Systematic review of disease-modifying therapies to assess unmet needs in multiple sclerosis: Tolerability and adherence

Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Volumn 18, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 932-946

  Giovannoni, Gavin ^a   Southam, E ^b   Waubant, E ^c  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b OXFORD PHARMAGENESIS LTD   (United Kingdom)

^c UCSF Multiple Sclerosis Center   (United States)

Author keywords

adherence; glatiramer acetate; interferon; multiple sclerosis; review; tolerability

Indexed keywords

BETA1A INTERFERON; GLATIRAMER; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; MITOXANTRONE; NATALIZUMAB;

DRUG TOLERABILITY; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; HUMAN; INJECTION SITE REACTION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 84863186662     PISSN: 13524585     EISSN: 14770970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1352458511433302     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Rice GP, Incorvaia B, Munari L, Ebers G, Polman C, D'Amico R, et al. Interferon in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; CD002002.
2. Filippini G, Munari L, Incorvaia B, Ebers GC, Polman C, D'Amico R, et al. Interferons in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Lancet 2003; 361: 545-552. (Pubitemid 36207471)
3. Bayas A and Gold R. Lessons from 10 years of interferon beta-1b (Betaferon/Betaseron) treatment. J Neurol 2003; 250 (Suppl.4): IV3-8.
4. Wolinsky JS. Glatiramer acetate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004; 5: 875-891. (Pubitemid 38489510)
5. Wolinsky JS. The use of glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Adv Neurol 2006; 98: 273-292.
6. Mikol DD, Barkhof F, Chang P, Coyle PK, Jeffery DR, Schwid SR, et al. Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 903-914.
7. Ransohoff RM. Natalizumab for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2622-2629. (Pubitemid 46961007)
8. Bartt RE. Multiple sclerosis, natalizumab therapy, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19: 341-349.
9. Scott LJ and Figgitt DP. Mitoxantrone: a review of its use in multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2004; 18: 379-396. (Pubitemid 38621687)
10. Dobre D, van Veldhuisen DJ, DeJongste MJ, van Sonderen E, Klungel OH, Sanderman R, et al. The contribution of observational studies to the knowledge of drug effectiveness in heart failure. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 64: 406-414. (Pubitemid 47404319)
11. Shikata S, Nakayama T, Noguchi Y, Taji Y and Yamagishi H. Comparison of effects in randomized controlled trials with observational studies in digestive surgery. Ann Surg 2006; 244: 668-676. (Pubitemid 44629938)
12. Reess J, Haas J, Gabriel K, Fuhlrott A and Fiola M. Both paracetamol and ibuprofen are equally effective in managing flu-like symptoms in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients during interferon beta-1a (AVONEX) therapy. Mult Scler 2002; 8: 15-18. (Pubitemid 34193022)
13. Giovannoni G, Barbarash O, Casset-Semanaz F, Jaber A, King J, Metz L, et al. Immunogenicity and tolerability of an investigational formulation of interferon-beta1a: 24- and 48-week interim analyses of a 2-year, single-arm, historically controlled, phase IIIb study in adults with multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther 2007; 29: 1128-1145. (Pubitemid 47208583)
14. Durelli L, Verdun E, Barbero P, Bergui M, Versino E, Ghezzi A, et al. Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet 2002; 359: 1453-1460. (Pubitemid 34457761)
15. Mohr DC, Likosky W, Boudewyn AC, Marietta P, Dwyer P, Van der Wende J, et al. Side effect profile and adherence to in the treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta-1a. Mult Scler 1998; 4: 487-489. (Pubitemid 29042155)
16. Mikol D, Lopez-Bresnahan M, Taraskiewicz S, Chang P and Rangnow J. A randomized, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group trial of the tolerability of interferon beta-1a (Rebif) administered by autoinjection or manual injection in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005; 11: 585-591. (Pubitemid 41387705)
17. Baum K. Safety and tolerability of a 'refrigeration-free' formulation of interferon beta-1b - results of a double-blind, multicentre, comparative study in patients with relapsing-remitting or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Int Med Res 2006; 34: 1-12.
18. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, Ford CC, Goldstein J, Lisak RP, et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1995; 45: 1268-1276.
19. Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, Herndon RM, Richert JR, Salazar AM, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol 1996; 39: 285-294. (Pubitemid 26100751)
20. Herndon RM, Rudick RA, Munschauer FE, III, Mass MK, Salazar AM, Coats ME, et al. Eight-year immunogenicity and safety of interferon beta-1a-Avonex treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005; 11: 409-419. (Pubitemid 40984235)
21. Minden S, Hoaglin D, Jureidini S, Hadden L, Frankel D, Komatsuzaki Y, et al. Disease-modifying agents in the Sonya Slifka Longitudinal Multiple Sclerosis Study. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 640-655. (Pubitemid 351954407)
22. Fernandez O, Arbizu T, Izquierdo G, Martinez-Yelamos A, Gata JM, Luque G, et al. Clinical benefits of interferon beta-1a in relapsing-remitting MS: a phase IV study. Acta Neurol Scand 2003; 107: 7-11. (Pubitemid 36177325)
23. Clanet M, Radue EW, Kappos L, Hartung HP, Hohlfeld R, Sandberg-Wollheim M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, dose-comparison study of weekly interferon beta-1a in relapsing MS. Neurology 2002; 59: 1507-1517. (Pubitemid 35387054)
24. Phillips JT, Rice G, Frohman E, Vande Gaer L, Scott T, Haas J, et al. A multicenter, open-label, phase II study of the immunogenicity and safety of a new prefilled syringe (liquid) formulation of Avonex in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther 2004; 26: 511-521. (Pubitemid 38586452)
25. Panitch H, Goodin DS, Francis G, Chang P, Coyle PK, O'Connor P, et al. Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: The EVIDENCE Trial. Neurology 2002; 59: 1496-1506. (Pubitemid 35387053)
26. Minagara A and Murray TJ. Efficacy and tolerability of intramuscular interferon beta-1a compared with subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in relapsing MS: results from PROOF. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 1049-1055. (Pubitemid 351579162)
27. Schwid SR and Panitch HS. Full results of the Evidence of Interferon Dose-Response-European North American Comparative Efficacy (EVIDENCE) study: a multicenter, randomized, assessor-blinded comparison of low-dose weekly versus high-dose, high-frequency interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther 2007; 29: 2031-2048. (Pubitemid 350218119)
28. Milanese C, La Mantia L and Palumbo R. Interferon beta treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a post-marketing study in Lombardia, Italy. Multiple Sclerosis Centers of Lombardia, Italy. Ital J Neurol Sci 1999; 20: 297-302. (Pubitemid 30182732)
29. Trojano M, Liguori M, Paolicelli D, Zimatore GB, De Robertis F, Avolio C, et al. Interferon beta in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an independent postmarketing study in southern Italy. Mult Scler 2003; 9: 451-457. (Pubitemid 37287722)
30. Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA, Confavreux C, Galetta SL, Radue EW, et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 911-923.
31. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998; 352: 1498-1504.
32. Oger J, Francis G and Chang P. Prospective assessment of changing from placebo to IFN beta-1a in relapsing MS: the PRISMS study. J Neurol Sci 2005; 237: 45-52. (Pubitemid 41384013)
33. Kappos L, Traboulsee A, Constantinescu C, Eralinna JP, Forrestal F, Jongen P, et al. Long-term subcutaneous interferon beta-1a therapy in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 2006; 67: 944-953. (Pubitemid 44454583)
34. Baum K, O'Leary C, Coret Ferrer F, Klimova E, Prochazkova L and Bugge J. Comparison of injection site pain and injection site reactions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon beta-1a or 1b. Mult Scler 2007; 13: 1153-1160. (Pubitemid 351541419)
35. Wroe SJ. Effects of dose titration on tolerability and efficacy of interferon beta-1b in people with multiple sclerosis. J Int Med Res 2005; 33: 309-318. (Pubitemid 40740466)
36. Rice GP, Ebers GC, Lublin FD and Knobler RL. Ibuprofen treatment versus gradual introduction of interferon beta-1b in patients with MS. Neurology 1999; 52: 1893-1895. (Pubitemid 29260906)
37. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993; 43: 655-661.
38. Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Neurology 1995; 45: 1277-1285.
39. Pozzilli C, Antonini G, Bagnato F, Mainero C, Tomassini V, Onesti E, et al. Monthly corticosteroids decrease neutralizing antibodies to IFNbeta1 b: a randomized trial in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2002; 249: 50-56. (Pubitemid 34119023)
40. Saida T, Tashiro K, Itoyama Y, Sato T, Ohashi Y and Zhao Z. Interferon beta-1b is effective in Japanese RRMS patients: a randomized, multicenter study. Neurology 2005; 64: 621-630. (Pubitemid 40261889)
41. Arbizu T, Alvarez-Cermeno JC, Decap G, Fernandez O, Uria DF, Garcia Merino A, et al. Interferon beta-1b treatment in patients with relapsing - remitting multiple sclerosis under a standardized protocol in Spain. Acta Neurol Scand 2000; 102: 209-217.
42. Durelli L, Oggero A, Verdun E, Isoardo G, Ricci A, Barbero P, et al. Does high-dose interferon beta-1b improve clinical response in more severely disabled multiple sclerosis patients? J Neurol Sci 2000; 178: 37-41.
43. Verdun E, Isoardo G, Oggero A, Ferrero B, Ghezzi A, Montanari E, et al. Autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis patients before and during IFN-beta 1b treatment: are they correlated with the occurrence of autoimmune diseases? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22: 245-255. (Pubitemid 34275493)
44. Koch-Henriksen N, Sorensen PS, Christensen T, Frederiksen J, Ravnborg M, Jensen K, et al. A randomized study of two interferon-beta treatments in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2006; 66: 1056-1060. (Pubitemid 44044791)
45. Brandes DW, Bigley K, Hornstein W, Cohen H, Au W and Shubin R. Alleviating flu-like symptoms with dose titration and analgesics in MS patients on intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy: a pilot study. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 1667-1672. (Pubitemid 47122176)
46. Rio J, Nos C, Bonaventura I, Arroyo R, Genis D, Sureda B, et al. Corticosteroids, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen for IFNbeta-1a flu symptoms in MS: a randomized trial. Neurology 2004; 63: 525-528. (Pubitemid 39031385)
47. Gold R, Rieckmann P, Chang P and Abdalla J. The long-term safety and tolerability of high-dose interferon beta-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 4-year data from the PRISMS study. Eur J Neurol 2005; 12: 649-656. (Pubitemid 41117291)
48. PRISMS Study Group. PRISMS-4: Long-term efficacy of interferon-beta-1a in relapsing MS. Neurology 2001; 56: 1628-1636.
49. Pozzilli C, Bastianello S, Koudriavtseva T, Gasperini C, Bozzao A, Millefiorini E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging changes with recombinant human interferon-beta-1a: a short term study in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 61: 251-258. (Pubitemid 26293719)
50. Kivisakk P, Alm GV, Fredrikson S and Link H. Neutralizing and binding anti-interferon-beta (IFN-beta) antibodies. A comparison between IFN-beta-1a and IFN-beta-1b treatment in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2000; 7: 27-34. (Pubitemid 32268733)
51. Gottberg K, Gardulf A and Fredrikson S. Interferon-beta treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis: the patients' perceptions of the side-effects. Mult Scler 2000; 6: 349-354.
52. Freedman MS, Francis GS, Sanders EA, Rice GP, O'Connor P, Comi G, et al. Randomized study of once-weekly interferon beta-1la therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis: three-year data from the OWIMS study. Mult Scler 2005; 11: 41-45. (Pubitemid 40259973)
53. The Once Weekly Interferon for MS Study Group. Evidence of interferon beta-1a dose response in relapsing-remitting MS: the OWIMS Study. Neurology 1999; 53: 679-686.
54. Debouverie M, Moreau T, Lebrun C, Heinzlef O, Brudon F and Msihid J. A longitudinal observational study of a cohort of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with glatiramer acetate. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14: 1266-1274. (Pubitemid 47628573)
55. Cohen JA, Rovaris M, Goodman AD, Ladkani D, Wynn D and Filippi M. Randomized, double-blind, dose-comparison study of glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 2007; 68: 939-944. (Pubitemid 46568507)
56. Comi G, Filippi M and Wolinsky JS. European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging - measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group. Ann Neurol 2001; 49: 290-297. (Pubitemid 32202781)
57. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, Ford CC, Goldstein J, Lisak RP, et al. Extended use of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is well tolerated and maintains its clinical effect on multiple sclerosis relapse rate and degree of disability. Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1998; 50: 701-708.
58. Flechter S, Kott E, Steiner-Birmanns B, Nisipeanu P and Korczyn AD. Copolymer 1 (glatiramer acetate) in relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: open multicenter study of alternate-day administration. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002; 25: 11-15. (Pubitemid 34178242)
59. Pollmann W, Erasmus LP, Feneberg W and Straube A. The effect of glatiramer acetate treatment on pre-existing headaches in patients with MS. Neurology 2006; 66: 275-277. (Pubitemid 43970175)
60. Sindic CJ, Seeldrayers P, Vande Gaer L, De Smet E, Nagels G, De Deyn PP, et al. Long-term follow up of glatiramer acetate compassionate use in Belgium. Acta Neurol Belg 2005; 105: 81-85. (Pubitemid 40975114)
61. Zwibel HL. Glatiramer acetate in treatment-naive and prior interferon-beta-1b-treated multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 113: 378-386. (Pubitemid 44046323)
62. Hamzehloo A and Etemadifar M. Mitoxantrone reduced disability in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Iran Med. 2007; 10: 59-64. (Pubitemid 46188967)
63. Zipoli V, Portaccio E, Hakiki B, Siracusa G, Sorbi S and Amato MP. Intravenous mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide as second-line therapy in multiple sclerosis: an open-label comparative study of efficacy and safety. J Neurol Sci. 2008; 266: 25-30. (Pubitemid 351186514)
64. Le Page E, Leray E, Taurin G, Coustans M, Chaperon J, Morrissey SP, et al. Mitoxantrone as induction treatment in aggressive relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: treatment response factors in a 5 year follow-up observational study of 100 consecutive patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008; 79: 52-56.
65. O'Connor PW, Goodman A, Willmer-Hulme AJ, Libonati MA, Metz L, Murray RS, et al. Randomized multicenter trial of natalizumab in acute MS relapses: clinical and MRI effects. Neurology 2004; 62: 2038-2043. (Pubitemid 38738218)
66. Miller DH, Khan OA, Sheremata WA, Blumhardt LD, Rice GP, Libonati MA, et al. A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 15-23. (Pubitemid 36026342)
67. Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Miller DH, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 899-910.
68. Leuschen MP, Filipi M and Healey K. A randomized open label study of pain medications (naproxen, acetaminophen and ibuprofen) for controlling side effects during initiation of IFN beta-1a therapy and during its ongoing use for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004; 10: 636-642. (Pubitemid 39585242)
69. Mohr DC, Boudewyn AC, Likosky W, Levine E and Goodkin DE. Injectable medication for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: the influence of self-efficacy expectations and injection anxiety on adherence and ability to self-inject. Ann Behav Med 2001; 23: 125-132. (Pubitemid 32488430)
70. Mohr DC, Cox D and Merluzzi N. Self-injection anxiety training: a treatment for patients unable to self-inject injectable medications. Mult Scler 2005; 11: 182-185. (Pubitemid 40403257)
71. Berger BA, Liang H and Hudmon KS. Evaluation of software-based telephone counseling to enhance medication persistency among patients with multiple sclerosis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2005; 45: 466-472.
72. Mohr DC, Likosky W, Bertagnolli A, Goodkin DE, Van Der Wende J, Dwyer P, et al. Telephone-administered cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 356-361.
73. Tremlett HL and Oger J. Interrupted therapy: stopping and switching of the beta-interferons prescribed for MS. Neurology 2003; 61: 551-554. (Pubitemid 37025380)
74. Clanet M, Kappos L, Hartung HP and Hohlfeld R. Interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis: four-year extension of the European IFNbeta-1a Dose-Comparison Study. Mult Scler 2004; 10: 139-144. (Pubitemid 38499904)
75. Granger CV, Wende K and Brownscheidle CM. Use of the FIM instrument in a trial of intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 82: 427-436. (Pubitemid 36927346)
76. Coppola G, Lanzillo R, Florio C, Orefice G, Vivo P, Ascione S, et al. Long-term clinical experience with weekly interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13: 1014-1021. (Pubitemid 44284911)
77. Ruiz-Pena JL, Duque P and Izquierdo G. Optimization of treatment with interferon beta in multiple sclerosis. Usefulness of automatic system application criteria. BMC Neurol 2008; 8: 3.
78. Vermersch P, de Seze J, Delisse B, Lemaire S and Stojkovic T. Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: influence of interferon-beta1 a (Avonex) treatment. Mult Scler 2002; 8: 377-381.
79. Vermersch P, de Seze J, Stojkovic T and Hautecoeur P. Interferon beta1a (Avonex) treatment in multiple sclerosis: similarity of effect on progression of disability in patients with mild and moderate disability. J Neurol 2002; 249: 184-187. (Pubitemid 34143473)
80. Patti F, Pappalardo A, Florio C, Politi G, Fiorilla T, Reggio E, et al. Effects of interferon beta-1a and -1b over time: 6-year results of an observational head-to-head study. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 113: 241-247. (Pubitemid 43382597)
81. Portaccio E, Zipoli V, Siracusa G, Sorbi S and Amato MP. Long-term adherence to interferon beta therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol 2008; 59: 131-135. (Pubitemid 351301255)
82. Rio J, Tintore M, Nos C, Tellez N, Galan I and Montalban X. Interferon beta in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. An eight years experience in a specialist multiple sclerosis centre. J Neurol 2005; 252: 795-800. (Pubitemid 40984854)
83. Ruggieri RM, Settipani N, Viviano L, Attanasio M, Giglia L, Almasio P, et al. Long-term interferon-beta treatment for multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2003; 24: 361-364. (Pubitemid 38029025)
84. Trojano M, Paolicelli D, Zimatore GB, De Robertis F, Fuiani A, Di Monte E, et al. The IFNbeta treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) in clinical practice: the experience at the MS Center of Bari, Italy. Neurol Sci 2005; 26 (Suppl.4): S179-182. (Pubitemid 43085207)
85. Haas J and Firzlaff M. Twenty-four-month comparison of immunomodulatory treatments - a retrospective open label study in 308 RRMS patients treated with beta interferons or glatiramer acetate (Copaxone). Eur J Neurol 2005; 12: 425-431. (Pubitemid 40768660)
86. Rudick RA, Miller D, Hass S, Hutchinson M, Calabresi PA, Confavreux C, et al. Health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: effects of natalizumab. Ann Neurol 2007; 62: 335-346. (Pubitemid 350105948)
87. Colosimo C, Pozzilli C, Frontoni M, Farina D, Koudriavtseva T, Gasperini C, et al. No increase of serum autoantibodies during therapy with recombinant human interferon-beta1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1997; 96: 372-374. (Pubitemid 28011094)
88. Moore LA, Kaufman MD, Algozzine R, Irish N, Martin M and Posey CR. Adherence to therapy: using an evidence-based protocol. Rehabil Nurs 2007; 32: 227-232.
89. Barak Y and Achiron A. Effect of interferon-beta-1b on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol 2002; 47: 11-14.
90. Lanzillo R, Prinster A, Scarano V, Liuzzi R, Coppola G, Florio C, et al. Neuropsychological assessment, quantitative MRI and ApoE gene polymorphisms in a series of MS patients treated with IFN beta-1b. J Neurol Sci 2006; 245: 141-145. (Pubitemid 43775937)
91. Fraser C, Morgante L, Hadjimichael O and Vollmer T. A prospective study of adherence to glatiramer acetate in individuals with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Nurs 2004; 36: 120-129.
92. Ford CC, Johnson KP, Lisak RP, Panitch HS, Shifronis G and Wolinsky JS. A prospective open-label study of glatiramer acetate: over a decade of continuous use in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2006; 12: 309-320. (Pubitemid 43827186)
93. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Ford CC, Goodman A, Guarnaccia J, Lisak RP, et al. Sustained clinical benefits of glatiramer acetate in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients observed for 6 years. Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Mult Scler 2000; 6: 255-266.
94. Rice GP, Oger J, Duquette P, Francis GS, Belanger M, Laplante S, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b improves quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1999; 26: 276-282. (Pubitemid 29522812)
95. Koch-Henriksen N and Sorensen PS. The Danish National Project of interferon-beta treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Group. Mult Scler 2000; 6: 172-175. (Pubitemid 30392114)
96. Paolillo A, Pozzilli C, Giugni E, Tomassini V, Gasperini C, Fiorelli M, et al. A 6-year clinical and MRI follow-up study of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with Interferon-beta. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9: 645-655. (Pubitemid 36961292)
97. Sorensen PS, Ross C, Clemmesen KM, Bendtzen K, Frederiksen JL, Jensen K, et al. Clinical importance of neutralising antibodies against interferon beta in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2003; 362: 1184-1191. (Pubitemid 37255344)
98. Tomassini V, Paolillo A, Russo P, Giugni E, Prosperini L, Gasperini C, et al. Predictors of long-term clinical response to interferon beta therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2006; 253: 287-293.
99. Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA and Johnson KP. United States open-label glatiramer acetate extension trial for relapsing multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical correlates. Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the MRI Analysis Center. Mult Scler 2001; 7: 33-41. (Pubitemid 32396577)
100. Sadovnick AD. To treat or not to treat the person with clinical multiple sclerosis - a dilemma. Neurol Sci 2001; 22: 205-207. (Pubitemid 33771291)
101. Turner AP, Kivlahan DR, Sloan AP and Haselkorn JK. Predicting ongoing adherence to disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: utility of the health beliefs model. Mult Scler 2007; 13: 1146-1152. (Pubitemid 351541418)
102. Twork S, Nippert I, Scherer P, Haas J, Pohlau D and Kugler J. Immunomodulating drugs in multiple sclerosis: compliance, satisfaction and adverse effects evaluation in a German multiple sclerosis population. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 1209-1215. (Pubitemid 46998430)
103. Fraser C, Hadjimichael O and Vollmer T. Predictors of adherence to Copaxone therapy in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Nurs 2001; 33: 231-239.
104. Page SA, Verhoef MJ, Stebbins RA, Metz LM and Levy JC. The use of complementary and alternative therapies by people with multiple sclerosis. Chronic Dis Can 2003; 24: 75-79. (Pubitemid 37099288)
105. Nayak S, Matheis RJ, Schoenberger NE and Shiflett SC. Use of unconventional therapies by individuals with multiple sclerosis. Clin Rehabil 2003; 17: 181-191. (Pubitemid 36284802)
106. Linker RA, Kieseier BC and Gold R. Identification and development of new therapeutics for multiple sclerosis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008.
107. Munschauer F and Weinstock-Guttman B. Importance of adherence to persistence with prescribed treatments in patients with multiple sclerosis. US Neurology Review 2005; Touch Briefings, http://www.touchneurology.com/files/ article-pdfs/neuro-1891 (2005, accessed 13 December 2011).
108. Kappos L, Clanet M, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Radue EW, Hartung HP, Hohlfeld R, et al. Neutralizing antibodies and efficacy of interferon beta-1a: a 4-year controlled study. Neurology 2005; 65: 40-47. (Pubitemid 40967774)
109. Rudick RA, Goodkin DE, Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Herndon RM, Richert JR, et al. Impact of interferon beta-1a on neurologic disability in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Neurology 1997; 49: 358-363. (Pubitemid 27368867)
110. Rudick RA, Lee JC, Simon J, Ransohoff RM and Fisher E. Defining interferon beta response status in multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 2004; 56: 548-555. (Pubitemid 39319345)
111. White AT and Petajan JH. Physiological measures of therapeutic response to interferon beta-1a treatment in remitting-relapsing MS. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 2364-2371. (Pubitemid 39200802)
112. Zivadinov R, Zorzon M, Tommasi MA, Nasuelli D, Bernardi M, Monti-Bragadin L, et al. A longitudinal study of quality of life and side effects in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta-1a. J Neurol Sci 2003; 216: 113-118. (Pubitemid 37371875)
113. Patten SB and Metz LM. Interferon beta-1 a and depression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an analysis of depression data from the PRISMS clinical trial. Mult Scler 2001; 7: 243-248. (Pubitemid 32780695)
114. Rieckmann P, O'Connor P, Francis GS, Wetherill G and Alteri E. Haematological effects of interferon-beta-1a (Rebif) therapy in multiple sclerosis. Drug Saf 2004; 27: 745-756. (Pubitemid 39158995)
115. Cramer JA, Cuffel BJ, Divan V, Al-Sabbagh A and Glassman M. Patient satisfaction with an injection device for multiple sclerosis treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 113: 156-162.
116. Lana-Peixoto MA, Teixeira AL, Jr and Haase VG. Interferon beta-1a-induced depression and suicidal ideation in multiple sclerosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2002; 60: 721-724.
117. Rio J, Nos C, Marzo ME, Tintore M and Montalban X. Low-dose steroids reduce flu-like symptoms at the initiation of IFNbeta-1b in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 1998; 50: 1910-1912. (Pubitemid 28283285)
118. Schwartz CE, Coulthard-Morris L, Cole B and Vollmer T. The quality-of-life effects of interferon beta-1b in multiple sclerosis. An extended Q-TWiST analysis. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 1475-1480. (Pubitemid 27521656)
119. Bosca I, Coret F, Valero C, Pascual AM, Magraner MJ, Landete L, et al. Effect of relapses over early progression of disability in multiple sclerosis patients treated with beta-interferon. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 636-639. (Pubitemid 351954406)
120. Durelli L, Ferrero B, Oggero A, Verdun E, Bongioanni MR, Gentile E, et al. Autoimmune events during interferon beta-1b treatment for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1999; 162: 74-83. (Pubitemid 29064122)
121. Durelli L, Ferrero B, Oggero A, Verdun E, Ghezzi A, Montanari E, et al. Liver and thyroid function and autoimmunity during interferon-beta 1b treatment for MS. Neurology 2001; 57: 1363-1370. (Pubitemid 32995712)
122. Durelli L, Ferrero B, Oggero A, Verdun E, Ghezzi A, Montanari E, et al. Thyroid function and autoimmunity during interferon beta-1b treatment: a multicenter prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3525-3532. (Pubitemid 32755939)
123. Flechter S, Vardi J, Finkelstein Y and Pollak L. Cognitive dysfunction evaluation in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon beta-1b: an open-label prospective 1 year study. Isr Med Assoc J 2007; 9: 457-459. (Pubitemid 46979149)
124. Keating MM and Ostby PL. Education and self-management of interferon beta-1b therapy for multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Nurs 1996; 28: 350-352, 357-358.
125. Parkin D, Jacoby A, McNamee P, Miller P, Thomas S and Bates D. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta: an appraisal of cost-effectiveness and quality of life. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 144-149. (Pubitemid 30245835)
126. Weinstein A, Schwid SR, Schiffer RB, McDermott MP, Giang DW and Goodman AD. Neuropsychologic status in multiple sclerosis after treatment with glatiramer. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 319-324. (Pubitemid 29120229)
127. Brenner T, Arnon R, Sela M, Abramsky O, Meiner Z, Riven-Kreitman R, et al. Humoral and cellular immune responses to Copolymer 1 in multiple sclerosis patients treated with Copaxone. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 115: 152-160. (Pubitemid 32245663)
128. De Stefano N, Filippi M and Hawkins C. Short-term combination of glatiramer acetate with i.v. steroid treatment preceding treatment with GA alone assessed by MRI-disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2008; 266: 44-50. (Pubitemid 351186520)
129. Schwid SR, Goodman AD, Weinstein A, McDermott MP and Johnson KP. Cognitive function in relapsing multiple sclerosis: minimal changes in a 10-year clinical trial. J Neurol Sci 2007; 255: 57-63. (Pubitemid 46414020)
130. O'Connor P, Miller D, Riester K, Yang M, Panzara M, Dalton C, et al. Relapse rates and enhancing lesions in a phase II trial of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005; 11: 568-572. (Pubitemid 41387702)
131. Tubridy N, Behan PO, Capildeo R, Chaudhuri A, Forbes R, Hawkins CP, et al. The effect of anti-alpha4 integrin antibody on brain lesion activity in MS. The UK Antegren Study Group. Neurology 1999; 53: 466-472. (Pubitemid 29382036)
132. Edan G, Miller D, Clanet M, Confavreux C, Lyon-Caen O, Lubetzki C, et al. Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a randomised multicentre study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997; 62: 112-118. (Pubitemid 27090928)
133. Cocco E, Marchi P, Floris G, Mascia MG, Deriu M, Sirca A, et al. Effect of dose and frequency of interferon beta-1a administration on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging parameters in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Funct Neurol 2006; 21: 145-149. (Pubitemid 44823553)
134. Hamzehloo A and Etemadifar M. Mitoxantrone-induced cardiotoxicity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Iran Med. 2006; 9: 111-114.
135. Francis GS, Grumser Y, Alteri E, Micaleff A, O'Brien F, Alsop J, et al. Hepatic reactions during treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon-beta-1a: incidence and clinical significance. Drug Saf 2003; 26: 815-827. (Pubitemid 37056111)
136. Speciale L, Saresella M, Caputo D, Ruzzante S, Mancuso R, Calvo MG, et al. Serum auto antibodies presence in multiple sclerosis patients treated with beta-interferon 1a and 1b. J Neurovirol 2000; 6 (Suppl.2): S57-S61. (Pubitemid 30348913)
137. Dubois BD, Keenan E, Porter BE, Kapoor R, Rudge P, Thompson AJ, et al. Interferon beta in multiple sclerosis: experience in a British specialist multiple sclerosis centre. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 946-949. (Pubitemid 36783002)
138. Etemadifar M, Janghorbani M and Shaygannejad V. Comparison of interferon beta products and azathioprine in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2007; 254: 1723-1728.
139. Etemadifar M, Janghorbani M and Shaygannejad V. Comparison of Betaferon, Avonex, and Rebif in treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 113: 283-287.
140. Limmroth V, Malessa R, Zettl UK, Koehler J, Japp G, Haller P, et al. Quality Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis Therapy (QUASIMS): a comparison of interferon beta therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2007; 254: 67-77. (Pubitemid 46295070)
141. O'Rourke K, Walsh C, Antonelli G and Hutchinson M. Predicting beta-interferon failure in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2007; 13: 336-342. (Pubitemid 46705994)
142. Pozzilli C, Prosperini L, Sbardella E, De Giglio L, Onesti E and Tomassini V. Post-marketing survey on clinical response to interferon beta in relapsing multiple sclerosis: the Roman experience. Neurol Sci 2005; 26 Suppl 4: S174-178. (Pubitemid 43085206)
143. Rio J, Nos C, Tintore M, Borras C, Galan I, Comabella M, et al. Assessment of different treatment failure criteria in a cohort of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon beta: implications for clinical trials. Ann Neurol 2002; 52: 400-406.
144. Rio J, Nos C, Tintore M, Tellez N, Galan I, Pelayo R, et al. Defining the response to interferon-beta in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 344-352. (Pubitemid 43202488)
145. Russo P, Paolillo A, Caprino L, Bastianello S and Bramanti P. Effectiveness of interferon beta treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an Italian cohort study. J Eval Clin Pract 2004; 10: 511-518. (Pubitemid 39469034)
146. Simone IL, Ceccarelli A, Tortorella C, Bellacosa A, Pellegrini F, Plasmati I, et al. Influence of Interferon beta treatment on quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4: 96.
147. Sorensen PS, Koch-Henriksen N and Bendtzen K. Are ex vivo neutralising antibodies against IFN-beta always detrimental to therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler 2007; 13: 616-621. (Pubitemid 46939527)
148. Trojano M, Pellegrini F, Fuiani A, Paolicelli D, Zipoli V, Zimatore GB, et al. New natural history of interferon-beta-treated relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2007; 61: 300-306. (Pubitemid 46676729)
149. Trojano M, Russo P, Fuiani A, Paolicelli D, Di Monte E, Granieri E, et al. The Italian Multiple Sclerosis Database Network (MSDN): the risk of worsening according to IFN-beta exposure in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2006; 12: 578-585. (Pubitemid 46940631)
150. Caon C, Din M, Ching W, Tselis A, Lisak R and Khan O. Clinical course after change of immunomodulating therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13: 471-474. (Pubitemid 43823361)
151. Guarnaccia JB, Aslan M, O'Connor TZ, Hope M, Kazis L, Kashner CM, et al. Quality of life for veterans with multiple sclerosis on disease-modifying agents: Relationship to disability. J Rehabil Res Dev 2006; 43: 35-44. (Pubitemid 43938745)
152. Khan OA, Tselis AC, Kamholz JA, Garbern JY, Lewis RA and Lisak RP. A prospective, open-label treatment trial to compare the effect of IFN beta-1a (Avonex), IFNbeta-1b (Betaseron), and glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) on the relapse rate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8: 141-148. (Pubitemid 32269633)
153. Khan OA, Tselis AC, Kamholz JA, Garbern JY, Lewis RA and Lisak RP. A prospective, open-label treatment trial to compare the effect of IFNbeta-1a (Avonex), IFNbeta-1b (Betaseron), and glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) on the relapse rate in relapsing - remitting multiple sclerosis: results after 18 months of therapy. Mult Scler 2001; 7: 349-353. (Pubitemid 33138343)
154. Lily O, McFadden E, Hensor E, Johnson M and Ford H. Disease-specific quality of life in multiple sclerosis: the effect of disease modifying treatment. Mult Scler 2006; 12: 808-813. (Pubitemid 46111775)
155. Metz LM, Patten SB, Archibald CJ, Bakker JI, Harris CJ, Patry DG, et al. The effect of immunomodulatory treatment on multiple sclerosis fatigue. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1045-1047. (Pubitemid 38869624)
156. Pollmann W, Erasmus LP, Feneberg W, Then Bergh F and Straube A. Interferon beta but not glatiramer acetate therapy aggravates headaches in MS. Neurology 2002; 59: 636-639. (Pubitemid 34920008)
157. Tilbery CP, Mendes MF, Oliveira BE, Thomaz RB and Kelian GR. Immunomodulatory treatment in multiple sclerosis: experience at a Brazilian center with 390 patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2006; 64: 51-54.
158. Ytterberg C, Johansson S, Andersson M, Olsson D, Link H, Holmqvist LW, et al. Combination therapy with interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 116: 96-99. (Pubitemid 47174182)
159. Carra A, Onaha P, Luetic G, Burgos M, Crespo E, Deri N, et al. Therapeutic outcome 3 years after switching of immunomodulatory therapies in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Argentina. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15: 386-393. (Pubitemid 351422381)
160. Khan F, McPhail T, Brand C, Turner-Stokes L and Kilpatrick T. Multiple sclerosis: disability profile and quality of life in an Australian community cohort. Int J Rehabil Res 2006; 29: 87-96. (Pubitemid 44309727)
161. Kobelt G, Berg J, Atherly D and Hadjimichael O. Costs and quality of life in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study in the United States. Neurology 2006; 66: 1696-1702. (Pubitemid 43964625)
162. La Mantia L, D'Amico D, Rigamonti A, Mascoli N, Bussone G and Milanese C. Interferon treatment may trigger primary headaches in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2006; 12: 476-480.
163. Rovaris M, Comi G, Rocca MA, Valsasina P, Ladkani D, Pieri E, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with glatiramer acetate: a multicentre, multinational extension of the European/Canadian double-blind, placebo-controlled, MRI-monitored trial. Mult Scler 2007; 13: 502-508. (Pubitemid 46796510)
164. Thompson JP, Noyes K, Dorsey ER, Schwid SR and Holloway RG. Quantitative risk-benefit analysis of natalizumab. Neurology 2008; 71: 357-364.
165. Villani V, Prosperini L, Ciuffoli A, Pizzolato R, Salvetti M, Pozzilli C, et al. Primary headache and multiple sclerosis: preliminary results of a prospective study. Neurol Sci 2008; 29(Suppl.1): S146-S148. (Pubitemid 351836985)
166. Vollmer T, Panitch H, Bar-Or A, Dunn J, Freedman MS, Gazda SK, et al. Glatiramer acetate after induction therapy with mitoxantrone in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 663-670. (Pubitemid 351954409)