Vitamin D: Cardiovascular function and disease

Vitamin D and Cancer

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 115-142

  Scragg, Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

25 hydroxyvitamin D Cardiovascular disease Hypertension Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900062883     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7188-3_6     Document Type: Chapter

References (201)

1. Fraser D (1967) The relation between infantile hypercalcemia and vitamin D-public health implications in North America. Pediatrics 40:1050-1061
2. Friedman WF (1967) Vitamin D as a cause of the supravalvular aortic stenosis syndrome. Am Heart J 73:718-720
3. Taussig HB (1966) Possible injury to the cardiovascular system from vitamin D. Ann Intern Med 65:1195-1200
4. Stare FJ et al (1966) Congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis, idiopathic hypercalcemia, and vitamin D. Nutr Rev 24:311-313
5. Seelig MS (1969) Vitamin D and cardiovascular, renal, and brain damage in infancy and childhood. Ann N Y Acad Sci 147:539-582
6. Garcia RE, Friedman WF, Kaback MM, Rowe RD (1964) Idiopathic hypercalcemia and supravalvular aortic stenosis. Documentation of a new syndrome. N Engl J Med 271:117-120
7. Friedman WF, Roberts WC (1966) Vitamin D and the supravalvar aortic stenosis syndrome. The transplacental effects of vitamin D on the aorta of the rabbit. Circulation 34:77-86
8. Coleman EN (1965) Infantile hypercalcaemia and cardiovascular lesions. Evidence, hypothesis, and speculation. Arch Dis Child 40:535-540
9. Antia AU, Wiltse HE, Rowe RD, Pitt EL, Levin S, Ottesen OE, Cooke RE (1967) Pathogenesis of the supravalvular aortic stenosis syndrome. J Pediatr 71:431-441
10. Barold SS, Linhart JW, Samet P (1968) Coarctation of the aorta with unusual facies and mental retardation. Ann Intern Med 69:103-106
11. Beuren AJ, Schulz R, Sinapius D, Stoermer J (1969) Calcinosis of the arteries with coronary calcification in infancy. Am Heart J 78:87-93
12. Bird T (1974) Idiopathic arterial calcification in infancy. Arch Dis Child 49:82-89
13. Forbes GB, Cafarelli C, Manning J (1968) Vitamin D and infantile hypercalcemia. Pediatrics 42:203-204
14. Goodenday LS, Gordon GS (1971) No risk from vitamin D in pregnancy. Ann Intern Med 75:807-808
15. Taylor CB, Hass GM, Ho KJ, Liu LB (1972) Risk factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic heart disease and generalized atherosclerosis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2:239-243
16. Kummerow FA (1979) Nutrition imbalance and angiotoxins as dietary risk factors in coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 32:58-83
17. Eisenstein R, Zeruolis L (1964) Vitamin D-induced aortic calcification. Arch Pathol 77:27-35
18. Schenk EA, Penn I, Schwartz S (1965) Experimental atherosclerosis in the dog: a morphologic evaluation. Arch Pathol 80:102-109
19. Mallick NP, Berlyne GM (1968) Arterial calcification after vitamin-D therapy in hyperphosphataemic renal failure. Lancet 2:1316-1320
20. Way WG, Morgan DL, Sutton LE Jr (1958) Hypertension and hypercalcemic nephropathy due to vitamin D intoxication; a case report. Pediatrics 21:59-69
21. Blum M, Kirsten M, Worth MH Jr (1977) Reversible hypertension. Caused by the hypercalcemia of hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, and calcium infusion. Jama 237:262-263
22. Price JD, Sookochoff MM (1969) Arterial calcification after vitamin D. Lancet 1:416
23. Bajusz E, Jasmin G (1963) Action of parathyroidectomy and dihydrotachysterol on myocardial calcification due to coronary vein obstruction. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 112:752-755
24. Verberckmoes R, Bouillon R, Krempien B (1975) Disappearance of vascular calcifications during treatment of renal osteodystrophy. Two patients treated with high doses of vitamin D and aluminum hydroxide. Ann Intern Med 82:529-533
25. Aryanpur I, Farhoudi A, Zangeneh F (1974) Congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Am J Dis Child 127:738-739
26. Falko JM, Bush CA, Tzagournis M, Thomas FB (1976) Case report. Congestive heart failure complicating the hungry bone syndrome. Am J Med Sci 271:85-89
27. Johnson JD, Jennings R (1968) Hypocalcemia and cardiac arrhythmias. Am J Dis Child 115:373-376
28. Yogamundi Moon J (1972) Factors affecting arterial calcification associated with atherosclerosis. A review. Atherosclerosis 16:119-126
29. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R (2007) Vitamin D and vascular calcification. Curr Opin Lipidol 18:41-46
30. Knox EG (1973) Ischaemic-heart-disease mortality and dietary intake of calcium. Lancet 1:1465-1467
31. Linden V (1974) Vitamin D and myocardial infarction. Br Med J 3:647-650
32. Hollis BW, Horst RL (2007) The assessment of circulating 25(OH)D and 1, 25(OH)2D: where we are and where we are going. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:473-476
33. Haddad JG Jr, Hahn TJ (1973) Natural and synthetic sources of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man. Nature 244:515-517
34. Poskitt EM, Cole TJ, Lawson DE (1979) Diet, sunlight, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D in healthy children and adults. Br Med J 1:221-223
35. Schmidt-Gayk H, Goossen J, Lendle F, Seidel D (1977) Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol in myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 26:55-58
36. Lund B, Badskjaer J, Lund B, Soerensen OH (1978) Vitamin D and ischaemic heart disease. Horm Metab Res 10:553-556
37. Vik B, Try K, Thelle DS, Forde OH (1979) Tromso Heart Study: vitamin D metabolism and myocardial infarction. Br Med J 2:176
38. De Langen CD, Donath WF (1956) Vitamin D sclerosis of the arteries and the danger of feeding extra vitamin D to older people, with a view on the development of different forms of arteriosclerosis. Acta Med Scand 156:317-323
39. Penn I, Schenk E, Rob C, Deweese J, Schwartz SI (1965) Evaluation of the development of athero-Arteriosclerosis in autogenous venous grafts inserted into the peripheral arterial system. Circulation 31(SUPPL 1):192-196
40. Fleischman AI, Bierenbaum ML, Raichelson R, Hayton T, Watson P (1970) Vitamin D and hypercholesterolemia in adult humans: Atherosclerosis, proceedings of the second international symposium. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 468-472
41. Linden V, Linden V (1975) Vitamin D and serum cholesterol. Scand J Soc Med 3:83-85
42. Scragg R, Holdaway I, Jackson R, Lim T (1992) Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its relation to physical activity and other heart disease risk factors in the general population. Ann Epidemiol 2:697-703
43. Scragg R, Holdaway I, Singh V, Metcalf P, Baker J, Dryson E (1995) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is related to physical activity and ethnicity but not obesity in a multicultural workforce. Aust N Z J Med 25:218-223
44. Scragg R, Khaw KT, Murphy S (1995) Effect of winter oral vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 49:640-646
45. Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, Zadshir A, Tareen N, Thadhani R, Felsenfeld A, Levine B, Mehrotra R, Norris K (2007) Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 167:1159-1165
46. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Doppelt SH (1981) Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in man: skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science 211:590-593
47. Kimlin MG (2008) Geographic location and vitamin D synthesis. Mol Aspects Med 29:453-461
48. Scragg R (1981) Seasonality of cardiovascular disease mortality and the possible protective effect of ultra-violet radiation. Int J Epidemiol 10:337-341
49. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF (1985) Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest 76:1536-1538
50. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Henderson SL, Holick MF (1982) Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3. Lancet 1:74-76
51. Scragg R (1995) Sunlight, vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. In: Crass MF, Avioloi LV (eds) Calcium-regulating hormones and cardiovascular function. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 213-237
52. Wong A (2008) Incident solar radiation and coronary heart disease mortality rates in Europe. Eur J Epidemiol 23:609-614
53. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C (2007) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Hypertens 20:713-719
54. Rockell JE, Skeaff CM, Williams SM, Green TJ (2006) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of New Zealanders aged 15 years and older. Osteoporos Int 17:1382-1389
55. Ornato JP, Peberdy MA, Chandra NC, Bush DE (1996) Seasonal pattern of acute myocardial infarction in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:1684-1688
56. Spencer FA, Goldberg RJ, Becker RC, Gore JM (1998) Seasonal distribution of acute myocardial infarction in the second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1226-1233
57. Sheth T, Nair C, Muller J, Yusuf S (1999) Increased winter mortality from acute myocardial infarction and stroke: the effect of age. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1916-1919
58. Oberg AL, Ferguson JA, McIntyre LM, Horner RD (2000) Incidence of stroke and season of the year: evidence of an association. Am J Epidemiol 152:558-564
59. Vinall PE, Maislin G, Michele JJ, Deitch C, Simeone FA (1994) Seasonal and latitudinal occurrence of cerebral vasospasm and subarachnoid hemorrhage in the northern hemisphere. Epidemiology 5:302-308
60. Allegra JR, Cochrane DG, Biglow R (2001) Monthly, weekly, and daily patterns in the incidence of congestive heart failure. Acad Emerg Med 8:682-685
61. Stewart S, McIntyre K, Capewell S, McMurray JJ (2002) Heart failure in a cold climate. Seasonal variation in heart failure-related morbidity and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:760-766
62. Page RL, Zipes DP, Powell JL, Luceri RM, Gold MR, Peters R, Russo AM, Bigger JT Jr, Sung RJ, McBurnie MA (2004) Seasonal variation of mortality in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) study registry. Heart Rhythm 1:435-440
63. Finkelhor RS, Cater G, Qureshi A, Einstadter D, Hecker MT, Bosich G (2005) Seasonal diagnosis of echocardiographically demonstrated endocarditis. Chest 128:2588-2592
64. Stein PD, Kayali F, Beemath A, Skaf E, Alnas M, Alesh I, Olson RE (2005) Mortality from acute pulmonary embolism according to season. Chest 128:3156-3158
65. Kloner RA, Poole WK, Perritt RL (1999) When throughout the year is coronary death most likely to occur? A 12-year population-based analysis of more than 220 000 cases. Circulation 100:1630-1634
66. Seto TB, Mittleman MA, Davis RB, Taira DA, Kawachi I (1998) Seasonal variation in coronary artery disease mortality in Hawaii: observational study. Bmj 316:1946-1947
67. Kvaloy JT, Skogvoll E (2007) Modelling seasonal and weather dependency of cardiac arrests using the covariate order method. Stat Med 26:3315-3329
68. Scragg R, Jackson R, Holdaway IM, Lim T, Beaglehole R (1990) Myocardial infarction is inversely associated with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels: a community-based study. Int J Epidemiol 19:559-563
69. Scragg R, Jackson R, Holdaway I, Woollard G, Woollard D (1989) Changes in plasma vitamin levels in the first 48 hours after onset of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 64:971-974
70. Simpson RU (1983) Evidence for a specific 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in rat heart (abstract). Circulation 68:239
71. Simpson RU, Thomas GA, Arnold AJ (1985) Identification of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and activities in muscle. J Biol Chem 260:8882-8891
72. Walters MR, Wicker DC, Riggle PC (1986) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors identified in the rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 18:67-72
73. Stumpf WES, Madhabananda S, deLuca H (1985) Sites of action of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 identified by thaw-mount autoradiography. In: AW Norman (ed) Proceedings of Sixth Workshop on Vitamin D. Walter DeGruyter, Berlin, pp 416-418
74. Thomasset M, Parkes CO, Cuisinier-Gleizes P (1982) Rat calcium-binding proteins: distribution, development, and vitamin D dependence. Am J Physiol 243:E483-488
75. Weishaar RE, Simpson RU (1987) Vitamin D3 and cardiovascular function in rats. J Clin Invest 79:1706-1712
76. Weishaar RE, Simpson RU (1987) Involvement of vitamin D3 with cardiovascular function. II. Direct and indirect effects. Am J Physiol 253:E675-683
77. Weishaar RE, Kim SN, Saunders DE, Simpson RU (1990) Involvement of vitamin D3 with cardiovascular function. III. Effects on physical and morphological properties. Am J Physiol 258:E134-142
78. Connell TD, Simpson RU (1995) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of myocardial growth and c-myc levels in the rat heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 213:59-65
79. Connell TD, Berry JE, Jarvis AK, Somerman MJ, Simpson RU (1997) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of cardiac myocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 272:H1751-1758
80. Simpson RU, Weishaar RE (1988) Involvement of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in regulating myocardial calcium metabolism: physiological and pathological actions. Cell Calcium 9:285-292
81. Weishaar RE, Burrows SD, Kim SN, Kobylarz-Singer DC, Andrews LK, Quade MM, Overhiser R, Kaplan HR (1987) Protection of the failing heart: Comparative effects of chronic administration of digitalis and diltiazem on myocardial metabolism in the cardiomyopathic hamster. J Appl Cardiol 2:339-360
82. Kawashima H (1987) Receptor for 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in a vascular smooth muscle cell line derived from rat aorta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 146:1-6
83. Merke J, Milde P, Lewicka S, Hugel U, Klaus G, Mangelsdorf DJ, Haussler MR, Rauterberg EW, Ritz E (1989) Identification and regulation of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor activity and biosynthesis of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Studies in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and human dermal capillaries. J Clin Invest 83:1903-1915
84. Kurtz TW, Portale AA, Morris RC Jr (1986) Evidence for a difference in vitamin D metabolism between spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Hypertension 8:1015-1020
85. Bukoski RD, Xue H (1993) On the vascular inotropic action of 1, 25-(OH)2 vitamin D3. Am J Hypertens 6:388-396
86. McCarron DA, Pingree PA, Rubin RJ, Gaucher SM, Molitch M, Krutzik S (1980) Enhanced parathyroid function in essential hypertension: a homeostatic response to a urinary calcium leak. Hypertension 2:162-168
87. Zachariah PK, Schwartz GL, Strong CG, Ritter SG (1988) Parathyroid hormone and calcium. A relationship in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1:79S-82S 88.
88. Resnick LM, Muller FB, Laragh JH (1986) Calcium-regulating hormones in essential hypertension. Relation to plasma renin activity and sodium metabolism. Ann Intern Med 105:649-654
89. Sowers MR, Wallace RB, Lemke JH (1985) The association of intakes of vitamin D and calcium with blood pressure among women. Am J Clin Nutr 42:135-142
90. Kokot F, Pietrek J, Srokowska S, Wartenberg W, Kuska J, Jedrychowska M, Duda G, Zielinska K, Wartenberg Z, Kuzmiak M (1981) 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Nephrol 16:188-192
91. Brickman AS, Nyby MD, von Hungen K, Eggena P, Tuck ML (1990) Calcitropic hormones, platelet calcium, and blood pressure in essential hypertension. Hypertension 16:515-522
92. Morimoto S, Imaoka M, Kitano S, Imanaka S, Fukuo K, Miyashita Y, Koh E, Ogihara T (1991) Exaggerated natri-calci-uresis and increased circulating levels of parathyroid hormone and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in patients with senile hypertension. Contrib Nephrol 90:94-98
93. Scragg R, Holdaway I, Singh V, Metcalf P, Baker J, Dryson E (1995) Serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in newly detected hypertension. Am J Hypertens 8:429-432
94. Sowers MF, Wallace RB, Hollis BW, Lemke JH (1988) Relationship between 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and blood pressure in a geographically defined population. Am J Clin Nutr 48:1053-1056
95. Young EW, McCarron DA, Morris CD (1990) Calcium regulating hormones in essential hypertension. Importance of gender. Am J Hypertens 3:161S-166S
96. Lind L, Hanni A, Lithell H, Hvarfner A, Sorensen OH, Ljunghall S (1995) Vitamin D is related to blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-Aged men. Am J Hypertens 8:894-901
97. Kristal-Boneh E, Froom P, Harari G, Ribak J (1997) Association of calcitriol and blood pressure in normotensive men. Hypertension 30:1289-1294
98. Lind L, Wengle B, Ljunghall S (1987) Blood pressure is lowered by vitamin D (alphacalcidol) during long-term treatment of patients with intermittent hypercalcaemia. A double- blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Med Scand 222:423-427
99. Lind L, Lithell H, Skarfors E, Wide L, Ljunghall S (1988) Reduction of blood pressure by treatment with alphacalcidol. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Acta Med Scand 223:211-217
100. Lind L, Pollare T, Hvarfner A, Lithell H, Sorensen OH, Ljunghall S (1989) Long-term treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) in middle-Aged men with impaired glucose tolerance. Effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity, glucose tolerance and blood pressure. Diabetes Res 11:141-147
101. Orwoll ES, Oviatt S (1990) Relationship of mineral metabolism and long-term calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation to blood pressure in normotensive men. Am J Clin Nutr 52:717-721
102. Orwoll ES, Weigel RM, Oviatt SK, McClung MR, Deftos LJ (1988) Calcium and cholecalciferol: effects of small supplements in normal men. Am J Clin Nutr 48:127-130
103. Gillor A, Groneck P, Kaiser J, Schmitz-Stolbrink A (1989) Congestive heart failure in rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 137:108-110
104. Connor TB, Rosen BL, Blaustein MP, Applefeld MM, Doyle LA (1982) Hypocalcemia precipitating congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 307:869-872
105. Brunvand L, Haga P, Tangsrud SE, Haug E (1995) Congestive heart failure caused by vitamin D deficiency? Acta Paediatr 84:106-108
106. Uysal S, Kalayci AG, Baysal K (1999) Cardiac functions in children with vitamin D deficiency rickets. Pediatr Cardiol 20:283-286
107. McGonigle RJ, Timmis AD, Keenan J, Jewitt DE, Weston MJ, Parsons V (1981) The influence of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on left ventricular function in end-stage renal failure. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 18:579-585
108. Coratelli P, Petrarulo F, Buongiorno E, Giannattasio M, Antonelli G, Amerio A (1984) Improvement in left ventricular function during treatment of hemodialysis patients with 25-OHD3. Contrib Nephrol 41:433-437
109. Lemmila S, Saha H, Virtanen V, Ala-Houhala I, Pasternack A (1998) Effect of intravenous calcitriol on cardiac systolic and diastolic function in patients on hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 18:404-410
110. Park CW, Oh YS, Shin YS, Kim CM, Kim YS, Kim SY, Choi EJ, Chang YS, Bang BK (1999) Intravenous calcitriol regresses myocardial hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 33:73-81
111. Shane E, Mancini D, Aaronson K, Silverberg SJ, Seibel MJ, Addesso V, McMahon DJ (1997) Bone mass, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperparathyroidism in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 103:197-207
112. Kunitomo M, Kinoshita K, Bando Y (1981) Experimental atherosclerosis in rats fed a vitamin D, cholesterol-rich diet. J Pharmacobiodyn 4:718-723
113. Takeo S, Schraven E, Keil M, Nitz RE (1982) Vitamin D-induced myocardial lesions and the protection by carbocromen. Arzneimittelforschung 32:1412-1417
114. Toda T, Leszczynski DE, Kummerow FA (1983) The role of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in the induction of atherosclerosis in swine and rabbit by hypervitaminosis D. Acta Pathol Jpn 33:37-44
115. Atkinson J (1992) Vascular calcium overload. Physiological and pharmacological consequences. Drugs 44(Suppl 1):111-118
116. Fleckenstein-Grun G, Thimm F, Frey M, Matyas S (1995) Progression and regression by verapamil of vitamin D3-induced calcific medial degeneration in coronary arteries of rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 26:207-213
117. Bennani-Kabchi N, Kehel L, el Bouayadi F, Fdhil H, Amarti A, Saidi A, Marquie G (1999) New model of atherosclerosis in sand rats subjected to a high cholesterol diet and vitamin D2. Therapie 54:559-565
118. Watson KE, Abrolat ML, Malone LL, Hoeg JM, Doherty T, Detrano R, Demer LL (1997) Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification. Circulation 96:1755-1760
119. Doherty TM, Tang W, Dascalos S, Watson KE, Demer LL, Shavelle RM, Detrano RC (1997) Ethnic origin and serum levels of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are independent predictors of coronary calcium mass measured by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation 96:1477-1481
120. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Roth M, Scordo J, Goodman K, Sherman S, Lerner G, Newstein D, Guerci AD (1998) Serum concentration of calcium, 1, 25 vitamin D and parathyroid hormone are not correlated with coronary calcifications. An electron beam computed tomography study. Coron Artery Dis 9:513-518
121. Bonjour JP, Chevalley T, Fardellone P (2007) Calcium intake and vitamin D metabolism and action, in healthy conditions and in prostate cancer. Br J Nutr 97:611-616
122. Teng M, Wolf M, Lowrie E, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM, Thadhani R (2003) Survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis with paricalcitol or calcitriol therapy. N Engl J Med 349:446-456
123. Shoji T, Shinohara K, Kimoto E, Emoto M, Tahara H, Koyama H, Inaba M, Fukumoto S, Ishimura E, Miki T et al (2004) Lower risk for cardiovascular mortality in oral 1alphahydroxy vitamin D3 users in a haemodialysis population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:179-184
124. Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, Lazarus JM, Hernan MA, Camargo CA Jr, Thadhani R (2005) Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: a historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1115-1125
125. Naves-Diaz M, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Passlick-Deetjen J, Guinsburg A, Marelli C, Rodriguez-Puyol D, Cannata-Andia JB (2008) Oral active vitamin D is associated with improved survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 74:1070-1078
126. Melamed ML, Eustace JA, Plantinga L, Jaar BG, Fink NE, Coresh J, Klag MJ, Powe NR (2006) Changes in serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH and the risk of death in incident dialysis patients: a longitudinal study. Kidney Int 70:351-357
127. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Regidor DL, Kovesdy CP, Kilpatrick RD, Shinaberger CS, McAllister CJ, Budoff MJ, Salusky IB, Kopple JD (2006) Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 70:771-780
128. Tentori F, Hunt WC, Stidley CA, Rohrscheib MR, Bedrick EJ, Meyer KB, Johnson HK, Zager PG (2006) Mortality risk among hemodialysis patients receiving different vitamin D analogs. Kidney Int 70:1858-1865
129. Kovesdy CP, Ahmadzadeh S, Anderson JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K (2008) Association of activated vitamin D treatment and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 168:397-403
130. Shoben AB, Rudser KD, de Boer IH, Young B, Kestenbaum B (2008) Association of oral calcitriol with improved survival in nondialyzed CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1613-1619
131. Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, Ankers E, Monroy M, Tamez H, Steele D, Chang Y, Camargo CA Jr, Tonelli M et al (2007) Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 72:1004-1013
132. Wolf M, Betancourt J, Chang Y, Shah A, Teng M, Tamez H, Gutierrez O, Camargo CA Jr, Melamed M, Norris K et al (2008) Impact of activated vitamin D and race on survival among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 19(7):1379-1388
133. Al-Aly Z (2007) Vitamin D as a novel nontraditional risk factor for mortality in hemodialysis patients: the need for randomized trials. Kidney Int 72:909-911
134. de Boer IH, Kestenbaum B (2008) Vitamin D in chronic kidney disease: is the jury in? Kidney Int 74:985-987
135. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, Benjamin EJ, DAgostino RB, Wolf M, Vasan RS (2008) Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 117:503-511
136. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB (2008) 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 168:1174-1180
137. Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B (2008) 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med 168:1629-1637
138. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm BO, Weihrauch G, Maerz W (2008) Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 168:1340-1349
139. Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, Allison M, Dolan NC, Greenland P, Heckbert SR, Johnson KC, Manson JE, Sidney S et al (2007) Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation 115:846-854
140. Poole KE, Loveridge N, Barker PJ, Halsall DJ, Rose C, Reeve J, Warburton EA (2006) Reduced vitamin D in acute stroke. Stroke 37:243-245
141. Rajasree S, Rajpal K, Kartha CC, Sarma PS, Kutty VR, Iyer CS, Girija G (2001) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are elevated in South Indian patients with ischemic heart disease. Eur J Epidemiol 17:567-571
142. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Korfer R, Stehle P (2003) Low vitamin D status: a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 41:105-112
143. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Gotting C, Dronow O, Fuchs U, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Tenderich G, Koerfer R (2008) Poor outcome in end-stage heart failure patients with low circulating calcitriol levels. Eur J Heart Fail 10:321-327
144. Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Stehle P, Koerfer R (2006) Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 83:754-759
145. Melamed ML, Muntner P, Michos ED, Uribarri J, Weber C, Sharma J, Raggi P (2008) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. Results from NHANES 2001 to 2004. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28(6):1179-1185
146. Jorde R, Bonaa KH (2000) Calcium from dairy products, vitamin D intake, and blood pressure: the Tromso Study. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1530-1535
147. Forman JP, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC (2005) Vitamin D intake and risk of incident hypertension: results from three large prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 46:676-682
148. Wang L, Manson JE, Buring JE, Lee IM, Sesso HD (2008) Dietary intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and the risk of hypertension in middle-Aged and older women. Hypertension 51:1073-1079
149. Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC, Curhan GC (2007) Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension 49:1063-1069
150. Snijder MB, Lips P, Seidell JC, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Dekker JM, van Dam RM (2007) Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels in relation to blood pressure: a populationbased study in older men and women. J Intern Med 261:558-565
151. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C (2001) Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1633-1637
152. Krause R, Buhring M, Hopfenmuller W, Holick MF, Sharma AM (1998) Ultraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet 352:709-710
153. Newmark HL, Heaney RP (2006) Calcium, vitamin D, and risk reduction of colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer 56:1-2
154. Michos ED, Blumenthal RS (2007) Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation 115:827-828
155. Heaney RP (2008) Vitamin D in health and disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3:1535-1541
156. Vieth R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Boucher BJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Garland CF, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Hollis BW, Lamberg-Allardt C, McGrath JJ et al (2007) The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective. Am J Clin Nutr 85:649-650
157. Autier P, Gandini S (2007) Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 167:1730-1737
158. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Blanchette P et al (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 354:669-683
159. Giovannucci E (2007) Can vitamin D reduce total mortality? Arch Intern Med 167:1709-1710
160. Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD (2001) Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr 73:288-294
161. Beaglehole R, Magnus P (2002) The search for new risk factors for coronary heart disease: occupational therapy for epidemiologists? Int J Epidemiol 31:1117-1122, author reply 1134-1115
162. Ross R (1999) Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 340:115-126
163. Hansson GK, Libby P, Schonbeck U, Yan ZQ (2002) Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circ Res 91:281-291
164. Rao M, Jaber BL, Balakrishnan VS (2006) Inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular risk: association or cause and effect? Semin Dial 19:129-135
165. Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Koumallos N, Stefanadis C (2006) Pro-inflammatory cytokines in acute coronary syndromes: from bench to bedside. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 17:225-233
166. Cardaropoli S, Silvagno F, Morra E, Pescarmona GP, Todros T (2003) Infectious and inflammatory stimuli decrease endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in vitro. J Hypertens 21:2103-2110
167. Khoshdel AR, Carney SL, Nair BR, Gillies A (2007) Better management of cardiovascular diseases by pulse wave velocity: combining clinical practice with clinical research using evidence-based medicine. Clin Med Res 5:45-52
168. Newby AC (2005) Dual role of matrix metalloproteinases (matrixins) in intimal thickening and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Physiol Rev 85:1-31
169. Loftus IM, Thompson MM (2002) The role of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular disease. Vasc Med 7:117-133
170. Perlstein TS, Lee RT (2006) Smoking, metalloproteinases, and vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:250-256
171. Turk S, Akbulut M, Yildiz A, Gurbilek M, Gonen S, Tombul Z, Yeksan M (2002) Comparative effect of oral pulse and intravenous calcitriol treatment in hemodialysis patients: the effect on serum IL-1 and IL-6 levels and bone mineral density. Nephron 90:188-194
172. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, Klein S, Coppack SW (1997) Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factoralpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:4196-4200
173. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, Vidal H, Hainque B (2000) Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3338-3342
174. Pickup JC (2004) Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:813-823
175. Giulietti A, van Etten E, Overbergh L, Stoffels K, Bouillon R, Mathieu C (2007) Monocytes from type 2 diabetic patients have a pro-inflammatory profile. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) works as anti-inflammatory. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 77:47-57
176. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C et al (2006) Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311:1770-1773
177. Martineau AR, Honecker FU, Wilkinson RJ, Griffiths CJ (2007) Vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:793-798
178. Stroder J, Kasal P (1970) Phagocytosis in vitamin D deficient rickets. Klin Wochenschr 48:383-384
179. Karatekin G, Kaya A, Salihoglu O, Balci H, Nuhoglu A (2007) Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower respiratory infection and their mothers. Eur J Clin Nutr 117:803-811
180. Laaksi I, Ruohola JP, Tuohimaa P, Auvinen A, Haataja R, Pihlajamaki H, Ylikomi T (2007) An association of serum vitamin D concentrations
181. Aloia JF, Li-Ng M (2007) Re: epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect 135:1095-1096, author reply 1097-1098
182. Muller K, Diamant M, Bendtzen K (1991) Inhibition of production and function of interleukin- 6 by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Immunol Lett 28:115-120
183. Willheim M, Thien R, Schrattbauer K, Bajna E, Holub M, Gruber R, Baier K, Pietschmann P, Reinisch W, Scheiner O et al (1999) Regulatory effects of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the cytokine production of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3739-3744
184. Zhu Y, Mahon BD, Froicu M, Cantorna MT (2005) Calcium and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target the TNF-Alpha pathway to suppress experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Immunol 35:217-224
185. Canning MO, Grotenhuis K, de Wit H, Ruwhof C, Drexhage HA (2001) 1-Alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25(OH)(2)D(3)) hampers the maturation of fully active immature dendritic cells from monocytes. Eur J Endocrinol 145:351-357
186. Pittas AG, Harris SS, Stark PC, Dawson-Hughes B (2007) The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in nondiabetic adults. Diabetes Care 30:980-986
187. Simpson RU, Hershey SH, Nibbelink KA (2007) Characterization of heart size and blood pressure in the vitamin D receptor knockout mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:521-524
188. Xiang W, Kong J, Chen S, Cao LP, Qiao G, Zheng W, Liu W, Li X, Gardner DG, Li YC (2005) Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-Angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288:E125-132
189. Timms PM, Mannan N, Hitman GA, Noonan K, Mills PG, Syndercombe-Court D, Aganna E, Price CP, Boucher BJ (2002) Circulating MMP9, vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: mechanisms for inflammatory damage in chronic disorders? Qjm 95:787-796
190. Sundstrom J, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Sawyer DB, Siwik DA, Colucci WS, Sutherland P, Wilson PW et al (2004) Relations of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 to clinical cardiovascular risk factors and echocardiographic left ventricular measures: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 109:2850-2856
191. Duprez D, De Buyzere M, De Backer T, Clement D (1993) Relationship between vitamin D and the regional blood flow and vascular resistance in moderate arterial hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl 11:S304-305
192. London GM, Guerin AP, Verbeke FH, Pannier B, Boutouyrie P, Marchais SJ, Metivier F (2007) Mineral metabolism and arterial functions in end-stage renal disease: potential role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:613-620
193. Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, Zenari L, Scala L, Cigolini M, Arcaro G (2006) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness among type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65:593-597
194. Sugden JA, Davies JI, Witham MD, Morris AD, Struthers AD (2008) Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels. Diabet Med 25:320-325
195. Suzuki A, Kotake M, Ono Y, Kato T, Oda N, Hayakawa N, Hashimoto S, Itoh M (2006) Hypovitaminosis D in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Association with microvascular complications and type of treatment. Endocr J 53:503-510
196. Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA (2005) Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:932-943
197. Abrams J (1997) Role of endothelial dysfunction in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 79:2-9
198. Monnink SH, Tio RA, van Boven AJ, van Gilst WH, van Veldhuisen DJ (2004) The role of coronary endothelial function testing in patients suspected for angina pectoris. Int J Cardiol 96:123-129
199. Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP (2002) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-Angiotensin system. J Clin Invest 110:229-238
200. Hill AB (1965) The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 58:293-300
201. Gillie O (2006) Sunlight, Vitamin D and Health. In: Gillie O (ed) Occasional Reports. Health Research Forum, London