메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 143, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 1259-1276

Recalibrating gender perception: Face aftereffects and the perceptual underpinnings of gender-related biases

Author keywords

Face perception; Gender bias; Gendered phenotypes; Social vision; Visual aftereffects

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADULT; FACE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; SEXISM;

EID: 84901307672     PISSN: 00963445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0034516     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 79956369575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Josh wears pink cleats:" Inclusive masculinity on the soccer field
    • doi:10.1080/ 00918369.2011.563654
    • Adams, A. (2011). "Josh wears pink cleats:" Inclusive masculinity on the soccer field. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 579-596. doi:10.1080/ 00918369.2011.563654
    • (2011) Journal of Homosexuality , vol.58 , pp. 579-596
    • Adams, A.1
  • 2
    • 0000241449 scopus 로고
    • An account of a peculiar optical phenomenon seen after having looked at a moving body
    • Addams, R. (1834). An account of a peculiar optical phenomenon seen after having looked at a moving body. London and Edinburgh Magazine and Journal of Science, 5, 373-374.
    • (1834) London and Edinburgh Magazine and Journal of Science , vol.5 , pp. 373-374
    • Addams, R.1
  • 4
    • 33747161053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orthodox and inclusive masculinity: Competing masculinities among heterosexual men in a feminized terrain
    • doi:10.1525/sop.2005.48.3.337
    • Anderson, E. (2005). Orthodox and inclusive masculinity: Competing masculinities among heterosexual men in a feminized terrain. Sociological Perspectives, 48, 337-355. doi:10.1525/sop.2005.48.3.337
    • (2005) Sociological Perspectives , vol.48 , pp. 337-355
    • Anderson, E.1
  • 5
    • 38049123760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inclusive masculinity in a fraternal setting
    • doi:10.1177/1097184X06291907
    • Anderson, E. (2008). Inclusive masculinity in a fraternal setting. Men and Masculinities, 10, 604-620. doi:10.1177/1097184X06291907
    • (2008) Men and Masculinities , vol.10 , pp. 604-620
    • Anderson, E.1
  • 7
    • 15944371558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of synthetic face adaptation
    • doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005 .01.012
    • Anderson, N. D., & Wilson, H. R. (2005). The nature of synthetic face adaptation. Vision Research, 45, 1815-1828. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005 .01.012
    • (2005) Vision Research , vol.45 , pp. 1815-1828
    • Anderson, N.D.1    Wilson, H.R.2
  • 8
    • 0014307363 scopus 로고
    • Likeableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words
    • doi:10.1037/h0025907
    • Anderson, N. H. (1968). Likeableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 272-279. doi:10.1037/h0025907
    • (1968) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.9 , pp. 272-279
    • Anderson, N.H.1
  • 9
    • 59949088367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Face adaptation and attractiveness aftereffects in 8-year-olds and adults
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01253.x
    • Anzures, G., Mondloch, C. J., & Lackner, C. (2009). Face adaptation and attractiveness aftereffects in 8-year-olds and adults. Child Development, 80, 178-191. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01253.x
    • (2009) Child Development , vol.80 , pp. 178-191
    • Anzures, G.1    Mondloch, C.J.2    Lackner, C.3
  • 10
    • 40649108322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-contingent face aftereffects depend on perceptual category rather than structural encoding
    • doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.07.018
    • Bestelmeyer, P. E. G., Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., Little, A. C., Perrett, D. I., Schneider, A., . . . Conway, C. A. (2008). Sex-contingent face aftereffects depend on perceptual category rather than structural encoding. Cognition, 107, 353-365. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.07.018
    • (2008) Cognition , vol.107 , pp. 353-365
    • Bestelmeyer, P.E.G.1    Jones, B.C.2    DeBruine, L.M.3    Little, A.C.4    Perrett, D.I.5    Schneider, A.6    Conway, C.A.7
  • 11
    • 84869213862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Treating" prejudice: An exposuretherapy approach to reducing negative reactions toward stigmatized groups
    • doi:10.1177/ 0956797612443838
    • Birtel, M. D., & Crisp, R. J. (2012). "Treating" prejudice: An exposuretherapy approach to reducing negative reactions toward stigmatized groups. Psychological Science, 23, 1379-1386. doi:10.1177/ 0956797612443838
    • (2012) Psychological Science , vol.23 , pp. 1379-1386
    • Birtel, M.D.1    Crisp, R.J.2
  • 12
    • 85028639150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces, Los Angeles
    • CA: Addison Wesley Longman.
    • Blanz, V., & Vetter, T. (1999). A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual SIGGRAPH Meeting (pp. 187-194). Los Angeles, CA: Addison Wesley Longman.
    • (1999) In Proceedings of the 26th Annual SIGGRAPH Meeting , pp. 187-194
    • Blanz, V.1    Vetter, T.2
  • 13
    • 33747395862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual adaptation to masculine and feminine faces influences generalized preferences and perceptions of trustworthiness
    • doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.03.001
    • Buckingham, G., DeBruine, L. M., Little, A. C., Welling, L. M., Conway, C. A., Tiddeman, B. P., & Jones, B. C. (2006). Visual adaptation to masculine and feminine faces influences generalized preferences and perceptions of trustworthiness. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 381-389. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.03.001
    • (2006) Evolution and Human Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 381-389
    • Buckingham, G.1    DeBruine, L.M.2    Little, A.C.3    Welling, L.M.4    Conway, C.A.5    Tiddeman, B.P.6    Jones, B.C.7
  • 14
    • 84867494281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appearance-based politics: Sex-typed facial cues communicate political party affiliation
    • doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012 .08.009
    • Carpinella, C. M., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Appearance-based politics: Sex-typed facial cues communicate political party affiliation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 156-160. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012 .08.009
    • (2013) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 156-160
    • Carpinella, C.M.1    Johnson, K.L.2
  • 18
    • 79751536436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go?
    • doi:10.1007/ s11199-010-9929-5
    • Collins, R. L. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go?. Sex Roles, 64, 290-298. doi:10.1007/ s11199-010-9929-5
    • (2011) Sex Roles , vol.64 , pp. 290-298
    • Collins, R.L.1
  • 19
    • 33744808811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A procedure for evaluating sensitivity to within-person change: Can mood measures in diary studies detect change reliably?
    • doi:10.1177/ 0146167206287721
    • Cranford, J. A., Shrout, P. E., Iida, M., Rafaeli, E., Yip, T., & Bolger, N. (2006). A procedure for evaluating sensitivity to within-person change: Can mood measures in diary studies detect change reliably?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 917-929. doi:10.1177/ 0146167206287721
    • (2006) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.32 , pp. 917-929
    • Cranford, J.A.1    Shrout, P.E.2    Iida, M.3    Rafaeli, E.4    Yip, T.5    Bolger, N.6
  • 20
    • 85047683742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.800
    • Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.800
    • (2001) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 800-814
    • Dasgupta, N.1    Greenwald, A.G.2
  • 21
    • 84992778076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dubious equality: Men, women and cosmetic surgery
    • doi:10.1177/1357034X02008001003
    • Davis, K. (2002). A dubious equality: Men, women and cosmetic surgery. Body & Society, 8, 49-65. doi:10.1177/1357034X02008001003
    • (2002) Body & Society , vol.8 , pp. 49-65
    • Davis, K.1
  • 22
    • 79953234805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving intergroup relations through direct, extended and other forms of indirect contact
    • doi:10.1177/ 1368430210390555
    • Dovidio, J. F., Eller, A., & Hewstone, M. (2011). Improving intergroup relations through direct, extended and other forms of indirect contact. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14, 147-160. doi:10.1177/ 1368430210390555
    • (2011) Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , vol.14 , pp. 147-160
    • Dovidio, J.F.1    Eller, A.2    Hewstone, M.3
  • 23
    • 77953328539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup bias
    • In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
    • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Intergroup bias. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 1084-1121). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
    • (2010) Handbook of social psychology , pp. 1084-1121
    • Dovidio, J.F.1    Gaertner, S.L.2
  • 26
    • 35448981554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfer of the face viewpoint aftereffect from adaptation to different and inverted faces
    • doi:10.1167/7.13.6
    • Fang, F., Ijichi, K., & He, S. (2007). Transfer of the face viewpoint aftereffect from adaptation to different and inverted faces. Journal of Vision, 7, 1-9. doi:10.1167/7.13.6
    • (2007) Journal of Vision , vol.7 , pp. 1-9
    • Fang, F.1    Ijichi, K.2    He, S.3
  • 27
    • 34547349093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why is muscularity sexy? Tests of the fitness indicator hypothesis
    • doi:10.1177/0146167207303022
    • Frederick, D. A., & Haselton, M. G. (2007). Why is muscularity sexy? Tests of the fitness indicator hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1167-1183. doi:10.1177/0146167207303022
    • (2007) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.33 , pp. 1167-1183
    • Frederick, D.A.1    Haselton, M.G.2
  • 28
  • 29
    • 34147181536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body projects and the regulation of normative masculinity
    • doi: 10.1177/1357034X05049849
    • Gill, R., Henwood, K., & McLean, C. (2005). Body projects and the regulation of normative masculinity. Body & Society, 11, 37-62. doi: 10.1177/1357034X05049849
    • (2005) Body & Society , vol.11 , pp. 37-62
    • Gill, R.1    Henwood, K.2    McLean, C.3
  • 30
    • 79953254050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When extended contact opens the door to future contact: Testing the effects of extended contact on attitudes and intergroup expectancies in majority and minority groups
    • doi: 10.1177/1368430210391119
    • Gómez, A., Tropp, L. R., & Fernández, S. (2011). When extended contact opens the door to future contact: Testing the effects of extended contact on attitudes and intergroup expectancies in majority and minority groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14, 161-173. doi: 10.1177/1368430210391119
    • (2011) Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , vol.14 , pp. 161-173
    • Gómez, A.1    Tropp, L.R.2    Fernández, S.3
  • 31
    • 0028502153 scopus 로고
    • Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of symmetry and averageness
    • doi:10.1037/ 0735-7036.108.3.233
    • Grammer, K., & Thronhill, R. (1994). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108, 233-242. doi:10.1037/ 0735-7036.108.3.233
    • (1994) Journal of Comparative Psychology , vol.108 , pp. 233-242
    • Grammer, K.1    Thronhill, R.2
  • 32
    • 34547518229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The first metrosexual rugby star: Rugby union, masculinity, and celebrity in contemporary Wales
    • Harris, J., & Clayton, B. (2007). The first metrosexual rugby star: Rugby union, masculinity, and celebrity in contemporary Wales. Sociology of Sport Journal, 24, 145-164.
    • (2007) Sociology of Sport Journal , vol.24 , pp. 145-164
    • Harris, J.1    Clayton, B.2
  • 33
    • 79959789362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexualizing Sarah Palin: The social and political context of the sexual objectification of female candidates
    • doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9984-6
    • Heldman, C., & Wade, L. (2011). Sexualizing Sarah Palin: The social and political context of the sexual objectification of female candidates. Sex Roles, 65, 156-164. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9984-6
    • (2011) Sex Roles , vol.65 , pp. 156-164
    • Heldman, C.1    Wade, L.2
  • 35
    • 0034357050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological evidence of implicit and explicit categorization processes
    • Ito, T. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2000). Electrophysiological evidence of implicit and explicit categorization processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 660-676.
    • (2000) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 660-676
    • Ito, T.A.1    Cacioppo, J.T.2
  • 36
    • 4644260346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracking the timecourse of social perception: The effects of racial cues on event-related brain potentials
    • doi:10.1177/0146167204264335
    • Ito, T. A., Thompson, E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). Tracking the timecourse of social perception: The effects of racial cues on event-related brain potentials. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1267-1280. doi:10.1177/0146167204264335
    • (2004) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.30 , pp. 1267-1280
    • Ito, T.A.1    Thompson, E.2    Cacioppo, J.T.3
  • 37
    • 33744948295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • View-specific coding of face shape
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280 .2006.01735.x
    • Jeffery, L., Rhodes, G., & Busey, T. (2006). View-specific coding of face shape. Psychological Science, 17, 501-505. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280 .2006.01735.x
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 501-505
    • Jeffery, L.1    Rhodes, G.2    Busey, T.3
  • 38
    • 84855308071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race is gendered: How covarying phenotypes and stereotypes bias sex categorization
    • doi: 10.1037/a0025335
    • Johnson, K. L., Freeman, J. B., & Pauker, K. (2012). Race is gendered: How covarying phenotypes and stereotypes bias sex categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 116-131. doi: 10.1037/a0025335
    • (2012) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.102 , pp. 116-131
    • Johnson, K.L.1    Freeman, J.B.2    Pauker, K.3
  • 39
    • 38249002176 scopus 로고
    • Is beauty in the eye of the beholder?
    • doi:10.1016/0162-3095(93)90005-3
    • Johnston, V. S., & Franklin, M. (1993). Is beauty in the eye of the beholder?. Ethology and Sociobiology, 14, 183-199. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(93)90005-3
    • (1993) Ethology and Sociobiology , vol.14 , pp. 183-199
    • Johnston, V.S.1    Franklin, M.2
  • 40
    • 0000209613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male facial attractiveness: Evidence for hormone-mediated adaptive design
    • doi:10.1016/ S1090-5138(01)00066-6
    • Johnston, V. S., Hagel, R., Franklin, M., Fink, B., & Grammer, K. (2001). Male facial attractiveness: Evidence for hormone-mediated adaptive design. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 251-267. doi:10.1016/ S1090-5138(01)00066-6
    • (2001) Evolution and Human Behavior , vol.22 , pp. 251-267
    • Johnston, V.S.1    Hagel, R.2    Franklin, M.3    Fink, B.4    Grammer, K.5
  • 41
    • 51249161765 scopus 로고
    • Criteria of facial attractiveness in five populations
    • doi:10.1007/BF02692202
    • Jones, D., & Hill, K. (1993). Criteria of facial attractiveness in five populations. Human Nature, 4, 271-296. doi:10.1007/BF02692202
    • (1993) Human Nature , vol.4 , pp. 271-296
    • Jones, D.1    Hill, K.2
  • 42
    • 0000050520 scopus 로고
    • Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives
    • doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.136
    • Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93, 136-153. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.136
    • (1986) Psychological Review , vol.93 , pp. 136-153
    • Kahneman, D.1    Miller, D.T.2
  • 43
    • 84935114044 scopus 로고
    • Gender and the physiognomy of dominance and attractiveness
    • doi:10.2307/ 3033782
    • Keating, C. F. (1985). Gender and the physiognomy of dominance and attractiveness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 61-70. doi:10.2307/ 3033782
    • (1985) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.48 , pp. 61-70
    • Keating, C.F.1
  • 44
    • 19944394341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to complex visual patterns in humans and monkeys
    • In C. W. G. Clifford & G. Rhodes (Eds.), Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529699.003.0008
    • Leopold, D. A., & Bondar, I. (2005). Adaptation to complex visual patterns in humans and monkeys. In C. W. G. Clifford & G. Rhodes (Eds.), Fitting the mind to the world: Adaptation and after-effects in high-level vision (pp. 189-212). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529699.003.0008
    • (2005) Fitting the mind to the world: Adaptation and after-effects in high-level vision , pp. 189-212
    • Leopold, D.A.1    Bondar, I.2
  • 47
    • 84873558114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluency of visual processing explains prejudiced evaluations of minority targets
    • doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.001
    • Lick, D. J., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Fluency of visual processing explains prejudiced evaluations of minority targets. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 419-425. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.001
    • (2013) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 419-425
    • Lick, D.J.1    Johnson, K.L.2
  • 48
    • 0036879388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of masculinity and distinctiveness in judgments of human male facial attractiveness
    • doi:10.1348/ 000712602761381349
    • Little, A. C., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2002). The role of masculinity and distinctiveness in judgments of human male facial attractiveness. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 451-464. doi:10.1348/ 000712602761381349
    • (2002) British Journal of Psychology , vol.93 , pp. 451-464
    • Little, A.C.1    Hancock, P.J.B.2
  • 49
    • 41049106498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partnership status and the temporal context of relationships influence human female preferences for sexual dimorphism in male face shape
    • doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.1984
    • Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., Penton-Voak, I. S., Burt, D. M., & Perrett, D. I. (2002). Partnership status and the temporal context of relationships influence human female preferences for sexual dimorphism in male face shape. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 269, 1095-1100. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.1984
    • (2002) Proceedings of the Royal Society B , vol.269 , pp. 1095-1100
    • Little, A.C.1    Jones, B.C.2    Penton-Voak, I.S.3    Burt, D.M.4    Perrett, D.I.5
  • 50
    • 80855160388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial attractiveness
    • In R. B. Adams, Jr., N. Ambady, & K. Nakayama (Eds.), New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • Little, A. C., & Perrett, D. I. (2011). Facial attractiveness. In R. B. Adams, Jr., N. Ambady, & K. Nakayama (Eds.), The science of social vision (pp. 164-185). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (2011) The science of social vision , pp. 164-185
    • Little, A.C.1    Perrett, D.I.2
  • 52
    • 84949769234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass media
    • In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Esses (Eds.), London, England: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781446200919.n15
    • Mutz, D. C., & Goldman, S. K. (2010). Mass media. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Esses (Eds.), Handbook of prejudice stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 241-258). London, England: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781446200919.n15
    • (2010) Handbook of prejudice stereotyping, and discrimination , pp. 241-258
    • Mutz, D.C.1    Goldman, S.K.2
  • 53
    • 0000583180 scopus 로고
    • Heiderian balance as a group phenomenon
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.40.5.862
    • Newcomb, T. M. (1981). Heiderian balance as a group phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 862-867. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.40.5.862
    • (1981) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 862-867
    • Newcomb, T.M.1
  • 54
    • 34250660105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male facial attractiveness, perceived personality, and child-directed speech
    • doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.03.002
    • Penton-Voak, I. S., Cahill, S., Pound, N., Kempe, V., Schaeffler, S., & Schaeffler, F. (2007). Male facial attractiveness, perceived personality, and child-directed speech. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 253-259. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.03.002
    • (2007) Evolution and Human Behavior , vol.28 , pp. 253-259
    • Penton-Voak, I.S.1    Cahill, S.2    Pound, N.3    Kempe, V.4    Schaeffler, S.5    Schaeffler, F.6
  • 56
    • 0028351708 scopus 로고
    • Facial shape and judgments of female attractiveness
    • doi:10.1038/ 368239a0
    • Perrett, D. I., May, K. A., & Yoshikawa, S. (1994). Facial shape and judgments of female attractiveness. Nature, 368, 239-242. doi:10.1038/ 368239a0
    • (1994) Nature , vol.368 , pp. 239-242
    • Perrett, D.I.1    May, K.A.2    Yoshikawa, S.3
  • 57
    • 84991197705 scopus 로고
    • A prototype matching approach to understanding the role of applicant gender and age in the evaluation of job applicants
    • doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816 .1994.tb01558.x
    • Perry, E. (1994). A prototype matching approach to understanding the role of applicant gender and age in the evaluation of job applicants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1433-1473. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816 .1994.tb01558.x
    • (1994) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 1433-1473
    • Perry, E.1
  • 58
    • 0032376574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup contact theory
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
    • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
    • (1998) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 65-85
    • Pettigrew, T.F.1
  • 59
    • 33745196004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
    • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751-783. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
    • (2006) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.90 , pp. 751-783
    • Pettigrew, T.F.1    Tropp, L.R.2
  • 60
    • 0014313849 scopus 로고
    • On the genesis of abstract ideas
    • doi:10.1037/ h0025953
    • Posner, M. I., & Keele, S. W. (1968). On the genesis of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 353-363. doi:10.1037/ h0025953
    • (1968) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 353-363
    • Posner, M.I.1    Keele, S.W.2
  • 61
    • 0036895179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What women and men should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and don't have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes
    • doi:10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066
    • Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and don't have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 269-281. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066
    • (2002) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.26 , pp. 269-281
    • Prentice, D.A.1    Carranza, E.2
  • 62
    • 84856173347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shifting the prototype: Experience with faces influences affective and attractiveness preferences
    • doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.1.109
    • Principe, C. P., & Langlois, J. H. (2012). Shifting the prototype: Experience with faces influences affective and attractiveness preferences. Social Cognition, 30, 109-120. doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.1.109
    • (2012) Social Cognition , vol.30 , pp. 109-120
    • Principe, C.P.1    Langlois, J.H.2
  • 63
    • 0003420798 scopus 로고
    • Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Sehens in subjektiver Hinsicht [Observations and experiments on the physiology of the senses: New contributions to the knowledge of seeing a subjective point]. Berlin, Germany: Reimer.
    • Purkinje, J. (1825). Beobachtungen und Versuche zur Physiologie der Sinne. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Sehens in subjektiver Hinsicht [Observations and experiments on the physiology of the senses: New contributions to the knowledge of seeing a subjective point]. Berlin, Germany: Reimer.
    • (1825) Beobachtungen und Versuche zur Physiologie der Sinne
    • Purkinje, J.1
  • 64
    • 32544446428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57 .102904.190208
    • Rhodes, G. (2006). The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 199-226. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57 .102904.190208
    • (2006) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.57 , pp. 199-226
    • Rhodes, G.1
  • 65
    • 24144432214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The attractiveness of average faces is not a generalized mere exposure effect
    • doi:10.1521/soco.2005.23.3.205
    • Rhodes, G., Halberstadt, J., Jeffery, L., & Palermo, R. (2005). The attractiveness of average faces is not a generalized mere exposure effect. Social Cognition, 23, 205-217. doi:10.1521/soco.2005.23.3.205
    • (2005) Social Cognition , vol.23 , pp. 205-217
    • Rhodes, G.1    Halberstadt, J.2    Jeffery, L.3    Palermo, R.4
  • 66
    • 0039259207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-typicality and attractiveness: Are supermale and superfemale faces super-attractive?
    • doi:10.1348/000712600161718
    • Rhodes, G., Hickford, C., & Jeffery, L. (2000). Sex-typicality and attractiveness: Are supermale and superfemale faces super-attractive?. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 125-140. doi:10.1348/000712600161718
    • (2000) British Journal of Psychology , vol.91 , pp. 125-140
    • Rhodes, G.1    Hickford, C.2    Jeffery, L.3
  • 67
    • 34547123363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The timecourse of higher-level face aftereffects
    • doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.05.012
    • Rhodes, G., Jeffery, L., Clifford, C. W. G., & Leopold, D. A. (2007). The timecourse of higher-level face aftereffects. Vision Research, 47, 2291-2296. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.05.012
    • (2007) Vision Research , vol.47 , pp. 2291-2296
    • Rhodes, G.1    Jeffery, L.2    Clifford, C.W.G.3    Leopold, D.A.4
  • 68
    • 0346361724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitting the mind to the world: Face adaptation and attractiveness aftereffects
    • doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1465.x
    • Rhodes, G., Jeffery, L., Watson, T. L., Clifford, C. W. G., & Nakayama, K. (2003). Fitting the mind to the world: Face adaptation and attractiveness aftereffects. Psychological Science, 14, 558-566. doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1465.x
    • (2003) Psychological Science , vol.14 , pp. 558-566
    • Rhodes, G.1    Jeffery, L.2    Watson, T.L.3    Clifford, C.W.G.4    Nakayama, K.5
  • 69
    • 84921561888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation and face perception: How aftereffects implicate norm-based coding of faces
    • In C. W. G. Clifford & G. Rhodes (Eds.), Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529699.003.0009
    • Rhodes, G., Robbins, R., Jacquet, E., McKone, E., Jeffery, L., & Clifford, C. W. G. (2005). Adaptation and face perception: How aftereffects implicate norm-based coding of faces. In C. W. G. Clifford & G. Rhodes (Eds.), Fitting the mind to the world: Adaptation and after-effects in high-level vision (pp. 213-240). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529699.003.0009
    • (2005) Fitting the mind to the world: Adaptation and after-effects in high-level vision , pp. 213-240
    • Rhodes, G.1    Robbins, R.2    Jacquet, E.3    McKone, E.4    Jeffery, L.5    Clifford, C.W.G.6
  • 70
    • 0035209960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women
    • doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00239
    • Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743-762. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00239
    • (2001) Journal of Social Issues , vol.57 , pp. 743-762
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Glick, P.2
  • 71
    • 0035538341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits
    • doi:10.1177/0146167201279009
    • Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., & McGhee, D. E. (2001). Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1164-1178. doi:10.1177/0146167201279009
    • (2001) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.27 , pp. 1164-1178
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Greenwald, A.G.2    McGhee, D.E.3
  • 73
    • 27944479542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The parasocial contact hypothesis
    • doi:10.1080/ 0363775052000342544
    • Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72, 92-115. doi:10.1080/ 0363775052000342544
    • (2005) Communication Monographs , vol.72 , pp. 92-115
    • Schiappa, E.1    Gregg, P.B.2    Hewes, D.E.3
  • 74
    • 70449344501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doing gender, doing heteronormativity: "Gender normals," transgender people, and the social maintenance of heterosexuality
    • doi:10.1177/ 0891243209340034
    • Schilt, K., & Westbrook, L. (2009). Doing gender, doing heteronormativity: "Gender normals," transgender people, and the social maintenance of heterosexuality. Gender & Society, 23, 440-464. doi:10.1177/ 0891243209340034
    • (2009) Gender & Society , vol.23 , pp. 440-464
    • Schilt, K.1    Westbrook, L.2
  • 75
    • 33645761955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Masculine = competent? Physical appearance and sex as sources of gender-stereotypic attributions
    • doi:10.1024/1421-0185.65.1.15
    • Sczesny, S., Spreemann, S., & Stahlberg, D. (2006). Masculine = competent? Physical appearance and sex as sources of gender-stereotypic attributions. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 65, 15-23. doi:10.1024/1421-0185.65.1.15
    • (2006) Swiss Journal of Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 15-23
    • Sczesny, S.1    Spreemann, S.2    Stahlberg, D.3
  • 76
    • 0032609357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpersonal processes: The interplay of cognitive, motivational, and behavioral activities in social interaction
    • doi:10.1146/ annurev.psych.50.1.273
    • Snyder, M., & Stukas, A. A., Jr. (1999). Interpersonal processes: The interplay of cognitive, motivational, and behavioral activities in social interaction. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 273-303. doi:10.1146/ annurev.psych.50.1.273
    • (1999) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.50 , pp. 273-303
    • Snyder, M.1    Stukas, A.A.2
  • 77
    • 0016526133 scopus 로고
    • Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity
    • doi:10.1037/h0076857
    • Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 29-39. doi:10.1037/h0076857
    • (1975) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 29-39
    • Spence, J.T.1    Helmreich, R.2    Stapp, J.3
  • 78
    • 30844460976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflections on patterns of masculinity in school settings
    • doi:10.1177/1097184X05282203
    • Swain, J. (2006). Reflections on patterns of masculinity in school settings. Men and Masculinities, 8, 331-349. doi:10.1177/1097184X05282203
    • (2006) Men and Masculinities , vol.8 , pp. 331-349
    • Swain, J.1
  • 79
    • 0002269247 scopus 로고
    • Beauty is in the adaptations of the beholder: The evolutionary psychology of human female sexual attractiveness
    • In P. R. Abramson, & S. D. Pinkerton (Eds.), Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • Symons, D. (1995). Beauty is in the adaptations of the beholder: The evolutionary psychology of human female sexual attractiveness. In P. R. Abramson, & S. D. Pinkerton (Eds.), Sexual nature/sexual culture (pp. 80-118). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1995) Sexual nature/sexual culture , pp. 80-118
    • Symons, D.1
  • 80
    • 80051474644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxytocin administration leads to a preference for masculinized male faces
    • doi:10.1016/j .psyneuen.2011.02.004
    • Theodoridou, A., Rowe, A. C., Rogers, P. J., & Penton-Voak, I. S. (2011). Oxytocin administration leads to a preference for masculinized male faces. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 1257-1260. doi:10.1016/j .psyneuen.2011.02.004
    • (2011) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.36 , pp. 1257-1260
    • Theodoridou, A.1    Rowe, A.C.2    Rogers, P.J.3    Penton-Voak, I.S.4
  • 82
    • 30444441406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shape analysis of female facial attractiveness
    • doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.10.024
    • Valenzano, D. R., Mennucci, A., Tartarelli, G., & Cellerino, A. (2006). Shape analysis of female facial attractiveness. Vision Research, 46, 1282-1291. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.10.024
    • (2006) Vision Research , vol.46 , pp. 1282-1291
    • Valenzano, D.R.1    Mennucci, A.2    Tartarelli, G.3    Cellerino, A.4
  • 83
    • 1842536296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to natural face categories
    • doi: 10.1038/nature02420
    • Webster, M. A., Kaping, D., Mizokami, Y., & Duhamel, P. (2004). Adaptation to natural face categories. Nature, 428, 557-561. doi: 10.1038/nature02420
    • (2004) Nature , vol.428 , pp. 557-561
    • Webster, M.A.1    Kaping, D.2    Mizokami, Y.3    Duhamel, P.4
  • 84
    • 84921559352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation and the phenomenology of perception
    • In C. W. G. Clifford & G. Rhodes (Eds.), Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529699.003.0010
    • Webster, M. A., Werner, J. S., & Field, D. J. (2005). Adaptation and the phenomenology of perception. In C. W. G. Clifford & G. Rhodes (Eds.), Fitting the mind to the world: Adaptation and after-effects in high-level vision (pp. 241-277). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529699.003.0010
    • (2005) Fitting the mind to the world: Adaptation and after-effects in high-level vision , pp. 241-277
    • Webster, M.A.1    Werner, J.S.2    Field, D.J.3
  • 85
    • 84873538412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Don't try to adjust your television-I'm Black: Ruminations on the recurrent controversy over Whiteness on TV
    • Williams, G. (2000). Don't try to adjust your television-I'm Black: Ruminations on the recurrent controversy over Whiteness on TV. Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, 4, 99-136.
    • (2000) Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice , vol.4 , pp. 99-136
    • Williams, G.1
  • 86
    • 33745594300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x
    • Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological Science, 17, 592-598. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 592-598
    • Willis, J.1    Todorov, A.2
  • 87
    • 0031512425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.73
    • Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73-90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.73
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.73 , pp. 73-90
    • Wright, S.C.1    Aron, A.2    McLaughlin-Volpe, T.3    Ropp, S.A.4
  • 89
    • 39749175096 scopus 로고
    • Attitudinal effects of mere exposure
    • doi:10.1037/h0025848
    • Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1-27. doi:10.1037/h0025848
    • (1968) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.9 , pp. 1-27
    • Zajonc, R.B.1
  • 90
    • 0035540661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal
    • doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00154
    • Zajonc, R. B. (2001). Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 224-228. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00154
    • (2001) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.10 , pp. 224-228
    • Zajonc, R.B.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.