MRI in acute myocardial infarction

European Heart Journal

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 284-293

  Marra, Martina Perazzolo ^a   Lima, João A C ^b   Iliceto, Sabino ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADUA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Italy)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute myocardial infarction; Magnetic resonance imaging; Pathophysiology

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; DIPYRIDAMOLE; GADOLINIUM;

BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; CORONARY ARTERY RECANALIZATION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; GRAFT PERFUSION; HEART EDEMA; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE NECROSIS; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HUMAN; MICROVASCULAR ISCHEMIA; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY; NO REFLOW PHENOMENON; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT SAFETY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION;

ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FORECASTING; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; MYOCARDIUM; NECROSIS; VENTRICULAR REMODELING;

EID: 79551695630     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: 15229645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq409     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. White HD, Chew DP. Acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2008;372:570-584.
2. Fox KA, Steg PG, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Anderson FA, Granger CB, Flather MD, Budaj A, Quill A, Gore JM, GRACE Investigators. Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999-2006. JAMA 2007;297:1892-1900. (Pubitemid 46707843)
3. Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, Jennings RB. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 1977;56:788-794.
4. Reimer KA, Jennings RB. The 'wavefront phenomenon' of myocardial ischemic cell death: II. Transmural progression of necrosis within the framework of ischemic bed size (myocardium at risk) and collateral flow. Lab Invest 1979;40: 633-644. (Pubitemid 9191795)
5. Ganame J, Messalli G, Dymarkowski S, Rademarkers FE, Desmet W, Van de Werf F, Bogart J. Impact of myocardial hemorrhage of left ventricular function and remodelling in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1440-1449.
6. Grotheus F, Moon JCC, Bellenger NG, Smith GS, Klein HU, Pennell DJ. Inter-study reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 2004;147:218-223. (Pubitemid 38176819)
7. Hundley W. Gregory, Bluemke David A, Finn J. Paul, Flamm Scott D, Fogel Mark A, Friedrich Matthias G, Ho Vincent B, Jerosch-Herold Michael, Kramer Christopher M, Manning Warren J, Patel Manesh, Pohost Gerald M, Stillman Arthur E, White Richard D, Woodard Pamela K. ACCF/ACR/AHA/ NASCI/SCMR 2010 Expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55;2614-2662.
8. Semelka RC, Tomei E, Wagner S, Mayo J, Caputo G, O'Sullivan M, Parmley WW, Chatterjee K, Wolfe C, Higgins CB. Interstudy reproducibility of dimensional and functional measurements between cine magnetic resonance studies in the morphologically abnormal left ventricle. Am Heart J 1990;119:1367-1373. (Pubitemid 20215623)
9. Bottini PB, Carr AA, Prisant LM, Flickinger FW, Allison JD, Gottdiener JS. Magnetic resonance imaging compared to echocardiography to assess left ventricular mass in the hypertensive patient. Am J Hypertens 1995;8:221-228.
10. Bellinger NG, Davies LC, Francis JM, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ. Reduction in sample size for studies of remodeling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2000;2:271-278. (Pubitemid 32048395)
11. Plein S, Bloomer TN, Ridgway JP, Jones TR, Bainbridge GJ, Sivananthan MU. Steady-state free precession magnetic resonance imaging of the heart: comparison with segmented k-space gradient-echo imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 14:230-236. (Pubitemid 32801056)
12. Pennel DJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2010;121:692-705.
13. Götte MJ, Germans T, Rüssel IK, Zwanenburg JJ, Marcus JT, van Rossum AC, van Veldhuisen DJ. Myocardial strain and torsion quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance tissue tagging: studies in normal and impaired left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:2002-2011. (Pubitemid 44738446)
14. Kwong RY, Schussheim AE, Rekhraj S, Aletras AH, Geller N, Davis J, Christian TF, Balaban RS, Arai AE. Detecting acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2003;107:531-537. (Pubitemid 36176800)
15. Wendland MF, Saeed M, Masui T, Derugin N, Moseley ME, Higgins CB. Echo-planar MR imaging of normal and ischemic myocardium with gadodiamide injection. Radiology 1993;186:535-542. (Pubitemid 23033885)
16. Wendland MF, Saeed M, Masui T, Derugin N, Higgins CB. First pass of an MR susceptibility contrast agent through normal and ischemic heart: gradient-recalled echo-planar imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1993;3:755-760.
17. Atkinson DJ, Burstein D, Edelman RR. First pass cardiac perfusion: evaluation with ultrafast MR imaging. Radiology 1990;174:757-762. (Pubitemid 20089667)
18. Yu KK, Saeed M, Wendland MF, Dae MW, Velasquez-Rocha S, Derugin N, Higgins CB. Comparison of T1-enhancing and magnetic susceptibility magnetic resonance contrast agents for demarcation of the jeopardy area in experimental myocardial infarction. Invest Radiol 1993;28:1015-1023. (Pubitemid 24085692)
19. Higgins CB, Herfkens R, Lipton MJ, Sievers R, Sheldon P, Kaufman L, Crooks LE. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction in dogs: alterations in magnetic relaxation times. Am J Cardiol 1983;52:184-188. (Pubitemid 13061350)
20. Aletras AH, Tilak GS, Natanzon A, Hsu LY, Gonzalez FM, Hoyt RF Jr, Arai AE. Retrospective determination of the area at risk for reperfused acute myocardial infarction with T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: histopathologi-cal and displacement encoding with stimulated echos (DENSE) functional validations. Circulation 2006;113:1865-1870. (Pubitemid 43739398)
21. Simonetti OP, Finn JP, White RD, Laub G, Henry DA. 'Black blood' T2-weighted inversion-recovery MR imaging of the heart. Radiology 1996;199:49-57.
22. Abdel-Aty H, Zagrosek A, Schulz-Menger J, Taylor AJ, Messroghli D, Kumar A, Gross M, Dietz R, Friedrich MG. Delayed enhancement and T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging differentiate acute from chronic myocar-dial infarction. Circulation 2004;109:2411-2416. (Pubitemid 38679560)
23. Friedrich MG, Abdel-Aty H, Taylor A, Schulz-Menger J, Messroghli D, Dietz R. The salvaged area at risk in reperfused acute myocardial infarction as visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1581-1587. (Pubitemid 351508364)
24. Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Hillenbrand HB, Wu E, Bundy JM, Finn JP, Judd RM. An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology 2001;218:215-223. (Pubitemid 32151298)
25. Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Arai M, Kondo T, Croisille P, Lima JA, Mohan V, Becker LC, Zerhouni EA. Physiological basis of myocardial contrast enhancement in fast magnetic resonance images of a 2-day-old reperfused canine infarcts. Circulation 1995;92:1902-1910.
26. Wu E, Judd RM, Vargas JD, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Kim RJ. Visualisation of presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Q-wave myo-cardial infarction. Lancet 2001;357:21-28. (Pubitemid 32056497)
27. Jellis C, Martin J, Narula J, Marwick TH. Assessment of nonischemic myocardial fibrosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:89-97.
28. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Holly TA, Elliott MD, Bonow RO, Kim RJ, Judd RM. Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2002;106:2322-2327. (Pubitemid 35244732)
29. Lima JA, Judd RM, Bazille A, Schulman SP, Atalar E, Zerhouni EA. Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI. Circulation 1995;92:1117-1125.
30. Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Barouch LA, Schulman SP, Blumenthal RS, Lima JA. Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;97:765-772. (Pubitemid 28135339)
31. Hombach V, Grebe O, Merkle N, Waldenmaier S, Höher M, Kochs M, Wöhrle J, Kestler HA. Sequelae of acute myocardial infarction regarding cardiac structure and function and their prognostic significance as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J 2005;26:549-557. (Pubitemid 40461096)
32. Buja LM. Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Pathol 2005;14: 170-175. (Pubitemid 40977859)
33. Kaul S, Glasheen W, Ruddy TD, Pandian NG, Weyman AE, Okada RD. The importance of defining left ventricular area at risk in vivo during acute myocar-dial infarction: an experimental evaluation with myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 1987;75:1249-1260. (Pubitemid 17081034)
34. Sinusas AJ, Trautman KA, Bergin JD, Watson DD, Ruiz M, Smith WH, Beller GA. Quantification of area at risk during coronary occlusion and degree of myocar-dial salvage after reperfusion with technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile. Circulation 1990;82:1424-1437.
35. Iliceto S, Marangelli V, Marchese A, Amico A, Galiuto L, Rizzon P. Myocardial contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction: pathophysiological background and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 1996;17:344-353. (Pubitemid 26131417)
36. Garcia-Dorado D, Oliveras J, Gili J, Sanz E, Pérez-Villa F, Barrabés J, Carreras MJ, Solares J, Soler-Soler J. Analysis of myocardial oedema by magnetic resonance imaging early after coronary artery occlusion with or without reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:1462-1469. (Pubitemid 23265067)
37. Cury RC, Shash K, Nagurney JT, Rosito G, Shapiro MD, Nomura CH, Abbara S, Bamberg F, Ferencik M, Schmidt EJ, Brown DF, Hoffmann U, Brady TJ. Cardiac magnetic resonance with T2-weighted imaging improves detection of patients with acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department. Circulation 2008; 118:837-844.
38. Choi SI, Jiang CZ, Lim KH, Kim ST, Lim CH, Gong GY, Lim TH. Application of breath-hold T2-weighted, first pass perfusion and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging for assessment of myocardial viability in a pig model. Magn Reson Imaging 2000;11:476-480. (Pubitemid 30252833)
39. Phrommintikul A, Abdel-Aty H, Schulz-Menger J, Friedrich MG, Taylor AJ. Acute oedema in the evaluation of microvascular reperfusion and myocardial salvage in reperfused myocardial infarction with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol 2010;74:e12-17.
40. O'Regan DP, Ahmed R, Neuwirth C, Tan Y, Durighel G, Hajnal JV, Nadra I, Corbett SJ, Cook SA. Cardiac MRI of myocardial salvage at the peri-infarct border zones after primary coronary intervention. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009;297:H340-H346.
41. Englblom E, Hedstrom E, Heiberg E, Wagner GS, Pahlm O, Arheden H. Rapid initial reduction of hyperenhanced myocardium after reperfused first myocardial infarction suggests recovery of the peri-infarction zone: one-year follow-up by MRI. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:47-55.
42. Carlsson M, Ubachs JF, Hedstrom E, Heiberg E, Jovine S, Arheden H. Myocardium at risk after acute infarction in humans on cardiac magnetic resonance: quantitative assessment during follow-up and validation with single-photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol Imaging 2009;2:569-576.
43. Francone M, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Carbon I, Canali E, Scardala R, Calabrese FA, Sardella G, Mancone M, Catalano C, Fedele F, Passariello R, Bogaert J, Agati L. Impact of primary coronary angioplasty delay on myocardial salvage, infarct size, and microvascular damage in patients with ST-segment elevation myocar-dial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:2145-2153.
44. Tarantini G, Cacciavillani L, Corbetti F, Ramondo A, Marra MP, Bacchiega E, Napodano M, Bilato C, Razzolini R, Iliceto S. Duration of ischemia is a major determinant of transmurality and severe microvascular obstruction after primary angioplasty. A study performed with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1229-1235. (Pubitemid 41615542)
45. Rehwald W, Fieno DS, Chen EL, Kim RJ, Judd RM. Myocardial magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent concentration after reversible and irreversible ischemic injury. Circulation 2002;105:224-229. (Pubitemid 34084323)
46. Oshinski JN, Yang Z, Jones JR, Mata JF, French BA. Imaging time after Gd-DTPA injection is critical in using delayed enhancement to determine infarct size accurately with magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2001;104:2838-2842. (Pubitemid 33126660)
47. Saeed M, Lund G, Wendland MF, Bremerich J, Weinmann H, Higgins CB. Magnetic resonance characterization of the peri-infarction zone of reperfused myo-cardial infarction with necrosis-specific and extracellular nonspecific contrast media. Circulation 2001;103:871-876. (Pubitemid 32163887)
48. Ingkanisorn WP, Rhoads KL, Aletras AH, Kellman P, Arai AE. Gadolinium delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance correlates with clinical measures of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2253-2259. (Pubitemid 38757594)
49. Baks T, van Geuns RJ, Biagini E, Wielopolski P, Mollet NR, Cademartiri F, van der Giessen WJ, Krestin GP, Serruys PW, Duncker DJ, de Feyter PJ. Effects of primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction on early and late infarct size and left ventricular wall characteristics. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:40-44. (Pubitemid 43005162)
50. Larose E, Rodés-Cabau J, Pibarot P, Rinfret S, Proulx G, Nguyen CM, Déry JP, Gleeton O, Roy L, Noël B, Barbeau G, Rouleau J, Boudreault JR, Amyot M, De Larochellière R, Bertrand OF. Predicting late myocardial recovery and outcomes in the early hours of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction traditional measures compared with microvascular obstruction, salvaged myocardium, and necrosis characteristics by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2459-2469.
51. Kim HW, Farzaneh-Far Afshin, Kim RJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with myocardial infarction. Current and emerging applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1-16.
52. Gibbons RJ, Valeti US, Araoz PA, Jaffe AS. The quantification of infarct size. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1533-1542. (Pubitemid 39377707)
53. Kim RJ, Albert TS, Wible JH, Elliott MD, Allen JC, Lee JC, Parker M, Napoli A, Judd RM, for the Gadoversetamide Myocardial Infarction Imaging Investigators. Performance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging with gado-versetamide contrast for the detection and assessment of myocardial infarction: an International, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized trial. Circulation 2008; 117:629-637.
54. Eitel I, Desch S, Fuernau G, Hildebrand L, Gutberlet M, Schuler G, Thiele H. Prognostic significance and determinants of myocardial salvage assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute reperfused myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2470-2479.
55. Wu E, Ortiz JT, Tejedor P, Lee DC, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Kansal P, Carr JC, Holly TA, Lloyd-Jones D, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO. Infarct size by contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance is a stronger predictor of outcomes than left ventricular ejection fraction or end-systolic volume index: prospective cohort study. Heart 2008;94:730-736. (Pubitemid 351744690)
56. Kim RJ, Choi KM, Judd RM. Assessment of myocardial viability by contrast enhancement. In Higgins CB, Roos AD, eds. Cardiovascular MRI and MRA. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott 2003 pp. 209-237.
57. Tomlinson H, Becher JB. Selvanayagam assessment of myocardial viability: comparison of echocardiography versus cardiac magneticresonance imaging in the current era. Heart, Lung and Circulation 2008;17:173-185.
58. Hillenbrand HB, Kim RJ, Parker MA, Fieno DS, Judd RM. Early assessment of myocardial salvage by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2000;102:1678-1683.
59. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000;343: 1445-1453.
60. Gerber BL, Garot J, Bluemke DA, Wu KC, Lima JA. Accuracy of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in predicting improvement of regional myocardial function in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002;106:1083-1089. (Pubitemid 34970848)
61. Klein C, Nekolla SG, Bengel FM, Momose M, Sammer A, Haas F, Schnackenburg B, Delius W, Mudra H, Wolfram D, Schwaiger M. Assessment of myocardial viability with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with positron emission tomography. Circulation 2002;105:162-167. (Pubitemid 34084313)
62. Kuhl HP, Beek AM, van der Weerdt AP, Hofman MB, Visser CA, Lammertsma AA, Heussen N, Visser FC, van Rossum AC. Myocardial viability in chronic ischemic heart disease: comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1341-1348. (Pubitemid 36442708)
63. Wagner A, Mahroldt H, Holly TA, Elliott MD, Regenfus M, Parker M, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Kim RJ, Judd RM. Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet 2003;361:374-379. (Pubitemid 36164969)
64. Ibrahim T, Bulow HP, Hackl T, Hörnke M, Nekolla SG, Breuer M, Schömig A, Schwaiger M. Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography for detection of myocardial necrosis early after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:208-216. (Pubitemid 46054392)
65. Weinsaft JW, Klem I, Judd RM. MRI for the assessment of myocardial viability. Cardiol Clin 2007;25:35-56. (Pubitemid 46660418)
66. Kitagawa K, Sakuma H, Hirano T, Okamoto S, Makino K, Takeda K. Acute myo-cardial infarction: myocardial viability assessment in patients early thereafter comparison of contrast-enhanced MR imaging with resting (201)Tl SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography. Radiology 2003;226:138-144. (Pubitemid 36163921)
67. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB. The 'no-reflow' phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. Clin Invest 1974;54:1496-1508.
68. Wu KC, Kim RJ, Bluemke DA, Rochitte CE, Zerhouni EA, Becker LC, Lima JA. Quantification and time course of microvascular obstruction by contrast-enhanced echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging following acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32: 1756-1764. (Pubitemid 28560223)
69. Lund GK, Stork A, Saeed M, Bansmann MP, Gerken JH, Müller V, Mester J, Higgins CB, Adam G, Meinertz T. Acute myocardial infarction: evaluation with first pass enhancement and delayed enhancement MR imaging compared with 201Tl SPECT imaging. Radiology 2004;232:49-57. (Pubitemid 38787819)
70. Nijveldt R, Beek AM, Hirsch A, Stoel MG, Hofman MB, Umans VA, Algra PR, Twisk JW, van Rossum AC. Functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction: comparison between angiography, electrocardiography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures of microvascular injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52: 181-189. (Pubitemid 351915778)
71. Hirsch A, Nijveldt R, Haeck JDE, Beek AM, Koch KT, Henriques JPS, van der Schaaf RJ, Vis MM, Baan J, de Winter RJ, Tijssen JGP, van Rossum AC, Piek JJ. Relation between the assessment of microvascular injury by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and coronary Doppler flow velocity measurements in patients with acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51: 2230-2238. (Pubitemid 351754995)
72. Appelbaum E, Kirtane AJ, Clark A, Pride YB, Gelfand EV, Harrigan CJ, Kissinger KV, Manning WJ, Gibson CM. Association of TIMI myocardial perfusion grade and ST-segment resolution with cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures of microvascular obstruction and infarct size following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009;27:123-129.
73. Porto I, Burzotta F, Brancati M, Trani C, Lombardo A, Romagnoli E, Niccoli G, Natale L, Bonomo L, Crea F. Relationship of myocardial blush grade to micro-vascular perfusion and myocardial infarct size after primary or rescue percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:1671-1673. (Pubitemid 46874311)
74. Gerber BL, Rochitte CE, Melin JA, McVeigh ER, Bluemke DA, Wu KC, Becker LC, Lima JA. Microvascular obstruction and left ventricular remodeling early after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000;101:2734-2741. (Pubitemid 30390578)
75. Basso C, Thiene G. The pathophysiology of myocardial reperfusion: a pathol-ogist's perspective. Heart 2006;92:1559-1562. (Pubitemid 44629154)
76. Basso C, Rizzo S, Thiene G. The metamorphosis of myocardial infarction following coronary recanalization. Cardiovasc Pathol 2010;19:22-28.
77. Garcia-Dorado D, Théroux P, Solares J, Alonso J, Fernandez-Avilés F, Elizaga J, Soriano J, Botas J, Munoz R. Determinants of hemorrhagic infarcts. Histologic observation from experiments involving coronary occlusion, coronary reperfu-sion, and reocclusion. Am J Pathol 1990;137:301-311. (Pubitemid 20232992)
78. Basso C, Corbetti F, Silva C, Abudureheman A, Lacognata C, Cacciavillani L, Tarantini G, Marra MP, Ramondo A, Thiene G, Iliceto S. Morphologic validation of reperfused hemorrhagic myocardial infarction by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1322-1327. (Pubitemid 47498288)
79. Ewout J, Van Den Bos, Baks T, Moelker AD, Kerver W, van Geuns RJ, van der Giessen WJ, Duncker DJ, Wielopolski PA. Magnetic resonance imaging of hemorrhage within reperfused myocardial infarcts: possible interference with iron oxide-labelled cell tracking? Eur Heart J 2006;27:1620-1626. (Pubitemid 43954924)
80. Choi SH, Kang JW, Kim ST, Lee BH, Chun EJ, Schuleri KH, Choi SI, Lim TH. Investigation of T2-weighted signal intesity of infarcted myocardium and its correlation with delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in a porcine model with reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;1:247-256.
81. Stork A, Lund GK, Muellerleile K, Bansmann PM, Nolte-Ernsting C, Kemper J, Begemann PG, Adam G. Characterization of the peri-infarction zone using T2-weighted MRI and delayed-enhancement MRI in patients with acute myocar-dial infarction. Eur Radiol 2006;16:2350-2357. (Pubitemid 44349884)
82. Ochiai K, Shimada T, Murakami Y, Ishibashi Y, Sano K, Kitamura J, Inoue S, Murakami R, Kawamitsu H, Sugimura K. Hemorrhagic myocardial infarction after coronary reperfusion detected in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging in Humans: Prevalence and clinical implications. J Cardiovasc Magn Resonan 1999;1:247-256.
83. Beek AM, Nijveldt R, van Rossum AC. Intramyocardial hemorrhage and micro-vascular obstruction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Car-diovasc Imaging 2010;26:49-55.
84. Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, Viergever EP, Poldermans D, Boersma E, van der Wall EE, de Roos A, Bax JJ. Scar tissue on contrast-enhanced MRI predicts left ventricular remodelling after acute infarction. Heart 2007;93:375-376. (Pubitemid 46579538)
85. Ørn S, Manhenke C, Anand IS, Squire I, Nagel E, Edvardsen T, Dickstein K. Effect of left ventricular scar size, location, and transmurality on left ventricular remodelling with healed myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:1109-1114.
86. Tarantini G, Razzolini R, Cacciavillani L, Bilato C, Sarais C, Corbetti F, Marra MP, Napodano M, Ramondo A, Iliceto S. Influence of transmurality, infarct size, and severe microvascular obstruction on left ventricular remodeling and function after primary coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:1033-1040. (Pubitemid 44486139)
87. Lund GK, Stork A, Muellerleile K, Barmeyer AA, Bansmann MP, Knefel M, Schlichting U, Müller M, Verde PE, Adam G, Meinertz T, Saeed M. Prediction of left ventricular remodeling and analysis of infarct resorption in patients with reperfused myocardial infarcts by using contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2007;245:95-102. (Pubitemid 47417792)
88. Gibbons RJ, Christian TF, Hopfenspirger M, Hodge DO, Bailey KR. Myocardium at risk and infarct size after thrombotic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: implications for the design of randomized trials of acute intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:616-623. (Pubitemid 24295733)
89. Kaul S, Pandian NG, Okada RD, Pohost GM, Weyman AE. Contrast echocardio-graphy in acute myocardial ischemia: I. In vivo determination of total left ventricular 'area at risk'. JACC 1984;4:1272-1282. (Pubitemid 15184206)
90. Masci PG, Ganame J, Strata E, Desmet W, Aquaro GD, Dymarkowski S, Valenti V, Janssens S, Lombardi M, Van de Werf F, L'Abbate A, Bogaert J. Myo-cardial salvage by CMR correlates with LV remodeling and early ST-segment resolution in acute myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:45-51.
91. Zoni A, Arisi A, Corradi D, Ardissino D. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Magnetic resonance imaging of impending left ventricular rupture after acute myo-cardial infarction. Circulation 2003;108:498-499. (Pubitemid 36935546)
92. Kumar A, Abdel-Aty H, Kriedemann I, Schulz-Menger J, Gross CM, Dietz R, Friedrich MG. Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging of right ventricular infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1969-1976. (Pubitemid 44767976)
93. Larose E, Ganz P, Reynolds HG, Dorbala S, Di Carli MF, Brown KA, Kwong RY. Right ventricular dysfunction assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts poor prognosis late after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:855-862.
94. Mollet NR, Dymarkowski S, Volders W, Wathiong J, Herbots L, Rademakers FE, Bogaert J. Visualization of ventricular thrombi with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2002;106: 2873-2876. (Pubitemid 35424733)
95. Weinsaft JW, Kim HW, Shah DJ, Klem I, Crowley AL, Brosnan R, James OG, Patel MR, Heitner J, Parker M, Velazquez EJ, Steenbergen C, Judd RM, Kim RJ. Detection of left ventricular thrombus by delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance prevalence and markers in patients with systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:148-157. (Pubitemid 351885445)
96. Schmidt A, Azevedo CF, Cheng A, Gupta SN, Bluemke DA, Foo TK, Gerstenblith G, Weiss RG, Marbán E, Tomaselli GF, Lima JA, Wu KC. Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2007;115:2006-2014. (Pubitemid 46625951)
97. Yan AT, Shayne AJ, Brown KA, Gupta SN, Chan CW, Luu TM, Di Carli MF, Reynolds HG, Stevenson WG, Kwong RY. Characterization of the peri-infarct zone by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful predictor of post-myocardial infarction mortality. Circulation 2006;114:32-39. (Pubitemid 44305272)
98. Assomull RG, Lyne JC, Keenan N, Gulati A, Bunce NH, Davies SW, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients presenting with chest pain, raised troponin, and unobstructed coronary arteries. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1242-1249. (Pubitemid 47343853)
99. Baccouche H, Mahrholdt H, Meinhardt G, Merher R, Voehringer M, Hill S, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U, Yilmaz A. Diagnostic synergy of non-invasive cardiovascular magnetic resonance and invasive endomyocardial biopsy in troponin-positive patients without coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2869-2879.
100. Roguin A, Schwitter J, Vahlhaus C, Lombardi M, Brugada J, Vardas P, Auricchio A, Priori S, Sommer T. Position paper. Magnetic resonance imaging in individuals with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Europace 2008;10:336-346. (Pubitemid 351773738)
101. Faris OP, Shein MJ. Government viewpoint: U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Pacemakers, ICDs and MRI. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:268-269. (Pubitemid 40604037)
102. Prasad SK, Pennell DJ. Safety of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with cardiovascular implants and devices. Heart 2004;90:1241-1244. (Pubitemid 39433978)
103. Shellock FG, Tkach JA, Ruggieri PM, Masaryk TJ. Cardiac pacemakers, ICDs, and loop recorder: evaluation of translational attraction using conventional ('long-bore') and 'short-bore' 1.5- and 3.0-Tesla MR systems. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2003;5:387-397. (Pubitemid 36569957)
104. ASTM International. Active Standard: ASTM F2503-08 Standard Practice for Marking Medical Devices and Other Items for Safety in the Magnetic Resonance Environment. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International 2008.
105. Schueler BA, Parrish TB, Lin J, Hammer BE, Pangrle BJ, Ritenour ER, Kucharczyk J, Truwit CL. MRI compatibility and visibility assessment of implanta-ble medical devices. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;9:596-603. (Pubitemid 29194300)
106. Scott NA, Pettigrew RI. Absence of movement of coronary stents after placement in a magnetic resonance imaging field. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:900-901.
107. Syed MA, Carlson K, Murphy M, Ingkanisorn WP, Rhoads KL, Arai AE. Long-term safety of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging performed in the first few days after bare-metal stent implantation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;24:1056-1061. (Pubitemid 44658243)
108. Shellock FG, Forder JR. Drug eluting coronary stent: in vitro evaluation of magnet resonance safety at 3 Tesla. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2005;7:415-419. (Pubitemid 40563331)
109. Kribben A, Witzke O, Hillen U, Barkhausen J, Daul AE, Erbel R. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53:1621-1628.
110. Raman SV, Simonetti OP, Winner MW III, Dickerson JA, He X, Mazzaferri EL Jr, Ambrosio G. Cardiac magnetic resonance with edema imaging identifies myocardium at risk and predicts worse outcome in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2480-2488.
111. Mewton N, Croisille P, Gahide G, Rioufol G, Bonnefoy E, Sanchez I, Cung TT, Sportouch C, Angoulvant D, Finet G, André-Fouët X, Derumeaux G, Piot C, Vernhet H, Revel D, Ovize M. Effect of cyclosporine on left ventricular remodeling after reperfused myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1200-1205.
112. Wöhrle J, Merkle N, Mailänder V, Nusser T, Schauwecker P, von Scheidt F, Schwarz K, Bommer M, Wiesneth M, Schrezenmeier H, Hombach V. Results of intracoronary stem cell therapy after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2010;105:804-812.
113. Sardella G, Mancone M, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Agati L, Scardala R, Carbone I, Francone M, Di Roma A, Benedetti G, Conti G, Fedele F. Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention improbe myocardial reper-fusion and reduces infarct size. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:309-315.
114. Oostendorp M, Douma K, Wagenaar A, Slenter JM, Hackeng TM, van Zandvoort MA, Post MJ, Backes WH. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial angiogenesis after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2010;121:775-783.