Exploring the role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cardiovascular disease: A narrative review

Drugs of Today

Volumn 45, Issue SUPPL. B, 2009, Pages 165-172

  Vainas, T ^a   Sayed, S ^b   Bruggeman, C A ^c   Stassen, F R ^c  

^a CATHARINA HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b MAYDAY UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; GATIFLOXACIN; ROXITHROMYCIN;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHLAMYDIAL PNEUMONIA; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HISTOLOGY; HOST; HUMAN; NONHUMAN;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHLAMYDOPHILA INFECTIONS; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; HUMANS;

EID: 71249093883     PISSN: 16993993     EISSN: 16994019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (80)

1. Campbell, L.A., Kuo, C.C. Chlamydia pneumoniae - an infectious risk factor for atherosclerosis? Nat Rev Microbiol 2004, 2: 23-32.
2. Saikku, P., Leinonen, M., Mattila, K. et al. Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1988, 2: 983-986 (Pubitemid 18254265)
3. Danesh, J., Whincup, P., Walker, M. et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG titres and coronary heart disease: Prospective study and meta-analysis. BMJ 2000, 321: 208-213 (Pubitemid 30459557)
4. Kuo, C.C., Campbell, L.A. Chlamydial infections of the cardiovascular system. Front Biosci 2003, 8: e36-43.
5. Bloemenkamp, D.C., Mali, W.P., Visseren, F.L., van der Graaf, Y. Meta-analysis of sero-epidemiologic studies of the relation between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: Does study design influence results? Am Heart J 2003, 145: 409-417
6. Ong, G., Thomas, B.J., Mansfield, A.O., Davidson, B.R., Taylor-Robinson, D. Detection and widespread distribution of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the vascular system and its possible implications. J Clin Pathol 1996, 49: 102-106 (Pubitemid 26064914)
7. Apfalter, P., Blasi, F., Boman, J. et al. Multicenter comparison trial of DNA extraction methods and PCR assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in endarterectomy specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2001, 39: 519-524 (Pubitemid 32150811)
8. Boman, J., Hammerschlag, M.R. Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: Critical assessment of diagnostic methods and relevance to treatment studies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002, 15: 1-20. (Pubitemid 34052579)
9. Thomas, M., Wong, Y., Thomas, D., Ajaz, M., Tsang, V., Gallagher, P.J., Ward, M.E. Relation between direct detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in human coronary arteries at postmortem examination and histological severity (Stary grading) of associated atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation 1999, 99: 2733-2736 (Pubitemid 29250017)
10. Gaydos, C.A., Summersgill, J.T., Sahney, N.N., Ramirez, J.A., Quinn, T.C. Replication of Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro in human macrophages, endothelial cells, and aortic artery smooth muscle cells. Infect Immun 1996, 64: 1614-1620
11. Moazed, T.C., Kuo, C., Grayston, J.T., Campbell, L.A. Murine models of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis. J Infect Dis 1997, 175: 883-890 (Pubitemid 27142963)
12. Rupp, J., Koch, M., van Zandbergen, G., Solbach, W., Brandt, E., Maass, M. Transmission of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection from blood monocytes to vascular cells in a novel transendothelial migration model. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005, 242: 203-208 (Pubitemid 40038389)
13. Kalayoglu, M.V., Perkins, B.N., Byrne, G.I. Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected monocytes exhibit increased adherence to human aortic endothelial cells. Microbes Infect 2001, 3: 963-969
14. Kalayoglu, M.V., Byrne, G.I. Induction of macrophage foam cell formation by Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 1998, 177: 725-729
15. Kalayoglu, M.V., Byrne, G.I. A Chlamydia pneumoniae component that induces macrophage foam cell formation is chlamydial lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 1998, 66: 5067-5072
16. Kalayoglu, M.V., Indrawati, Morrison, R.R., Morrison, S.G., Yuan, Y., Byrne, G.I. Chlamydial virulence determinants in atherogenesis: The role of chlamydial lipopolysaccharide and heat shock protein 60 in macrophage- lipoprotein interactions. J Infect Dis 2000, 181(Suppl 3): S483-9.
17. Kaukoranta-Tolvanen, S.S., Teppo, A.M., Laitinen, K., Saikku, P., Linnavuori, K., Leinonen, M. Growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induction of a cytokine response. Microb Pathog 1996, 21: 215-221 (Pubitemid 26290572)
18. Vehmaan-Kreula, P., Puolakkainen, M., Sarvas, M., Welgus, H.C., Kovanen, P.T. Chlamydia pneumoniae proteins induce secretion of the 92-kDa gelatinase by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001, 21: 1-8.
19. Coombes, B.K., Mahony, J.B. cDNA array analysis of altered gene expression in human endothelial cells in response to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Infect Immun 2001, 69: 1420-1427
20. Kaukoranta-Tolvanen, S.S., Ronni, T., Leinonen, M., Saikku, P., Laitinen, K. Expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells stimulated by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 1996, 21: 407-411 (Pubitemid 26387324)
21. Liuba, P., Karnani, P., Pesonen, E., et al. Endothelial dysfunction after repeated Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Circulation 2000, 102: 1039-1044 (Pubitemid 30656012)
22. Molestina, R.E., Miller, R.D., Ramirez, J.A., Summersgill, J.T. Infection of human endothelial cells with Chlamydia pneumoniae stimulates transendothelial migration of neutrophils and monocytes. Infect Immun 1999, 67: 1323-1330
23. Dechend, R., Maass, M., Gieffers, J., Dietz, R., Scheidereit, C., Leutz, A., Gulba, D.C. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells activates NF-kappaB and induces tissue factor and PAI-1 expression: A potential link to accelerated arteriosclerosis. Circulation 1999, 100: 1369-1373 (Pubitemid 29451694)
24. Summersgill, J.T., Molestina, R.E., Miller, R.D., Ramirez, J.A. Interactions of Chlamydia pneumoniae with human endothelial cells. J Infect Dis 2000, 181(Suppl 3): S479-82.
25. Coombes, B.K., Mahony, J.B. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of human endothelial cells induces proliferation of smooth muscle cells via an endothelial cell-derived soluble factor(s). Infect Immun 1999, 67: 2909-2915
26. Sasu, S., LaVerda, D., Qureshi, N., Golenbock, D.T., Beasley, D. Chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydial heat shock protein 60 stimulate proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells via toll-like receptor 4 and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Circ Res 2001, 89: 244-250 (Pubitemid 34132682)
27. Fan, T., Lu, H., Hu, H. et al. Inhibition ofapoptosis in chlamydia-infected cells: Blockade of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase activation. J Exp Med 1998, 187: 487-496 (Pubitemid 28093351)
28. Rodel, J., Prochnau, D., Prager, K., Pentcheva, E., Hartmann, M., Straube, E. Increased production of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 by smooth muscle cells upon infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003, 38: 159-164 (Pubitemid 37297841)
29. Muhlestein, J.B., Anderson, J.L., Hammond, E.H., Zhao, L., Trehan, S., Schwobe, E.R., Carlquist, J.F. Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and treatment with azithromycin prevents it in a rabbit model. Circulation 1998, 97: 633-636 (Pubitemid 28090954)
30. de Kruif, M.D., van Gorp, E.C., Keller, T.T., Ossewaarde, J.M., ten Cate, H. Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in mouse models: Relevance for atherosclerosis research. Cardiovasc Res 2005, 65: 317-327
31. Herrera, V.L., Shen, L., Lopez, L.V., Didishvili, T., Zhang, Y.X., Ruiz-Opazo, N. Chlamydia pneumoniae accelerates coronary artery disease progression in transgenic hyperlipidemia-genetic hypertension rat model. Mol Med 2003, 9: 135-142 (Pubitemid 37310950)
32. Pislaru, S.V., Van Ranst, M., Pislaru, C. et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae induces neointima formation in coronary arteries of normal pigs. Cardiovasc Res 2003, 57: 834-842 (Pubitemid 36254877)
33. Caligiuri, G., Rottenberg, M., Nicoletti, A., Wigzell, H., Hansson, G.K. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection does not induce or modify atherosclerosis in mice. Circulation 2001, 103: 2834-2838 (Pubitemid 32550073)
34. Hu, H., Pierce, G.N., Zhong, C. The atherogenic effects of chlamydia are dependent on serum cholesterol and specific to Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Clin Invest 1999, 103: 747-753 (Pubitemid 29122429)
35. Ezzahiri, R., Stassen, F.R., Kurvers, H.A., van Pul, M.M., Kitslaar, P.J., Bruggeman, C.A. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induces an unstable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype in LDL-receptor, ApoE double knockout mice. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003, 26: 88-95. (Pubitemid 36790167)
36. Liuba, P., Pesonen, E., Paakkari, I., et al. Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae infection causes coronary endothelial dysfunction in pigs. Atherosclerosis 2003, 167: 215-222 (Pubitemid 36773522)
37. Agmon, Y., Khandheria, B.K., Meissner, I. et al. Lack of association between Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositive and aortic atherosclerotic plaques: A population-based transesophageal echocardiography study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41: 1482-1487 (Pubitemid 36543364)
38. Vainas, T., Kurvers, H.A., Mess, W.H. et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae serology Is associated with thrombosis-related but not with plaque-related microembolization during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 2002, 33: 1249-1254 (Pubitemid 34517043)
39. Tutuncu, N.B., Guvener, N., Tutuncu, T. et al. Chlamydia pneumonia seropositivity correlates with serum fibrinogen and lipoprotein a levels: Any role in atherosclerosis? Endocr J 2001, 48: 269-274
40. Torgano, G., Cosentini, R., Mandelli, C. et al. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections decreases fibrinogen plasma level in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1999, 99: 1555-1559 (Pubitemid 29152921)
41. Mayr, M., Metzler, B., Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Schett, G., Xu, Q., Wick, G. Endothelial cytotoxicity mediated by serum antibodies to heat shock proteins of Escherichia coli and Chlamydia pneumoniae: Immune reactions to heat shock proteins as a possible link between infection and atherosclerosis. Circulation 1999, 99: 1560-1566 (Pubitemid 29152922)
42. Wick, G., Knoflach, M., Xu, Q. Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2004, 22: 361-403.
43. Hahn, D.L., Golubjatnikov, R. Smoking is a potential confounder of the Chlamydia pneumonlae-coronary artery disease association. Arterioscler Thromb 1992, 12: 945-947
44. Laurila, A., Bloigu, A., Nayha, S., Hassi, J., Leinonen, M., Saikku, P. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with a semm lipid profile known to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997, 17: 2910-2913 (Pubitemid 28016041)
45. Cook, P.J., Lip, C.Y., Davies, P., Beevers, D.C., Wise, R., Honeybourne, D. Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in severe essential hypertension. Hypertension 1998, 31: 589-594 (Pubitemid 28086941)
46. Arbour, N.C., Lorenz, E., Schutte, B.C. et al. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponslveness in humans. Nat Genet 2000, 25: 187-191 (Pubitemid 30394990)
47. Kiechl, S., Lorenz, E., Reindl, M. et al. Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and atherogenesis. N Engl J Med 2002, 347: 185-192
48. Ameziane, N., Beillat, T., Verpillat, P. et al. Association of the Toll-like receptor 4 gene Asp299Gly polymorphism with acute coronary events. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23: 61-64
49. Boekholdt, S.M., Agema, W.R., Peters R.J., et al. Variants of Toll-like receptor 4 modify the efficacy of statin therapy and the risk of cardiovascular events. Circulation 2003, 107: 2416-2421
50. Risley, P., Jerrard-Dunne, P., Sitzer, M., Buehler, A., von Kegler, S., Markus, H.S. Promoter polymorphism in the endotoxin receptor (CD14) is associated with increased carotid atherosclerosis only in smokers: The Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke 2003, 34: 600-604
51. Lichy, C., Meiser, H., Grond-Ginsbach, C., Buggle, F., Dorfer, C., Grau, A. Lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 polymorphism and risk of stroke in a South-German population. J Neurol 2002, 249: 821-823 (Pubitemid 34754216)
52. Hubacek, J.A., Rothe, G., Pit'ha, J., Skodova, Z., Stanek, V., Poledne, R., Schmitz, G. C(-260)->T polymorphism in the promoter of the CD14 monocyte receptor gene as a risk factor for myocardial infarction. Circulation 1999, 99: 3218-3220
53. Ito, D., Murata, M., Tanahashi, N. et al. Polymorphism in the promoter of lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2000, 31: 2661-2664 (Pubitemid 30813060)
54. Longobardo, M.T., Cefalu, A.B., Pezzino, F. et al. The C(- 260)>T gene polymorphism in the promoter of the CD14 monocyte receptor gene is not associated with acute myocardial infarction. Clin Exp Med 2003, 3: 161-165 (Pubitemid 37491546)
55. Vainas, T., Stassen, F.R., Bruggeman, C.A. et al. Synergistic effect of Toll-like receptor 4 and CD14 polymorphisms on the total atherosclerosis burden in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2006, 44: 326-332 (Pubitemid 44142931)
56. Gupta, S., Leatham, E.W., Carrington, D., Mendall, M.A., Kaski, J.C., Camm, A.J. Elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, cardiovascular events, and azithromycin in male survivors of myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997, 96: 404-407 (Pubitemid 27329411)
57. Meier, C.R., Derby, L.E., Jick, S.S., Vasilakis, C., Jick, H. Antibiotics and risk of subsequent first-time acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1999, 281: 427-431 (Pubitemid 29069440)
58. Jackson, L.A., Smith, N.L., Heckbert, S.R. et al. Lack of association between first myocardial infarction and past use of erythromycin, tetracycline, or doxycycline. Emerg Infect Dis 1999, 5: 281-284
59. Andraws, R., Berger, J.S., Brown, D.L. Effects of antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005, 293: 2641-2647 (Pubitemid 40741201)
60. Gurfinkel, E., Bozovich, G., Daroca, A., Beck, E., Mautner, B. Randomised trial of roxithromycin in non-Q-wave coronary syndromes: ROXIS Pilot Study. ROXIS Study Group. Lancet 1997, 350: 404-407
61. Mosorin, M., Juvonen, J., Biancari, F. et al. Use of doxycycline to decrease the growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Vasc Surg 2001, 34: 606-610 (Pubitemid 33664907)
62. Sander, D., Winbeck, K., Klingelhofer, J., Etgen, T., Conrad, B. Reduced progression of early carotid atherosclerosis after antibiotic treatment and Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. Circulation 2002, 106: 2428-33.
63. Sinisalo, J., Mattila, K., Nieminen, M.S., Valtonen, V., Syrjala, M., Sundberg, S., Saikku, P. The effect of prolonged doxycycline therapy on Chlamydia pneumoniae serological markers, coronary heart disease risk factors and forearm basal nitric oxide production. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998, 41: 85-92.
64. Kuvin, J.T., Gokce, N., Holbrook, M., et al. Effect of short-term antibiotic treatment on Chlamydia pneumoniae and peripheral endothelial function. Am J Cardiol 2003, 91: 732-5.
65. Axisa, B., Loftus, I.M., Naylor, A.R., Goodall, S., Jones, L., Bell, P.R., Thompson, M.M. Prospective, randomized, double-blind trial investigating the effect of doxycycline on matrix metalloprotelnase expression within atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Stroke 2002, 33: 2858-64.
66. Vainas, T., Stassen, F.R., Schurink, G.W. et al. Secondary prevention of atherosclerosis through chlamydia pneumoniae eradication (SPACE Trial): A randomised clinical trial in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005, 29: 403-11.
67. Neumann, F., Kastrati, A., Miethke, T. et al. Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with roxithromycin and effect on neointima proliferation after coronary stent placement (ISAR- 3): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001, 357: 2085-9.
68. Sinisalo, J., Mattila, K., Valtonen, V. et al. Effect of 3 months of antimicrobial treatment with clarithromycin in acute non-Q-wave coronary syndrome. Circulation 2002, 105: 1555-60.
69. Stone, A.R., Mendall, M.A., Kaski J.C. et al. Effect of treatment for Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori on markers of inflammation and cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes: South Thames Trial of Antibiotics in Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina (STAMINA). Circulation 2002, 106: 1219-23.
70. Wiesll, P., Czerwenka, W., Meniconi, A., Maly, F.E., Hoffmann, U., Vetter, W., Schulthess, G. Roxithromycin treatment prevents progression of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositive men: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 2002, 105: 2646-52.
71. Gurfinkel, E., Bozovich, G., Beck, E., Testa, E., Livellara, B., Mautner, B. Treatment with the antibiotic roxithromycin in patients with acute non-Q-wave coronary syndromes. The final report of the ROXIS Study. Eur Heart J 1999, 20: 121-7.
72. Muhlestein, J.B., Anderson, J.L., Carlquist, J.F. et al. Randomized secondary prevention trial of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease: primary clinical results of the ACADEMIC study. Circulation 2000, 102: 1755-60.
73. Zahn, R., Schneider, S., Frilling, B. et al. for the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Kardiologischer Krankenhausarzte (Working Group of Leading Hospital Cardiologists; ALKK). Antibiotic therapy after acute myocardial infarction: A prospective randomized study. Circulation 2003, 107: 1253-9.
74. O'Connor, C.M., Dunne, M.W., Pfeffer, M.A. et al. Azithromycin for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease events: The WIZARD study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003, 290: 1459-66.
75. Cercek, B., Shah, P.K., Noc, M. et al. Effect of short-term treatment with azithromycin on recurrent ischaemic events In patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Azithromycin in Acute Coronary Syndrome (AZACS) trial: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361: 809-13.
76. Berg, H.F., Maraha, B., van der Zee, A. et al. Effect of clarithromycin treatment on Chlamydia pneumoniae in vascular tissue of patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43: 1325-9.
77. Grayston, J.T., Kronmal, R.A., Jackson, L.A. et al. Azithromycin for the secondary prevention of coronary events. N Engl J Med 2005, 352: 1637-45.
78. Cannon, C.P., Braunwald, E., McCabe, C.H. et al. Antibiotic treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005, 352: 1646-54.
79. Gieffers, J., Fullgraf, H., Jahn, J. et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in circulating human monocytes is refractory to antibiotic treatment. Circulation 2001, 103: 351-6.
80. Kutlin, A., Roblin, P.M., Hammerschlag, M.R. Effect of prolonged treatment with azithromycin, clarithromycin, or levofloxacin on chlamydia pneumoniae In a continuous-infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002, 46: 409-12.