Recent advances in technologies for developing drugs against Chlamydia pneumoniae

Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery

Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 791-802

  Hanski, Leena ^a   Vuorela, Pia M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Atypical pneumonia; Bacterium; Chlamydia pneumoniae; Drug discovery; Gram negative; Persistence; Respiratory pathogen

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; DNA MODIFICATION; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG REPOSITIONING; DRUG TARGETING; GENETIC MANIPULATION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENOMICS; PERSISTENT INFECTION; PHENOTYPE; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM; ANIMAL; CHLAMYDOPHILA INFECTIONS; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CHLAMYDOPHILA INFECTIONS; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; DRUG DISCOVERY; GENOMICS; HUMANS;

EID: 84903151723     PISSN: 17460441     EISSN: 1746045X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.915309     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Maass M, Bartels C, Engel PM, et al. Endovascular presence of viable Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common phenomenon in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:827-32
2. Andraws R, Berger JS, Brown DL. Effects of antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005;293(21):2641-7
3. Anderson JL. Infection, antibiotics, and atherothrombosis-end of the road or new beginnings? N Engl J Med 2005;352:1706-9
4. Rosenfeld ME, Campbell LA. Pathogens and atherosclerosis: update on the potential contribution of multiple infectious organisms to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2011;106:858-67
5. Vainas T, Sayed S, Bruggeman CA, Stassen FR. Exploring the role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. Drugs Today (Barc) 2009;45(Suppl B):165-72
6. Hahn DL, Azenabor AA, Beatty WL, Byrne GI. Chlamydia pneumoniae as a respiratory pathogen. Front Biosci 2002;7:e66-76
7. Atkinson TP. Is asthma an infectious disease? New evidence. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013;13:702-9
8. Asner SA, Jaton K, Kyprianidou S, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae: possible association with asthma in children. Clin Infect Dis 2014;5:1198-9
9. Papaetis GS, Anastasakou E, Orphanidou D. Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and COPD: more evidence for lack of evidence? Eur J Intern Med 2009;20:579-85
10. Carter JD, Inman RD, Whittum-Hudson J, Hudson AP. Chlamydia and chronic arthritis. Ann Med 2012;44:784-92
11. Shima K, Kuhlenbäumer G, Rupp J. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and Alzheimer's disease: a connection to remember? Med Microbiol Immunol 2010;199:283-9
12. Chopra I, Storey C, Falla TJ, Pearce JH. Antibiotics, peptidoglycan synthesis and genomics: the chlamydial anomaly revisited. Microbiology 1998;144:2673-8
13. Hatch TP, Allan I, Pearce JH. Structural and polypeptide differences between envelopes of infective and reproductive life cycle forms of Chlamydia spp. J Bacteriol 1984;157:13-20
14. Hatch TP. Disulfide cross-linked envelope proteins: the functional equivalent of peptidoglycan in chlamydias? J Bacteriol 1996;178:1-5
15. Pavelka MS Jr. Another brick in the wall. Trends Microbiol 2007;15:147-9
16. Ghuysen JM, Goffin C. Lack of cell wall peptidoglycan versus penicillin sensitivity: new insights into the chlamydial anomaly. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:2339-44
17. Skilton RJ, Cutcliffen LT, Barlow D, et al. Penicillin induced persistence in Chlamydia trachomatis: high quality time lapse video analysis of the developmental cycle. PLoS One 2009;4:e7723
18. Beatty WL, Morrison RP, Byrne GI. Persistent chlamydiae: from cell culture to a paradigm for chlamydial pathogenesis. Microbiol Rev 1994;58:686-99
19. Hammerschlag MR. The intracellular life of chlamydias. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2002;13:239-48
20. Hogan RJ, Mathews SA, Mukhopadhyay S, et al. Chlamydial persistence: beyond the biphasic paradigm. Infect Immun 2004;72:1843-55
21. Kern JM, Maass V, Maass M. Molecular pathogenesis of chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: a brief overview. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009;15:36-41
22. Gieffers J, Füllgraf H, Jahn J, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in circulating human monocytes is refractory to antibiotic treatment. Circulation 2001;103:351-6
23. Gérard HC, Mishra MK, Mao G, et al. Dendrimer-enabled DNA delivery and transformation of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Nanomedicine 2013;9:996-1008
24. Ossewaarde JM, Meijer A. Molecular evidence for the existence of additional members of the order Chlamydiales. Microbiology 1999;145:411-17
25. Corsaro D, Venditti D, Valassina M. New parachlamydial 16S rDNA phylotypes detected in human clinical samples. Res Microbiol 2002;153:563-7
26. Niemi S, Greub G, Puolakkainen M. Chlamydia-related bacteria in respiratory samples in Finland. Microbes Infect 2011;13:824-7
27. Haider S, Collingro A, Walochnik J, et al. Chlamydia-like bacteria in respiratory samples of community-acquired pneumonia patients. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008;281:198-202
28. Greub G. Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, an emerging agent of pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009;15:18-28
29. Hammerschlag MR, Kohloff SA. Treatment of chlamydial infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13:545-52
30. Senn L, Hammerschlag MR, Greub G. Therapeutic approaches to Chlamydia infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005;6:2281-90
31. Baltch AL, Smith RP, Ritz WJ, et al. Effect of levofloxacin on the viability of intracellular Chlamydia pneumoniae and modulation of proinflammatory cytokine production by human monocytes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;50:205-12
32. File TM. The science of selecting antimicrobials for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). J Manag Care Pharm 2009;15:S5-11
33. Thiem U, Heppner HJ, Pientka L. Elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia: optimal treatment strategies. Drugs Aging 2011;28:519-37
34. Gieffers J, Rupp J, Gebert A, et al. First-choice antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations induce persistence of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1402-5
35. Silver LL. Are natural products still the best source for antibacterial discovery? The bacterial entry factor. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008;3:487-500
36. Chopra I. The 2012 Garred lecture: discovery of antibacterial drugs in the 21st century. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68:496-505
37. Tammela P, Alvesalo J, Riihimäki L, et al. Development and validation of a time-resolved fluorometric immunoassay for screening of antichlamydial activity using a genus-specific europium-conjugated antibody. Anal Biochem 2004;333:39-48
38. Alvesalo J, Vuorela H, Tammela P, et al. Inhibitory effect of dietary phenolic compounds on Chlamydia pneumoniae in cell cultures. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;71:735-41
39. Keurulainen L, Salin O, Siiskonen A, et al. Design and synthesis of 2-arylbenzimidazoles and evaluation of their inhibitory effect against Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Med Chem 2010;53:7664-74
40. Salin O, Alakurtti S, Pohjala L, et al. Inhibitory effect of the natural product betulin and its derivatives against the intracellular bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;80:1141-51
41. Bogdanov A, Endrész V, Urbán S, et al. Application of DNA chip scanning technology for the automatic detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae inclusions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;published online 4 November 2013; doi: 10.1128/AAC.01400-13
42. Marwaha S, Uvell H, Salin O, et al. N-acylated derivatives of sulfametoxazole and sulfafurazole inhibit intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:2963-71
43. Chirgwin K, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. In vitro susceptibilities of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:1634-5
44. Azenabor AA, Chaudhry AU, Yang S. Macrophage L-type Ca2+ channel antagonists alter Chlamydia pneumoniae MOMP and HSP-60 mRNA gene expression, and improve antibiotic susceptibility. Immunobiology 2003;207:237-45
45. Salin OP, Pohjala LL, Saikku P, et al. Effects of coadministration of natural polyphenols with doxycycline or calcium modulators on acute Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in vitro. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011;64:747-52
46. Törmäkangas L, Vuorela P, Saario E, et al. In vivo treatment of acute Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with the flavonoids quercetin and luteolin and an alkyl gallate, octyl gallate, in a mouse model. Biochem Pharmacol 2005;70:1222-30
47. Salin O, Tormäkangas L, Leinonen M, et al. Corn mint (Mentha arvensis) extract diminishes acute Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in vitro and in vivo. J Agric Food Chem 2011;59:12836-42
48. Erkkilä L, Jauhiainen M, Laitinen K, et al. Effect of simvastatin, an established lipid-lowering drug, on pulmonary Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:3959-62
49. Tiirola T, Jauhiainen M, Erkkilä L, et al. Effect of pravastatin treatment on Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, inflammation and serum lipids in NIH/S mice. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007;29:741-2
50. Kothe H, Dalhoff K, Rupp J, et al. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors modify the inflammatory response of human macrophages and endothelial cells infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Circulation 2000;101:1760-3
51. Dechend R, Gieffers J, Dietz R, et al. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition reduces Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced cell interaction and activation. Circulation 2003;108:261-5
52. Schmeck B, Beermann W, N'Guessan PD, et al. Simvastatin reduces Chlamydophila pneumoniae-mediated histone modifications and gene expression in cultured human endothelial cells. Circ Res 2008;102:888-95
53. Prochnau D, Rodel J, Prager K, et al. Induced expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells following Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and its down-regulation by fluvastatin. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2010;57:147-55
54. Yan Y, Silvennoinen-Kassinen S, Leinonen M, Saikku P. Rapamycin can inhibit the development of Chlamydia pneumoniae, which might partly contribute to the prevention of in-stent restenosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2010;24:189-95
55. Yan Y, Silvennoinen-Kassinen S, Leinonen M, Saikku P. Inhibitory effect of heparan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycans on the infectivity of Chlamydia pneumoniae in HL cells varies between strains. Microbes Infect 2006;8:866-72
56. Puolakkainen M, Lee A, Nosaka T, et al. Retinoic acid inhibits the infectivity and growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae in epithelial and endothelial cells through different receptors. Microb Pathog 2008;44:410-16
57. Mueller KE, Plano GV, Fields KA. New frontiers in type III secretion biology: the Chlamydia perspective. Infect Immun 2014;82(1):2-9
58. Kauppi AM, Noredfelth R, Uvell H, et al. Targeting bacterial virulence: inhibitors of type III secretion in Yersinia. Chem Biol 2003;10:241-9
59. Bao X, Beatty WL, Fan H. Exploration of chlamydial type III secretion system reconstitution in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2012;7:e50833
60. Muschiol S, Normark S, Henriques-Normark B, Subtil A. Small molecule inhibitors of the Yersinia type III secretion system impair the development of Chlamydia after entry into host cells. BMC Microbiol 2009;9:75
61. Bailey L, Gylfe A, Sundin C, et al. Small molecule inhibitors of type III secretion in Yersinia block the Chlamydia pneumoniae infection cycle. FEBS Lett 2007;581:587-95
62. Ur-Rehman T, Slepenkin A, Chu H, et al. Pre-clinical pharmacokinetics and anti-chlamydial activity of salicylidene acylhydrazide inhibitors of bacterial type III secretion. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2012;65:397-404
63. Stone CB, Bulir DC, Emdin CA, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae CdsL regulates CdsN ATPase activity, and disruption with a peptide mimetic prevents bacterial invasion. Front Microbiol 2011;2:21
64. Soriani M, Petit P, Grifantini R, et al. Exploiting antigenic diversity for vaccine design: the chlamydia ArtJ paradigm. J Biol Chem 2010;285:30126-38
65. Park SH, Chang JE, Hawkes HJ, et al. Structural analysis and serological test of arginine periplasmic binding protein 2 from Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012;418:518-24
66. Mac TT, von Hacht A, Hung KC, et al. Insight into disulfide bond catalysis in Chlamydia from the structure and function of DsbH, a novel oxidoreductase. J Biol Chem 2008;283(2):824-32
67. Stone CB, Sugiman-Marangos S, Bulir DC, et al. Structural characterization of a novel Chlamydia pneumoniae type III secretion-associated protein, Cpn0803. PLoS One 2012;7:e30220
68. Alvesalo JK, Siiskonen A, Vainio MJ, et al. Similarity based virtual screening: a tool for targeted library design. J Med Chem 2006;49:2353-6
69. Siiskonen A, Keurulainen L, Salin O, et al. Conformation study of 2-arylbenzimidazoles as inhibitors of Chlamydia pneumoniae growth. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012;22:4882-6
70. Mäurer AP, Mehlitz A, Mollenkopf HJ, Meyer TF. Gene expression profiles of Chlamydophila pneumoniae during the developmental cycle and iron depletion-mediated persistence. PLoS Pathog 2007;3:e83
71. Klos A, Thalmann J, Peters J, et al. The transcript profile of persistent Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae in vitro depends on the means by which persistence is induced. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009;291:120-6
72. Gandahl BB, Birkelund S, Christiansen G. Genome and proteome analysis of Chlamydia. Proteomics 2004;4:2831-42
73. Molestina RE, Klein JB, Miller RD, et al. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed Chlamydia pneumoniae genes during persistent infection of HEp-2 cells. Infect Immun 2002;70:2976-81
74. Wehrl W, Meyer TF, Jungblut PR, et al. Action and reaction: Chlamydophila pneumoniae proteome alteration in a persistent infection induced by iron deficiency. Proteomics 2004;4:2969-81
75. Vandahl BB, Birkelund S, Demol H, et al. Proteome analysis of the Chlamydia pneumoniae elementary body. Electrophoresis 2001;22:1204-23
76. Shaw AC, Vandahl BB, Larsen MR, et al. Characterization of a secreted Chlamydia protease. Cell Microbiol 2002;4:411-24
77. Vandahl BB, Stensballe A, Roepstorff P, et al. Secretion of Cpn0796 from Chlamydia pneumoniae into the host cell cytoplasm by an autotransporter mechanism. Cell Microbiol 2005;7:825-36
78. Coombes BK, Mahony JB. cDNA array analysis of altered gene expression in human endothelial cells in response to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Infect Immun 2001;69:1420-7
79. Eickhoff M, Thalmann J, Hess S, et al. Host cell responses to Chlamydia pneumoniae in gamma interferon-induced persistence overlap those of productive infection and are linked to genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle, and metabolism. Infect Immun 2007;75:2853-63
80. Alvesalo J, Greco D, Leinonen M, et al. Microarray analysis of a Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected human epithelial cell line by use of gene ontology hierarchy. J Infect Dis 2008;197:156-62
81. Savijoki K, Alvesalo J, Vuorela P, et al. Proteomic analysis of Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected HL cells reveals extensive degradation of cytoskeletal proteins. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2008;54:375-84
82. Chen AL, Johnson KA, Lee JK, et al. CPAF: a Chlamydial protease in search of an authentic substrate. PLoS Pathog 2012;8:e1002842
83. Binet R, Maurelli AT. Transformation and isolation of allelic exchange mutants of Chlamydia psittaci using recombinant DNA introduced by electroporation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:292-7
84. Nguyen BD, Valdivia RH. Virulence determinants in the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis revealed by forward genetic approaches. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:1263-8
85. Nguyen BD, Valdivia RH. Forward genetic approaches in Chlamydia trachomatis. J Vis Exp 2013;80:e50636
86. Wang Y, Kahane S, Cutcliffe LT, et al. Development of a transformation system for Chlamydia trachomatis: restoration of glycogen biosynthesis by acquisition of a plasmid shuttle vector. PLoS Pathog 2011;7:e1002258
87. Swinney DC, Anthony J. How were new medicines discovered? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011;10:507-19
88. Payne DJ, Gwynn MN, Holmes DJ, Pompliano DL. Drugs for bad bugs: confronting the challenges of antibacterial discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007;6:29-40
89. Lewis K. Platforms for antibiotic discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013;12:371-87
90. Pohjala L, Ausbacher D, Strøm M, Vuorela P. Inhibition of Chlamydia pneumoniae infectivity by b2, 2-amino acid derivatives mimicking cationic antimicrobial peptides. Proceedings/oral presentation, 7th Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research; 1-6 July 2012; Amsterdam, The Netherlands