Gender in academic networking: The role of gatekeepers in professorial recruitment

Journal of Management Studies

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 460-492

  Van den Brink, Marieke ^a   Benschop, Yvonne ^a  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Academic recruitment; Gatekeepers; Gender practices; Mobilizing femininities; Mobilizing masculinities; Networking

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897106332     PISSN: 00222380     EISSN: 14676486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/joms.12060     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Acker, J. (1990). 'Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: a theory of gendered organizations'. Gender & Society, 4, 139-185.
2. Alvesson, M. and Billing, Y. D. (2009). Understanding Gender and Organizations. London: Sage Publications.
3. Alvesson, M. and Sandberg, J. (2011). 'Generating research questions through problematization'. Academy of Management Review, 36, 247-271.
4. Bagilhole, B. and Goode, J. (2001). 'The contradiction of the myth of individual merit, and the reality of a patriarchal support system in academic careers; a feminist investigation'. European Journal of Women's Studies, 8, 161-180.
5. Beatty, J. E. (2007). 'Women and invisible social identities: women as the other in organizations'. In Bilimoria, D. and Piderit, S. K. (Eds), Handbook on Women in Business and Management. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 34-56.
6. Benschop, Y. (2009). 'The micro-politics of gendering in networking'. Gender, Work & Organization, 16, 217-237
7. Benschop, Y. and Brouns, M. (2003). 'Crumbling ivory towers: academic organizing and its gender effects'. Gender, Work & Organization, 10, 194-212.
8. Bluhm, D. J., Harman, W., Lee, T. W. and Mitchell, T. R. (2010). 'Qualitative research in management: a decade of progress'. Journal of Management Studies, 49, 1866-1891.
9. Borgatti, S. P. and Foster, P. C. (2003). 'The network paradigm in organizational research: a review and typology'. Journal of Management, 29, 991-1013.
10. Brass, D. J. (1985). 'Men's and women's networks: a study of interaction patterns and influence in an organization'. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 327-343.
11. Brass, D. J., Joseph, G., Greve, H. R. and Tsai, W. P. (2004). 'Taking stock of networks and organizations'. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 795-817.
12. Bruni, A., Gherardi, S. and Poggio, B. (2004). 'Doing gender, doing entrepreneurship. An ethnographic account of intertwined practices'. Gender, Work & Organization, 11, 406-429.
13. Burrell, G. (1984). 'Sex and organizational analysis'. Organization Studies, 5, 97-118.
14. Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
15. Burt, R. S. (1998). 'The gender of social capital'. Rationality and Society, 10, 5-46.
16. Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
18. Byrne, D. (1971). The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
19. Carli, L. L. and Eagly, A. H. (1999). 'Gender effects on social influence and emergent leadership'. In Powell, G. N. (Ed.), Handbook of Gender and Work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 203-222.
20. Cialdini, R., Borden, R., Thorne, M., Freeman, S. and Sloan, L. (1976). 'Basking in reflected glory. Three (football) field studies'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366-375.
21. Corradi, G., Gherardi, S. and Verzelloni, L. (2010). 'Through the practice lens: where is the bandwagon of practice-based studies heading?'. Management Learning, 41, 265-283.
22. Czarniawska, B. (2007). Shadowing and Other Techniques for Doing Fieldwork in Modern Societies. Malmö: Liber.
23. Durbin, S. (2011). 'Creating knowledge through networks: a gender perspective'. Gender, Work & Organization, 18, 90-112.
24. Eisenhardt, K. M. and Graebner, M. E. (2007). 'Theory building from cases: opportunities and challenges'. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 25-32.
25. Ely, R. and Padavic, I. (2007). 'A feminist analysis of organizational research on sex differences'. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1121-1143.
26. EU (2012). She Figures. Women and Science, Statistics and Indicators. Brussels: European Commission.
27. Feldman, M. S. and Orlikowski, W. J. (2011). 'Theorizing practice and practicing theory'. Organization Science, 22, 1240-1253.
28. Ferris, G. R., Blass, F. R., Douglas, C., Kolodinsky, R. W. and Treadway, D. C. (2003). 'Personal reputation in organizations'. Organizational Behavior: The State of the Science, 2, 211-246.
29. Flap, H. and Völker, B. (2004). Creation and Returns of Social Capital. London: Routledge.
30. Fleming Cabrera, S. (2010). Risky Business: A Theoretical Model Applied to the Advancement of Executive Women. New York: Dissertation Cornell University.
31. Fletcher, J. (1999). Disappearing Acts: Gender, Power, and Relational Practice at Work. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32. Forret, M. L. and Dougherty, T. W. (2001). 'Correlates of networking behavior for managerial and professional employees'. Group & Organization Management, 26, 283-311.
33. Forret, M. L. and Dougherty, T. W. (2004). 'Networking behaviors and career outcomes: differences for men and women?'. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 419-437.
34. Gerritsen, M., Verdonk, T. and Visser, A. (2009). Monitor Vrouwelijke Hoogleraren. Available at http://www.stichtingdebeauvoir.nl/wp-content/uploads/Monitor_Vrouwelijke_Hoogleraren_2012.pdf (accessed September 2013).
35. Gersick, C. J. G., Bartunek, J. M. and Dutton, J. E. (2000). 'Learning from academia: the importance of relationships in professional life'. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 1026-1044.
36. Gherardi, S. (1994). 'The gender we think, the gender we do in our everyday organizational lives'. Human Relations, 47, 591-610.
37. Gherardi, S. (2000). 'Practice-based theorizing on learning and knowing in organizations'. Organization, 7, 211-223.
38. Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G. and Hamilton, A. L. (2013). 'Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: notes on the Gioia methodology'. Organizational Research Methods, 16, 15-31.
39. Granovetter, M. S. (1974). Getting a Job. A Study of Contacts and Careers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Hearn, J. (2004). 'Gendering men and masculinities in research and scientific evaluations'. In Brouns, M. and Addis, E. (Eds), Gender and Excellence in the Making. Brussels: Directorate General for Research, European Commission, 57-68.
41. Hearn, J. and Parkin, W. (1987). Sex at Work: The Power and Paradox of Organisation Sexuality. Brighton: Wheatsheaf.
42. Heilman, M. E. and Okimoto, T. G. (2007). 'Why are women penalized for success at male tasks? The implied communality deficit'. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 81-92.
43. Hewlett, S. A., Peraino, K., Sherbin, L. and Sumberg, K. (2010). The Sponsor Effect: Breaking Through the Last Glass Ceiling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
44. Holgersson, C. (2013). 'Recruiting managing directors: doing homosociality'. Gender, Work & Organization, 20, 454-466.
45. Hollstein, B. (2011). 'Qualitative approaches'. In Scott, J. and Carrington, P. J. (Eds), The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis. London: SAGE Publications, 404-416.
46. Holvino, E. (2010). 'Intersections: the simultaneity of race, gender and class in organization studies'. Gender, Work & Organization, 17, 248-277.
47. Husu, L. (2004). 'Gate-keeping, gender equality and scientific excellence'. In Brouns, M. and Addis, E. (Eds), Gender and Excellence in the Making. Brussels: Directorate General for Research, European Commission, 69-76.
48. Ibarra, H. (1992). 'Homophily and differential returns: sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm'. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 422-447.
49. Ibarra, H. (1993). 'Personal networks of women and minorities in management: a conceptual framework'. Academy of Management Review, 18, 56-87.
50. Ibarra, H. (1997). 'Paving an alternative route: gender differences in managerial networks'. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 91-102.
51. Ibarra, H., Kilduff, M. and Tsai, W. (2005). 'Zooming in and out: connecting individuals and collectivities at the frontiers of organizational network research'. Organization Science, 16, 359-371.
52. Ibarra, H., Carter, N. and Silva, C. (2010). 'Why men still get more promotions than women'. Harvard Business Review, 126, 80-85.
53. Jack, S. L. (2005). 'The role, use and activation of strong and weak network ties: a qualitative analysis'. Journal of Management Studies, 42, 1233-1259.
54. James, E. H. (2000). 'Race-related differences in promotions and support: underlying effects of human and social capital'. Organization Science, 11, 493-508.
55. Jarzabkowski, P. (2005). Strategy as Practice: An Activity-Based Approach. London: Sage.
56. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
57. Kelan, E. K. (2010). 'Gender logic and (un) doing gender at work'. Gender, Work & Organization, 17, 174-194.
58. Khurana, R. (2002). Searching for a Corporate Savior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
59. Kilduff, M. and Brass, D. J. (2010). 'Organizational social network research: core ideas and key debates'. Academy of Management Annals, 4, 317-357.
60. Kilduff, M. and Krackhardt, D. (1994). 'Bringing the individual back in: a structural analysis of the internal market for reputation in organizations'. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 87-108.
61. Kilduff, M. and Tsai, W. (2003). Social Networks and Organizations. London: Sage.
62. Knights, D. and Kerfoot, D. (2004). 'Between representations and subjectivity: gender binaries and the politics of organizational transformation'. Gender, Work & Organization, 11, 430-454.
63. Krackhardt, D. (1990). 'Assessing the political landscape: structure, cognition, and power in organizations'. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 342-369.
64. Kubler, J. and DeLuca, C. (2006). Trends in Academic Recruitment and Retention: A Commonwealth Perspective. London: Association of Commonwealth Universities.
65. Lai, G., Lin, N. and Leung, S.-Y. (1998). 'Network resources, contact resources, and status attainment'. Social Networks, 20, 159-178.
66. Lin, N. and Dumin, M. (1986). 'Access to occupations through social ties'. Social Networks, 8, 365-385.
67. Linehan, M. (2001). 'Networking for female managers' career development'. Journal of Management Development, 20, 823-829.
68. Lorber, J. (2005). Gender Inequality, Feminist Theories and Politics. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.
69. Martin, P. Y. (2001). '"Mobilizing masculinities": women's experiences of men at work'. Organization, 8, 587-618.
70. Martin, P. Y. (2003). '"Said and done" versus "saying and doing": gendering practices, practicing gender at work'. Gender Society, 17, 342-366.
71. Martin, P. Y. (2006). 'Practising gender at work: further thoughts on reflexivity'. Gender, Work and Organization, 13, 254-276.
72. Mathieu, C. (2009). 'Practising gender in organizations: the critical gap between practical and discursive consciousness'. Management Learning, 40, 177-193.
73. McGuire, G. M. (2012). 'Race, gender, and social support: a study of networks in a financial services organization'. Sociological Focus, 45, 320-337.
74. McGuire, M. (2002). 'Managing networks: propositions on what managers do and why they do it'. Public Administration Review, 62, 599-609.
75. McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L. and Cook, J. M. (2001). 'Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks'. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415-444.
76. Mehra, A., Dixon, A. L., Brass, D. J. and Robertson, B. (2006). 'The social network ties of group leaders: implications for group performance and leader reputation'. Organization Science, 17, 64-79.
77. Merton, R. C. (1973). The Sociology of Science; Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
78. Neergaard, H. (2005). 'Networking activities in technology-based entrepreneurial teams'. International Small Business Journal, 23, 257-278.
79. Nicolini, D. (2009). 'Zooming in and out: studying practices by switching theoretical lenses and trailing connections'. Organization Studies, 30, 1391-1418.
80. Nicolini, D., Gherardi, S. and Yanow, D. (2003). Introduction in Knowing in Organizations. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
81. O'Donnell, A. and Cummins, D. (1999). 'The use of qualitative methods to research networking in SMEs'. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 2, 82-91.
82. O'Neil, D. A., Hopkins, M. M. and Bilimoria, D. (2008). 'Women's careers at the start of the 21st century: patterns and paradoxes'. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 727-743.
83. Organization Studies (2009). Special issue on 'Re-turn to practice: understanding organizations as it happens', 30.
84. Orlikowski, W. J. (2002). 'Knowing in practice: enacting a collective capability in distributed organizing'. Organization Science, 13, 249-273.
85. Parkhe, A., Wasserman, S. and Ralston, D. A. (2006). 'New frontiers in network theory development: introduction to special topic forum'. Academy of Management Review, 31, 560-568.
86. Podolny, J. M. and Baron, J. N. (1997). 'Resources and relationships: social networks and mobility in the workplace'. American Sociological Review, 62, 673-693.
87. Poggio, B. (2006). 'Editorial: Outline of a theory of gender practices'. Gender, Work and Organization, 13, 225-233.
88. Porter, K. A. and Powell, W. W. (2006). 'Networks and organizations'. In Clegg, S., Hardy, C., Lawrence, T. B. and Nord, W. R. (Eds), The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies. London: Sage, 776-799.
89. Powell, A., Bagilhole, B. and Dainty, A. (2009). 'How women engineers do and undo gender: consequences for gender equality'. Gender, Work & Organization, 16, 411-428.
90. Pullen, A. and Simpson, R. (2009). 'Managing difference in feminized work: men, otherness and social practice'. Human Relations, 62, 561-587.
91. Rand, T. M. and Wexley, K. N. (1975). 'Demonstration of the effect, "similar to me", in simulated employment interviews'. Psychological Reports, 36, 535-544.
92. Reagans, R. (2011). 'Close encounters: analyzing how social similarity and propinquity contribute to strong network connections'. Organization Science, 22, 835-849.
93. Riach, K. and Wilson, F. (2007). 'Don't screw the crew: exploring the rules of engagement in organizational romance'. British Journal of Management, 18, 79-92.
94. Rudman, L. A. and Glick, P. (2001). 'Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women'. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743-762.
95. Sandberg, J. and Dall'Alba, G. (2009). 'Returning to practice anew: a life-world perspective'. Organization Studies, 30, 1349-1368.
96. Schatzki, T., Knorr Cetina, K. and von Savigny, E. (Eds) (2001). The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory. London: Routledge.
97. Scott, J. W. (1986). 'Gender: a useful category of historical analysis'. American Historical Review, 91, 1053-1075.
98. Seidel, M. D. L., Polzer, J. T. and Stewart, K. J. (2000). 'Friends in high places: the effects of social networks on discrimination in salary negotiations'. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 1-24.
99. Shaw, E. (2006). 'Small firm networking - an insight into contents and motivating factors'. International Small Business Journal, 24, 5-29.
100. Silverman, D. (2006). Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analyzing Talk, Text, and Interaction. London: Sage Publications.
101. Simpson, R. (2009). 'Men discussing women and women discussing men: reflexivity, transformation and gendered practice in the context of nursing care'. Gender, Work & Organization, 18, 377-398.
102. Singh, V., Vinnicombe, S. and Kumra, S. (2006). 'Women in formal corporate networks: an organisational citizenship perspective'. Women in Management Review, 21, 458-482.
103. Swidler, A. (2001). 'What anchors cultural practices'. In Schatzki, T., Knorr Cetina, K. and von Savigny, E. (Eds), The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory. New York: Routledge, 74-92.
104. Tharenou, P. (1994). 'Commentary: why so few female academics?'. Australian Journal of Management, 19, 221-228.
105. Tienari, J., Meriläinen, S., Holgersson, C. and Bendl, R. (2013). 'And then there are none: on the exclusion of women in processes of executive search'. Women in Management Review, 28, 43-62.
106. Tonge, J. (2008). 'Barriers to networking for women in a UK professional service'. International Journal, 23, 484-505.
107. Valian, V. (1998). Why So Slow: The Advancement of Women. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
108. Van den Brink, M. (2010). Behind the Scenes of Science. Gender Practices in the Recruitment and Selection of Professors in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Pallas Publications.
109. Van den Brink, M. and Benschop, Y. (2012a). 'Gender practices in the construction of academic excellence: sheep with five legs'. Organization, 19, 507-524.
110. Van den Brink, M. and Benschop, Y. (2012b). 'Slaying the seven-headed dragon; the quest for gender change'. Gender, Work & Organization, 19, 71-92.
111. Van den Brink, M., Benschop, Y. and Jansen, W. (2010). 'Transparency as a tool for gender equality'. Organization Studies, 31, 1459-1483.
112. Van Maanen, J., Sørensen, J. B. and Mitchell, T. R. (2007). 'Introduction to special topic forum the interplay between theory and method'. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1145-1154.
113. Vinnicombe, S., Singh, R., Burke, R., Bilimoria, D. and Huse, M. (2008). Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International Research and Practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
114. Weber, M. (1980 [1921]). Wirtschaft Und Gesellschaft. Tübingen: JCB Mohr.
115. Weick, K. E. (1979). The Social Psychology of Organizing, 2nd edition. New York: Random House.
116. Wennerås, C. and Wold, A. (1997). 'Nepotism and sexism in peer-review'. Nature, 387, 341-343.
117. West, C. and Zimmerman, D. (1987). 'Doing gender'. Gender & Society, 1, 125-151.
118. Whittington, R. (2006). 'Completing the practice turn in strategy research'. Organization Studies, 27, 613-634.
119. Wong, S. S. and Boh, W. F. (2010). 'Leveraging the ties of others to build a reputation for trustworthiness among peers'. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 129-148.
120. Wright Mills, C. (1956 [2000]). The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.
121. Yanow, D. (2006). 'Talking about practices: on Julian Orr's talking about machines'. Organization Studies, 27, 1743-1756.