water consumption patterns and factors contributing to water consumption in arsenic affected population of rural West Bengal, India. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463-464:1217-1224. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.057.
48. Howard B.V., Lee E.T., Cowan L.D., Devereux R.B., Galloway J.M., Go O.T., Howard W.J., Rhoades E.R., Robbins D.C., Sievers M.L., Welty T.K. Rising tide of cardiovascular disease in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 1999, 99:2389-2395.
49. Howard B.V., Lee E.T., Cowan L.D., Fabsitz R.R., Howard W.J., Oopik A.J., Robbins D.C., Savage P.J., Yeh J.L., Welty T.K. Coronary heart disease prevalence and its relation to risk factors in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1995, 254-268.
50. Hsieh Y.C., Hsieh F.I., Lien L.M., Chou Y.L., Chiou H.Y., Chen C.J. Risk of carotid atherosclerosis associated with genetic polymorphisms of apolipoprotein E and inflammatory genes among arsenic exposed residents in Taiwan. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2008, 227:1-7.
51. Hsieh Y.C., Lien L.M., Chung W.T., Hsieh F.I., Hsieh P.F., Wu M.M., Tseng H.P., Chiou H.Y., Chen C.J. Significantly increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis with arsenic exposure and polymorphisms in arsenic metabolism genes. Environ. Res. 2011, 111:804-810.
52. Huang W.Y., Su L.J., Hayes R.B., Moore L.E., Katki H.A., Berndt S.I., Weissfeld J.L., Yegnasubramanian S., Purdue M.P. Prospective study of genomic hypomethylation of leukocyte DNA and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2012, 21:2014-2021.
53. IOM Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. A Report of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients 1998, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
54. Islam A.K., Majumder A.A. Coronary artery disease in Bangladesh: a review. Indian Heart J. 2013, 65:424-435.
55. Jiang Y., Zheng W. Cardiovascular toxicities upon manganese exposure. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 2005, 5:345-354.
56. Jones M.R., Tellez-Plaza M., Sharrett A.R., Guallar E., Navas-Acien A. Urine arsenic and hypertension in US adults: the 2003-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Epidemiology 2011, 22:153-161.
57. Kalbfleisch J.D., Prentice R.L. The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data 2011, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J.
58. Karagas M.R., Andrew A.S., Nelson H.H., Li Z., Punshon T., Schned A., Marsit C.J., Morris J.S., Moore J.H., Tyler A.L., Gilbert-Diamond D., Guerinot M.L., Kelsey K.T. SLC39A2 and FSIP1 polymorphisms as potential modifiers of arsenic-related bladder cancer. Hum. Genet. 2012, 131:453-461.
59. Kitchin K.T., Conolly R. Arsenic-induced carcinogenesis-oxidative stress as a possible mode of action and future research needs for more biologically based risk assessment. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2010, 23:327-335.
60. Lisabeth L.D., Ahn H.J., Chen J.J., Jefferson Sealy-, Burke S., Meliker J.F., J.R Arsenic in drinking water and stroke hospitalizations in Michigan. Stroke 2010, 41:2499-2504.
61. Mathews V., Chendamarai E., George B., Viswabandya A., Srivastava A. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with single-agent arsenic trioxide. Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis. 2011, 3:e2011056.
62. Maull E.A., Ahsan H., Edwards J., Longnecker M.P., Navas-Acien A., Pi J., Silbergeld E.K., Styblo M., Tseng C.H., Thayer K.A., Loomis D. Evaluation of the association between arsenic and diabetes: a National Toxicology Program workshop review. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120:1658-1670.
63. McClintock T.R., Parvez F., Wu F., Wang W., Islam T., Ahmed A., Shaheen I., Sarwar G., Demmer R.T., Desvarieux M., Ahsan H., Chen Y. Association between betel quid chewing and carotid intima-media thickness in rural Bangladesh. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 1-9. Advanced access available online February 17, 2014. 10.1093/ije/dyu009.
64. McDowell M.A., Lacher D.A, Pfeiffer C.M., Mulinare J., Picciano M.F., Rader J.I., et al., 2008. Blood folate levels: The latest NHANES results. NCHS data briefs, no 6. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
65. McNulty H., Strain J.J., Pentieva K., Ward M. C(1) metabolism and CVD outcomes in older adults. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2012, 71:213-221.
66. Meliker J.R., Wahl R.L., Cameron L.L., Nriagu J.O. Arsenic in drinking water and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease in Michigan: a standardized mortality ratio analysis. Environ. Health 2007, 6:4.
67. Merril R.M., Timmreck T.C. Introduction to Epidemiology 2006, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Mississauga, Ontario.
68. Milton A.H., Rahman H., Smith W., Shrestha R., Dear K. Water consumption patterns in rural Bangladesh: are we underestimating total arsenic load?. J. Water Health 2006, 4:431-436.
69. Moon K., Guallar E., Navas-Acien A. Arsenic exposure and cardiovascular disease: an updated systematic review. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2012, 14:542-555.
70. Moon K.A., Guallar E., Umans J.G., Devereux R.B., Best L.G., Francesconi K.A., Goessler W., Pollak J., Silbergeld E.K., Howard B.V., Navas-Acien A. Association between exposure to low to moderate arsenic levels and incident cardiovascular disease. A prospective cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 2013, 159:649-659.
71. Mordukhovich I., Wright R.O., Amarasiriwardena C., Baja E., Baccarelli A., Suh H., Sparrow D., Vokonas P., Schwartz J. Association between low-level environmental arsenic exposure and QT interval duration in a general population study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 170:739-746.
72. Mordukhovich I., Wright R.O., Hu H., Amarasiriwardena C., Baccarelli A., Litonjua A., Sparrow D., Vokonas P., Schwartz J. Associations of toenail arsenic, cadmium, mercury, manganese, and lead with blood pressure in the normative aging study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120:98-104.
73. Navas-Acien A., Maull E.A., Thayer K.A. Arsenic and diabetes: Navas-Acien et al. Respond. Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121:A71-A72.
74. Navas-Acien A., Silbergeld E.K., Pastor-Barriuso R., Guallar E. Arsenic exposure and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in US adults. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2008, 300:814-822.
75. NRC Critical Aspects of EPA's IRIS Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic: Interim Report 2013, Committee on Inorganic Arsenic, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
76. Ohno K., Yanase T., Matsuo Y., Kimura T., Rahman M.H., Magara Y., Matsui Y. Arsenic intake via water and food by a population living in an arsenic-affected area of Bangladesh. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 381:68-76.
77. Parvez F., Chen Y., Yunus M., Olopade C., Segers S., Slavkovich V., Argos M., Hasan R., Ahmed A., Islam T., Akter M.M., Graziano J.H., Ahsan H. Arsenic exposure and impaired lung function. Findings from a large population-based prospective cohort study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013, 188:813-819.
78. Pearson T.A. Alcohol and heart disease. Circulation 1996, 94:3023-3025.
79. Pilsner J.R., Liu X., Ahsan H., Ilievski V., Slavkovich V., Levy D., Factor-Litvak P., Graziano J.H., Gamble M.V. Folate deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, low urinary creatinine, and hypomethylation of leukocyte DNA are risk factors for arsenic-induced skin lesions. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:254-260.
80. Schmeisser S., Schmeisser K., Weimer S., Groth M., Priebe S., Fazius E., Kuhlow D., Pick D., Einax J.W., Guthke R., Platzer M., Zarse K., Ristow M. Mitochondrial hormesis links low-dose arsenite exposure to lifespan extension. Aging Cell 2013, 12:508-517.
81. Schoof R.A., Yost L.J., Eickhoff J., Crecelius E.A., Cragin D.W., Meacher D.M., Menzel D.B. A market basket survey of inorganic arsenic in food. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1999, 37:839-846.
82. Smith A.H. Arsenic and diabetes. Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121:A70-A71.
83. Smith N.M., Lee R., Heitkemper D.T., Cafferky DeNicola, Haque K., Henderson A., A.K Inorganic arsenic in cooked rice and vegetables from Bangladeshi households. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 370:294-301.
84. Sohel N., Persson L.A., Rahman M., Streatfield P.K., Yunus M., Ekstrom E.C., Vahter M. Arsenic in drinking water and adult mortality: a population-based cohort study in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiology 2009, 20:824-830.
85. Stang J., Zephier E.M., Story M., Himes J.H., Yeh J.L., Welty T., Howard B.V. Dietary intakes of nutrients thought to modify cardiovascular risk from three groups of American Indians: the Strong Heart Dietary Study, Phase II. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2005, 105:1895-1903.
86. Stea F., Bianchi F., Cori L., Sicari R. Cardiovascular effects of arsenic: clinical and epidemiological findings. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2014, 21:244-251.
87. Steinmaus C., Bates M.N., Yuan Y., Kalman D., Atallah R., Rey O.A., Biggs M.L., Hopenhayn C., Moore L.E., Hoang B.K., Smith A.H. Arsenic methylation and bladder cancer risk in case-control studies in Argentina and the United States. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006, 48:478-488.
88. Steinmaus C., Carrigan K., Kalman D., Atallah R., Yuan Y., Smith A.H. Dietary intake and arsenic methylation in a U.S. population. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1153-1159.
89. Steinmaus C., Yuan Y., Liaw J., Smith A.H. Low-level population exposure to inorganic arsenic in the United States and diabetes mellitus: a reanalysis. Epidemiology 2009, 20:807-815.
90. Suzuki S., Arnold L.L., Pennington K.L., Chen B., Naranmandura H., Le X.C., Cohen S.M. Dietary administration of sodium arsenite to rats: relations between dose and urinary concentrations of methylated and thio-metabolites and effects on the rat urinary bladder epithelium. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2010, 244:99-105.
91. Tseng C.H. A review on environmental factors regulating arsenic methylation in humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2009, 235:338-350.
92. Tsuji J.S., Van Kerkhove M.D., Kaetzel R.S., Scrafford C.G., Mink P.J., Barraj L.M., Crecelius E.A., Goodman M. Evaluation of exposure to arsenic in residential soil. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1735-1740.
93. Tungtrongchitr R., Pongpaew P., Soonthornruengyot M., Viroonudomphol D., Vudhivai N., Tungtrongchitr A., Phonrat B., Pooudong S., Schelp F.P. Relationship of tobacco smoking with serum vitamin B12, folic acid and haematological indices in healthy adults. Public Health Nutr. 2003, 6:675-681.
94. Vahter M., Concha G., Nermell B., Nilsson R., Dulout F., Natarajan A.T. A unique metabolism of inorganic arsenic in native Andean women. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 293:455-462.
95. Vlaanderen J., Vermeulen R., Heederik D., Kromhout H. Guidelines to evaluate human observational studies for quantitative risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116:1700-1705.
96. Wade T.J., Xia Y., Wu K., Li Y., Ning Z., Le X.C., Lu X., Feng Y., He X., Mumford J.L. Increased mortality associated with well-water arsenic exposure in Inner Mongolia, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6:1107-1123.
97. Wang C.H., Chen C.L., Hsu L.I., Chiou H.Y., Hsueh Y.M., Chen S.Y., Wu M.M., Hsiao C.K., Chen C.J., 2005. Chronic arsenic exposure increases mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke: a follow-up study on 26,851 residents in Taiwan. http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/4703/1/932320B002010.pdf.
98. Wang Y.H., Wu M.M., Hong C.T., Lien L.M., Hsieh Y.C., Tseng H.P., Chang S.F., Su C.L., Chiou H.Y., Chen C.J. Effects of arsenic exposure and genetic polymorphisms of p53, glutathione S-transferase M1, T1, and P1 on the risk of carotid atherosclerosis in Taiwan. Atherosclerosis 2007, 192:305-312.
99. Wang Z.M., Zhou B., Nie Z.L., Gao W., Wang Y.S., Zhao H., Zhu J., Yan J.J., Yang Z.J., Wang L.S. Folate and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2012, 22:890-899.
100. Wasserman G.A., Liu X., Parvez F., Ahsan H., Litvak Factor-, Geen van, Slavkovich A., Iacono Lo, Cheng N.J., Hussain Z., Momotaj I., Graziano H., J.H Water arsenic exposure and children's intellectual function in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:1329-1333.
101. Wasserman G.A., Liu X., Parvez F., Litvak Factor-, Ahsan P., Levy H., Kline D., Geen van, Mey A., Slavkovich J., Siddique V., Islam A.B., Graziano T., J.H Arsenic and manganese exposure and children's intellectual function. Neurotoxicology 2011, 32:450-457.
102. Watanabe C., Kawata A., Sudo N., Sekiyama M., Inaoka T., Bae M., Ohtsuka R. Water intake in an Asian population living in arsenic-contaminated area. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 198:272-282.
103. Wernimont S.M., Clark A.G., Stover P.J., Wells M.T., Litonjua A.A., Weiss S.T., Gaziano J.M., Tucker K.L., Baccarelli A., Schwartz J., Bollati V., Cassano P.A. Folate network genetic variation, plasma homocysteine, and global genomic methylation content: a genetic association study. BMC Med. Genet. 2011, 12:150.
104. Wernimont S.M., Clark A.G., Stover P.J., Wells M.T., Litonjua A.A., Weiss S.T., Gaziano J.M., Vokonas P.S., Tucker K.L., Cassano P.A. Folate network genetic variation predicts cardiovascular disease risk in non-Hispanic white males. J. Nutr. 2012, 142:1272-1279.
105. Williams P.N., Islam M.R., Adomako E.E., Raab A., Hossain S.A., Zhu Y.G., Feldmann J., Meharg A.A. Increase in rice grain arsenic for regions of Bangladesh irrigating paddies with elevated arsenic in groundwaters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:4903-4908.
106. Wu C.C., Su C.T., Lee H.L., Chung C.J., Huang C.Y., Pu Y.S., Lin P., Hsueh Y.M. Joint effect of arsenic methylation profile and NNK metabolites on urothelial carcinoma. J. Urol. 2012, 188:1701-1705.
107. Wu M.M., Chiou H.Y., Chen C.L., Wang Y.H., Hsieh Y.C., Lien L.M., Lee T.C., Chen C.J. GT-repeat polymorphism in the heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter is associated with cardiovascular mortality risk in an arsenic-exposed population in northeastern Taiwan. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2010, 248:226-233.
108. Wu M.M., Chiou H.Y., Hsueh Y.M., Hong C.T., Su C.L., Chang S.F., Huang W.L., Wang H.T., Wang Y.H., Hsieh Y.C., Chen C.J. Effect of plasma homocysteine level and urinary monomethylarsonic acid on the risk of arsenic-associated carotid atherosclerosis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2006, 216:168-175.
109. Xue J., Zartarian V., Wang S.W., Liu S.V., Georgopoulos P. Probabilistic modeling of dietary arsenic exposure and dose and evaluation with 2003-2004 NHANES data. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:345-350.
110. Yager J.W., Gentry P.R., Thomas R.S., Pluta L., Efremenko A., Black M., Arnold L.L., McKim J.M., Wilga P., Gill G., Choe K.Y., Clewell H.J. Evaluation of gene expression changes in human primary uroepithelial cells following 24-hr exposures to inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2013, 54:82-98.
111. Yang M.L., Lee Y., Huang T.S., Lu F.J. Humic acid extracted from Blackfoot disease-endemic well water induces adipocyte differentiation of C3H10T1/2 fibroblast cells: a possible mechanism leading to atherosclerotic-like plaque in Blackfoot disease. Arch. Toxicol. 2002, 76:48-54.
112. Yuan Y., Marshall G., Ferreccio C., Steinmaus C., Selvin S., Liaw J., Bates M.N., Smith A.H. Acute myocardial infarction mortality in comparison with lung and bladder cancer mortality in arsenic-exposed region II of Chile from 1950 to 2000. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 166:1381-1391.
113. Zablotska L.B., Chen Y., Graziano J.H., Parvez F., van Geen A., Howe G.R., Ahsan H. Protective effects of B vitamins and antioxidants on the risk of arsenic-related skin lesions in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116:1056-1062.
114. Zheng L.Y., Umans J.G., Tellez-Plaza M., Yeh F., Francesconi K.A., Goessler W., Silbergeld E.K., Guallar E., Howard B.V., Weaver V.M., Navas-Acien A. Urine arsenic and prevalent albuminuria: evidence from a population-based study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2013, 61:385-394.
115. Zierold K.M., Knobeloch L., Anderson H. Prevalence of chronic diseases in adults exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water. Am. J. Public Health 2004, 94:1936-1937.