Neural activity to positive expressions predicts daily experience of Schizophrenia-Spectrum symptoms in adults with high social anhedonia

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 123, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 190-204

  Hooker, Christine I ^a   Benson, Taylor L ^a   Gyurak, Anett ^b   Yin, Hong ^a   Tully, Laura M ^a   Lincoln, Sarah Hope ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Fmri; Psychosis proneness; Reward processing; Schizotypy; Social cognition

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANHEDONIA; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONFLICT; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; MALE; MOTIVATION; PARANOIA; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PSYCHOMOTOR ACTIVITY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL ANHEDONIA; SOCIAL COGNITION; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL STRESS; VENTRAL LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; MIDDLE AGED; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; REWARD; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ANHEDONIA; EMOTIONS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REWARD; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84897826260     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0035223     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Abler, B., Erk, S., & Walter, H. (2007). Human reward system activation is modulated by a single dose of olanzapine in healthy subjects in an event-related, double-blind, placebo-controlled fMRI study. Psychopharmacology, 191, 823-833. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0690-y
2. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3. Barch, D. M. (2005). The cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 321-353. doi:10.1146/annurev .clinpsy.1.102803.143959
4. Barch, D. M., & Dowd, E. C. (2010). Goal representations and motivational drive in schizophrenia: The role of prefrontal-striatal interactions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 919-934. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq068
5. Baron-Cohen, S., Hill, J., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). Mind reading: The interactive guide to emotions. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd.
6. Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2007). The experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 373-403. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085709
7. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
8. Beer, J. S., Knight, R. T., & D'Esposito, M. (2006). Controlling the integration of emotion and cognition: The role of frontal cortex in distinguishing helpful from hurtful emotional information. Psychological Science, 17, 448-453.
9. Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (2000). On the adaptive control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing with independent statistics. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 25, 60-83.
10. Blanchard, J. J., Aghevli, M., Wilson, A., & Sargeant, M. (2010). Developmental instability in social anhedonia: An examination of minor physical anomalies and clinical characteristics. Schizophrenia Research, 118, 162-167. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.028
11. Blanchard, J. J., Collins, L. M., Aghevli, M., Leung, W. W., & Cohen, A. S. (2011). Social anhedonia and schizotypy in a community sample: The Maryland longitudinal study of schizotypy. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 587-602. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp107
12. Blanchard, J. J., Gangestad, S. W., Brown, S. A., & Horan, W. P. (2000). Hedonic capacity and schizotypy revisited: A taxometric analysis of social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 87-95. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.1.87
13. Blanchard, J. J., Horan, W. P., & Brown, S. A. (2001). Diagnostic differences in social anhedonia: A longitudinal study of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 363-371. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.363
14. Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., & Bellack, A. S. (1998). Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 413-424. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul .a033336
15. Brown, L. H., Silvia, P. J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T. R. (2007). When the need to belong goes wrong: The expression of social anhedonia and social anxiety in daily life. Psychological Science, 18, 778-782. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01978.x
16. Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., Kwapil, T. R., Eckblad, M., & Zinser, M. C. (1994). Putatively psychosis-prone subjects 10 years later. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 171-183. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.2 .171
17. Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Raulin, M. L. (1978). Body-image aberration in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 399-407. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.87.4.399
18. Clark, L. A. (2006). The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP): A dimensional measure of traits relevant to personality and personality pathology. In S. Strack (Ed.), Differentiating normal and abnormal personality pathology (pp. 431-450). New York, NY: Springer.
19. Cohen, A. S., Callaway, D. A., Najolia, G. M., Larsen, J. T., & Strauss, G. P. (2012). On "risk" and reward: Investigating state anhedonia in psychometrically defined schizotypy and schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 407-415. doi:10.1037/a0026155
20. Cohen, A. S., Couture, S. M., & Blanchard, J. J. (2012). Neuropsychological functioning and social anhedonia: Three-year follow-up data from a longitudinal community high risk study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 898-904. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.020
21. Cohen, A. S., Leung, W. W., Saperstein, A. M., & Blanchard, J. J. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning and social anhedonia: Results from a community high-risk study. Schizophrenia Research, 85, 132-141. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.044
22. Cohen, A. S., & Minor, K. S. (2010). Emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia revisited: Meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 143-150. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn061
23. Collip, D., Oorschot, M., Thewissen, V., Van Os, J., Bentall, R., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2011). Social world interactions: How company connects to paranoia. Psychological Medicine, 41, 911-921. doi: 10.1017/S0033291710001558
24. Cornblatt, B. A., Auther, A. M., Niendam, T., Smith, C. W., Zinberg, J., Bearden, C. E., & Cannon, T. D. (2007). Preliminary findings for two new measures of social and role functioning in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 688 -702. doi:10.1093/ schbul/sbm029
25. Cornblatt, B. A., Lencz, T., Smith, C. W., Correll, C. U., Auther, A. M., & Nakayama, E. (2003). The schizophrenia prodrome revisited: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 633-651. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007036
26. Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2010). Toward new approaches to psychotic disorders: The NIMH Research Domain Criteria project [Editorial]. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 1061-1062. doi:10.1093/schbul/ sbq108
27. DeCoster, J., Iselin, A. M., & Gallucci, M. (2009). A conceptual and empirical examination of justifications for dichotomization. Psychological Methods, 14, 349-366. doi:10.1037/a0016956
28. Dowd, E. C., & Barch, D. M. (2010). Anhedonia and emotional experience in schizophrenia: Neural and behavioral indicators. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 902-911. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.020
29. Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L. J. (1983). Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215-225. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.215
30. Eckblad, M., Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Mishlove, M. (1982). The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale. Unpublished test.
31. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition. (SCID-I/P). New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
32. Gard, D. E., Kring, A. M., Gard, M. G., Horan, W. P., & Green, M. F. (2007). Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophrenia Research, 93, 253-260. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.008
33. Giuliano, A. J., Li, H., Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Sorenson, S. M., Woodberry, K. A., & Seidman, L. J. (2012). Neurocognition in the psychosis risk syndrome: A quantitative and qualitative review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18, 399-415. doi:10.2174/138161212799316019
34. Gold, J. M., Waltz, J. A., Prentice, K. J., Morris, S. E., & Heerey, E. A. (2008). Reward processing in schizophrenia: A deficit in the representation of value. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 835-847. doi:10.1093/ schbul/sbn068[pii]
35. Gooding, D. C., Matts, C. W., & Rollmann, E. A. (2006). Sustained attention deficits in relation to psychometrically identified schizotypy: Evaluating a potential endophenotypic marker. Schizophrenia Research, 82, 27-37. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.11.015
36. Gooding, D. C., & Tallent, K. A. (2003). Spatial, object, and affective working memory in social anhedonia: An exploratory study. Schizophrenia Research, 63, 247-260. doi:10.1016/S09209964(02)00326-2
37. Gooding, D. C., Tallent, K. A., & Matts, C. W. (2005). Clinical status of at-risk individuals 5 years later: Further validation of the psychometric high-risk strategy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 170-175. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.170
38. Gooding, D. C., Tallent, K. A., & Matts, C. W. (2007). Rates of avoidant, schizotypal, schizoid and paranoid personality disorders in psychometric high-risk groups at 5-year follow-up. Schizophrenia Research, 94, 373-374. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.018
39. Granholm, E., Ben-Zeev, D., & Link, P. C. (2009). Social disinterest attitudes and group cognitive-behavioral social skills training for functional disability in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 874-883. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp072
40. Henry, J. D., Green, M. J., de Lucia, A., Restuccia, C., McDonald, S., & O'Donnell, M. (2007). Emotion dysregulation in schizophrenia: Reduced amplification of emotional expression is associated with emotional blunting. Schizophrenia Research, 95, 197-204. doi:10.1016/j .schres.2007.06.002
41. Herbener, E. S. (2009). Impairment in long-term retention of preference conditioning in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 1086-1090. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.020
42. Herbener, E. S., Rosen, C., Khine, T., & Sweeney, J. A. (2007). Failure of positive but not negative emotional valence to enhance memory in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 43-55. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.43
43. Hooker, C. I., Gyurak, A., Verosky, S. C., Miyakawa, A., & Ayduk, O. (2010). Neural activity to a partner's facial expression predicts selfregulation after conflict. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 406-413. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.014
44. Hooker, C. I., & Knight, R. T. (2006). The role of lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the inhibitory control of emotion. In D. H. Zald & S. L. Rauch (Eds.), The orbitofrontal cortex (pp. 307-324). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741 .003.0012
45. Hooker, C. I., Tully, L. M., Verosky, S. C., Fisher, M., Holland, C., & Vinogradov, S. (2011). Can I trust you? Negative affective priming influences social judgments in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 98-107. doi:10.1037/a0020630
46. Hooley, J. M. (2007). Expressed emotion and relapse of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 329 -352. doi:10.1146/ annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095236
47. Horan, W. P., Blanchard, J. J., Clark, L. A., & Green, M. F. (2008). Affective traits in schizophrenia and schizotypy. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 856-874. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn083
48. Horan, W. P., Blanchard, J. J., Gangestad, S. W., & Kwapil, T. R. (2004). The psychometric detection of schizotypy: Do putative schizotypy indicators identify the same latent class? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 339-357. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.113.3.3392004-17366-001
49. Horan, W. P., Brown, S. A., & Blanchard, J. J. (2007). Social anhedonia and schizotypy: The contribution of individual differences in affective traits, stress, and coping. Psychiatry Research, 149, 147-156. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.06.002
50. Husky, M. M., Grondin, O. S., & Swendsen, J. D. (2004). The relation between social behavior and negative affect in psychosis-prone individuals: An experience sampling investigation. European Psychiatry, 19, 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.09.006
51. Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., . . . Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 748 -751. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010 .09091379
52. John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In O. P. John & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102-138). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
53. Johnston, S., Linden, D. E., Healy, D., Goebel, R., Habes, I., & Boehm, S. G. (2011). Upregulation of emotion areas through neurofeedback with a focus on positive mood. Cognitive, Affective Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 44-51. doi:10.3758/s13415-010-0010-1
54. Juckel, G., Schlagenhauf, F., Koslowski, M., Filonov, D., Wustenberg, T., Villringer, A., . . . Heinz, A. (2006). Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenic patients treated with typical, not atypical, neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology, 187, 222-228. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0405-4
55. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
56. Kerns, J. G. (2006). Schizotypy facets, cognitive control, and emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 418-427. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.418
57. Kerns, J. G., Docherty, A. R., & Martin, E. A. (2008). Social and physical anhedonia and valence and arousal aspects of emotional experience. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 735-746. doi:10.1037/a0013601
58. Keshavan, M. S., Kulkarni, S., Bhojraj, T., Francis, A., Diwadkar, V., Montrose, D. M., Sweeney, J. (2010). Premorbid cognitive deficits in young relatives of schizophrenia patients. Frontiers of Human Neuroscience, 3, 62. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.062.2009
59. Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. (2007). Neural correlates of positive and negative emotion regulation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 776-798. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.776
60. Kirkpatrick, B., Fenton, W. S., Carpenter, W. T., Jr., & Marder, S. R. (2006). The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 214-219. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj053
61. Kwapil, T. R. (1998). Social anhedonia as a predictor of the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 558-565. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.4.558
62. Kwapil, T. R., Brown, L. H., Silvia, P. J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2012). The expression of positive and negative schizotypy in daily life: An experience sampling study. Psychological Medicine, 1-12. doi:10.1017/S0033291712000827
63. Kwapil, T. R., Silvia, P. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Anderson, A. J., Coates, S. A., & Brown, L. H. (2009). The social world of the socially anhedonic. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 103-106. doi:10.1016/j.jrp .2008.10.008
64. Laurent, A., Biloa-Tang, M., Bougerol, T., Duly, D., Anchisi, A. M., Bosson, J. L., Dalery, J. (2000). Executive/attentional performance and measures of schizotypy in patients with schizophrenia and in their nonpsychotic first-degree relatives. Schizophrenia Research, 46, 269-283. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00232-7
65. Lenzenweger, M. F., Bennett, M. E., & Lilenfeld, L. R. (1997). The Referential Thinking Scale as a measure of schizotypy: Scale development and initial construct validation. Psychological Assessment, 9, 452-463. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.452
66. Leung, W. W., Couture, S. M., Blanchard, J. J., Lin, S., & Llerena, K. (2010). Is social anhedonia related to emotional responsivity and expressivity? A laboratory study in women. Schizophrenia Research, 124, 66-73. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.06.012
67. Light, S. N., Heller, A. S., Johnstone, T., Kolden, G. G., Peterson, M. J., Kalin, N. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2011). Reduced right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activity while inhibiting positive affect is associated with improvement in hedonic capacity after 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 10, 962-968. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.031
68. Linden, D. E., Habes, I., Johnston, S. J., Linden, S., Tatineni, R., Subramanian, L., Goebel, R. (2012). Real-time self-regulation of emotion networks in patients with depression. PLoS One, 7, e38115. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0038115PONE-D-11-22815[pii]
69. Livingston, J. D., & Boyd, J. E. (2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 71, 2150-2161. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.030
70. Martin, E. A., Becker, T. M., Cicero, D. C., Docherty, A. R., & Kerns, J. G. (2011). Differential associations between schizotypy facets and emotion traits. Psychiatry Research, 187, 94-99. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12 .028
71. Martin, E. A., Cicero, D. C., & Kerns, J. G. (2012). Social anhedonia, but not positive schizotypy, is associated with poor affective control. Personality Disorders, 3, 263-272. doi:10.1037/a0024488
72. Mathews, J. R., & Barch, D. M. (2006). Episodic memory for emotional and non-emotional words in individuals with anhedonia. Psychiatry Research, 143, 121-133. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.030
73. Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
74. Myin-Germeys, I., Birchwood, M., & Kwapil, T. (2011). From environment to therapy in psychosis: A real-world momentary assessment approach. Schizophrenia Bulletin. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq164
75. Myin-Germeys, I., & van Os, J. (2007). Stress-reactivity in psychosis: Evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 409-424. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.005
76. Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., MacCallum, R. C., & Nicewander, W. A. (2005). Use of the extreme groups approach: A critical reexamination and new recommendations. Psychological Methods, 10, 178-192. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.10.2.178
77. Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: A scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 555-564. doi:10.1093/schbul/17.4.555
78. Schürhoff, F., Szoke, A., Bellivier, F., Turcas, C., Villemur, M., Tignol, J., Leboyer, M. (2003). Anhedonia in schizophrenia: A distinct familial subtype? Schizophrenia Research, 61, 59 -66. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00237-2
79. Stone, W. S., Faraone, S. V., Seidman, L. J., Olson, E. A., & Tsuang, M. T. (2005). Searching for the liability to schizophrenia: Concepts and methods underlying genetic high-risk studies of adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 403-417. doi:10.1089/cap .2005.15.403
80. Stone, W. S., Hsi, X., Giuliano, A. J., Tan, L., Zhu, S., Li, L., . . . Tsuang, M. T. (2012). Are neurocognitive, clinical and social dysfunctions in schizotaxia reversible pharmacologically? Results from the Changsha study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5, 73-82. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2011.12 .001
81. Strauss, G. P., & Gold, J. M. (2012). A new perspective on anhedonia in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 364-373. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030447
82. Strauss, G. P., & Herbener, E. S. (2011). Patterns of emotional experience in schizophrenia: Differences in emotional response to visual stimuli are associated with clinical presentation and functional outcome. Schizophrenia Research, 128, 117-123. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.010
83. Tarbox, S. I., & Pogue-Geile, M. F. (2008). Development of social functioning in preschizophrenia children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 561-583. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.34 .4.561
84. Tully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., & Hooker, C. I. (2012). Impaired executive control of emotional information in social anhedonia. Psychiatry Research, 197, 29-35. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.023
85. Ursu, S., Kring, A. M., Gard, M. G., Minzenberg, M. J., Yoon, J. H., Ragland, J. D., Carter, C. S. (2011). Prefrontal cortical deficits and impaired cognition-emotion interactions in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 279 -285. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010 .09081215
86. Vauth, R., Kleim, B., Wirtz, M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2007). Self-efficacy and empowerment as outcomes of self-stigmatizing and coping in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 150, 71-80. doi:10.1016/j.psychres .2006.07.005
87. Verdoux, H., Husky, M., Tournier, M., Sorbara, F., & Swendsen, J. D. (2003). Social environments and daily life occurrence of psychotic symptoms: An experience sampling test in a non-clinical population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 654-661. doi: 10.1007/s00127-003-0702-8
88. Wager, T. D., Davidson, M. L., Hughes, B. L., Lindquist, M. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2008). Prefrontal-subcortical pathways mediating successful emotion regulation. Neuron, 59, 1037-1050. doi:10.1016/j .neuron.2008.09.006
89. Wallis, J. D., & Miller, E. K. (2003). Neuronal activity in primate dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex during performance of a reward preference task. European Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 2069-2081. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02922.x
90. Walter, H., Heckers, S., Kassubek, J., Erk, S., Frasch, K., & Abler, B. (2010). Further evidence for aberrant prefrontal salience coding in schizophrenia. Frontiers of Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 62. doi: 10.3389/neuro.08.062.2009
91. Walter, H., Kammerer, H., Frasch, K., Spitzer, M., & Abler, B. (2009). Altered reward functions in patients on atypical antipsychotic medication in line with the revised dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology, 206, 121-132. doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1586-4
92. Yanos, P. T., Roe, D., Markus, K., & Lysaker, P. H. (2008). Pathways between internalized stigma and outcomes related to recovery in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatric Services, 59, 1437-1442. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.59.12.1437