Omega-3 and prostate cancer: Examining the pertinent evidence

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Volumn 89, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 444-450

  McCarty, Mark F ^a   DiNicolantonio, James J ^b,c   Lavie, Carl J ^d,e   O'Keefe, James H ^f  

^a Catalytic Longevity   (United States)

^b SAINT LUKE S MID AMERICA HEART INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c Wegmans Pharmacy   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^e PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI KANSAS CITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; DOCOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; FISH OIL; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PHOSPHOLIPID;

ADVANCED CANCER; BRAIN FUNCTION; CANCER GRADING; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CAUCASIAN; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EYE HEALTH; FATTY ACID BLOOD LEVEL; FISH; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH; HEART PROTECTION; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; JAPANESE; NONHUMAN; NOTE; PHOSPHOLIPID BLOOD LEVEL; PROSTATE CANCER; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK REDUCTION;

FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-6; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84898869824     PISSN: 00256196     EISSN: 19425546     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.029     Document Type: Short Survey

References (72)

1. Brasky TM, Darke AK, Song X, et al. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in the SELECT trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(15):1132-1141.
2. Brasky TM, Till C, White E, et al. Serum phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(12):1429-1439.
3. Crowe FL, Allen NE, Appleby PN, et al. Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88(5):1353-1363.
4. Park SY, Wilkens LR, Henning SM, et al. Circulating fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study: the Multiethnic Cohort. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20(2):211-223.
5. Mannisto S, Pietinen P, Virtanen MJ, et al. Fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study in male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12(12):1422-1428.
6. Harvei S, Bjerve KS, Tretli S, Jellum E, Robsahm TE, Vatten L. Prediagnostic level of fatty acids in serum phospholipids: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 1997;71(4):545-551.
7. Chavarro JE, Stampfer MJ, Li H, Campos H, Kurth T, Ma J. A prospective study of polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in blood and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(7):1364-1370.
8. Chua ME, Sio MC, Sorongon MC, Morales ML Jr. The relevance of serum levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Can Urol Assoc J. 2013;7(5-6):E333-E343.
9. DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, Lavie CJ, O'Keefe JH. Do omega-3 fatty acids cause prostate cancer? Mo Med. 2013; 110(4):293-295.
10. Szymanski KM, Wheeler DC, Mucci LA. Fish consumption and prostate cancer risk: a review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(5):1223-1233.
11. Fradet V, Cheng I, Casey G, Witte JS. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, cyclooxygenase-2 genetic variation, and aggressive prostate cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(7):2559-2566.
12. Hedelin M, Chang ET, Wiklund F, et al. Association of frequent consumption of fatty fish with prostate cancer risk is modified by COX-2 polymorphism. Int J Cancer. 2007;120(2):398-405.
13. Reese AC, Fradet V, Witte JS. Omega-3 fatty acids, genetic variants in COX-2 and prostate cancer. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2009;2(3):149-158.
14. Williams CD, Whitley BM, Hoyo C, et al. A high ratio of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Nutr Res. 2011;31(1):1-8.
15. Chavarro JE, Stampfer MJ, Hall MN, Sesso HD, Ma J. A 22-y prospective study of fish intake in relation to prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(5):1297-1303.
16. Epstein MM, Kasperzyk JL, Mucci LA, et al. Dietary fatty acid intake and prostate cancer survival in Orebro County. Sweden. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(3):240-252.
17. Friedrichs W, Ruparel SB, Marciniak RA, DeGraffenried L. Omega-3 fatty acid inhibition of prostate cancer progression to hormone independence is associated with suppression of mTOR signaling and androgen receptor expression. Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(5):771-777.
18. Apte SA, Cavazos DA, Whelan KA, deGraffenried LA. A low dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids may delay progression of prostate cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2013; 65(4):556-562.
19. Karmali RA, Reichel P, Cohen LA, et al. The effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on the DU-145 transplantable human prostatic tumor. Anticancer Res. 1987;7(6):1173-1179.
20. Wang S, Wu J, Suburu J, et al. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on castration-resistant Pten-null prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(2):404-412.
21. Kelavkar UP, Hutzley J, McHugh K, Allen KG, Parwani A. Prostate tumor growth can be modulated by dietarily targeting the 15-lipoxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes. Neoplasia. 2009;11(7):692-699.
22. Kelavkar UP, Hutzley J, Dhir R, Kim P, Allen KG, McHugh K. Prostate tumor growth and recurrence can be modulated by the omega-6:omega-3 ratio in diet: athymic mouse xenograft model simulating radical prostatectomy. Neoplasia. 2006;8(2):112-124.
23. Brasky TM, Kristal AR, Navarro SL, et al. Specialty supplements and prostate cancer risk in the VITamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(4):573-582.
24. Torfadottir JE, Valdimarsdottir UA, Mucci LA, et al. Consumption of fish products across the lifespan and prostate cancer risk. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59799.
25. Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(21):2015-2026.
26. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1223- 1230.
27. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9177):447-455.
28. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised openlabel, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet. 2007;369(9567): 1090-1098.
29. Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, Briancon S, Blacher J, Hercberg S. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c6273.
30. Bosch J, Gerstein HC, Dagenais GR, et al. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):309-318.
31. Roncaglioni MC, Tombesi M, Avanzini F, et al. n-3 fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(19):1800- 1808.
32. Rauch B, Schiele R, Schneider S, et al. OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2010;122(21):2152-2159.
33. Kantor ED, Lampe JW, Peters U, Vaughan TL, White E. Longchain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and risk of colorectal cancer [published online September 20, 2013]. Nutr Cancer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581. 2013.804101.
34. Hall MN, Chavarro JE, Lee IM, Willett WC, Ma J. A 22-year prospective study of fish, n-3 fatty acid intake, and colorectal cancer risk in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008; 17(5):1136-1143.
35. Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Patterson RE, White E. Specialty supplements and breast cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(7):1696-1708.
36. Harris WS, Pottala JV, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Robins SJ. Changes in erythrocyte membrane trans and marine fatty acids between 1999 and 2006 in older Americans. J Nutr. 2012; 142(7):1297-1303.
37. Harris WS, Von Schacky C. The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev Med. 2004; 39(1):212-220.
38. Itomura M, Fujioka S, Hamazaki K, et al. Factors influencing EPA+DHA levels in red blood cells in Japan. In Vivo. 2008; 22(1):131-135.
39. Wynder EL, Fujita Y, Harris RE, Hirayama T, Hiyama T. Comparative epidemiology of cancer between the United States and Japan: a second look. Cancer. 1991;67(3):746-763.
40. Dewailly E, Mulvad G, Sloth PH, Hansen JC, Behrendt N, Hart Hansen JP. Inuit are protected against prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12(9):926-927.
41. Prener A, Storm HH, Nielsen NH. Cancer of the male genital tract in Circumpolar Inuit. Acta Oncol. 1996;35(5):589-593.
42. Giltay EJ, Gooren LJ, Toorians AW, Katan MB, Zock PL. Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations are higher in women than in men because of estrogenic effects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5): 1167-1174.
43. Kitson AP, Stroud CK, Stark KD. Elevated production of docosahexaenoic acid in females: potential molecular mechanisms. Lipids. 2010;45(3):209-224.
44. Salonia A, Gallina A, Briganti A, et al. Circulating estradiol, but not testosterone, is a significant predictor of high-grade prostate cancer in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Cancer. 2011;117(22):5029-5038.
45. Bonkhoff H, Berges R. The evolving role of oestrogens and their receptors in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2009;55(3):533-542.
46. Rimoldi OJ, Finarelli GS, Brenner RR. Effects of diabetes and insulin on hepatic delta6 desaturase gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;283(2):323-326.
47. Roddam AW, Allen NE, Appleby P, et al. Insulin-like growth factors, their binding proteins, and prostate cancer risk: analysis of individual patient data from 12 prospective studies. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(7):461-468.
48. He C, Qu X, Wan J, et al. Inhibiting delta-6 desaturase activity suppresses tumor growth in mice. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47567.
49. Pender-Cudlip MC, Krag KJ, Martini D, et al. Delta-6-desaturase activity and arachidonic acid synthesis are increased in human breast cancer tissue. Cancer Sci. 2013;104(6):760-764.
50. Richardsen E, Uglehus RD, Due J, Busch C, Busund LT. COX-2 is overexpressed in primary prostate cancer with metastatic potential and may predict survival: a comparison study between COX-2, TGF-beta, IL-10 and Ki67. Cancer Epidemiol. 2010; 34(3):316-322.
51. Yang P, Cartwright CA, Li J, et al. Arachidonic acid metabolism in human prostate cancer. Int J Oncol. 2012;41(4):1495-1503.
52. Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308(10):1024-1033.
53. Leaf A, Kang JX, Xiao YF, Billman GE. Clinical prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mechanism of prevention of arrhythmias by n-3 fish oils. Circulation. 2003;107(21):2646-2652.
54. Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, et al. n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary-and secondaryprevention studies: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84(1):5-17.
55. Kromhout D. Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease: the final verdict? Curr Opin Lipidol. 2012;23(6):554-559.
56. Eussen SR, Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Rompelberg CJ, Klungel OH, Kromhout D. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on major cardiovascular events in statin users and non-users with a history of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(13):1582-1588.
57. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Defaye P, Rabaeus M. Recent findings on the health effects of omega-3 fatty acids and statins, and their interactions: do statins inhibit omega-3? BMC Med. 2013;11:5.
58. Abuissa H, O'Keefe JH, Bybee KA. Statins as anti-arrhythmics: a systematic review part II: effects on risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Clin Cardiol. 2009;32(10):549-552.
59. Kwak SM, Myung SK, Lee YJ, Seo HG. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(9):686-694.
60. DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ. The big ones that got away: omega-3 meta-analysis flawed by excluding the biggest fish oil trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(18):1427-1428.
61. Zheng J, Huang T, Yu Y, Hu X, Yang B, Li D. Fish consumption and CHD mortality: an updated meta-analysis of seventeen cohort studies. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(4):725-737.
62. Rauch B, Senges J. The effects of supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids on cardiac rhythm: antiarrhythmic, pro-arrhythmic, both or neither? it depends... Front Physiol. 2012;3:57.
63. Mehra MR, Lavie CJ, Ventura HO, Milani RV. Fish oils produce anti-inflammatory effects and improve body weight in severe heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25(7):834-838.
64. Calder PC. n-3 Fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: new mechanisms to explain old actions. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;1-11.
65. Newman WP, Middaugh JP, Propst MT, Rogers DR. Atherosclerosis in Alaska Natives and non-natives. Lancet. 1993; 341(8852):1056-1057.
66. Sekikawa A, Curb JD, Ueshima H, et al. Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids and atherosclerosis in Japanese, Japanese-American, and white men: a cross-sectional study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52(6):417-424.
67. Fotuhi M, Mohassel P, Yaffe K. Fish consumption, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline or Alzheimer disease: a complex association. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2009;5(3):140-152.
68. Dangour AD, Andreeva VA, Sydenham E, Uauy R. Omega 3 fatty acids and cognitive health in older people. Br J Nutr. 2012; 107(suppl 2):S152-S158.
69. Chong EW, Kreis AJ, Wong TY, Simpson JA, Guymer RH. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(6):826-833.
70. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309(19):2005- 2015.
71. Mozaffarian D, Lemaitre RN, King IB, et al. Plasma phospholipid long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(7):515-525.
72. Poole CD, Halcox JP, Jenkins-Jones S, et al. Omega-3 Fatty acids and mortality outcome in patients with and without type 2 diabetes after myocardial infarction: a retrospective, matchedcohort study. Clin Ther. 2013;35(1):40-51.