Falling from great (and not-so-great) heights: How initial status position influences performance after status loss

Academy of Management Journal

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 223-248

  Marr, Jennifer Carson ^a   Thau, Stefan ^b  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b INSEAD   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900405473     PISSN: 00014273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/amj.2011.0909     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Adam, E. E. 1972. An analysis of changes in performance quality with operant conditioning procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56: 480-486.
2. Adams, S. 1965. Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 2: 269-299. New York: Academic.
3. Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. 2000. Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19: 586-592.
4. Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. 2011. The handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection. New York: Guilford.
5. Ambrose, M. L., & Kulik, C. T. 1999. Old friends, new faces: Motivation research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25: 231-292.
6. Anderson, C., Ames, D. R., & Gosling, S. D. 2008. Punishing hubris: The perils of overestimating one's status in a group. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34: 90-101.
7. Anderson, C., John, O. P., Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. 2001. Who attains social status? Effects of personality and physical attractiveness in social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81: 116-132.
8. Anderson, C., & Kilduff, G. J. 2009. The pursuit of status in social groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18: 295-298.
9. Anderson, C., Srivastava, S., Beer, J. S., Spataro, S. E., & Chatman, J. A. 2006. Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91: 1094-1110.
10. Barkow, J. H. 1989. Darwin, sex, and status. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
11. Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., & Piotrowski, M. 2002. Personality and job performance: Test of the mediating effects of motivation among sales representatives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 43-51.
12. Baumeister, R. F. 1984. Choking under pressure: Selfconsciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46: 610-620.
13. Baumeister, R. F. 1998. The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, vol. 2 (4th ed.): 680-740. New York: McGraw-Hill.
14. Baumeister, R. F., & Jones, E. E. 1978. When self-presentation is constrained by the target's knowledge: Consistency and compensation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36: 608-618.
15. Baumeister, R. F., & Showers, C. J. 1986. A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests. European Journal of Social Psychology, 16: 361-383.
16. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. 1996. Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103: 5-33.
17. Beersma, B., Hollenbeck, J. R., Humphrey, S. E., Moon, H., Conlon, D. E., & Ilgen, D. R. 2003. Cooperation, competition, and team performance: Toward a contingency approach. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 572-590.
18. Benoit-Smullyan, E. 1944. Status, status types, and status interrelations. American Sociological Review, 9: 151-161.
19. Berger, J., Cohen, B. P., & Zelditch, M. J. 1972. Status characteristics and social interaction. American Sociological Review, 37: 241-255.
20. Berger, J., Rosenholtz, S. J., & Zelditch, M. 1980. Status organizing processes. In A. Inkeles, N. J. Smelser, & R. H. Turner (Eds.), Annual review of sociology, vol. 6: 479-508. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
21. Blader, S. L., & Chen, Y.-R. 2011. What influences how higher-status people respond to lower-status others? Effects of procedural fairness, outcome favorability, and concerns about status. Organization Science, 22: 1040-1060.
22. Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. 2003. Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 554-571.
23. Bothner, M. S., Jeong-han, K., & Stuart, T. E. 2007. Competitive crowding and risk taking in a tournament: Evidence from NASCAR racing. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52: 208-247.
24. Bothner, M. S., Kim, Y.-K., & Smith, E. B. 2012. How does status affect performance? Status as an asset vs. status as a liability in the PGA and NASCAR. Organization Science, 23: 416-433.
25. Brockner, J. 1988. The effects of work layoffs on survivors: Research, theory, and practice. In B. M. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 10: 213-255. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
26. Brockner, J., Houser, R., Birnbaum, G., Lloyd, K., Deitcher, J., Nathanson, S., & Rubin, J. Z. 1986. Escalation of commitment to an ineffective course of action: The effect of feedback having negative implications for self-identity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31: 109-126.
27. Buss, D. 2008. Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson.
28. Campbell, W. K., & Sedikides, C. 1999. Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration. Review of General Psychology, 3: 23-43.
29. Christie, A. M., & Barling, J. 2010. Beyond status: Relating status inequality to performance and health in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95: 920-934.
30. Clark, J. F., Ellis, J. K., Bench, J., Khoury, J., & Graman, P. 2012. High-performance vision training improves batting statistics for University of Cincinnati baseball players. PLoS ONE, 7(1): 1-6.
31. Cohen, G. L., Aronson, J., & Steele, C. M. 2000. When beliefs yield to evidence: Reducing biased evaluation by affirming the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26: 1151-1164.
32. Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. 2004. The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130: 392-414.
33. Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. 2001. Contingencies of selfworth. Psychological Review, 108: 593-623.
34. DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Mead, N. L., & Vohs, K. D. 2011. How leaders self-regulate their task performance: Evidence that power promotes diligence, depletion, and disdain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100: 47-65.
35. Ellemers, N., Doosje, B. J., van Knippenberg, A., & Wilke, H. 1992. Status protection in high status minority groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22: 123-140.
36. Ellemers, N., Kortekaas, P., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. 1999. Self-categorisation, commitment to the group and group self-esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29: 371-389.
37. Felson, R. B. 1984. The effect of self-appraisals of ability on academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47: 944-952.
38. Fiske, S., & Taylor, S. 2008. Social cognition: From brains to culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.
39. Flynn, F. J., Reagans, R. E., Amanatullah, E. T., & Ames, D. R. 2006. Helping one's way to the top: Self-monitors achieve status by helping others and knowing who helps whom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91: 1123-1137.
40. Foa, U. G. 1971. Interpersonal and economic resources. Science, 171: 345-351.
41. Frank, R. H. 1985. Choosing the right pond: Human behavior and the quest for status. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
42. Gallo, L. C., Espinosa de los Monteros, K., & Shivpuri, S. 2009. Socioeconomic status and health: What is the role of reserve capacity? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18: 269-274.
43. Gecas, V., & Seff, M. A. 1989. Social class, occupational conditions, and self-esteem. Sociological Perspectives, 32: 353-364.
44. Goffman, E. 1969. Strategic interaction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
45. Grant, A. M., & Hofmann, D. A. 2011. Outsourcing inspiration: The performance effects of ideological messages from leaders and beneficiaries. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116: 173-187.
46. Greenberg, J. 1990. Employee theft as a reaction to underpayment inequity: The hidden cost of pay cuts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 561-568.
47. Greenberg, J., & Eskew, D. E. 1993. The role of role playing in organizational research. Journal of Management, 19: 221-241.
48. Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. 1985. Compensatory selfinflation: A response to the threat to self-regard of public failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49: 273-280.
49. Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. 2007. A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 327-347.
50. Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., & Van den Bergh, B. 2010. Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98: 392-404.
51. Ham, E., & Malach, J. 2010. Hardball free agency-The unintended demise of salary arbitration in Major League Baseball: How the law of unintended consequences crippled the salary arbitration remedy, and how to fix it. Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law, 1: 64-94.
52. Hamilton, L. C. 2013. Statistics with STATA: Version 12. Boston: Cengage.
53. Henrich, J., & Gil-White, F. J. 2001. The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22: 165-196.
54. Hill, T., Smith, N. D., & Lewicki, P. 1989. The development of self-image bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15: 205-211.
55. Hobfoll, S. E. 1988. The ecology of stress. Washington: Hemisphere.
56. Hobfoll, S. E. 1989. Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44: 513-524.
57. Hofmann, D. A., & Gavin, M. B. 1998. Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management, 24: 623-641.
58. Hollander, E. P. 1958. Conformity, status, and idiosyncrasy credit. Psychological Review, 65: 117-127.
59. Homans, G. C. 1958. Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63: 597-606.
60. Howard, L. W., & Miller, J. L. 1993. Fair pay for fair play: Estimating pay equity in professional baseball with data envelopment analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 882-894.
61. James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. 1993. rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 306.
62. Jansen, J. J., Van Den Bosch, F. A., & Volberda, H. W. 2005. Managing potential and realized absorptive capacity: How do organizational antecedents matter? Academy of Management Journal, 48: 999-1015.
63. Johnson, D. R., & Johnson, F. P. 2009. Joining together: Group theory and group skills. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
64. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. 1994. The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33: 1-27.
65. Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. 2004. A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25: 881-919.
66. Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. 1989. Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 657-690.
67. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. 1996. Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22: 280-287.
68. Kessler, R. C. 1979. Stress, social status, and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 20: 259-272.
69. Kirkpatrick, S. A., & Locke, E. A. 1996. Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 36-51.
70. Klein, K., & Barnes, D. 1994. The relationship of life stress to problem solving: Task complexity and individual differences. Social Cognition, 12: 187-204.
71. Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. 1996. The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119: 254-284.
72. Krautmann, A. C., & Solow, J. L. 2009. The dynamics of performance over the duration of Major League Baseball long-term contracts. Journal of Sports Economics, 10: 6-22.
73. Kumashiro, M., & Sedikides, C. 2005. Taking on board liability-focused information: Close positive relationships as a self-bolstering resource. Psychological Science, 16: 732-739.
74. Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. 1984. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
75. Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. 1995. Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68: 518-530.
76. LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. 2008. Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11: 815-852.
77. Lewicki, P. 1984. Self-schema and social information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47: 1177-1190.
78. Long, S. J. 1997. Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
79. Lovaglia, M. J., Lucas, J. W., Houser, J. A., Thye, S. R., & Markovsky, B. 1998. Status processes and mental ability test scores. American Journal of Sociology, 104: 195-228.
80. McLeod, J. D., & Kessler, R. C. 1990. Socioeconomic status differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31: 162-172.
81. Merton, R. 1968. Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press.
82. Merton, R. 1987. Three fragments from a sociologist's notebooks: Establishing the phenomenon, specified ignorance, and strategic research materials. In W. R. Scott & J. F. Short, Jr. (Eds.), Annual review of sociology, vol. 13: 1-29. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
83. Meth, E. 1999. Final offer arbitration: A model for dispute resolution in domestic and international disputes. American Review of International Arbitration, 383: 384-390.
84. Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. 2011. Building a better America- One wealth quintile at a time. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6: 9-12.
85. Owens, D. A., & Sutton, R. I. 1999. Status contests in meetings: Negotiating the informal order. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
86. Pettit, N. C., Yong, K., & Spataro, S. E. 2010. Holding your place: Reactions to the prospect of status gains and losses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46: 396-401.
87. Phillips, D. J., & Zuckerman, E. W. 2001. Middle-status conformity: Theoretical restatement and empirical demonstration in two markets. American Journal of Sociology, 107: 379-429.
88. Podolny, J. M., & Phillips, D. J. 1996. The dynamics of organizational status. Industrial and Corporate Change, 5: 453-471.
89. Podolny, J. 2005. Status signals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
90. Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. 2006. Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31: 437-448.
91. Rothbard, N. P., & Wilk, S. L. 2011. Waking up on the right or wrong side of the bed: Start-of-workday mood, work events, employee affect, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54: 959-980.
92. Scheepers, D., & Ellemers, N. 2005. When the pressure is up: The assessment of social identity threat in low and high status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41: 192-200.
93. Scheepers, D., Ellemers, N., & Sintemaartensdijk, N. 2009. Suffering from the possibility of status loss: Physiological responses to social identity threat in high status groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39: 1075-1092.
94. Schmeichel, B. J., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. 2003. Intellectual performance and ego depletion: Role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 33-46.
95. Sedikides, C. 1993. Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 317-338.
96. Sedikides, C. 2012. Self-protection. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed.): 327-353. New York: Guilford.
97. Sedikides, C., & Strube, M. J. 1997. Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 29: 209-269. New York: Academic.
98. Seibt, B., & Förster, J. 2004. Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87: 38-56.
99. Shaikin, B. 2002. Their new approach is better than average. Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes. com/2002/mar/31/sports/sp-angels31. Accessed on November 20, 2012.
100. Sherman, D., & Cohen, G. 2006. The psychology of selfdefense: Self-affirmation theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 38: 183-242. San Diego, CA: Academic.
101. Sherman, D., & Hartson, K. 2011. Self-affirmation theory. New York: Guilford.
102. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. 1993. The inevitability of oppression and the dynamics of social dominance. In P. Sniderman, P. Tetlock, & E. Carmines (Eds.), Prejudice and politics in American society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
103. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., van Laar, C., & Levin, S. 2004. Social dominance theory: Its agenda and method. Political Psychology, 25: 845-880.
104. Singh-Manoux, A., Adler, N. E., & Marmot, M. G. 2003. Subjective social status: Its determinants and its association with measures of ill-health in the Whitehall II study. Social Science and Medicine, 56: 1321-1333.
105. Snijders, T., & Bosker, R. 1999. Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. London: Sage.
106. Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., & Fong, G. T. 2005. Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89: 845-851.
107. Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. 1998. Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124: 240-261.
108. Staw, B. M., & Fox, F. V. 1977. Escalation: The determinants of commitment to a chosen course of action. Human Relations, 30: 431-450.
109. Steele, C. 1988. The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 21: 261-302. New York: Academic.
110. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. 1986. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations: 7-24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
111. Tesser, A., & Paulhus, D. 1983. The definition of self: Private and public self-evaluation management strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44: 672-682.
112. Thau, S., Aquino, K., & Bommer, W. H. 2008. How employee race moderates the relationship between noncontingent punishment and organizational citizenship behaviors: A test of the negative adaptation hypothesis. Social Justice Research, 21: 297-312.
113. Thorn, J., Palmer, P., & Reuther, D. 1984. Hidden game of baseball: A revolutionary approach to baseball and its statistics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
114. Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. 1992. A relational model of authority in groups. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 25: 115-191. New York: Academic.
115. Van Der Vegt, G. S., Bunderson, J. S., & Oosterhof, A. 2006. Expertness diversity and interpersonal helping in teams: Why those who need the most help end up getting the least. Academy of Management Journal, 49: 877-893.
116. Wallace, H. M., Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. 2005. Audience support and choking under pressure: A home disadvantage? Journal of Sports Sciences, 23: 429-438.
117. Weber, M. 1946. Class, status, party. In H. H. Gerth & C. W. Mills (Eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in sociology: 180-195. New York: Oxford University Press.
118. Weick, K. 1995. Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
119. Willer, R. 2009. Groups reward individual sacrifice: The status solution to the collective action problem. American Sociological Review, 74: 23-43.
120. Willis, G. B., Guinote, A., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. 2010. Illegitimacy improves goal pursuit in powerless individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46: 416-419.