The onset of lactase persistence in Europe

Human Heredity

Volumn 76, Issue 3-4, 2014, Pages 154-161

  Gerbault, Pascale ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Allele surfing; Ancient DNA; Lactase persistence; Neolithic period; Positive selection

Indexed keywords

LACTASE;

ARCHEOLOGY; CAUCASIAN; CONFERENCE PAPER; DAIRYING; DEMOGRAPHY; EUROPE; EVOLUTION; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; LACTASE PERSISTENCE; NATURAL SELECTION; POPULATION GENETICS; GENETIC SELECTION; GENETICS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; ALLELE; CONVERGENT EVOLUTION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EUROPEAN; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC DRIFT; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HAPLOTYPE; MESOLITHIC; NEOLITHIC; NONHUMAN; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

DAIRYING; DEMOGRAPHY; EUROPE; HUMANS; LACTASE; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT, HERITABLE; SELECTION, GENETIC;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 84901497226     PISSN: 00015652     EISSN: 14230062     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000360136     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (103)

1. Arribas JC, Herrero AG, Martín-Lomas M,Cañada FJ, He S, Withers SG. Differentialmechanism-based labeling and unequivocalactivity assignment of the two active sites ofintestinal lactase/phlorizin hydrolase. Eur JBiochem 2000; 267. 6996-7005.
2. Swallow DM. Genetic influences on carbohydratedigestion. Nutr Res Rev 2003; 16. 37-43.
3. Ingram CJ, Swallow DM. Lactose malabsorption,in McSweeney PLH, Fox PF (eds). AdvancedDairy Chemistry-Volume 3. Lactose,Water, Salts and Minor Constituents, NewYork, Springer, 2009, pp 203-229.
4. Troelsen JT. Adult-type hypolactasia and regulationof lactase expression. Biochim BiophysActa 2005; 1723. 19-32.
5. Itan Y, Jones BL, Ingram CJ, Swallow DM,Thomas MG. A worldwide correlation of lactasepersistence phenotype and genotypes.BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10. 36.
6. Bersaglieri T, Sabeti PC, Patterson N, VanderploegT, Schaffner SF, Drake JA, Rhodes M,Reich DE, Hirschhorn JN. Genetic signaturesof strong recent positive selection at the lactasegene. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74. 1111-1120.
7. Voight BF, Kudaravalli S, Wen X, PritchardJK. A map of recent positive selection in thehuman genome. PLoS Biol 2006; 4.e72.
8. Sabeti PC, Schaffner SF, Fry B, Lohmueller J,Varilly P, Shamovsky O, Palma A, MikkelsenTS, Altshuler D, Lander ES. Positive naturalselection in the human lineage. Science 2006;312. 1614-1620.
9. Coelho M, Luiselli D, Bertorelle G, Lopes AI,Seixas S, Destro-Bisol G, Rocha J. Microsatellitevariation and evolution of human lactasepersistence. Hum Genet 2005; 117. 329-339.
10. Hofer T, Foll M, Excoffier L. Evolutionaryforces shaping genomic islands of populationdifferentiation in humans. BMC Genomics2012; 13. 107.
11. Akey JM, Zhang G, Zhang K, Jin L, ShriverMD. Interrogating a high-density SNP mapfor signatures of natural selection. GenomeRes 2002; 12. 1805-1814.
12. Fang L, Ahn JK, Wodziak D, Sibley E. Thehuman lactase persistence-associated SNP-13910 * T enables in vivo functional persistenceof lactase promoter-reporter transgeneexpression. Hum Genet 2012; 131. 1153-1159.
13. Olds LC, Sibley E. Lactase persistence DNAvariant enhances lactase promoter activity invitro. functional role as a cis regulatory element.Hum Mol Genet 2003; 12. 2333-2340.
14. Troelsen JT, Olsen J, Møller J, Sjöström H. Anupstream polymorphism associated with lactasepersistence has increased enhancer activity.Gastroenterology 2003; 125. 1686-1694.
15. Peter BM, Huerta-Sanchez E, Nielsen R. Distinguishingbetween selective sweeps fromstanding variation and from a de novo mutation.PLoS Genet 2012; 8.e1003011.
16. Gerbault P, Moret C, Currat M, Sanchez-MazasA. Impact of selection and demography onthe diffusion of lactase persistence. PLoS One2009; 4.e6369.
17. Itan Y, Powell A, Beaumont MA, Burger J,Thomas MG. The origins of lactase persistencein Europe. PLoS Comput Biol 2009;5.e1000491.
18. Mulcare CA. The Evolution of the LactasePersistence Phenotype; thesis, University ofLondon, London, 2006.
19. Imtiaz F, Savilahti E, Sarnesto A, Trabzuni D,Al-Kahtani K, Kagevi I, Rashed MS, MeyerBF, Järvelä I. The T/G 13915 variant upstreamof the lactase gene (LCT) is the founder alleleof lactase persistence in an urban Saudi population.J Med Genet 2007; 44.e89.
20. Ingram CJ, Elamin MF, Mulcare CA, WealeME, Tarekegn A, Raga TO, Bekele E, ElaminFM, Thomas MG, Bradman N, Swallow DM.A novel polymorphism associated with lactosetolerance in Africa. multiple causes forlactase persistence? Hum Genet 2007; 120.779-788.
21. Ingram CJ, Raga TO, Tarekegn A, BrowningSL, Elamin MF, Bekele E, Thomas MG, WealeME, Bradman N, Swallow DM. Multiple rarevariants as a cause of a common phenotype.several different lactase persistence associatedalleles in a single ethnic group. J Mol Evol2009; 69. 579-588.
22. Jones BL, Raga TO, Liebert A, Zmarz P,Bekele E, Danielsen ET, Olsen AK, BradmanN, Troelsen JT, Swallow DM. Diversity of lactasepersistence alleles in Ethiopia. signatureof a soft selective sweep. Am J Hum Genet2013; 93. 538-544.
23. Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Ranciaro A, VoightBF, Babbitt CC, Silverman JS, Powell K,Mortensen HM, Hirbo JB, Osman M, IbrahimM, Omar SA, Lema G, Nyambo TB,Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Pritchard JK, WrayGA, Deloukas P. Convergent adaptation ofhuman lactase persistence in Africa and Europe.Nat Genet 2007; 39. 31-40.
24. Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, TerwilligerJD, Peltonen L, Järvelä I. Identification of avariant associated with adult-type hypolactasia.Nat Genet 2002; 30. 233-237.
25. Enattah NS, Trudeau A, Pimenoff V, MaiuriL, Auricchio S, Greco L, Rossi M, Lentze M,Seo JK, Rahgozar S, Khalil I, Alifrangis M, NatahS, Groop L, Shaat N, Kozlov A, VerschubskayaG, Comas D, Bulayeva K, Mehdi SQ,Terwilliger JD, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Perola M,Sajantila A, Järvelä I, Peltonen L. Evidence ofstill-ongoing convergence evolution of thelactase persistence T-13910 alleles in humans.Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81. 615-625.
26. Gerbault P, Liebert A, Itan Y, Powell A, CurratM, Burger J, Swallow DM, Thomas MG.Evolution of lactase persistence. an exampleof human niche construction. Philos Trans RSoc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366. 863-877.
27. Leonardi M, Gerbault P, Thomas GM, BurgerJ. The evolution of lactase persistence in Europe.A synthesis of archaeological and geneticevidence. Int Dairy J 2012; 22. 88-97.
28. Ingram CJ, Mulcare CA, Itan Y, Thomas MG,Swallow DM. Lactose digestion and the evolutionarygenetics of lactase persistence. HumGenet 2009; 124. 579-591.
29. Holden C, Mace R. Phylogenetic analysis ofthe evolution of lactose digestion in adults.Hum Biol 1997; 69. 605-628.
30. Simoons FJ. Primary adult lactose intoleranceand the milking habit. a problem in biologicand cultural interrelations. II. A culture historicalhypothesis. Am J Dig Dis 1970; 15. 695-710.
31. Shennan S. Evolutionary demography and thepopulation history of the European earlyNeolithic. Hum Biol 2009; 81. 339-355.
32. Shennan S, Downey SS, Timpson A, EdinboroughK, Colledge S, Kerig T, Manning K,Thomas MG. Regional population collapsefollowed initial agriculture booms in mid-Holocene Europe. Nat Commun 2013; 4. 2486.
33. Bramanti B, Thomas MG, Haak W, UnterlaenderM, Jores P, Tambets K, Antanaitis-Jacobs I, Haidle MN, Jankauskas R, Kind CJ,Lueth F, Terberger T, Hiller J, Matsumura S,Forster P, Burger J. Genetic discontinuity betweenlocal hunter-gatherers and central Europe'sfirst farmers. Science 2009; 326. 137-140.
34. Malmstrom H, Gilbert MT, Thomas MG,Brandström M, Storå J, Molnar P, AndersenPK, Bendixen C, Holmlund G, GötherströmA, Willerslev E. Ancient DNA reveals lack ofcontinuity between neolithic hunter-gatherersand contemporary Scandinavians. CurrBiol 2009; 19. 1758-1762.
35. Skoglund P, Malmström H, Raghavan M,Storå J, Hall P, Willerslev E, Gilbert MT,Götherström A, Jakobsson M. Origins and geneticlegacy of Neolithic farmers and huntergatherersin Europe. Science 2012; 336. 466-469.
36. Zvelebil M. The social context of the agriculturaltransition in Europe; in Renfrew C,Boyle K (eds). Archaeogenetics. DNA and thePopulation Prehistory of Europe. Cambridge,McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,2000, pp 57-79.
37. Currat M. Consequences of population expansionson European genetic diversity; inKaiser E, Burger J, Schier W (eds). PopulationDynamics in Prehistory and Early History.New Approaches Using Stable Isotopesand Genetics. Berlin, De Gruyter, 2012, vol 5,pp 3-15.
38. Ammerman AJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL. The NeolithicTransition and the Genetics of Populationsin Europe. Princeton, Princeton UniversityPress, 1984.
39. Bocquet-Appel JP, Naji S. Testing the hypothesisof a worldwide Neolithic demographictransition. Corroboration from Americancemeteries (with comments). Curr Anthropol2006; 47. 341-365.
40. Shennan S, Edinborough K. Prehistoric populationhistory. from the Late Glacial to theLate Neolithic in Central and Northern Europe.J Archaeol Sci 2007; 34. 1339-1345.
41. Vigne JD. Zooarchaeological aspects of theNeolithic diet transition in the Near East andEurope, and their putative relationships withthe Neolithic demographic transition; in Bocquet-Appel JP, Bar-Yosef O (eds). The NeolithicDemographic Transition and Its Consequences.Houten, Springer, 2008, pp 179-205.
42. Vigne JD, Carrere I, Guilaine J. Unstable statusor early domestic ungulates in the NearEast. the example of Shillourokambos (Cyprus,IX-VIIIth millenia cal. BC); in GuilaineJ, Le Brun A (eds). Actes du colloque internationalorganisé par le Département des Antiquitésde Chypre et l'École française d'Athènes.Nicosia, École française d'Athènes, 2001.
43. Balasse M, Tresset A. Early weaning of Neolithicdomestic cattle (Bercy, France) revealedby intra-tooth variation in nitrogen isotoperatios. J Archaeol Sci 2002; 29. 853-859.
44. Helmer D, Gourichon LL, Vila E. The developmentof the exploitation of products fromCapra and Ovis (meat, milk and fleece) fromthe PPNB to the Early Bronze in the northernNear East (8700 to 2000 BC cal.). Anthropozoologica2007; 42. 41-69.
45. Evershed RP, Payne S, Sherratt AG, CopleyMS, Coolidge J, Urem-Kotsu D, Kotsakis K,Ozdo?an M, Ozdo?an AE, Nieuwenhuyse O,Akkermans PM, Bailey D, Andeescu RR,Campbell S, Farid S, Hodder I, Yalman N,Ozba?aran M, Biçakci E, Garfinkel Y, Levy T,Burton MM. Earliest date for milk use in theNear East and southeastern Europe linked tocattle herding. Nature 2008; 455. 528-531.
46. Craig OE, Chapman J, Heron C, Willis LH,Bartosiewicz L, Taylor G, Whittle A, CollinsM. Did the first farmers of central and easternEurope produce dairy foods? Antiquity 2005;79. 882-894.
47. Copley MS, Berstan R, Mukherjee AJ, DuddSN, Straker V, Payne S, Evershed PR. Dairyingin antiquity. III. Evidence from absorbedlipid residues dating to the British Neolithic.J Archaeol Sci 2005; 32. 523-546.
48. Malmström H, Linderholm A, Lidén K, StoråJ, Molnar P, Holmlund G, Jakobsson M,Götherström A. High frequency of lactose intolerancein a prehistoric hunter-gathererpopulation in northern Europe. BMC EvolBiol 2010; 10. 89.
49. Plantinga TS, Alonso S, Izagirre N, HervellaM, Fregel R, van der Meer JW, Netea MG, dela Rúa C. Low prevalence of lactase persistencein Neolithic South-West Europe. Eur JHum Genet 2012; 20. 778-782.
50. Burger J, Kirchner M, Bramanti B, Haak W,Thomas MG. Absence of the lactase-persistence-associated allele in early Neolithic Europeans.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104.3736-3741.
51. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX, Brucato N,Duranthon F, Guilaine J, Crubézy E, Ludes B.Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion throughthe Neolithic Mediterranean route. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 2011; 108. 9788-9791.
52. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX, Brucato N,Tarrús J, Bosch A, Guilaine J, Crubézy E,Ludes B. Ancient DNA suggests the leadingrole played by men in the Neolithic dissemination.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108.18255-18259.
53. Nagy D, Bogácsi-Szabó E, Várkonyi A, CsányiB, Czibula A, Bede O, Tari B, Raskó I. Prevalenceof adult-type hypolactasia as diagnosedwith genetic and lactose hydrogen breath testsin Hungarians. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63. 909-912.
54. Hermisson J, Pennings PS. Soft sweeps. molecularpopulation genetics of adaptationfrom standing genetic variation. Genetics2005; 169. 2335-2352.
55. Enattah NS, Jensen TG, Nielsen M, LewinskiR, Kuokkanen M, Rasinpera H, El-Shanti H,Seo JK, Alifrangis M, Khalil IF, Natah A, AliA, Natah S, Comas D, Mehdi SQ, Groop L,Vestergaard EM, Imtiaz F, Rashed MS, MeyerB, Troelsen J, Peltonen L. Independent introductionof two lactase-persistence alleles intohuman populations reflects different historyof adaptation to milk culture. Am J Hum Genet2008; 82. 57-72.
56. Garrigan D, Kingan SB, Pilkington MM,Wilder JA, Cox MP, Soodyall H, StrassmannB, Destro-Bisol G, de Knijff P, Novelletto A,Friedlaender J, Hammer MF. Inferring humanpopulation sizes, divergence times andrates of gene flow from mitochondrial, X andY chromosome resequencing data. Genetics2007; 177. 2195-2207.
57. Li H, Durbin R. Inference of human populationhistory from individual whole-genomesequences. Nature 2011; 475. 493-496.
58. Poulter M, Hollox E, Harvey CB, Mulcare C,Peuhkuri K, Kajander K, Sarner M, KorpelaR, Swallow DM. The causal element for thelactase persistence/non- persistence polymorphismis located in a 1 Mb region of linkagedisequilibrium in Europeans. Ann Hum Genet2003; 67(Pt 4).298-311.
59. Anagnostou P, Battaggia C, Coia V, Capelli C,Fabbri C, Pettener D, Destro-Bisol G, LuiselliD. Tracing the distribution and evolution oflactase persistence in Southern Europethrough the study of the T(-13910) variant.Am J Hum Biol 2009; 21. 217-219.
60. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL.Mutations arising in the wave front of an expandingpopulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2004; 101. 975-979.
61. Klopfstein S, Currat M, Excoffier L. The fateof mutations surfing on the wave of a rangeexpansion. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23. 482-490.
62. Excoffier L, Foll M, Petit RJ. Genetic consequencesof range expansions. Ann Rev EcolEvol Syst 2009; 40. 481-501.
63. Excoffier L, Ray N. Surfing during populationexpansions promotes genetic revolutions andstructuration. Trends Ecol Evol 2008; 23. 347-351.
64. François O, Currat M, Ray N, Han E, ExcoffierL, Novembre J. Principal componentanalysis under population genetic models ofrange expansion and admixture. Mol BiolEvol 2010; 27. 1257-1268.
65. Hallatschek O, Nelson DR. Life at the front ofan expanding population. Evolution 2009; 64.193-206.
66. von Cramon-Taubadel N, Pinhasi R. Craniometricdata support a mosaic model of demicand cultural Neolithic diffusion to outlyingregions of Europe. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278.2874-2880.
67. Currat M, Excoffier L. Modern humans didnot admix with Neanderthals during theirrange expansion into Europe. PLoS Biol 2004;2.e421.
68. Currat M, Ruedi M, Petit RJ, Excoffier L. Thehidden side of invasions. massive introgressionby local genes. Evolution 2008; 62. 1908-1920.
69. Gonzalez-Samperiz P, Utrilla P, Mazo C,Valero-Garcés B, Sopena MC, Morellón M,Sebastián M, Moreno A, Martínez-Bea M.Patterns of human occupation during the earlyHolocene in the Central Ebro Basin (NESpain) in response to the 8.2 ka climatic event.Quat Res (Orlando) 2009; 71. 121-132.
70. Turney C, Brown H. Catastrophic early Holocenesea level rise, human migration and theNeolithic transition in Europe. Quat Sci Rev2007; 26. 2036-2041.
71. Weninger B, Alram-Stern E, Bauer E, Clare L,Danzeglocke U, Jöris O, Kubatzki C, RollefsonG, Todorova H, van Andel T. Climateforcing due to the 8200 cal yr BP event observedat Early Neolithic sites in the easternMediterranean. Quat Res 2006; 66. 401-420.
72. Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N, HoltSH, Speth JD. Plant-animal subsistence ratiosand macronutrient energy estimations inworldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am J ClinNutr 2000; 71. 682-692.
73. Luca F, Perry GH, Di Rienzo A. Evolutionaryadaptations to dietary changes. Annu RevNutr 2010; 30. 291-314.
74. Richards MP. A brief review of the archaeologicalevidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithicsubsistence. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56. 16 p following1262.
75. Lösch S, Grupe G, Peters J. Stable isotopes anddietary adaptations in humans and animals atpre-pottery Neolithic Nevali Cori, southeastAnatolia. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006; 131.181-193.
76. Bogucki PI. Ceramic sieves of the linear potteryculture and their economic implications.Oxf J Archaeol 1984; 3. 15-30.
77. Salque M, Bogucki PI, Pyzel J, Sobkowiak-Tabaka I, Grygiel R, Szmyt M, Evershed RP.Earliest evidence for cheese making in thesixth millennium BC in northern Europe. Nature2013; 493. 522-525.
78. Cockram J, Jones H, Leigh FJ, O'Sullivan D,Powell W, Laurie DA, Greenland AJ. Controlof flowering time in temperate cereals. genes,domestication, and sustainable productivity.J Exp Bot 2007; 58. 1231-1244.
79. Fu D, Sz?cs P, Yan L, Helguera M, Skinner JS,von Zitzewitz J, Hayes PM, Dubcovsky J.Large deletions within the first intron inVRN-1 are associated with spring growthhabit in barley and wheat. Mol Genet Genomics2005; 273. 54-65.
80. Stevens CJ, Fuller DQ. Did Neolithic farmingfail? The case for a Bronze Age agriculturalrevolution in the British Isles. Antiquity 2012;86. 707-722.
81. Wu W, Zheng XM, Lu G, Zhong Z, Gao H,Chen L, Wu C, Wang HJ, Wang Q, Zhou K,Wang JL, Wu F, Zhang X, Guo X, Cheng Z, LeiC, Lin Q, Jiang L, Wang H, Ge S, Wan J. Associationof functional nucleotide polymorphismsat DTH2 with the northward expansionof rice cultivation in Asia. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2013; 110. 2775-2780.
82. Flatz G, Rotthauwe HW. Lactose nutritionand natural selection. Lancet 1973; 2. 76-77.
83. Richards MP, Schulting RJ, Hedges RE. Archaeology.sharp shift in diet at onset of Neolithic.Nature 2003; 425. 366.
84. Eshed V, Gopher A, Pinhasi R, Hershkovitz I.Paleopathology and the origin of agriculturein the Levant. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010; 143.121-133.
85. Holt BM, Formicola V. Hunters of the IceAge. the biology of Upper Paleolithic people.Am J Phys Anthropol 2008;(SUPPL. 47).70-99.
86. Larsen CS. Biological changes in human populationsassociated with agriculture. AnnuRev Anthropol 1995; 24. 185-213.
87. Basit S. Vitamin D in health and disease. a literaturereview. Br J Biomed Sci 2013; 70. 161-172.
88. Bouillon R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Willett W. VitaminD and health. perspectives from miceand man. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23. 974-979.
89. Durham WH. The relationship of genes andculture; in Durham WH (ed). Coevolution.Genes, Culture and Human Diversity. Stanford,Stanford University Press, 1991, pp 154-225.
90. Durham WH. Cultural mediation. the evolutionof adult lactose absorption, in DurhamWH (ed). Coevolution. Genes, Culture andHuman Diversity. Stanford, Stanford UniversityPress, 1991, pp 226-285.
91. Laland KN. Exploring gene-culture interactions.insights from handedness, sexual selectionand niche-construction case studies. PhilosTrans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363.3577-3589.
92. Laland KN, Odling-Smee J, Myles S. How cultureshaped the human genome. bringing geneticsand the human sciences together. NatRev Genet 2010; 11. 137-148.
93. Hancock AM, Witonsky DB, Ehler E, Alkorta-Aranburu G, Beall C, Gebremedhin A,Sukernik R, Utermann G, Pritchard J, CoopG, Di Rienzo A. Colloquium paper. humanadaptations to diet, subsistence, and ecoregionare due to subtle shifts in allele frequency.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107(SUPPL.2).8924-8930.
94. Berstan R, Stott AW, Minnitt S, BronkRamsey C, Hedges REM, Evershed RP. Directdating of pottery from its organic residues.new precision using compound-specific carbonisotopes. Antiquity 2008; 82. 702-713.
95. Copley MS, Berstan R, Dudd SN, Aillaud S,Mukherjee AJ, Straker V, Payne S, EvershedRP. Processing of milk products in potteryvessels through British prehistory. Antiquity2005; 79. 895-908.
96. Gregg MW, Banning EB, Gibbs K, Slater GF.Subsistence practices and pottery use inNeolithic Jordan. molecular and isotopic evidence.J Archaeol Sci 2009; 36. 937-946.
97. Mirabaud S, Rolando C, Regert M. Molecularcriteria for discriminating adipose fat andmilk from different species by nanoESI MSand MS/MS of their triacylglycerols. applicationto archaeological remains. Anal Chem2007; 79. 6182-6192.
98. Salque M, et al. Erratum to. New insightsinto the Early Neolithic economy and managementof animals in Southern and CentralEurope revealed using lipid residue analysesof pottery vessels. Anthropozoologica 2012;47. 45-62.
99. Gerbault P, Roffet-Salque M, Evershed RP,Thomas MG. How long have adult humansbeen consuming milk? IUBMB Life 2013; 65.983-990.
100. Mdry E, Lisowska A, Kwiecie J, MarciniakR, Korzon-Burakowska A, Drzymała-CzyS, Mojs E, Walkowiak J. Adult-type hypolactasiaand lactose malabsorption in Poland.Acta Biochim Pol 2010; 57. 585-588.
101. Nagy D, Tömöry G, Csányi B, Bogácsi- SzabóE, Czibula Á, Priskin K, Bede O, BartosiewiczL, Downes CS, Raskó I. Comparison oflactase persistence polymorphism in ancientand present-day Hungarian populations.Am J Phys Anthropol 2011; 145. 262-269.
102. Ptoszaj T, Jedrychowska-Danska K, WitasHW. Frequency of lactase persistence genotypein a healthy Polish population. Cent EurJ Biol 2011; 6. 176-179.
103. Smith GD, Lawlor DA, Timpson NJ, BabanJ, Kiessling M, Day IN, Ebrahim S. Lactasepersistence-related genetic variant. populationsubstructure and health outcomes. EurJ Hum Genet 2009; 17. 357-367.