Cancer stem cells and metastasis: Emerging themes and therapeutic implications

Stem Cells and Cancer

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 91-109

  Owens, Leah ^a   Tiede, Benjamin ^a   Kang, Yibin ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900714857     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89611-3_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (78)

1. Abraham, B., Fritz, P., McClellan, M., et al. 2005. Prevalence of CD44+/CS24-/low cells in breast cancer may not be associated with clinical outcome but may favor distant metastasis. Clinical Cancer Research 11: 1154-1159.
2. Adams, G., Chabner, K., Alley, I., et al. 2006. Stem cell engraftment at the endosteal niche is specified by the calcium-sensing receptor. Nature 439: 599-603.
3. Al-Hajj, M., Wicha, M., Benito-Hernandez, A., Morrison, S., and Clarke, M. 2003. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 100: 3983-3988.
4. Bachoo, R., Maher, E., Ligon, K., Sharpless, N., Chan, S., et al. 2002. Epidermal growth factor receptor and Ink4a/Arf: convergent mechanisms governing terminal differentiation and transformation along the neural stem cell to astrocyte axis. Cancer Cell 1: 269-277.
5. Balic, M., Lin, H., Young, L., et al. 2006. Most early disseminated cancer cells detected in bone marrow of breast cancer patients have a putative breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Clinical Cancer Research 12: 5615-5621.
6. Bao, S., Wu, Q., McLendon, R., Hao, Y., Shi, Q., et al. 2006a. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature 444: 756-760.
7. Bao, S., Wu, Q., Sathornumetee, S., Hao, Y., Li, Z., et al. 2006b. Stem cell-like glioma cells promote tumor angiogenesis through vascular endothelial factor. Cancer Research 66: 7843-7848.
8. Barnhart, B. and Simon, M. 2007. Metastasis and stem cell pathways. Cancer Metastasis Review 26: 261-271.
9. Bernards, R. and Weinberg, R.A. 2002. A progression puzzle. Nature 418 (6900): 823.
10. Brabletz, T., Jung, A., Reu, S., et al. 2001. Variable B-catenin expression in colorectal cancers indicates tumor progression driven by the tumor environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98: 10356-10361.
11. Cairns, J. 2002. Somatic stem cells and the kinetics of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 99: 10567-10570.
12. Calvi, L., Adams, G., Weibrecht, K., et al. 2003. Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature 425: 841-846.
13. Chambers, A.F., Groom, A.C., and MacDonald, I.C. 2002. Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nature Reviews 2 (8): 563-572.
14. Chen, L., Shen, R., Ye, Y., Pu, X., Liu, X., et al. 2007. Precancerous stem cells have the potential for both benign and malignant differentiation. PLoS ONE 22: e293.
15. Desai, K., Xiao, N., Wang, W., Gangi, L., Greene, J., et al. 2002. Initiating oncogenic event determines gene-expression patterns of human breast cancer models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 99: 6967-6972.
16. Eriksson, M., Guse, K., Bauerschmitz, G., Virkkunen, P., Tarkkanen, M., et al. 2007. Oncolytic adenoviruses kill breast cancer initiating CD44(+)CD24(-/low) cells. Molecular Therapy 12: 2060-2061.
17. Fidler, I. and Talmadge, J. 1986. Evidence that intravenously derived murine pulmonary melanoma metastases can originate from the expansion of a single tumor cell. Cancer Research 46: 5167-5171.
18. Furger, K., Menon, R., Tuck, A., Bramwell, V., and Chambers, A. 2001. The functional and clinical roles of osteopontin in cancer andmetastasis. Current MolecularMedicine 1: 621-632.
19. Gotzmann, J., Fischer, A.N.M., Zojer, M., Mikula, M., Proell, V., Huber, H., Jechlinger, M., Waerner, T., Weith, A., Beug, H., and Mikulits, W. 2006. A crucial function of PDGF in TGF-B-mediated cancer progression of hepatocytes. Oncogene 25: 3170-3185.
20. Guise, T., Mohammad, K., Clines, G., Stebbins, E., Wong, D., et al. 2006. Basic mechanisms responsible for osteolytic and osteoblastic bone metastases. Clinical Cancer Research 12: 6213s-6216s.
21. Gupta, G. and Massague, J. 2006. Cancer metastasis: building a framework. Cell 127: 679-695.
22. Hanahan, D. and Weinberg, R. 2000. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100: 57-70.
23. Hermann, P., Huber, S., Herrier, T., Aicher, A., Ellwart, J., et al. 2007. Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer. Cell Stem Cell 1: 313-323.
24. Hermann, P., Huber, S., and Heeschen, C. 2008. Metastatic cancer stem cells: a new target for anti-cancer therapy? Cell Cycle 7: 188-193.
25. Hiratsuka, S., Watanabe, A., Aburatani, J., and Maru, Y. 2006. Tumour-mediated upregulation of chemoattractants and recruitment of myeloid cells predetermines lung metastasis. Nature Cell Biology 8: 1369-1375.
26. Ho, M., Ng, A., Lam, S., and Hung, J. 2007. Side population in human lung cancer cell lines and tumors is enriched with stem-like cancer cells. Cancer Research 67: 4827-4833.
27. Hu, G., Chong, R.A., Yang, Q., Wei, Y., Blanco, M.A., Li, F., Reiss, M., Au, J.L., Haffy, B., and Kang, Y. 2009. MTDH activation by 8q22 genomic gain promotes chemoresistance and metastasis of poor-prognosis breast cancer. Cancer Cell 15: 9-20.
28. Hurwitz, J., Fehrenbacher, L., Novonty, W., Cartwright, T., Hainsworth, J., Heim, W., Berlin, J., Baron, A., Griffing, S., Holmgren, E., Ferrara, N., Fyfe, G., Rogers, B., Ross, R., and Kabbinavar, F. 2004. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 350: 2335-2342.
29. Hynes, R. 2003. Metastatic potential: generic predisposition of the primary tumor or rare, metastatic variants-or both? Cell 113: 821-823.
30. Ince, T., Richardson, A., Bell, G., Saitoh, M., Godar, S., et al. 2007. Transformation of different human breast epithelial cell types leads to distinct tumor phenotypes. Cancer Cell 12: 160-170.
31. Ito, M., Yang, Z., Andl, T., Cui, C., Kim, N., et al. 2007. Wnt-dependant de novo hair follicle regeneration in adult mouse skin after wounding. Nature 447: 316-320.
32. Jain, R. 2001. Normalizing tumor vasculature with anti-angiogenic therapy: a new paradigm for combination therapy. Nature Medicine 7: 987-989.
33. Jamieson, C., Ailles, L., Dylla, S., Muijtjens, M., Jones, C., et al. 2004. Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors as candidate leukemic stem cells in blast-crisis CML. New England Journal of Medicine 351: 657-667.
34. Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Ward, W., Murray, T., Xu, J., et al. 2007. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer Journal of Clinicians 57: 43-66.
35. Jin, L., Hope, K., Zhai, Q., Smadja-Joffe, F., and Dick, J. 2006. Targeting of CD44 eradicates human acute myeloid leukemic stem cells. Nature Medicine 12: 1167-1174.
36. Kang, Y. 2005. Functional genomic analysis of cancer metastasis: biologic insights and clinical implications. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 5 (3): 385-395.
37. Kang, Y., Siegel, R., Shu, W., Drobnjak, M., Kakonen, S., et al. 2003. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 3: 537-549.
38. Kaplan, R., Riba, R., Zacharoulis, S., Bramley, A., Vincent, L., et al. 2005. VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche. Nature 438: 820-827.
39. Kim, C., Kackson, E., Woolfenden, A., et al. 2005. Identification of bronchioalveolar stem cells in normal lung and lung cancer. Cell 121: 823-835.
40. Kollet, O., Dar, A., Shivtiel, S., Kalinkovixh, A., Lapid, K., et al. 2006. Osteoclasts degrade endosteal components and promote mobilizations of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Nature Medicine 12: 657-664.
41. Krause, D., Lazarides, K., van Andrian, U., and van Etten, R. 2006. Requirement for CD44 in homing and engraftment of BCR-ABL-expressing leukemic stem cells. Nature Medicine 12: 1175-1180.
42. Krivtsov, A., Twomey, D., Feng, Z., Stubbs, M., Wang, Y., et al. 2006. Transformation from committed progenitor to leukaemia stem cell initiated by MLL-AF9. Nature 442: 821-822.
43. Li, L. and Neaves, W. 2006. Normal stem cells and cancer stem cells: the niche matters. Cancer Research 66: 4553-4557.
44. Li, F., Tiede, B., Massague, J., and Kang, Y. 2006. Beyond tumorigenesis: cancer stem cells in metastasis. Cell Research 17: 3-14.
45. Lin, M. and Sessa, W. 2004. Antiangiogenic therapy: creating a unique "window" of opportunity. Cancer Cell 6: 529-531.
46. Ma, S., Lee, T., Zheng, B., Chan, K., and Guan, X. 2008. CD133(+) HCC cancer stem cells confer chemoresistance by preferential expression of the Akt/PKB survival pathway. Oncogene 27: 1749-1758.
47. Mihai, R., Stevens, J., McKinney, C., and Ibrahim, N.B. 2006. Expression of the calcium receptor in human breast cancer-a potential new marker predicting the risk of bone metastases. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 32 (5): 511-515.
48. Minn, A.J., Gupta, G.P., Siegel, P.M., et al. 2005a. Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature 436: 518-524.
49. Minn, A.J., Kang, Y., Serganova, I., Gupta, G.P., Giri, D., Doubrovin, M., Ponomarev, V., Gerald, W., Blasberg, R., and Massague, J. 2005b. Distinct organ-specific metastatic potential of individual breast cancer cells and primary tumors. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 115: 44-55.
50. Miyamoto, T., Weissman, I., and Akashi, K. 2000. AML1/ETO-expressing nonleukemic stem cells in acute myelogenous leukemia with 8:21 chromosomal translocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 97: 7521-7526.
51. Muller, A., Homey, B., Soto, H., Ge, N., Catron, D., Buchanan, M.E., McClanahan, T., Murphy, E., Yuan, W., Wagner, S.N., Barrera, J.L., Mohar, A., Verastegui, E., and Zlotnik, A. 2001. Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 410 (6824): 50-56.
52. Paget, S. 1989. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889. Cancer Metastasis Reviews 8 (2): 98-101.
53. Perou, C., Jeffrey, S., Van De Rinj, M., Rees, C., Wisen, M., et al. 1999. Distinctive gene expression patterns in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 2002: 9212-9217.
54. Phillips, T., McBride, W., and Pajonk, F. 2006. The response of CD24(-/low)/CD44+ breast cancer initiating cells to radiation. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98: 1777-1785.
55. Piccirillo, S., Reynolds, B., Zanetti, N., et al. 2006. Bone morphogenic proteins inhibit the tumorigenic potential of human brain tumour-initiating cells. Nature 444: 761-765.
56. Ramaswamy, S., Ross, K., Lander, E., and Golub, T. 2003. A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nature Genetics 33: 49-54.
57. Scadden, D. 2006. The stem-cell niche as an entity of action. Nature 441: 1075-1079.
58. Scheel, C., Onder, T., Karnoub, A., and Weinberg, R. 2007. Adaptation versus selection: the origins of metastatic behavior. Cancer Research 67: 11476-11479.
59. Schofield, R. 1978. The relationship between the spleen colony-forming cell and the haemopoietic stem cell. Blood Cells 4: 7-25.
60. Shackelton, M., Vaillant, F., Simpson, K., Stingl, J., Smyth, G., et al. 2006. Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature 439: 84-88.
61. Sheridan, C., Kishimoto, H., Fuchs, R., Mehrotra, S., Bhat-Nakshatri, P., et al. 2006. CD44+/CD24- breast cancer cells exhibit enhanced invasive properties: an early step necessary for metastasis. Cancer Research 8: R59.
62. Shipitsin, M., Campbell, L., Argani, P., Weremowicz, S., Bloushtain-Qimron, N., et al. 2007. Molecular definition of breast tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Cell 11: 259-273.
63. Sleeman, J. and Cremers, N. 2007. New concepts in breast cancer metastasis: tumor initiating cells and the microenvironment. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis 24: 707-715.
64. Sneddon, J., Zhen, H., Montgomery, K., et al. 2006. Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin1 is widely expressed by cancer-associated stromal cells and can promote tumor cell proliferation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 103: 14842-14847.
65. Sorlie, T., Perou, C., Tibshirani, R., Aas, T., Geisler, S., et al. 2001. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98: 10869-10874.
66. Steeg, P.S. 2006. Tumor metastasis: mechanistic insights and clinical challenges. Nature Medicine 12 (8): 895-904.
67. Stier, S., Ko, Y., Forkert, R., et al. 2005. Osteopontin is a hematopoietic stem cell niche component that negatively regulates stem cell pool size. Journal of Experimental Medicine 201: 1781-1791.
68. Stingl, J. and Caldas, C. 2007. Molecular heterogeneity of breast carcinomas and the cancer stem cell hypothesis. Nature Review Cancer 7: 791-799.
69. Taichman, R.S., Cooper, C., Keller, E.T., Pienta, K.J., Taichman, N.S., and McCauley, L.K. 2002. Use of the stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 pathway in prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Research 62 (6): 1832-1837.
70. Tavor, S., Petit, I., Porozov, S., Avigdor, A., Dar, A., et al. 2004. CXCR4 regulates migration and development of human acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells in transplanted NOD/ SCID mice. Cancer Research 64: 2817-2824.
71. Turhan, A., Lemoine, F., Debert, C., Bonnet, M., Baillou, C., et al. 1995. Highly purified primitive hematopoietic stem cells are PML-RARA negative and generate nonclonal progenitors in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 85: 2154-2161.
72. van de Vijver, M., He, Y., van't Veer, L., Dai, H., Hart, A., et al. 2002. A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 347: 1999-2009.
73. van't Veer, L., Dai, H., van de Vijver, M., He, Y., Hart, A., et al. 2002. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415: 530-536.
74. Vescovi, A., Galli, R., and Reynolds, B. 2006. Brain tumour stem cells. Nature Review Cancer 6: 425-436.
75. Wang, Y., Klijn, J., Zhang, Y., Sieuwerts, A., Look, M., et al. 2005. Gene-expression profiles to predict distant metastasis of lymph-node-negative primary breast cancer. Lancet 365: 671-679.
76. Weigelt, B., Hu, Z., He, X., et al. 2005a. Molecular portraits and 70-gene prognosis signature are preserved throughout the metastatic process of breast cancer. Cancer Research 65: 9155-9158.
77. Weigelt, B., Peterse, J.L., and van 't Veer, L.J. 2005b. Breast cancer metastasis: markers and models. Nature Reviews Cancer 5 (8): 591-602.
78. Wernig, M., Meissner, A., Foreman, R., et al. 2007. In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into pluripotent ES-cell-like state. Nature 448: 318-324.