The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): Study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial

Trials

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Rodrigo, Ramón ^a   Hasson, Daniel ^a   Prieto, Juan C ^a,b   Dussaillant, Gastón ^b   Ramos, Cristóbal ^b   León, Lucio ^c   Gárate, Javier ^c   Valls, Nicolás ^a   Gormaz, Juan G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

^b HOSPITAL CLÍNICO UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE   (Chile)

^c HOSPITAL SAN BORJA ARRIARÁN   (Chile)

Author keywords

Acute myocardial infarction; Ischemia reperfusion; Oxidative stress; Percutaneous coronary angioplasty; Vitamin C; Vitamin E

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; PLACEBO; ANTIOXIDANT;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ADULT; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFICACY; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART INFARCTION SIZE; HEART INJURY; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MULTICENTER STUDY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; PILOT STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REPERFUSION; REVASCULARIZATION; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; BLOOD; CHILE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; FEMALE; HEART MUSCLE; MALE; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANTIOXIDANTS; ASCORBIC ACID; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHILE; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; FEMALE; HOSPITALS, UNIVERSITY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; MYOCARDIUM; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PILOT PROJECTS; RESEARCH DESIGN; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VITAMIN E;

EID: 84902193100     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17456215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-192     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Braunwald E. Myocardial reperfusion, limitation of infarct size, reduction of left ventricular dysfunction, and improved survival. should the paradigm be expanded?. Circulation 1989, 79:441-444. 10.1161/01.CIR.79.2.441, 2914356.
2. van der Vleuten PA, Rasoul S, Huurnink W, van der Horst IC, Slart RH, Reiffers S, Dierckx RA, Tio RA, Ottervanger JP, De Boer MJ, Zijlstra F. Effect of intravenous FX06 as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the F.I.R.E. (Efficacy of FX06 in the Prevention of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury) trial. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008, 8:4. 10.1186/1471-2261-8-4, 2278125, 18294397.
3. Atar D, Petzelbauer P, Schwitter J, Huber K, Rensing B, Kasprzak JD, Butter C, Grip L, Hansen PR, Süselbeck T, Clemmensen PM, Marin-Galiano M, Geudelin B, Buser PT, . F.I.R.E. Investigators Effect of intravenous FX06 as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction results of the F.I.R.E. (Efficacy of FX06 in the Prevention of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53:720-729. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.017, 19232907, F.I.R.E. Investigators.
4. Jang IK, Pettigrew V, Picard MH, Kowey PR, Demmel V, Zile MR, Tatsuno J, Wackers FJ, Hibberd M. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous MCC-135 as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction: rationale and design of the evaluation of MCC-135 for left ventricular salvage in acute MI (EVOLVE) study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2005, 20:147-153. 10.1007/s11239-005-3267-4, 16261287.
5. von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Schulz-Menger J. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in ischemic heart disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012, 36:20-38. 10.1002/jmri.23580, 22696124.
6. Perazzolo Marra M, Lima JA, Iliceto S. MRI in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2011, 32:284-293. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq409, 21112897.
7. Kim HW, Farzaneh-Far A, Kim R. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with myocardial infarction: current and emerging applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 55:1-16. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.06.059, 20117357.
8. Martin TN, Groenning BA, Murray HM, Steedman T, Foster JE, Elliot AT, Dargie HJ, Selvester RH, Pahlm O, Wagner GS. ST-segment deviation analysis of the admission 12-lead electrocardiogram as an aid to early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction with a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging gold standard. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:1021-1028. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.090, 17825710.
9. Desch S, Eitel I, de Waha S, Fuernau G, Lurz P, Gutberlet M, Schuler G, Thiele H. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging parameters as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials of acute myocardial infarction. Trials 2011, 12:204. 10.1186/1745-6215-12-204, 3182906, 21917147.
10. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD. Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012, 60:1581-1598. 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.001, 22958960.
11. Faxon DP, Gibbons RJ, Chronos NA, Gurbel PA, Sheehan F. The effect of blockade of the CD11/CD18 integrin receptor on infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty: the results of the HALT-MI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 40:1199-1204. 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02136-8, 12383565.
12. Zeymer U, Suryapranata H, Monassier JP, Opolski G, Davies J, Rasmanis G, Linssen G, Tebbe U, Schröder R, Tiemann R, Machnig T, Neuhaus KL. ESCAMI Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:1644-1650. 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01608-4, 11704395.
13. Baran KW, Nguyen M, McKendall GR, Lambrew CT, Dykstra G, Palmeri ST, Gibbons RJ, Borzak S, Sobel BE, Gourlay SG, Rundle AC, Gibson CM, Barron HV. Limitation of Myocardial Infarction Following Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction (LIMIT AMI) Study Group. Circulation 2001, 104:2778-2783. 10.1161/hc4801.100236, 11733394.
14. Mahaffey KW, Granger CB, Nicolau JC, Ruzyllo W, Weaver WD, Theroux P, Hochman JS, Filloon TG, Mojcik CF, Todaro TG, Armstrong PW, . COMPLY Investigators Effect of pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, as adjunctive therapy to fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: the Complement inhibition in myocardial infarction treated with thromboLYtics (COMPLY) trial. Circulation 2003, 108:1176-1183. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000087404.53661.F8, 12925455, COMPLY Investigators.
15. Ross AM, Gibbons RJ, Stone GW, Kloner RA, Alexander RW. A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Trial of Adenosine as an Adjunct to Reperfusion in the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMISTAD-II). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005, 45:1775-1780. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.061, 15936605.
16. Lowe JE, Reimer KA, Jennings RB. Experimental infarct size as a function of the amount of myocardium at risk. Am J Pathol 1978, 90:363-379. 2018154, 623206.
17. Dhalla NS, Elmoselhi AB, Hata T, Makino N. Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2000, 47:446-456. 10.1016/S0008-6363(00)00078-X, 10963718.
18. Bolli R, Marbán E. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myocardial stunning. Physiol Rev 1999, 79:609-634.
19. Murphy AM. Heart failure, myocardial stunning, and troponin: a key regulator of the cardiac myofilament. Congest Heart Fail 2006, 12:32-38.
20. Ferrari R. The role of mitochondria in ischemic heart disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996, 28:1-10.
21. Jahangiri A, Leifert WR, Kind KL, McMurchie EJ. Dietary fish oil alters cardiomyocyte Ca2+ dynamics and antioxidant status. Free Radic Biol Med 2006, 40:1592-1602. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.026, 16632119.
22. Hool LC. Evidence for the regulation of L-type Ca2+ channels in the heart by reactive oxygen species: mechanism for mediating pathology. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008, 35:229-234.
23. Rensing H, Bauer I, Kubulus D, Wolf B, Winning J, Ziegeler S, Bauer M. Heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in pericentral hepatocytes through beta1-adrenoceptor stimulation. Shock 2004, 21:376-387. 10.1097/00024382-200404000-00014, 15179140.
24. Dhalla NS, Golfman L, Takeda S, Takeda N, Nagano M. Evidence for the role of oxidative stress in acute ischemic heart disease: a brief review. M Can J Cardiol 1999, 15:587-593.
25. Xu Y, Liu B, Zweier JL, He G. Formation of hydrogen peroxide and reduction of peroxynitrite via dismutation of superoxide at reperfusion enhances myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption in postischemic mouse heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008, 327:402-410. 10.1124/jpet.108.142372, 2615247, 18685120.
26. Cooper D, Stokes KY, Tailor A, Granger DN. Oxidative stress promotes blood cell-endothelial cell interactions in the microcirculation. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2002, 2:165-180. 10.1007/s12012-002-0002-7, 12665663.
27. Pavelková M, Kubala L, Cíz M, Pavlík P, Wagner R, Slavík J, Ondrásek J, Cerný J, Lojek A. Blood phagocyte activation during open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Physiol Res 2006, 55:165-173.
28. Hori M, Nishida K. Oxidative stress and left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2009, 81:457-464.
29. van Dijk A, Krijnen PA, Vermond RA, Pronk A, Spreeuwenberg M, Visser FC, Berney R, Paulus WJ, Hack CE, van Milligen FJ, Niessen HW. Inhibition of type 2A secretory phospholipase A2 reduces death of cardiomyocytes in acute myocardial infarction. Apoptosis 2009, 14:753-763. 10.1007/s10495-009-0350-x, 19421861.
30. Matsui Y, Takagi H, Qu X, Abdellatif M, Sakoda H, Asano T, Levine B, Sadoshima J. Distinct roles of autophagy in the heart during ischemia and reperfusion: roles of AMP-activated protein kinase and Beclin 1 in mediating autophagy. Circ Res 2007, 100:914-922. 10.1161/01.RES.0000261924.76669.36, 17332429.
31. Baines CP, Kaiser RA, Purcell NH, Blair NS, Osinska H, Hambleton MA, Brunskill EW, Sayen MR, Gottlieb RA, Dorn GW, Robbins J, Molkentin JD. Loss of cyclophilin D reveals a critical role for mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death. Nature 2005, 434:658-662. 10.1038/nature03434, 15800627.
32. Juránek I, Bezek S. Controversy of free radical hypothesis: reactive oxygen species-cause or consequence of tissue injury?. Gen Physiol Biophys 2005, 24:263-278.
33. Granger DN. Role of xanthine oxidase and granulocytes in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol 1988, 255:1269-1275.
34. Tan S, Yokoyama Y, Dickens E, Cash TG, Freeman BA, Parks DA. Xanthine oxidase activity in the circulation of rats following hemorrhagic shock. Free Radic Biol Med 1993, 15:407-414. 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90040-2, 8225022.
35. Terada LS, Dormish JJ, Shanley PF, Leff JA, Anderson BO, Repine JE. Circulating xanthine oxidase mediates lung neutrophil sequestration after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol 1992, 263:394-401.
36. Grisham MB, Hernandez LA, Granger DN. Xanthine oxidase and neutrophil infiltration in intestinal ischemia. Am J Physiol 1986, 251:567-574.
37. Duilio C, Ambrosio G, Kuppusamy P, DiPaula A, Becker LC, Zweier JL. Neutrophils are primary source of O2 radicals during reperfusion after prolonged myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001, 280:2649-2657.
38. Chen Z, Siu B, Ho YS, Vincent R, Chua CC, Hamdy RC, Chua BH. Overexpression of MnSOD protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in transgenic mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998, 30:2281-2289. 10.1006/jmcc.1998.0789, 9925365.
39. Wang P, Chen H, Qin H, Sankarapandi S, Becher MW, Wong PC, Zweier JL. Overexpression of human copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) prevents postischemic injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95:4556-4560. 10.1073/pnas.95.8.4556, 22528, 9539776.
40. Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, Entman ML. The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2002, 53:31-47. 10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00434-5, 11744011.
41. Ferdinandy P, Danial H, Ambrus I, Rothery RA, Schulz R. Peroxynitrite is a major contributor to cytokine-induced myocardial contractile failure. Circ Res 2000, 87:241-247. 10.1161/01.RES.87.3.241, 10926876.
42. Suematsu N, Tsutsui H, Wen J, Kang D, Ikeuchi M, Ide T, Hayashidani S, Shiomi T, Kubota T, Hamasaki N, Takeshita A. Oxidative stress mediates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction in cardiac myocytes. Circulation 2003, 107:1418-1423. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000055318.09997.1F, 12642364.
43. Siwik DA, Pagano PJ, Colucci WS. Oxidative stress regulates collagen synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001, 280:53-60.
44. Deten A, Hölzl A, Leicht M, Barth W, Zimmer HG. Changes in extracellular matrix and in transforming growth factor beta isoforms after coronary artery ligation in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001, 33:1191-1207. 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1383, 11444923.
45. Rohde LE, Ducharme A, Arroyo LH, Aikawa M, Sukhova GH, Lopez-Anaya A, McClure KF, Mitchell PG, Libby P, Lee RT. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition attenuates early left ventricular enlargement after experimental myocardial infarction in mice. Circulation 1999, 99:3063-3070. 10.1161/01.CIR.99.23.3063, 10368126.
46. Guan W, Osanai T, Kamada T, Hanada H, Ishizaka H, Onodera H, Iwasa A, Fujita N, Kudo S, Ohkubo T, Okumura K. Effect of allopurinol pretreatment on free radical generation after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003, 41:699-705. 10.1097/00005344-200305000-00005, 12717099.
47. Tsujita K, Shimomura H, Kaikita K, Kawano H, Hokamaki J, Nagayoshi Y, Yamashita T, Fukuda M, Nakamura Y, Sakamoto T, Yoshimura M, Ogawa H. Long-term efficacy of edaravone in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ J 2006, 70:832-837. 10.1253/circj.70.832, 16799234.
48. Flaherty JT, Pitt B, Gruber JW, Heuser RR, Rothbaum DA, Burwell LR, George BS, Kereiakes DJ, Deitchman D, Gustafson N. Recombinant human superoxide dismutase (h-SOD) fails to improve recovery of ventricular function in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994, 89:1982-1991. 10.1161/01.CIR.89.5.1982, 8181121.
49. Downey JM. Free radicals and their involvement during long-term myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Annu Rev Physiol 1990, 52:487-504. 10.1146/annurev.ph.52.030190.002415, 2184765.
50. Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Myocardial reperfusion injury. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:1121-1135. 10.1056/NEJMra071667, 17855673.
51. Lassnigg A, Punz A, Barker R, Keznickl P, Manhart N, Roth E, Hiesmayr M. Influence of intravenous vitamin E supplementation in cardiac surgery on oxidative stress: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled study. Br J Anaesth 2003, 90:148-154. 10.1093/bja/aeg042, 12538369.
52. Rodrigo R, Guichard C, Charles R. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use of antioxidant vitamins. Fund Clin Pharmacol 2007, 21:111-127.
53. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Glynn RJ, Gaziano JM. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008, 300:2123-2133. 10.1001/jama.2008.600, 2586922, 18997197.
54. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009, 301:52-62. 2774210, 19066368.
55. Guan W, Osanai T, Kamada T, Ishizaka H, Hanada H, Okumura K. Time course of free radical production after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction and the effect of vitamin C. Jpn Circ J 1999, 63:924-928. 10.1253/jcj.63.924, 10614835.
56. Jaxa-Chamiec T, Bednarz B, Drozdowska D, Gessek J, Gniot J, Janik K, Kawka-Urbanek T, Maciejewski P, Ogórek M, Szpajer M, . MIVIT Trial Group Antioxidant effects of combined vitamins C and E in acute myocardial infarction: the randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter pilot Myocardial Infarction and VITamins (MIVIT) trial. Kardiol Pol 2005, 62:344-350. MIVIT Trial Group.
57. Jaxa-Chamiec T, Bednarz B, Herbaczynska-Cedro K, Maciejewski P, Ceremuzynski L, . MIVIT Trial Group Effects of vitamins C and E on the outcome after acute myocardial infarction in diabetics: a retrospective, hypothesis-generating analysis from the MIVIT study. Cardiology 2009, 112:219-223. 10.1159/000151239, 18698138, MIVIT Trial Group.
58. Upston JM, Witting PK, Brown AJ, Stocker R, Keaney JF. Effect of vitamin E on aortic lipid oxidation and intimal proliferation after arterial injury in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Free Radic Biol Med 2001, 31:1245-1253. 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00721-3, 11705703.
59. Terentis AC, Thomas SR, Burr JA, Liebler DC, Stocker R. Vitamin E oxidation in human atherosclerotic lesions. Circ Res 2002, 90:333-339. 10.1161/hh0302.104454, 11861423.
60. Shi H, Noguchi N, Niki E. Comparative study on dynamics of antioxidative action of alpha-tocopheryl hydroquinone, ubiquinol, and alpha-tocopherol against lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 1999, 27:334-346. 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00053-2, 10468207.
61. Rabl H, Khoschsorur G, Colombo T, Petritsch P, Rauchenwald M, Költringer P, Tatzber F, Esterbauer H. A multivitamin infusion prevents lipid peroxidation and improves transplantation performance. Kidney Int 1993, 43:912-917. 10.1038/ki.1993.128, 8479129.
62. Cerwenka H, Bacher H, Werkgartner G, El-Shabrawi A, Quehenberger F, Hauser H, Mischinger HJ. Antioxidant treatment during liver resection for alleviation of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hepatogastroenterology 1998, 45:777-782.
63. Wijnen MH, Roumen RM, Vader HL, Goris RJ. A multiantioxidant supplementation reduces damage from ischaemia reperfusion in patients after lower torso ischaemia: a randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002, 23:486-490. 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1614, 12093062.
64. Rabl H, Khoschsorur G, Petek W. Antioxidative vitamin treatment: effect on lipid peroxidation and limb swelling after revascularization operations. World J Surg 1995, 19:738-744. 10.1007/BF00295919, 7571673.
65. Bartels M, Biesalski HK, Engelhart K, Sendlhofer G, Rehak P, Nagel E. Pilot study on the effect of parenteral vitamin E on ischemia and reperfusion induced liver injury: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2004, 23:1360-1370. 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.05.003, 15556258.
66. Schneider MP, Delles C, Schmidt BM, Oehmer S, Schwarz TK, Schmieder RE, John S. Superoxide scavenging effects of N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C in subjects with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005, 18:1111-1117. 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.02.006, 16109326.
67. Graumlich JF, Ludden TM, Conry-Cantilena C, Cantilena LR, Wang Y, Levine M. Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion. Pharm Res 1997, 14:1133-1139. 10.1023/A:1012186203165, 9327438.
68. Jackson TS, Xu A, Vita JA, Keaney JF. Ascorbate prevents the interaction of superoxide and nitric oxide only at very high physiological concentrations. Circ Res 1998, 83:916-922. 10.1161/01.RES.83.9.916, 9797340.
69. Basili S, Tanzilli G, Mangieri E, Raparelli V, Di Santo S, Pignatelli P, Violi F. Intravenous ascorbic acid infusion improves myocardial perfusion grade during elective percutaneous coronary intervention: relationship with oxidative stress markers. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010, 3:221-229. 10.1016/j.jcin.2009.10.025, 20170881.
70. Bhakuni P, Chandra M, Misra MK. Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on certain oxidative stress parameters in the post reperfusion patients of myocardial infarction. Mol Cell Biochem 2006, 290:153-158. 10.1007/s11010-006-9182-y, 16718365.
71. Virdis A, Colucci R, Fornai M, Polini A, Daghini E, Duranti E, Ghisu N, Versari D, Dardano A, Blandizzi C, Taddei S, Del Tacca M, Monzani F. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is involved in endothelial dysfunction of mesenteric small arteries from hypothyroid rats. Endocrinology 2009, 150:1033-1042. 10.1210/en.2008-1112, 18927216.
72. Niki E, Noguchi N, Tsuchihashi H, Gotoh N. Interaction among vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 62:1322S-1326S.
73. Rodrigo R, Libuy M, Feliú F, Hasson D. Molecular basis of cardioprotective effect of antioxidant vitamins in myocardial infarction. Biomed Res Int 2013, 2013:437613. 3726017, 23936799.
74. Molyneux CA, Glyn MC, Ward BJ. Oxidative stress and cardiac microvascular structure in ischemia and reperfusion: the protective effect of antioxidant vitamins. Microvasc Res 2002, 64:265-277. 10.1006/mvre.2002.2419, 12204651.
75. Tsovolas K, Iliodromitis EK, Andreadou I, Zoga A, Demopoulou M, Iliodromitis KE, Manolaki T, Markantonis SL, Kremastinos DT. Acute administration of vitamin C abrogates protection from ischemic preconditioning in rabbits. Pharmacol Res 2008, 57:283-289. 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.02.003, 18353674.
76. van Belle G. Statistical Rules of Thumb 2nd ed 2008, 30. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
77. Brener SJ, Maehara A, Dizon JM, Fahy M, Witzenbichler B, Parise H, El-Omar M, Dambrink JH, Mehran R, Oldroyd K, Gibson CM, Stone GW. Relationship between myocardial reperfusion, infarct size, and mortality: the INFUSE-AMI (Intracoronary Abciximab and Aspiration Thrombectomy in Patients with Large Anterior Myocardial Infarction) trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013, 6:718-724. 10.1016/j.jcin.2013.03.013, 23866184.
78. De Luca G, Parodi G, Sciagrà R, Venditti F, Bellandi B, Vergara R, Migliorini A, Valenti R, Antoniucci D. Preprocedural TIMI flow and infarct size in STEMI undergoing primary angioplasty. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013, Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print].
79. Stone GW, Dixon SR, Grines CL, Cox DA, Webb JG, Brodie BR, Griffin JJ, Martin JL, Fahy M, Mehran R, Miller TD, Gibbons RJ, ONeill WW. Predictors of infarct size after primary coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction from pooled analysis from four contemporary trials. Am J Cardiol 2007, 100:1370-1375. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.06.027, 17950792.
80. Mahaffey KW, Puma JA, Barbagelata NA, DiCarli MF, Leesar MA, Browne KF, Eisenberg PR, Bolli R, Casas AC, Molina-Viamonte V, Orlandi C, Blevins R, Gibbons RJ, Califf RM, Granger CB. Adenosine as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: the Acute Myocardial Infarction Study of Adenosine (AMISTAD) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 34:1711-1720. 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00418-0, 10577561.
81. Henriques JPS, Zijlstra F, Ottervanger JP, Dambrink J-HE, Hof AWJVT, Hoorntje JCA, de Boer M-J, Suryapranat H. Angiographic determinants of infarct size after successful percutaneous intervention for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the impact of distal embolisation. Neth Heart J 2002, 10:353-359.
82. Bruce CJ, Christian TF, Schaer GL, Spaccavento LJ, Jolly MK, OConnor MK, Gibbons RJ. Determinants of infarct size after thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1999, 83:1600-1605. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00164-2, 10392861.
83. Christian TF, Schwartz RS, Gibbons RJ. Determinants of infarct size in reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992, 86:81-90. 10.1161/01.CIR.86.1.81, 1617793.
84. Duconge J, Miranda-Massari JR, Gonzalez MJ, Jackson JA, Warnock W, Riordan NH. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin C: insights into the oral and intravenous administration of ascorbate. P R Health Sci J 2008, 27:7-19.
85. Padayatty SJ, Sun AY, Chen Q, Espey MG, Drisko J, Levine M. Vitamin C: intravenous use by complementary and alternative medicine practitioners and adverse effects. PLoS One 2010, 5:e11414. 10.1371/journal.pone.0011414, 2898816, 20628650.
86. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, 3:CD007176.
87. Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:37-46. 10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110, 15537682.
88. Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2013, 8:e56803. 10.1371/journal.pone.0056803, 3577664, 23437244.
89. Myung SK, Ju W, Cho B, Oh SW, Park SM, Koo BK, Park BJ, . Korean Meta-Analysis Study Group Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013, 346:f10. 10.1136/bmj.f10, 3548618, 23335472, Korean Meta-Analysis Study Group.
90. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, Howard BV, Cobb FR, Rogers WJ, Ouyang P, Thompson P, Tardif JC, Higginson L, Bittner V, Steffes M, Gordon DJ, Proschan M, Younes N, Verter JI. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002, 288:2432-2440. 10.1001/jama.288.19.2432, 12435256.