메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 89, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 225-240

Multiple sclerosis: Current and emerging disease-modifying therapies and treatment strategies

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED CARBON; ALEMTUZUMAB; BETA INTERFERON; BETA1A INTERFERON; COLESTYRAMINE; DACLIZUMAB; FINGOLIMOD; FUMADERM; FUMARIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; GLATIRAMER; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; LAQUINIMOD; MITOXANTRONE; NATALIZUMAB; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; OCRELIZUMAB; PLACEBO; RITUXIMAB; TERIFLUNOMIDE; DMF; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;

EID: 84897574115     PISSN: 00256196     EISSN: 19425546     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (352)

References (134)
  • 2
    • 80051684615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis
    • International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2
    • International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2, Sawcer S, Hellenthal G, Pirinen M, et al. Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature. 2011;476(7359):214-219.
    • (2011) Nature. , vol.476 , Issue.7359 , pp. 214-219
    • Sawcer, S.1    Hellenthal, G.2    Pirinen, M.3
  • 3
    • 77949424680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental factors and their timing in adult-onset multiple sclerosis
    • Handel AE, Giovannoni G, Ebers GC, Ramagopalan SV. Environmental factors and their timing in adult-onset multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6(3):156-166.
    • (2010) Nat Rev Neurol. , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 156-166
    • Handel, A.E.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Ebers, G.C.3    Ramagopalan, S.V.4
  • 4
    • 33749681309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: A longitudinal study
    • Orton SM, Herrera BM, Yee IM, et al; Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(11):932-936.
    • (2006) Lancet Neurol. , vol.5 , Issue.11 , pp. 932-936
    • Orton, S.M.1    Herrera, B.M.2    Yee, I.M.3
  • 5
    • 37349118328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis: Data from the Sonya Slifka Longitudinal Multiple Sclerosis Study
    • Wu N, Minden SL, Hoaglin DC, Hadden L, Frankel D. Quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis: data from the Sonya Slifka Longitudinal Multiple Sclerosis Study. J Health Hum Serv Adm. 2007;30(3):233-267.
    • (2007) J Health Hum Serv Adm. , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 233-267
    • Wu, N.1    Minden, S.L.2    Hoaglin, D.C.3    Hadden, L.4    Frankel, D.5
  • 6
    • 77955312194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging effects of comorbidities on multiple sclerosis
    • Marrie RA, Horwitz RI. Emerging effects of comorbidities on multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(8):820-828.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol. , vol.9 , Issue.8 , pp. 820-828
    • Marrie, R.A.1    Horwitz, R.I.2
  • 7
    • 80655144770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis and depression
    • Feinstein A. Multiple sclerosis and depression. Mult Scler. 2011;17(11):1276-1281.
    • (2011) Mult Scler. , vol.17 , Issue.11 , pp. 1276-1281
    • Feinstein, A.1
  • 9
    • 84876383332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost burden of multiple sclerosis in the United States: A systematic review of the literature
    • Adelman G, Rane SG, Villa KF. The cost burden of multiple sclerosis in the United States: a systematic review of the literature. J Med Econ. 2013;16(5):639-647.
    • (2013) J Med Econ. , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 639-647
    • Adelman, G.1    Rane, S.G.2    Villa, K.F.3
  • 11
    • 48849116689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis
    • Geurts JJ, Barkhof F. Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(9):841-851.
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol. , vol.7 , Issue.9 , pp. 841-851
    • Geurts, J.J.1    Barkhof, F.2
  • 12
    • 83155173565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis
    • Lucchinetti CF, Popescu BF, Bunyan RF, et al. Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(23):2188-2197.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med. , vol.365 , Issue.23 , pp. 2188-2197
    • Lucchinetti, C.F.1    Popescu, B.F.2    Bunyan, R.F.3
  • 13
    • 23744475685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: Anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms
    • Engelhardt B, Ransohoff RM. The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol. 2005;26(9):485-495.
    • (2005) Trends Immunol. , vol.26 , Issue.9 , pp. 485-495
    • Engelhardt, B.1    Ransohoff, R.M.2
  • 14
    • 54149084585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2008;372(9648):1502- 1517.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , Issue.9648 , pp. 1502-1517
    • Compston, A.1    Coles, A.2
  • 15
    • 33645732865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standardized MR imaging protocol for multiple sclerosis: Consortium of MS Centers consensus guidelines
    • Simon JH, Li D, Traboulsee A, et al. Standardized MR imaging protocol for multiple sclerosis: Consortium of MS Centers consensus guidelines. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(2):455-461.
    • (2006) AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 455-461
    • Simon, J.H.1    Li, D.2    Traboulsee, A.3
  • 16
    • 0029913882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis
    • Lublin FD, Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology. 1996;46(4):907-911.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 907-911
    • Lublin, F.D.1    Reingold, S.C.2
  • 17
    • 79952501096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria
    • Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(2):292-302.
    • (2011) Ann Neurol. , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 292-302
    • Polman, C.H.1    Reingold, S.C.2    Banwell, B.3
  • 19
    • 34548633861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis [published correction appears in Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(8):699]
    • Miller DH, Leary SM. Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis [published correction appears in Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(8):699]. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(10):903-912.
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol. , vol.6 , Issue.10 , pp. 903-912
    • Miller, D.H.1    Leary, S.M.2
  • 20
    • 0344738667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of relapses on development of residual deficit in multiple sclerosis
    • Lublin FD, Baier M, Cutter G. Effect of relapses on development of residual deficit in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2003;61(11):1528-1532.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.61 , Issue.11 , pp. 1528-1532
    • Lublin, F.D.1    Baier, M.2    Cutter, G.3
  • 21
    • 0021035886 scopus 로고
    • Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)
    • Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology. 1983;33(11):1444-1452.
    • (1983) Neurology , vol.33 , Issue.11 , pp. 1444-1452
    • Kurtzke, J.F.1
  • 22
    • 0024504359 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study, I: Clinical course and disability
    • Weinshenker BG, Bass B, Rice GP, et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study, I: clinical course and disability. Brain. 1989;112(Pt 1):133-146.
    • (1989) Brain. , vol.112 , Issue.PART 1 , pp. 133-146
    • Weinshenker, B.G.1    Bass, B.2    Rice, G.P.3
  • 23
    • 33644974688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Current knowledge and future challenges
    • Rovaris M, Confavreux C, Furlan R, Kappos L, Comi G, Filippi M. Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(4):343-354.
    • (2006) Lancet Neurol. , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 343-354
    • Rovaris, M.1    Confavreux, C.2    Furlan, R.3    Kappos, L.4    Comi, G.5    Filippi, M.6
  • 24
    • 3843060187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical implications of benign multiple sclerosis: A 20-year population-based follow-up study
    • Pittock SJ, McClelland RL, Mayr WT, et al. Clinical implications of benign multiple sclerosis: a 20-year population-based follow-up study. Ann Neurol. 2004;56(2):303-306.
    • (2004) Ann Neurol. , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 303-306
    • Pittock, S.J.1    McClelland, R.L.2    Mayr, W.T.3
  • 25
    • 0037161237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action of interferons and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis
    • Dhib-Jalbut S. Mechanisms of action of interferons and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2002;58(8, Suppl 4):S3-S9.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , Issue.8 SUPPL. 4
    • Dhib-Jalbut, S.1
  • 26
    • 0034727059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CHAMPS Study Group. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis
    • Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, et al; CHAMPS Study Group. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(13):898-904.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med. , vol.343 , Issue.13 , pp. 898-904
    • Jacobs, L.D.1    Beck, R.W.2    Simon, J.H.3
  • 27
    • 33749661011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes
    • Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2006;67(7):1242-1249.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , Issue.7 , pp. 1242-1249
    • Kappos, L.1    Polman, C.H.2    Freedman, M.S.3
  • 28
    • 34547497820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of early versus delayed interferon beta-1b treatment on disability after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: A 3-year follow-up analysis of the BENEFIT study
    • Kappos L, Freedman MS, Polman CH, et al. Effect of early versus delayed interferon beta-1b treatment on disability after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: a 3-year follow-up analysis of the BENEFIT study. Lancet. 2007;370(9585):389-397.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.370 , Issue.9585 , pp. 389-397
    • Kappos, L.1    Freedman, M.S.2    Polman, C.H.3
  • 29
    • 70350786389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of glatiramer acetate on conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (PreCISe study): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2010;375(9724):1436]
    • Comi G, Martinelli V, Rodegher M, et al. Effect of glatiramer acetate on conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (PreCISe study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2010;375(9724):1436]. Lancet. 2009;374(9700):1503-1511.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , Issue.9700 , pp. 1503-1511
    • Comi, G.1    Martinelli, V.2    Rodegher, M.3
  • 30
    • 0029161628 scopus 로고
    • The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Final outcome of the randomized controlled trial
    • The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1277-1285.
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , Issue.7 , pp. 1277-1285
  • 31
    • 0008678962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis [published correction appears in Ann Neurol. 1996;40(3):480]
    • Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, et al. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis [published correction appears in Ann Neurol. 1996;40(3):480]. Ann Neurol. 1996;39(3):285-294.
    • (1996) Ann Neurol. , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 285-294
    • Jacobs, L.D.1    Cookfair, D.L.2    Rudick, R.A.3
  • 32
    • 0345601517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis [published correction appears in Lancet. 1999;353(9153):678]
    • PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis [published correction appears in Lancet. 1999;353(9153):678]. Lancet. 1998;352(9139):1498-1504.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , Issue.9139 , pp. 1498-1504
  • 33
    • 0344809968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Once Weekly Interferon for MS Study Group. Evidence of interferon beta-1a dose response in relapsing-remitting MS: The OWIMS Study
    • The Once Weekly Interferon for MS Study Group. Evidence of interferon beta-1a dose response in relapsing-remitting MS: the OWIMS Study. Neurology. 1999;53(4):679-686.
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.53 , Issue.4 , pp. 679-686
  • 34
    • 0029082566 scopus 로고
    • The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial
    • Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1268-1276.
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , Issue.7 , pp. 1268-1276
    • Johnson, K.P.1    Brooks, B.R.2    Cohen, J.A.3
  • 35
    • 0037180479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: The EVIDENCE trial
    • Panitch H, Goodin DS, Francis G, et al. Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: the EVIDENCE trial. Neurology. 2002;59(10):1496-1506.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , Issue.10 , pp. 1496-1506
    • Panitch, H.1    Goodin, D.S.2    Francis, G.3
  • 36
    • 0032494792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Study Group on Interferon Beta-1b in Secondary Progressive MS. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • European Study Group on Interferon Beta-1b in Secondary Progressive MS. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1998;352(9139):1491-1497.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , Issue.9139 , pp. 1491-1497
  • 37
    • 8844285856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: A combined analysis of the two trials
    • Kappos L, Weinshenker B, Pozzilli C, et al. Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: a combined analysis of the two trials. Neurology. 2004;63(10):1779-1787.
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , Issue.10 , pp. 1779-1787
    • Kappos, L.1    Weinshenker, B.2    Pozzilli, C.3
  • 38
    • 8844222623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North American Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in Secondary Progressive MS. Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: Results from a 3-year controlled study
    • Panitch H, Miller A, Paty D, Weinshenker B. North American Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in Secondary Progressive MS. Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: results from a 3-year controlled study. Neurology. 2004;63(10):1788-1795.
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , Issue.10 , pp. 1788-1795
    • Panitch, H.1    Miller, A.2    Paty, D.3    Weinshenker, B.4
  • 39
    • 0035849496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary Progressive Efficacy Clinical Trial of Recombinant Interferon-Beta-1a in MSSG. Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: Clinical results
    • Secondary Progressive Efficacy Clinical Trial of Recombinant Interferon-Beta-1a in MSSG. Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: clinical results. Neurology. 2001;56(11):1496-1504.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , Issue.11 , pp. 1496-1504
  • 40
    • 77953454473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for clinical use of data on neutralising antibodies to interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis
    • Polman CH, Bertolotto A, Deisenhammer F, et al. Recommendations for clinical use of data on neutralising antibodies to interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(7):740-750.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol. , vol.9 , Issue.7 , pp. 740-750
    • Polman, C.H.1    Bertolotto, A.2    Deisenhammer, F.3
  • 41
    • 84860495711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistency of neutralizing antibodies depends on titer and interferon-beta preparation
    • Hegen H, Schleiser M, Gneiss C, et al. Persistency of neutralizing antibodies depends on titer and interferon-beta preparation. Mult Scler. 2012;18(5):610-615.
    • (2012) Mult Scler. , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 610-615
    • Hegen, H.1    Schleiser, M.2    Gneiss, C.3
  • 42
    • 33645887535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies: Adverse effect surveillance and management
    • Wingerchuk DM. Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies: adverse effect surveillance and management. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006;6(3):333-346.
    • (2006) Expert Rev Neurother. , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 333-346
    • Wingerchuk, D.M.1
  • 43
    • 84863186662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of disease-modifying therapies to assess unmet needs in multiple sclerosis: Tolerability and adherence
    • Giovannoni G, Southam E, Waubant E. Systematic review of disease-modifying therapies to assess unmet needs in multiple sclerosis: tolerability and adherence. Mult Scler. 2012;18(7):932-946.
    • (2012) Mult Scler. , vol.18 , Issue.7 , pp. 932-946
    • Giovannoni, G.1    Southam, E.2    Waubant, E.3
  • 44
    • 84881226959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GALA Study Group. Three times weekly glatiramer acetate in relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis
    • Khan O, Rieckmann P, Boyko A, Selmaj K, Zivadinov R, GALA Study Group. Three times weekly glatiramer acetate in relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2013;73(6):705-713.
    • (2013) Ann Neurol. , vol.73 , Issue.6 , pp. 705-713
    • Khan, O.1    Rieckmann, P.2    Boyko, A.3    Selmaj, K.4    Zivadinov, R.5
  • 45
    • 84911494000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy and safety of peginterferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis: Data from the Pivotal Phase 3 ADVANCE Study
    • Calabresi P, Kieserer B, Arnold D, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of peginterferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis: data from the Pivotal Phase 3 ADVANCE Study. Neurology. 2013;80(Meeting Abstracts 1):S31.006.
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.80 , Issue.1
    • Calabresi, P.1    Kieserer, B.2    Arnold, D.3
  • 46
    • 0037153729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial
    • Hartung HP, Gonsette R, König N, et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9350):2018-2025.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , Issue.9350 , pp. 2018-2025
    • Hartung, H.P.1    Gonsette, R.2    König, N.3
  • 47
    • 77951828930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence Report: The efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone (Novantrone) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • Marriott JJ, Miyasaki JM, Gronseth G, et al. Evidence Report: the efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone (Novantrone) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010;74(18):1463-1470.
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , Issue.18 , pp. 1463-1470
    • Marriott, J.J.1    Miyasaki, J.M.2    Gronseth, G.3
  • 48
    • 34250779802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab for multiple sclerosis
    • Ransohoff RM. Natalizumab for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(25):2622-2629.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med. , vol.356 , Issue.25 , pp. 2622-2629
    • Ransohoff, R.M.1
  • 49
    • 33644584352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(9):899-910.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med. , vol.354 , Issue.9 , pp. 899-910
    • Polman, C.H.1    O'Connor, P.W.2    Havrdova, E.3
  • 50
    • 33644608613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA, et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(9):911-923.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med. , vol.354 , Issue.9 , pp. 911-923
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Stuart, W.H.2    Calabresi, P.A.3
  • 51
    • 84881626451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Present and emerging therapies for multiple sclerosis
    • multiple sclerosis
    • Freedman MS. Present and emerging therapies for multiple sclerosis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2013;19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):968-991.
    • (2013) Continuum (Minneap Minn). , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 968-991
    • Freedman, M.S.1
  • 52
    • 22844445230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab
    • Langer-Gould A, Atlas SW, Green AJ, Bollen AW, Pelletier D. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(4):375-381.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med. , vol.353 , Issue.4 , pp. 375-381
    • Langer-Gould, A.1    Atlas, S.W.2    Green, A.J.3    Bollen, A.W.4    Pelletier, D.5
  • 53
    • 22844439662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis
    • Kleinschmidt-De Masters BK, Tyler KL. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(4):369-374.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med. , vol.353 , Issue.4 , pp. 369-374
    • Kleinschmidt-De Masters, B.K.1    Tyler, K.L.2
  • 54
    • 77949375380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients on immunomodulatory therapies
    • Major EO. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients on immunomodulatory therapies. Annu Rev Med. 2010;61:35-47.
    • (2010) Annu Rev Med. , vol.61 , pp. 35-47
    • Major, E.O.1
  • 55
    • 84861022041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
    • Bloomgren G, Richman S, Hotermans C, et al. Risk of natalizumab- associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1870-1880.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med. , vol.366 , Issue.20 , pp. 1870-1880
    • Bloomgren, G.1    Richman, S.2    Hotermans, C.3
  • 57
    • 84884619479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-Selectin is a possible biomarker for individual PML risk in natalizumabtreated MS patients
    • Schwab N, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Posevitz V, et al. L-Selectin is a possible biomarker for individual PML risk in natalizumabtreated MS patients. Neurology. 2013;81(10):865-871.
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.81 , Issue.10 , pp. 865-871
    • Schwab, N.1    Schneider-Hohendorf, T.2    Posevitz, V.3
  • 58
    • 77956387401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-JC virus antibodies: Implications for PML risk stratification
    • Gorelik L, Lerner M, Bixler S, et al. Anti-JC virus antibodies: implications for PML risk stratification. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(3):295-303.
    • (2010) Ann Neurol. , vol.68 , Issue.3 , pp. 295-303
    • Gorelik, L.1    Lerner, M.2    Bixler, S.3
  • 60
    • 84878594740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JC viremia in natalizumabtreated patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Major EO, Frohman E, Douek D. JC viremia in natalizumabtreated patients with multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(23):2240-2241.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med. , vol.368 , Issue.23 , pp. 2240-2241
    • Major, E.O.1    Frohman, E.2    Douek, D.3
  • 61
    • 84876266893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PML diagnostic criteria: Consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section
    • Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Clifford DB, et al. PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section. Neurology. 2013;80(15):1430-1438.
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.80 , Issue.15 , pp. 1430-1438
    • Berger, J.R.1    Aksamit, A.J.2    Clifford, D.B.3
  • 62
    • 61549130275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of plasma exchange in accelerating natalizumab clearance and restoring leukocyte function
    • Khatri BO, Man S, Giovannoni G, et al. Effect of plasma exchange in accelerating natalizumab clearance and restoring leukocyte function. Neurology. 2009;72(5):402-409.
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , Issue.5 , pp. 402-409
    • Khatri, B.O.1    Man, S.2    Giovannoni, G.3
  • 63
    • 80155208330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in natalizumab-associated PML
    • Tan IL, McArthur JC, Clifford DB, Major EO, Nath A. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in natalizumab-associated PML. Neurology. 2011;77(11):1061-1067.
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.77 , Issue.11 , pp. 1061-1067
    • Tan, I.L.1    McArthur, J.C.2    Clifford, D.B.3    Major, E.O.4    Nath, A.5
  • 64
    • 34848816850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFFIRM and SENTINEL Investigators. The incidence and significance of anti-natalizumab antibodies: Results from AFFIRM and SENTINEL
    • Calabresi PA, Giovannoni G, Confavreux C, et al; AFFIRM and SENTINEL Investigators. The incidence and significance of anti-natalizumab antibodies: results from AFFIRM and SENTINEL. Neurology. 2007;69(14):1391-1403.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , Issue.14 , pp. 1391-1403
    • Calabresi, P.A.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Confavreux, C.3
  • 65
    • 84871261732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lethal multiple sclerosis relapse after natalizumab withdrawal
    • Rigau V, Mania A, Béfort P, et al. Lethal multiple sclerosis relapse after natalizumab withdrawal. Neurology. 2012;79(22):2214-2216.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.79 , Issue.22 , pp. 2214-2216
    • Rigau, V.1    Mania, A.2    Béfort, P.3
  • 66
    • 79958137883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease activity return during natalizumab treatment interruption in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • O'Connor PW, Goodman A, Kappos L, et al. Disease activity return during natalizumab treatment interruption in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2011;76(22):1858-1865.
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.76 , Issue.22 , pp. 1858-1865
    • O'Connor, P.W.1    Goodman, A.2    Kappos, L.3
  • 67
    • 77956388036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab dosage suspension: Are we helping or hurting?
    • West TW, Cree BA. Natalizumab dosage suspension: are we helping or hurting? Ann Neurol. 2010;68(3):395-399.
    • (2010) Ann Neurol. , vol.68 , Issue.3 , pp. 395-399
    • West, T.W.1    Cree, B.A.2
  • 68
    • 84859812702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulse monthly steroids during an elective interruption of natalizumab: A post-marketing study
    • Borriello G, Prosperini L, Mancinelli C, Giannì C, Fubelli F, Pozzilli C. Pulse monthly steroids during an elective interruption of natalizumab: a post-marketing study. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(5):783-787.
    • (2012) Eur J Neurol. , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 783-787
    • Borriello, G.1    Prosperini, L.2    Mancinelli, C.3    Giannì, C.4    Fubelli, F.5    Pozzilli, C.6
  • 70
    • 84889772404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENIGM: A French observational study about switching from natalizumab to fingolimod in multiple sclerosis
    • Cohen M, Maillart E, Papeix C, et al. ENIGM: a French observational study about switching from natalizumab to fingolimod in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2013;80(Meeting Abstracts 1):S41.002.
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.80 , Issue.1
    • Cohen, M.1    Maillart, E.2    Papeix, C.3
  • 71
    • 84871652136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of glatiramer acetate on disease reactivation in MS patients discontinuing natalizumab
    • Rossi S, Motta C, Studer V, et al. Effect of glatiramer acetate on disease reactivation in MS patients discontinuing natalizumab. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(1):87-94.
    • (2013) Eur J Neurol. , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-94
    • Rossi, S.1    Motta, C.2    Studer, V.3
  • 72
    • 76149093586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FREEDOMS Study Group. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P, et al; FREEDOMS Study Group. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(5):387-401.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med. , vol.362 , Issue.5 , pp. 387-401
    • Kappos, L.1    Radue, E.W.2    O'Connor, P.3
  • 73
    • 76149140914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRANSFORMS Study Group. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, et al; TRANSFORMS Study Group. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(5):402-415.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med. , vol.362 , Issue.5 , pp. 402-415
    • Cohen, J.A.1    Barkhof, F.2    Comi, G.3
  • 74
    • 79955455801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of fingolimod's efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis
    • Cohen JA, Chun J. Mechanisms of fingolimod's efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(5):759-777.
    • (2011) Ann Neurol. , vol.69 , Issue.5 , pp. 759-777
    • Cohen, J.A.1    Chun, J.2
  • 75
    • 84875367110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fingolimod phosphate promotes the neuroprotective effects of microglia
    • Noda H, Takeuchi H, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. Fingolimod phosphate promotes the neuroprotective effects of microglia. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;256(1-2):13-18.
    • (2013) J Neuroimmunol. , vol.256 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 13-18
    • Noda, H.1    Takeuchi, H.2    Mizuno, T.3    Suzumura, A.4
  • 76
    • 84871255428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Varicellazoster virus encephalitis and vasculopathy in a patient treated with fingolimod
    • Ratchford JN, Costello K, Reich DS, Calabresi PA. Varicellazoster virus encephalitis and vasculopathy in a patient treated with fingolimod. Neurology. 2012;79(19):2002-2004.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.79 , Issue.19 , pp. 2002-2004
    • Ratchford, J.N.1    Costello, K.2    Reich, D.S.3    Calabresi, P.A.4
  • 77
    • 84875713980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation
    • Gilenya [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2012.
    • (2012) Gilenya [package insert]
  • 78
    • 84858257726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fingolimod-associated macular edema: Incidence, detection, and management
    • Jain N, Bhatti MT. Fingolimod-associated macular edema: incidence, detection, and management. Neurology. 2012;78(9):672-680.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78 , Issue.9 , pp. 672-680
    • Jain, N.1    Bhatti, M.T.2
  • 80
    • 84856220315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune mechanisms of new therapeutic strategies in MS: Teriflunomide
    • Claussen MC, Korn T. Immune mechanisms of new therapeutic strategies in MS: teriflunomide. Clin Immunol. 2012;142(1):49-56.
    • (2012) Clin Immunol. , vol.142 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-56
    • Claussen, M.C.1    Korn, T.2
  • 81
    • 80053533877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TEMSO Trial Group. Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • O'Connor P, Wolinsky JS, Confavreux C, et al; TEMSO Trial Group. Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(14):1293-1303.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med. , vol.365 , Issue.14 , pp. 1293-1303
    • O'Connor, P.1    Wolinsky, J.S.2    Confavreux, C.3
  • 82
    • 84885237877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teriflunomide efficacy and safety in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: Results from TOWER, a second, pivotal, phase 3 placebo-controlled study
    • Miller A, Kappos L, Comi G, et al. Teriflunomide efficacy and safety in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: results from TOWER, a second, pivotal, phase 3 placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2013;80(Meeting Abstracts 1):S01.004.
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.80 , Issue.1
    • Miller, A.1    Kappos, L.2    Comi, G.3
  • 84
    • 84898610871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Genzyme Corporation
    • Aubagio [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Genzyme Corporation; 2013.
    • (2013) Aubagio [package insert]
  • 85
    • 70449722872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefit-risk assessment of leflunomide: An appraisl of leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis 10 years after licensing
    • Alcorn N, Saunders S, Madhok R Benefit-risk assessment of leflunomide: an appraisl of leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis 10 years after licensing. Drug Saf. 2009;32:1123-1134.
    • (2009) Drug Saf. , vol.32 , pp. 1123-1134
    • Alcorn, N.1    Saunders, S.2    Madhok, R.3
  • 87
    • 79952136166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway
    • Linker RA, Lee DH, Ryan S, et al. Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 3):678-692.
    • (2011) Brain. , vol.134 , Issue.PART 3 , pp. 678-692
    • Linker, R.A.1    Lee, D.H.2    Ryan, S.3
  • 88
    • 84863426841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dimethyl fumarate on neuroprotection and immunomodulation
    • Albrecht P, Bouchachia I, Goebels N, et al. Effects of dimethyl fumarate on neuroprotection and immunomodulation. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:163.
    • (2012) J Neuroinflammation. , vol.9 , pp. 163
    • Albrecht, P.1    Bouchachia, I.2    Goebels, N.3
  • 89
    • 84866358440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "poison chair" treatment for multiple sclerosis
    • Ropper AH. The "poison chair" treatment for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(12):1149-1150.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med. , vol.367 , Issue.12 , pp. 1149-1150
    • Ropper, A.H.1
  • 90
    • 84866355653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CONFIRM Study Investigators. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2012;367(17):1673]
    • Fox RJ, Miller DH, Phillips JT, et al; CONFIRM Study Investigators. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2012;367(17):1673]. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(12):1087-1097.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med. , vol.367 , Issue.12 , pp. 1087-1097
    • Fox, R.J.1    Miller, D.H.2    Phillips, J.T.3
  • 91
    • 84866423965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DEFINE Study Investigators. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, et al; DEFINE Study Investigators. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(12):1098-1107.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med. , vol.367 , Issue.12 , pp. 1098-1107
    • Gold, R.1    Kappos, L.2    Arnold, D.L.3
  • 92
    • 84880712498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Biogen Idec
    • Tecfidera [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Biogen Idec; 2013.
    • (2013) Tecfidera [package insert]
  • 93
    • 84876539679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PML in a patient treated with fumaric acid
    • Ermis U, Weis J, Schulz JB. PML in a patient treated with fumaric acid. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(17):1657-1658.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med. , vol.368 , Issue.17 , pp. 1657-1658
    • Ermis, U.1    Weis, J.2    Schulz, J.B.3
  • 94
    • 84876591025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PML in a patient treated with dimethyl fumarate from a compounding pharmacy [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2013;368(20):1950]
    • Van Oosten BW, Killestein J, Barkhof F, Polman CH, Wattjes MP. PML in a patient treated with dimethyl fumarate from a compounding pharmacy [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2013;368(20):1950]. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(17):1658-1659.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med. , vol.368 , Issue.17 , pp. 1658-1659
    • Van Oosten, B.W.1    Killestein, J.2    Barkhof, F.3    Polman, C.H.4    Wattjes, M.P.5
  • 95
    • 84876563740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manufacturer's response to case reports of PML
    • Sweetser MT, Dawson KT, Bozic C. Manufacturer's response to case reports of PML. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(17):1659-1661.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med. , vol.368 , Issue.17 , pp. 1659-1661
    • Sweetser, M.T.1    Dawson, K.T.2    Bozic, C.3
  • 96
    • 84869492471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CARE-MS I investigators. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A randomised controlled phase 3 trial
    • Cohen JA, Coles AJ, Arnold DL, et al; CARE-MS I investigators. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9856):1819-1828.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , Issue.9856 , pp. 1819-1828
    • Cohen, J.A.1    Coles, A.J.2    Arnold, D.L.3
  • 97
    • 84869507357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CARE-MS II Investigators. Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: A randomised controlled phase 3 trial
    • Coles AJ, Twyman CL, Arnold DL, et al; CARE-MS II Investigators. Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9856):1829-1839.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , Issue.9856 , pp. 1829-1839
    • Coles, A.J.1    Twyman, C.L.2    Arnold, D.L.3
  • 98
    • 80053207130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmune disease after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis in a multicenter cohort
    • Cossburn M, Pace AA, Jones J, et al. Autoimmune disease after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis in a multicenter cohort. Neurology. 2011;77(6):573-579.
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.77 , Issue.6 , pp. 573-579
    • Cossburn, M.1    Pace, A.A.2    Jones, J.3
  • 99
    • 68849084141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-21 drives secondary autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis, following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H)
    • Jones JL, Phuah CL, Cox AL, et al. IL-21 drives secondary autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis, following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H). J Clin Invest. 2009;119(7):2052-2061.
    • (2009) J Clin Invest. , vol.119 , Issue.7 , pp. 2052-2061
    • Jones, J.L.1    Phuah, C.L.2    Cox, A.L.3
  • 100
    • 84856057894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single-arm, open-label study of alemtuzumab in treatment-refractory patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Fox EJ, Sullivan HC, Gazda SK, et al. A single-arm, open-label study of alemtuzumab in treatment-refractory patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(2):307-311.
    • (2012) Eur J Neurol. , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 307-311
    • Fox, E.J.1    Sullivan, H.C.2    Gazda, S.K.3
  • 101
    • 39049142995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HERMES Trial Group. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, et al; HERMES Trial Group. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(7):676-688.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med. , vol.358 , Issue.7 , pp. 676-688
    • Hauser, S.L.1    Waubant, E.2    Arnold, D.L.3
  • 102
    • 77951757865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal B-cell cytokine responses a trigger of T-cell-mediated disease in MS?
    • Bar-Or A, Fawaz L, Fan B, et al. Abnormal B-cell cytokine responses a trigger of T-cell-mediated disease in MS? Ann Neurol. 2010;67(4):452-461.
    • (2010) Ann Neurol. , vol.67 , Issue.4 , pp. 452-461
    • Bar-Or, A.1    Fawaz, L.2    Fan, B.3
  • 103
    • 81555202418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocrelizumab in relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis: A phase 2, randomised, placebocontrolled, multicentre trial
    • Kappos L, Li D, Calabresi PA, et al. Ocrelizumab in relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebocontrolled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9805):1779-1787.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.378 , Issue.9805 , pp. 1779-1787
    • Kappos, L.1    Li, D.2    Calabresi, P.A.3
  • 104
    • 0034624942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North American Linomide Investigators. Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS, Part I: Trial design and clinical results
    • Noseworthy JH, Wolinsky JS, Lublin FD, et al; North American Linomide Investigators. Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS, Part I: trial design and clinical results. Neurology. 2000;54(9):1726-1733.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , Issue.9 , pp. 1726-1733
    • Noseworthy, J.H.1    Wolinsky, J.S.2    Lublin, F.D.3
  • 105
    • 84858217865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ALLEGRO Study Group. Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod for multiple sclerosis
    • Comi G, Jeffery D, Kappos L, et al; ALLEGRO Study Group. Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(11):1000-1009.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med. , vol.366 , Issue.11 , pp. 1000-1009
    • Comi, G.1    Jeffery, D.2    Kappos, L.3
  • 106
    • 84857350991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On behalf of the BRAVO Study Group. A placebo-controlled and active comparator phase III trial (BRAVO) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Vollmer TL, Soelberg Sorensen P, Arnold DL, on behalf of the BRAVO Study Group. A placebo-controlled and active comparator phase III trial (BRAVO) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. MSJ. 2011;17:S507-S508.
    • (2011) MSJ , vol.17
    • Vollmer, T.L.1    Soelberg Sorensen, P.2    Arnold, D.L.3
  • 107
    • 2942537826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humanized anti-CD25 (daclizumab) inhibits disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients failing to respond to interferon beta [published correction appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(50):17565]
    • Bielekova B, Richert N, Howard T, et al. Humanized anti-CD25 (daclizumab) inhibits disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients failing to respond to interferon beta [published correction appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(50):17565]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(23):8705-8708.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. , vol.101 , Issue.23 , pp. 8705-8708
    • Bielekova, B.1    Richert, N.2    Howard, T.3
  • 108
    • 34548142973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daclizumab phase II trial in relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical results
    • Rose JW, Burns JB, Bjorklund J, Klein J, Watt HE, Carlson NG. Daclizumab phase II trial in relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical results. Neurology. 2007;69(8):785-789.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , Issue.8 , pp. 785-789
    • Rose, J.W.1    Burns, J.B.2    Bjorklund, J.3    Klein, J.4    Watt, H.E.5    Carlson, N.G.6
  • 109
    • 77949301468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CHOICE investigators. Daclizumab in active relapsing multiple sclerosis (CHOICE study): A phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, add-on trial with interferon beta [published correction appears in Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(8):759. Wadinger, K [corrected to Wandinger, K]]
    • Wynn D, Kaufman M, Montalban X, et al; CHOICE investigators. Daclizumab in active relapsing multiple sclerosis (CHOICE study): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, add-on trial with interferon beta [published correction appears in Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(8):759. Wadinger, K [corrected to Wandinger, K]]. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(4):381-390.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol. , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 381-390
    • Wynn, D.1    Kaufman, M.2    Montalban, X.3
  • 110
    • 82555171610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermediate-affinity interleukin-2 receptor expression predicts CD56 (bright) natural killer cell expansion after daclizumab treatment in the CHOICE study of patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Sheridan JP, Zhang Y, Riester K, et al. Intermediate-affinity interleukin-2 receptor expression predicts CD56 (bright) natural killer cell expansion after daclizumab treatment in the CHOICE study of patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2011;17(12):1441-1448.
    • (2011) Mult Scler. , vol.17 , Issue.12 , pp. 1441-1448
    • Sheridan, J.P.1    Zhang, Y.2    Riester, K.3
  • 111
    • 84879239117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SELECT Study Investigators. Daclizumab high-yield process in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (SELECT): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Gold R, Giovannoni G, Selmaj K, et al; SELECT Study Investigators. Daclizumab high-yield process in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (SELECT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9884):2167-2175.
    • (2013) Lancet , vol.381 , Issue.9884 , pp. 2167-2175
    • Gold, R.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Selmaj, K.3
  • 112
    • 84860770990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival in MS: A randomized cohort study 21 years after the start of the pivotal IFNbeta-1b trial
    • Goodin DS, Reder AT, Ebers GC, et al. Survival in MS: a randomized cohort study 21 years after the start of the pivotal IFNbeta-1b trial. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1315-1322.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78 , Issue.17 , pp. 1315-1322
    • Goodin, D.S.1    Reder, A.T.2    Ebers, G.C.3
  • 113
    • 84863895902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between use of interferon beta and progression of disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Shirani A, Zhao Y, Karim ME, et al. Association between use of interferon beta and progression of disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2012;308(3):247-256.
    • (2012) JAMA , vol.308 , Issue.3 , pp. 247-256
    • Shirani, A.1    Zhao, Y.2    Karim, M.E.3
  • 114
    • 58149168431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Switching to second-line therapies in interferon-beta-treated relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients
    • Portaccio E, Zipoli V, Siracusa G, Sorbi S, Amato MP. Switching to second-line therapies in interferon-beta-treated relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Eur Neurol. 2009;61(3):177-182.
    • (2009) Eur Neurol. , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 177-182
    • Portaccio, E.1    Zipoli, V.2    Siracusa, G.3    Sorbi, S.4    Amato, M.P.5
  • 115
  • 116
    • 84883739704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining and scoring response to IFN-beta in multiple sclerosis
    • Sormani MP, De Stefano N. Defining and scoring response to IFN-beta in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(9):504-512.
    • (2013) Nat Rev Neurol. , vol.9 , Issue.9 , pp. 504-512
    • Sormani, M.P.1    De Stefano, N.2
  • 117
    • 84879017576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI lesions as a surrogate for relapses in multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis of randomised trials
    • Sormani MP, Bruzzi P. MRI lesions as a surrogate for relapses in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(7):669-676.
    • (2013) Lancet Neurol. , vol.12 , Issue.7 , pp. 669-676
    • Sormani, M.P.1    Bruzzi, P.2
  • 118
    • 84862776780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 16-Year Long Term Follow-up Study Investigators. Relationship between early clinical characteristics and long term disability outcomes: 16 year cohort study (follow-up) of the pivotal interferon beta-1b trial in multiple sclerosis
    • Goodin DS, Traboulsee A, Knappertz V, et al; 16-Year Long Term Follow-up Study Investigators. Relationship between early clinical characteristics and long term disability outcomes: 16 year cohort study (follow-up) of the pivotal interferon beta-1b trial in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(3):282-287.
    • (2012) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.83 , Issue.3 , pp. 282-287
    • Goodin, D.S.1    Traboulsee, A.2    Knappertz, V.3
  • 119
    • 67349250932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFFIRM and SENTINEL Investigators. The efficacy of natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: Subgroup analyses of AFFIRM and SENTINEL [published correction appears in J Neurol.2009;256(6):1035-1037]
    • Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Calabresi PA, et al; AFFIRM and SENTINEL Investigators. The efficacy of natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: subgroup analyses of AFFIRM and SENTINEL [published correction appears in J Neurol.2009;256(6):1035-1037]. J Neurol. 2009;256(3):405-415.
    • (2009) J Neurol. , vol.256 , Issue.3 , pp. 405-415
    • Hutchinson, M.1    Kappos, L.2    Calabresi, P.A.3
  • 120
    • 84879310972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction therapy for patients with multiple sclerosis: Why? When? How?
    • Edan G, Le Page E. Induction therapy for patients with multiple sclerosis: why? when? how? CNS Drugs. 2013;27(6):403-409.
    • (2013) CNS Drugs. , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 403-409
    • Edan, G.1    Le Page, E.2
  • 121
    • 59249089860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts of induction and escalation therapy in multiple sclerosis
    • Rieckmann P. Concepts of induction and escalation therapy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2009;277(Suppl 1):S42-S45.
    • (2009) J Neurol Sci. , vol.277 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Rieckmann, P.1
  • 122
    • 80855131644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FrencheItalian Mitoxantrone Interferon-beta-1b Trial Group. Mitoxantrone prior to interferon beta-1b in aggressive relapsing multiple sclerosis: A 3-year randomised trial
    • Edan G, Comi G, Le Page E, et al. FrencheItalian Mitoxantrone Interferon-beta-1b Trial Group. Mitoxantrone prior to interferon beta-1b in aggressive relapsing multiple sclerosis: a 3-year randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(12):1344-1350.
    • (2011) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.82 , Issue.12 , pp. 1344-1350
    • Edan, G.1    Comi, G.2    Le Page, E.3
  • 123
    • 46849091551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate after induction therapy with mitoxantrone in relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Vollmer T, Panitch H, Bar-Or A, et al. Glatiramer acetate after induction therapy with mitoxantrone in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2008;14(5):663-670.
    • (2008) Mult Scler. , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 663-670
    • Vollmer, T.1    Panitch, H.2    Bar-Or, A.3
  • 124
    • 0034676548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Moreau T, Adeleine P. Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(20):1430-1438.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med. , vol.343 , Issue.20 , pp. 1430-1438
    • Confavreux, C.1    Vukusic, S.2    Moreau, T.3    Adeleine, P.4
  • 125
    • 0032882173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis
    • Coles AJ, Wing MG, Molyneux P, et al. Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(3):296-304.
    • (1999) Ann Neurol. , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 296-304
    • Coles, A.J.1    Wing, M.G.2    Molyneux, P.3
  • 126
    • 84876473109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CombiRx Investigators. Randomized study combining interferon and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis
    • Lublin FD, Cofield SS, Cutter GR, et al; CombiRx Investigators. Randomized study combining interferon and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2013;73(3):327-340.
    • (2013) Ann Neurol. , vol.73 , Issue.3 , pp. 327-340
    • Lublin, F.D.1    Cofield, S.S.2    Cutter, G.R.3
  • 127
    • 56549086423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining beta interferon and atorvastatin may increase disease activity in multiple sclerosis
    • Birnbaum G, Cree B, Altafullah I, Zinser M, Reder AT. Combining beta interferon and atorvastatin may increase disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2008;71(18):1390-1395.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , Issue.18 , pp. 1390-1395
    • Birnbaum, G.1    Cree, B.2    Altafullah, I.3    Zinser, M.4    Reder, A.T.5
  • 128
    • 79960341237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SIMCOMBIN Study Investigators. Simvastatin as add-on therapy to interferon b-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (SIMCOMBIN study): A placebo-controlled randomised phase 4 trial
    • Sorensen PS, Lycke J, Eralinna JP, et al; SIMCOMBIN Study Investigators. Simvastatin as add-on therapy to interferon b-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (SIMCOMBIN study): a placebo-controlled randomised phase 4 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(8):691-701.
    • (2011) Lancet Neurol. , vol.10 , Issue.8 , pp. 691-701
    • Sorensen, P.S.1    Lycke, J.2    Eralinna, J.P.3
  • 129
    • 83055180753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: Combination therapy in MSdstill a valid strategy
    • Kieseier BC, Stüve O. Multiple sclerosis: combination therapy in MSdstill a valid strategy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7(12):659-660.
    • (2011) Nat Rev Neurol. , vol.7 , Issue.12 , pp. 659-660
    • Kieseier, B.C.1    Stüve, O.2
  • 130
    • 72649106903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A type I interferon signature in monocytes is associated with poor response to interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis
    • Comabella M, Lünemann JD, Río J, et al. A type I interferon signature in monocytes is associated with poor response to interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 12):3353-3365.
    • (2009) Brain. , vol.132 , Issue.PART 12 , pp. 3353-3365
    • Comabella, M.1    Lünemann, J.D.2    Río, J.3
  • 131
    • 79955943425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excessive biologic response to IFNbeta is associated with poor treatment response in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Rudick RA, Rani MR, Xu Y, et al. Excessive biologic response to IFNbeta is associated with poor treatment response in patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19262.
    • (2011) PLoS One. , vol.6 , Issue.5
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Rani, M.R.2    Xu, Y.3
  • 132
    • 77950534540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T helper type 1 and 17 cells determine efficacy of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis and experimental encephalomyelitis
    • Axtell RC, De Jong BA, Boniface K, et al. T helper type 1 and 17 cells determine efficacy of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis and experimental encephalomyelitis. Nat Med. 2010;16(4):406-412.
    • (2010) Nat Med. , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 406-412
    • Axtell, R.C.1    De Jong, B.A.2    Boniface, K.3
  • 133
    • 84862741487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum IL-17F does not predict poor response to IM IFNbeta-1a in relapsingremitting MS
    • Bushnell SE, Zhao Z, Stebbins CC, et al. Serum IL-17F does not predict poor response to IM IFNbeta-1a in relapsingremitting MS. Neurology. 2012;79(6):531-537.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.79 , Issue.6 , pp. 531-537
    • Bushnell, S.E.1    Zhao, Z.2    Stebbins, C.C.3
  • 134
    • 84866912534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personalized medicine in multiple sclerosis: Hope or reality?
    • Derfuss T. Personalized medicine in multiple sclerosis: hope or reality? BMC Med. 2012;10:116.
    • (2012) BMC Med. , vol.10 , pp. 116
    • Derfuss, T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.