Lignans and Stilbenes from African Medicinal Plants

Medicinal Plant Research in Africa: Pharmacology and Chemistry

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 435-478

  Tsopmo, Apollinaire ^a   Awah, Francis M ^b   Kuete, Victor ^c  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MADONNA UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DSCHANG   (Cameroon)

Author keywords

Africa; Biosynthesis; Lignans; Medicinal plants; Pharmacological activity; Stilbenes

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902930197     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-405927-6.00012-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (136)

1. Chong J., Poutaraud A., Hugueney P. Metabolism and roles of stilbenes in plants. Plant Sci 2009, 177(3):143-155.
2. Dixon R.A., Paiva N.L. Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 1995, 7(7):1085-1097.
3. Mbaze L.M., Lado J.A., Wansi J.D., Shiao T.C., Chiozem D.D., Mesaik M.A., et al. Oxidative burst inhibitory and cytotoxic amides and lignans from the stem bark of Fagara heitzii (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 2009, 70(11-12):1442-1447.
4. Mabrok H.B., Klopfleisch R., Ghanem K.Z., Clavel T., Blaut M., Loh G. Lignan transformation by gut bacteria lowers tumor burden in a gnotobiotic rat model of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012, 33(1):203-208.
5. Wards R.S. Lignans, neolignans, and related compounds. Nat Prod Rep 1995, 12(2):183-205.
6. Iwakami S., Wu J.B., Ebizuka Y., Sankawa U. Platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists contained in medicinal plants-lignans and sesquiterpenes. Chem Pharm Bull 1992, 40(5):1196-1198.
7. Hirano T., Wakasugi A., Oohara M., Oka K., Sashida Y. Suppression of mitogen-induced proliferation of human peripheral-blood lymphocytes by plant lignans. Planta Med 1991, 57(4):331-334.
8. Haworth R.D. Natural resins. Annu Rep Prog Chem 1936, 33:266-279.
9. Gottlieb O.R. Chemosystematics of the Lauraceae. Phytochemistry 1972, 11(5):1537-1570.
10. McCredie R.S., Ritchie E., Taylor W.C. Constituents of Eupomatia species. Structure and synthesis of Eupomatene a lignan of novel type from Eupomatia laurina R. Br. Aust J Chem 1969, 22(5):1011-1032.
11. Cassidy A., Hanley B., Lamuela-Raventos R. Isoflavones, lignans and stilbenes-origins, metabolism and potential importance to human health. J Sci Food Agric 2000, 80(7):1044-1062.
12. Gottlieb O.R. Neolignans. Fortschr Chem Org Naturstoff 1978, 35:1-72.
13. Moss G. Nomenclature of lignans and neolignans (IUPAC Recommendations 2000). Pure Appl Chem 2000, 72(8):1493-1523.
14. Umezawa T. Diversity in lignan biosynthesis. Phytochem Lett 2003, 2(3):371-390.
15. Lainé E., Hano C., Lamblin F. Les lignanes phytoestrogènes du lin sont-ils des bienfaiteurs méconnus?. Phytothérapie 2007, 5(3):121-128.
16. Cullmann F., Adam K.P., Becker H. Bisbibenzyls and lignans from Pellia epiphylla. Phytochemistry 1993, 34(3):831-834.
17. Adesina S.K. The Nigerian Zanthoxylum: chemical and biological values. Afr J Trad CAM 2005, 2:282-301.
18. Whiting D.A. Lignans, neolignans, and related compounds. Nat Prod Rep 1987, 4(5):499-525.
19. Ayres D.C., Loike J.D. Lignans chemical, biological and clinical properties 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
20. Pan J., Chen S., Yang M., Wu J., Sinkkonen J., Zou K. An update on lignans: natural products and synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009, 26(10):1251-1292.
21. Xiao K., Zhang H., Xuan L., Zhang J., Xu Y., Bai D. Stilbenoids: chemistry and bioactivities. Studies in natural products chemistry 2008, 453-646. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Atta-ur-Rahman (Ed.).
22. Dark G.G., Hill S.A., Prise V.E., Tozer G.M., Pettit G.R., Chaplin D.J. Combretastatin A-4, an agent that displays potent and selective toxicity toward tumor vasculature. Cancer Res 1997, 57(10):1829-1834.
23. Burns J., Yokota T., Ashihara H., Lean M., Crozier A. Plant foods and herbal sources of resveratrol. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50(11):3337-3340.
24. Watts K., Lee P., Schmidt-Dannert C. Biosynthesis of plant-specific stilbene polyketides in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. BMC Biotechnol 2006, 6:22.
25. Cos P., De Bruyne T., Apers S., Vanden Berghe D., Pieters L., Vlietinck A. Phytoestrogens: recent developments. Planta Med 2003, 69(7):589-599.
26. Wolter F., Stein J. Biological activities of resveratrol and its analogs. Drugs Future 2002, 27(10):949-959.
27. Sotheeswaran S., Pasupathy V. Distribution of resveratrol oligomers in plants. Phytochemistry 1993, 32(5):1083-1092.
28. Morikawa T., Xu F., Matsuda H., Yoshikawa M. Structures of novel norstilbene dimer, longusone A, and three new stilbene dimers, longusols A, B, and C, with antiallergic and radical scavenging activities from Egyptian natural medicine Cyperus longus. Chem Pharm Bull 2010, 58(10):1379-1385.
29. Shen T., Wang X., Lou H. Natural stilbenes: an overview. Nat Prod Rep 2009, 26(7):916-935.
30. Farag S.F., Takaya Y., Niwa M. Stilbene glucosides from the bulbs of Iris tingitana. Phytochem Lett 2009, 2(4):148-151.
31. Umezawa T. The cinnamate/monolignol pathway. Phytochem Rev 2010, 9(1):1-17.
32. Umezawa T., Okunishi T., Shimada M. Stereochemical diversity in lignan biosynthesis. Wood Res 1997, 84:62-75.
33. Kim H.J., Ono E., Morimoto K., Yamagaki T., Okazawa A., Kobayashi A., et al. Metabolic engineering of lignan biosynthesis in Forsythia cell culture. Plant Cell Physiol 2009, 50(12):2200-2209.
34. Sparvoli F., Martin C., Scienza A., Gavazzi G., Tonelli C. Cloning and molecular analysis of structural genes involved in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Plant Mol Biol 1994, 24(5):743-755.
35. Lanz T., Schroder G., Schroder J. Differential regulation of genes for resveratrol synthase in cell cultures of Arachis hypogaea L. Planta 1990, 181(2):169-175.
36. Guebailia H.A., Chira K., Richard T., Mabrouk T., Furiga A., Vitrac X., et al. Hopeaphenol: the first resveratrol tetramer in wines from North Africa. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54(25):9559-9564.
37. Noel J.P., Dixon R.A., Pichersky E., Zubieta C., Ferrer J.L. Structural, functional, and evolutionary basis for methylation of plant small molecules. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry 2003, 37-58. Elsevier, Oxford, UK. J. Romeo (Ed.).
38. Kingston D.G.I. Tubulin-interactive natural products as anticancer agents. J Nat Prod 2009, 72(3):507-515.
39. Tofern B., Jenett-Siems K., Siems K., Jakupovic J., Eich E. Bonaspectins and neobonaspectins, first sesquilignans and sesquineolignans from a Convolvulaceous species. Phytochemistry 2000, 53(1):119-128.
40. DellaGreca M., Fiorentino A., Izzo A., Napoli F., Purcaro R., Zarrelli A. Phytotoxicity of secondary metabolites from Aptenia cordifolia. Chem Biodivers 2007, 4(2):118-128.
41. Jeandet P., Douillt-Breuil A., Bessis R., Debord S., Sbaghi M., Adrian M. Phytoalexins from the Vitaceae: biosynthesis, phytoalexin gene expression in transgenic plants, antifungal activity, and metabolism. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50(10):2731-2734.
42. Langcake P., Pryce R.J. New class of phytoalexins from grapevines. Experientia 1977, 33(2):151-152.
43. 2 systems. J Biochem Biophys Methods 1990, 20(3):171-180.
44. Breuil A., Jeandet P., Adrian M., Chopin F., Pirio N., Meunier P., et al. Characterization of a pterostilbene dehydrodimer produced by laccase of Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology 1999, 89(4):298-302.
45. Kitts D., Yuan Y., Wijewickreme A., Thompson L. Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone. Mol Cell Biochem 1999, 202(1-2):91-100.
46. Allen N.E., Nicas T.I. Mechanism of action of oritavancin and related glycopeptide antibiotics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2003, 26(5):511-532.
47. Nono E.C.N., Mkounga P., Kuete V., Marat K., Hultin P.G., Nkengfack A.E. Pycnanthulignenes A-D, antimicrobial cyclolignene derivatives from the roots of Pycnanthus angolensis. J Nat Prod 2010, 73(2):213-216.
48. Kapche G.D.W.F., Fozing C.D., Donfack J.H., Fotso G.W., Amadou D., Tchana A.N., et al. Prenylated arylbenzofuran derivatives from Morus mesozygia with antioxidant activity. Phytochemistry 2009, 70(2):216-221.
49. Kuete V., Fozing D.C., Kapche W.F.G.D., Mbaveng A.T., Kuiate J.R., Ngadjui B.T., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract and compounds from Morus mesozygia stem bark. J Ethnopharmacol 2009, 124(3):551-555.
50. Eldeen I.M.S., Elgorashi E.E., Mulholland D.A., Van Staden J., Anolignan B. A bioactive compound from the roots of Terminalia sericea. J Ethnopharmacol 2006, 103(1):135-138.
51. Tanaka H., Sudo M., Kawamura T., Sato M., Yamaguchi R., Fukai T., et al. Antibacterial constituents from the roots of Erythrina herbacea against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Planta Med 2010, 76(9):916-919.
52. Gertsch J., Tobler R., Brun R., Sticher O., Heilmann J. Antifungal, antiprotozoal, cytotoxic and piscicidal properties of justicidin B and a new aryinaphthalide lignan from Phyllanthus piscatorum. Planta Med 2003, 69(5):420-424.
53. Luo X., Pedro L., Milic V., Mulhovo S., Duarte A., Duarte N., et al. Antibacterial benzofuran neolignans and benzophenanthridine alkaloids from the roots of Zanthoxylum capense. Planta Med 2012, 78(2):148-153.
54. Erasto P., Bojase-Moleta G., Majinda R. Antimicrobial and antioxidant flavonoids from the root wood of Bolusanthus speciosus. Phytochemistry 2004, 65(7):875-880.
55. Utsunomiya T., Shimada M., Rikimaru T., Hasegawa H., Yamashita Y., Hamatsu T., et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of a diet supplemented with sesamin on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Hepatogastroenterology 2003, 50(53):1609-1613.
56. Wandji J., Wansi J., Fuendjiep V., Dagne E., Mulholland D., Tillequin F., et al. Drypetes studies-sesquiterpene lactone and friedelane derivative from Drypetes molunduana. Phytochemistry 2000, 54(8):811-815.
57. Chung B.H., Kim S., Kim J.D., Lee J.J., Baek Y.Y., Jeoung D., et al. Syringaresinol causes vasorelaxation by elevating nitric oxide production through the phosphorylation and dimerization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Exp Mol Med 2012, 44(3):191-201.
58. Achenbach H., Waibel R., Addaemensah I. Lignans and other constituents from Carissa edulis. Phytochemistry 1983, 22(3):749-753.
59. Rao R., Kumar U., Reddy S., Tiwari A., Rao J. Antioxidants and a new germacrane sesquiterpene from Carissa spinarum. Nat Prod Res 2005, 19(8):763-769.
60. Lee D., Lee M., Jung T., Kwon B., Baek N., Rho Y. Triterpenoid and lignan from the fruits of Cornus kousa inhibit the activities of PRL-3 and LDL oxidation. J Kor Soc Appl Biol Chem 2010, 53(1):97-100.
61. Abdallah O.M. Lignans in flower buds of Magnolia soulangiana. Phytochemistry 1993, 34(4):1185-1187.
62. Kim K.H., Choi J.W., Ha S.K., Kim S.Y., Lee K.R. Neolignans from Piper kadsura and their anti-neuroinflammatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010, 20(1):409-412.
63. Barrera C., David E., Suarez C., Enrique L. Three new 7.3',8.5'-connected bicyclo[3.2.1]octanoids and other neolignans from leaves of Nectandra amazonum Nees. (Lauraceae). Chem Pharm Bull 2009, 57(6):639-642.
64. Kim J.Y., Lim H.J., Lee D.Y., Kim J.S., Kim D.H., Lee H.J., et al. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of lignans isolated from Magnolia fargesii. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009, 19(3):937-940.
65. Lee D., Lee S., Bang M., Park H., Lee T., Kim Y., et al. Lignans from the flowers of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus and their inhibition effect on NO production. Arch Pharm Res 2011, 34(12):2029-2035.
66. Adesogan E.K., Morah F.N. Stryspinolactone, an unusual monoterpene lactone from Strychnos spinosa. Phytochemistry 1981, 20(11):2585-2586.
67. Jung J., Park H., Kim R., Shin K., Ha J., Choi J., et al. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of liriodendrin isolated from the stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus. Planta Med 2003, 69(7):610-616.
68. Lee K. Anticancer drug design based on plant-derived natural products. J Biomed Sci 1999, 6(4):236-250.
69. Ashour M.L., El-Readi M.Z., Tahrani A., Eid S.Y., Wink M. A novel cytotoxic aryltetraline lactone from Bupleurum marginatum (Apiaceae). Phytochem Lett 2012, 5(2):387-392.
70. Rimando A.M., Pezzuto J.M., Farnworth N.R., Santisuk T., Reutrakul V., Kawanishi K. New lignans from Anogeissus acuminata with HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitory activity. J Nat Prod 1994, 57(7):896-904.
71. Cao S., Brodie P.J., Callmander M., Randrianaivo R., Rakotobe E., Rasamison V.E., et al. Saponins and a lignan derivative of Terminalia tropophylla from the Madagascar dry forest. Phytochemistry 2010, 71(1):95-99.
72. Sheriha G.M., Abouamer K.M. Lignans of Haplophyllum tuberculatum. Phytochemistry 1984, 23(1):151-153.
73. Sheriha G.M., Abouamer K., Elshtaiwi B.Z., Ashour A.S., Abed F.A., Alhallao H.H. Quinoline alkaloids and cytotoxic lignans from Haplophyllum tuberculatum. Phytochemistry 1987, 26(12):3339-3341.
74. Day S.H., Lin Y.C., Tsai M.L., Tsao L.T., Ko H.H., Chung M.I., et al. Potent cytotoxic lignans from Justicia procumbens and their effects on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in mouse macrophages. J Nat Prod 2002, 65(3):379-381.
75. Peng J., Hartley R.M., Fest G.A., Mooberry S.L. Amyrisins A-C O-prenylated flavonoids from Amyris madrensis. J Nat Prod 2012, 75(3):494-496.
76. Dekebo A., Lang M., Polborn K., Dagne E., Steglich W. Four lignans from Commiphora erlangeriana. J Nat Prod 2002, 65(9):1252-1257.
77. Habtemariam S. Cytotoxic and cytostatic activity of erlangerins from Commiphora erlangeriana. Toxicon 2003, 41(6):723-727.
78. Taafrout M., Landais Y., Robin J., Davoust D. Isolement, étude stéréochimique et synthèse biomimétique du stéganolide A, nouveau ligname bisbenzocyclooctadiénolactonique de Steganotaenia araliacea. Tetrahedron Lett 1986, 27(16):1781-1784.
79. 1H de la steganacine, en RMN bidimensionnelle. Tetrahedron Lett 1986, 27(25):2871-2874.
80. Wickramaratne D., Pengsuparp T., Mar W., Chai H., Chagwedera T., Beecher C., et al. Novel antimitotic dibenzocyclo-octadiene lignan constituents of the stem bark of Steganotaenia araliacea. J Nat Prod 1993, 56(12):2083-2090.
81. Khalid S.A., Farouk A., Geary T.G., Jensen J.B. Potential antimalarial candidates from African plants-an in vitro approach using Plasmodium falciparum. J Ethnopharmacol 1986, 15(2):201-209.
82. Divo A.A., Geary T.G., Jensen J.B., Ginsburg H. The mitochondrion of Plasmodium falciparum visualized by rhodamine-123 fluorescence. J Protozool 1985, 32(3):442-446.
83. Ginsburg H., Divo A.A., Geary T.G., Boland M.T., Jensen J.B. Effects of mitochondrial inhibitors on intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum in in vitro cultures. J Protozool 1986, 33(1):121-125.
84. Abrantes M., Mill-Homens T., Duarte N., Lopes D., Cravo P., Madureira M., et al. Antiplasmodial activity of lignans and extracts from Pycnanthus angolensis. Planta Med 2008, 74(11):1408-1412.
85. Kebenei J.S., Ndalut P.K., Sabah A.O. Anti-plasmodial activity of Nortrachelogenin from the root bark of Carissa edulis (Vahl). Int J Appl Res Nat Prod 2011, 4:1-5.
86. Yenesew A., Akala H.M., Twinomuhwezi H., Chepkirui C., Irungu B.N., Eyase F.L., et al. The antiplasmodial and radical scavenging activities of flavonoids of Erythrina burtii. Acta Trop 2012, 123(2):123-127.
87. Na M., Hoang D.M., Njamen D., Mbafor J.T., Fomum Z.T., Thuong P.T., et al. Inhibitory effect of 2-arylbenzofurans from Erythrina addisoniae on protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007, 17(14):3868-3871.
88. Chen S.K., Zhao P., Shao Y.X., Li Z., Zhang C., Liu P., et al. Moracin M from Morus alba L. is a natural phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012, 22(9):3261-3264.
89. Da Silva F.A.A., Costa E.S., Cunha W.R., Silva M.L., Nanayakkara N.P., Bastos J.K. In vitro antileishmanial and antimalarial activities of tetrahydrofuran lignans isolated from Nectandra megapotamica (Lauraceae). Phytother Res 2008, 22(10):1307-1310.
90. Sartorelli P., Carvalho C.S., Reimao J.Q., Lorenzi H., Tempone A.G. Antitrypanosomal activity of a diterpene and lignans isolated from Aristolochia cymbifera. Planta Med 2010, 76(13):1454-1456.
91. Singa A., El-Beshbishy H., Yonekawa M., Nomura T., Fukai T. Hypoglycemic effect of Egyptian Morus alba root bark extract: effect on diabetes and lipid peroxidation of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005, 100(3):333-338.
92. Kamel M., Mohamed K., Hassanean H., Ohtani K., Kasai R., Yamasaki K. Iridoid and megastigmane glycosides from Phlomis aurea. Phytochemistry 2000, 55(4):353-357.
93. Siemann E.H., Creasy L.L. Concentration of the phytoalexin resveratrol in wine. Am J Enol Vitic 1992, 43(1):42-59.
94. Eloff J., Famakin J., Katerere D. Isolation of an antibacterial stilbene from Combretum woodii (Combretaceae) leaves. Afr J Biotechnol 2005, 4(10):1167-1171.
95. Beutler J.A., Shoemaker R.H., Johnson T., Boyd M.R. Cytotoxic geranyl stilbenes from Macaranga schweinfurthii. J Nat Prod 1998, 61(12):1509-1512.
96. Beutler J.A., Jato J., Cragg G.M., Boyd M.R. Schweinfurthin D, a cytotoxic stilbene from Macaranga schweinfurthii. Nat Prod Lett 2000, 14(5):399-404.
97. Petrova A., Popova M., Kuzmanova C., Tsvetkova I., Naydenski H., Muli E., et al. New biologically active compounds from Kenyan propolis. Fitoterapia 2010, 81(6):509-514.
98. Nguyen P.H., Na M., Dao T.T., Ndinteh D.T., Mbafor J.T., Park J., et al. New stilbenoid with inhibitory activity on viral neuraminidases from Erythrina addisoniae. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010, 20(22):6430-6434.
99. Bavaresco L., Vezzulli S., Battilani P., Giorni P., Pietri A., Bertuzzi T. Effect of ochratoxin A-producing Aspergilli on stilbenic phytoalexin synthesis in grapes. J Agric Food Chem 2003, 51(21):6151-6157.
100. Manickam M., Ramanathan M., Jahromi M., Chansouria J., Ray A. Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from Pterocarpus marsupium. J Nat Prod 1997, 60(6):609-610.
101. Park E., Choo M., Yoon H., Kim D. Antithrombotic and antiallergic activities of rhaponticin from Rhei rhizoma are activated by human intestinal bacteria. Arch Pharm Res 2002, 25(4):528-533.
102. Rimando A., Cuendet M., Desmarchelier C., Mehta R., Pezzuto J., Duke S. Cancer chemopreventive and antioxidant activities of pterostilbene, a naturally occurring analogue of resveratrol. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50(12):3453-3457.
103. Wanjala C.C.W., Majinda R.R.T. A new stilbene glycoside from Elephantorrhiza goetzei. Fitoterapia 2001, 72(6):649-655.
104. Hu Y., Ma S., Li J., Yu S., Qu J., Liu J., et al. Targeted isolation and structure elucidation of stilbene glycosides from the bark of Lysidice brevicalyx Wei guided by biological and chemical screening. J Nat Prod 2008, 71(11):1800-1805.
105. Pettit G.R., Singh S.B., Niven M.L., Hamel E., Schmidt J.M. Isolation, structure, and synthesis of combretastatin-A-1 and combretastatin-B-1, potent new inhibitors of microtubule assembly, derived from Combretum caffrum. J Nat Prod 1987, 50:1.
106. Pettit G.R., Singh S.B. Isolation, structure, and synthesis of Combretastatin A-2, A-3, and B-2. Can J Chem 1987, 65(10):2390-2396.
107. Pettit G.R., Singh S.B., Schmidt J.M., Niven M.L., Hamel E., Lin C.M. Isolation, structure, synthesis, and antimitotic properties of combretastatins B-3 and B-4 from Combretum caffrum. J Nat Prod 1988, 51:3.
108. Pettit G.R., Singh S.B., Hamel E., Lin C.M., Alberts D.S., Garaciakendall D. Isolation and structure of the strong cell-growth and tubulin inhibitor combretastatin A-4. Experientia 1989, 45(2):209-211.
109. Pettit G., Toki B., Herald D., Boyd M., Hamel E., Pettit R., et al. Asymmetric hydroxylation of trans-combretastatin A-4. J Med Chem 1999, 42(8):1459-1465.
110. Young S.L., Chaplin D.J. Combretastatin A4 phosphate: background and current clinical status. Exp Opin Investig Drugs 2004, 13(9):1171-1182.
111. Dowlati A., Robertson K., Cooney M., Petros W., Stratford M., Jesberger J., et al. A phase I pharmacokinetic and translational study of the novel vascular targeting agent combretastatin A-4 phosphate on a single-dose intravenous schedule in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Res 2002, 62(12):3408-3416.
112. Ashidi J.S., Houghton P.J., Hylands P.J., Efferth T. Ethnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants of South-Western Nigeria used to treat cancer, with isolation of cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 2010, 128(2):501-512.
113. Yoder B.J., Cao S., Norris A., Miller J.S., Ratovoson F., Razafitsalama J., et al. Antiproliferative prenylated stilbenes and flavonoids from Macaranga alnifolia from the Madagascar rainforest. J Nat Prod 2007, 70:3.
114. Klausmeyer P., Van Q.N., Jato J., McCloud T.G., Beutler J.A. Schweinfurthins I and J from Macaranga schweinfurthii. J Nat Prod 2010, 73(3):479-481.
115. Mellanen P., Petänen T., Lehtimäki J., Mäkelä S., Bylund G., Holmbom B., et al. Wood-derived estrogens: studies in vitro with breast cancer cell lines and in vivo in trout. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996, 136(2):381-388.
116. Roupe K.A., Remsberg C.M., Yáñez J.A., Davies N.M. Pharmacometrics of stilbenes: segueing towards the clinic. Curr Clin Pharmacol 2006, 1:81-101.
117. Simoni D., Roberti M., Invidiata F.P., Aiello E., Aiello S., Marchetti P., et al. Stilbene-based anticancer agents: resveratrol analogues active toward HL60 leukemic cells with a non-specific phase mechanism. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006, 16(12):3245-3248.
118. Tolomeo M., Grimaudo S., Cristina A.D., Roberti M., Pizzirani D., Meli M., et al. Pterostilbene and 3'-hydroxypterostilbene are effective apoptosis-inducing agents in MDR and BCR-ABL-expressing leukemia cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005, 37(8):1709-1726.
119. Bero J., Frederich M., Quetin-Leclercq J. Antimalarial compounds isolated from plants used in traditional medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009, 61(11):1401-1433.
120. Duker-Eshun G., Jaroszewski J.W., Asomaning W.A., Oppong-Boachie F., Christensen S.B. Antiplasmodial constituents of Cajanus cajan. Phytother Res 2004, 18(2):128-130.
121. Atta-ur-Rahman, Naz H., Fadimatou, Makhmoor T., Yasin A., Fatima N., et al. Bioactive constituents from Boswellia papyrifera. J Nat Prod 2005, 68:2.
122. Nyemba A.M., Mpondo T.N., Kimbu S.F., Connolly J.D. Stilbene glycosides from Guibourtia tessmannii. Phytochemistry 1995, 39(4):895-898.
123. Silayo A., Ngadjui B., Abegaz B. Homoisoflavonoids and stilbenes from the bulbs of Scilla nervosa subsp rigidifolia. Phytochemistry 1999, 52(5):947-955.
124. Orsini F., Pelizzoni F., Verotta L., Aburjai T., Rogers C.B. Isolation, synthesis, and antiplatelet aggregation activity of resveratrol 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside and related compounds. J Nat Prod 1997, 60:11.
125. Harkat H., Haba H., Marcourt L., Long C., Benkhaled M. An unusual lignan sulfate and aromatic compounds from Frankenia thymifolia Desf. Biochem Syst Ecol 2007, 35(3):176-179.
126. Vardamides J., Azebaze A., Nkengfack A., Van Heerden F., Fomum Z., Ngando T., et al. Scaphopetalone and scaphopetalumate, a lignan and a triterpene ester from Scaphopetalum thonneri. Phytochemistry 2003, 62(4):647-650.
127. Tene M., Tane P., Sondengam B., Connolly J. Lignans from the roots of Echinops giganteus. Phytochemistry 2004, 65(14):2101-2105.
128. Su B., Park E., Mbwambo Z., Santarsiero B., Mesecar A., Fong H., et al. New chemical constituents of Euphorbia quinquecostata and absolute configuration assignment by a convenient Mosher ester procedure carried out in NMR tubes. J Nat Prod 2002, 65(9):1278-1282.
129. Fuendjiep V., Wandji J., Tillequin F., Mulholland D.A., Budzikiewicz H., Fomum Z.T., et al. Chalconoid and stilbenoid glycosides from Guibourtia tessmannii. Phytochemistry 2002, 60(8):803-806.
130. Ngounou F.N., Lontsi D., Sondengam B.L., Tsoupras M.G., Tabacchi R. Myrianthiphyllin, the 1st lignan cinnamate from Myrianthus arboreus. Planta Med 1990, 56(2):227-229.
131. Souliman A.M.A., Barakat H., El-Mousallamy A.M.D., Marzouk M.S.A., Nawwar M.A.M. Phenolics from the bark of Tamarix aphylla. Phytochemistry 1991, 30(11):3763-3766.
132. Dawidar A.M., Jakupovic J., Abdel-Mogib M., Mashaly I.A. Prenylstilbenes and prenylflavanones from Schoenus nigricans. Phytochemistry 1994, 36(3):803-806.
133. Tarus P.K., Coombes P.H., Crouch N.R., Mulholland D.A. Benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids from stem bark of the forest knobwood, Zanthoxylum davyi (Rutaceae). S Afr J Bot 2006, 72(4):555-558.
134. Wansi J.D., Lallemand M., Chiozem D.D., Toze F.A.A., Mbaze L.M., Naharkhan S., et al. alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory constituents from stem bark of Terminalia superba (Combretaceae). Phytochemistry 2007, 68(15):2096-2100.
135. Cao S., Radwan M., Norris A., Miller J., Ratovoson F., Mamisoa A., et al. Cytotoxic and other compounds from Didymochlaena truncatula from the Madagascar rain forest. J Nat Prod 2006, 69(2):284-286.
136. Schöttner M., Reiner J., Tayman F.S.K. (+)-Neo-olivil from roots of Urtica dioica. Phytochemistry 1997, 46(6):1107-1109.