Optimized three-dimensional fast-spin-echo MRI

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 745-767

  Mugler, John P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

3D FSE; 3D TSE; fast spin echo; RARE; turbo spin echo; variable flip angles

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ARTIFACT; BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CERVICAL SPINE; ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE; GRAY MATTER; HUMAN; MAGNETIC FIELD; MESENCEPHALON; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCANNER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY; RELAXATION TIME; THREE DIMENSIONAL FAST SPIN ECHO NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; WHITE MATTER;

3D FSE; 3D TSE; FAST SPIN ECHO; RARE; TURBO SPIN ECHO; VARIABLE FLIP ANGLES;

ALGORITHMS; ARTIFACTS; ECHO-PLANAR IMAGING; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; IMAGE INTERPRETATION, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPIN LABELS;

EID: 84897024368     PISSN: 10531807     EISSN: 15222586     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24542     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Hennig J, Nauerth A, Friedburg H,. RARE imaging: a fast imaging method for clinical MR. Magn Reson Med 1986; 3: 823-833.
2. Jack CR Jr, Bernstein MA, Fox NC, et al. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): MRI methods. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27: 685-691.
3. Oshio K, Jolesz FA, Melki PS, Mulkern RV,. T2-weighted thin-section imaging with the multislab three-dimensional RARE technique. J Magn Reson Imaging 1991; 1: 695-700.
4. Yuan C, Schmiedl UP, Weinberger E, Krueck WR, Rand SD,. Three-dimensional fast spin-echo imaging: pulse sequence and in vivo image evaluation. J Magn Reson Imaging 1993; 3: 894-899.
5. Liu K, Xu Y, Loncar M,. Reduced slab boundary artifact in multi-slab 3D fast spin-echo imaging. Magn Reson Med 2000; 44: 269-276.
6. Kholmovski EG, Alexander AL, Parker DL,. Correction of slab boundary artifact using histogram matching. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 15: 610-617.
7. Mugler JP III, Bao S, Mulkern RV, et al. Optimized single-slab three-dimensional spin-echo MR imaging of the brain. Radiology 2000; 216: 891-899.
8. Kallmes DF, Hui FK, Mugler JP III,. Suppression of cerebrospinal fluid and blood flow artifacts in FLAIR MR imaging with a single-slab three-dimensional pulse sequence: initial experience. Radiology 2001; 221: 251-255.
9. Bink A, Schmitt M, Gaa J, Mugler JP III, Lanfermann H, Zanella FE,. Detection of lesions in multiple sclerosis by 2D FLAIR and single-slab 3D FLAIR sequences at 3.0 T: initial results. Eur Radiol 2006; 16: 1104-1110.
10. Pouwels PJ, Kuijer JP, Mugler JP III, Guttmann CR, Barkhof F,. Human gray matter: feasibility of single-slab 3D double inversion-recovery high-spatial-resolution MR imaging. Radiology 2006; 241: 873-879.
11. Chagla GH, Busse RF, Sydnor R, Rowley HA, Turski PA,. Three-dimensional fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging with isotropic resolution and nonselective adiabatic inversion provides improved three-dimensional visualization and cerebrospinal fluid suppression compared to two-dimensional FLAIR at 3 Tesla. Invest Radiol 2008; 43: 547-551.
12. Komada T, Naganawa S, Ogawa H, et al. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of metastatic brain tumor at 3 tesla: utility of T1-weighted SPACE compared with 2D spin echo and 3D gradient echo sequence. Magn Reson Med Sci 2008; 7: 13-21.
13. Moraal B, Wattjes MP, Geurts JJ, et al. Improved detection of active multiple sclerosis lesions: 3D subtraction imaging. Radiology 2010; 255: 154-163.
14. Naganawa S, Ishihara S, Iwano S, Sone M, Nakashima T,. Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of endolymphatic hydrops after intratympanic injection of Gd-DTPA: optimization of a 3D-real inversion-recovery turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence and application of a 32-channel head coil at 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31: 210-214.
15. Naganawa S, Kawai H, Sone M, Nakashima T,. Increased sensitivity to low concentration gadolinium contrast by optimized heavily T2-weighted 3D-FLAIR to visualize endolymphatic space. Magn Reson Med Sci 2010; 9: 73-80.
16. Park J, Kim EY,. Contrast-enhanced, three-dimensional, whole-brain, black-blood imaging: application to small brain metastases. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63: 553-561.
17. Roosendaal SD, Hulst HE, Vrenken H, et al. Structural and functional hippocampal changes in multiple sclerosis patients with intact memory function. Radiology 2010; 255: 595-604.
18. Visser F, Zwanenburg JJ, Hoogduin JM, Luijten PR,. High-resolution magnetization-prepared 3D-FLAIR imaging at 7.0 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2010; 64: 194-202.
19. Aiken AH, Mukherjee P, Green AJ, Glastonbury CM,. MR imaging of optic neuropathy with extended echo-train acquisition fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32: 301-305.
20. Cha J, Kim ST, Kim HJ, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia: assessment with T2 VISTA and FLAIR VISTA fusion imaging. Eur Radiol 2011; 21: 2633-2639.
21. Lummel N, Schoepf V, Burke M, Brueckmann H, Linn J,. 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging: reduced CSF artifacts and enhanced sensitivity and specificity for subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32: 2054-2060.
22. Nam Y, Kim EY, Kim DH,. On the use of a spin-echo based double inversion recovery acquisition for the measurement of cortical brain thickness. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33: 1218-1223.
23. Sarkar SN, Alsop DC, Madhuranthakam AJ, et al. Brain MR imaging at ultra-low radiofrequency power. Radiology 2011; 259: 550-557.
24. de Graaf WL, Zwanenburg JJ, Visser F, et al. Lesion detection at seven Tesla in multiple sclerosis using magnetisation prepared 3D-FLAIR and 3D-DIR. Eur Radiol 2012; 22: 221-231.
25. Kitajima M, Hirai T, Shigematsu Y, et al. Comparison of 3D FLAIR, 2D FLAIR, and 2D T2-weighted MR imaging of brain stem anatomy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33: 922-927.
26. Zwanenburg JJ, Hendrikse J, Luijten PR,. Generalized multiple-layer appearance of the cerebral cortex with 3D FLAIR 7.0-T MR imaging. Radiology 2012; 262: 995-1001.
27. Kilsdonk ID, de Graaf WL, Soriano AL, et al. Multicontrast MR imaging at 7T in multiple sclerosis: highest lesion detection in cortical gray matter with 3D-FLAIR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34: 791-796.
28. Yoshida A, Tha KK, Fujima N, et al. Detection of brain metastases by 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T: comparison between T1-weighted volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition and 3-dimensional T1-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2013; 37: 84-90.
29. Baumert B, Wortler K, Steffinger D, Schmidt GP, Reiser MF, Baur-Melnyk A,. Assessment of the internal craniocervical ligaments with a new magnetic resonance imaging sequence: three-dimensional turbo spin echo with variable flip-angle distribution (SPACE). Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 27: 954-960.
30. Kwon JW, Yoon YC, Choi SH,. Three-dimensional isotropic T2-weighted cervical MRI at 3T: comparison with two-dimensional T2-weighted sequences. Clin Radiol 2012; 67: 106-113.
31. Lichy MP, Wietek BM, Mugler JP III, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the body trunk using a single-slab, 3-dimensional, T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo sequence with high sampling efficiency (SPACE) for high spatial resolution imaging: initial clinical experiences. Invest Radiol 2005; 40: 754-760.
32. Viallon M, Vargas MI, Jlassi H, Lovblad KO, Delavelle J,. High-resolution and functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brachial plexus using an isotropic 3D T2 STIR (Short Term Inversion Recovery) SPACE sequence and diffusion tensor imaging. Eur Radiol 2008; 18: 1018-1023.
33. Agrawal G, Riherd JM, Busse RF, Hinshaw JL, Sadowski EA,. Evaluation of uterine anomalies: 3D FRFSE CUBE versus standard 2D FRFSE. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193: W558-W562.
34. Morita S, Ueno E, Masukawa A, et al. Comparison of SPACE and 3D TSE MRCP at 1.5T focusing on difference in echo spacing. Magn Reson Med Sci 2009; 8: 101-105.
35. Arizono S, Isoda H, Maetani YS, et al. High spatial resolution 3D MR cholangiography with high sampling efficiency technique (SPACE): comparison of 3T vs. 1.5T. Eur J Radiol 2010; 73: 114-118.
36. Kim H, Lim JS, Choi JY, et al. Rectal cancer: comparison of accuracy of local-regional staging with two- and three-dimensional preoperative 3-T MR imaging. Radiology 2010; 254: 485-492.
37. Rosenkrantz AB, Neil J, Kong X, et al. Prostate cancer: comparison of 3D T2-weighted with conventional 2D T2-weighted imaging for image quality and tumor detection. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194: 446-452.
38. Rosenkrantz AB, Patel JM, Babb JS, Storey P, Hecht EM,. Liver MRI at 3 T using a respiratory-triggered time-efficient 3D T2-weighted technique: impact on artifacts and image quality. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194: 634-641.
39. Hecht EM, Yitta S, Lim RP, et al. Preliminary clinical experience at 3 T with a 3D T2-weighted sequence compared with multiplanar 2D for evaluation of the female pelvis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197: W346-W352.
40. Hori M, Kim T, Onishi H, et al. Uterine tumors: comparison of 3D versus 2D T2-weighted turbo spin-echo MR imaging at 3.0 T-initial experience. Radiology 2011; 258: 154-163.
41. Manganaro L, Fierro F, Tomei A, et al. Feasibility of 3.0T pelvic MR imaging in the evaluation of endometriosis. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 1381-1387.
42. Tagliafico A, Succio G, Neumaier CE, et al. Brachial plexus assessment with three-dimensional isotropic resolution fast spin echo MRI: comparison with conventional MRI at 3.0 T. Br J Radiol 2012; 85: e110-e116.
43. Kijowski R, Gold GE,. Routine 3D magnetic resonance imaging of joints. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33: 758-771.
44. Gold GE, Busse RF, Beehler C, et al. Isotropic MRI of the knee with 3D fast spin-echo extended echo-train acquisition (XETA): initial experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 1287-1293.
45. Jung JY, Yoon YC, Kwon JW, Ahn JH, Choe BK,. Diagnosis of internal derangement of the knee at 3.0-T MR imaging: 3D isotropic intermediate-weighted versus 2D sequences. Radiology 2009; 253: 780-787.
46. Kijowski R, Davis KW, Woods MA, et al. Knee joint: comprehensive assessment with 3D isotropic resolution fast spin-echo MR imaging - diagnostic performance compared with that of conventional MR imaging at 3.0 T. Radiology 2009; 252: 486-495.
47. Notohamiprodjo M, Horng A, Pietschmann MF, et al. MRI of the knee at 3T: first clinical results with an isotropic PDfs-weighted 3D-TSE-sequence. Invest Radiol 2009; 44: 585-597.
48. Chen CA, Kijowski R, Shapiro LM, et al. Cartilage morphology at 3.0T: assessment of three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 32: 173-183.
49. Seo JM, Yoon YC, Kwon JW,. 3D isotropic turbo spin-echo intermediate-weighted sequence with refocusing control in knee imaging: comparison study with 3D isotropic fast-field echo sequence. Acta Radiol 2011; 52: 1119-1124.
50. Welsch GH, Zak L, Mamisch TC, et al. Advanced morphological 3D magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) scoring using a new isotropic 3D proton-density, turbo spin echo sequence with variable flip angle distribution (PD-SPACE) compared to an isotropic 3D steady-state free precession sequence (True-FISP) and standard 2D sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33: 180-188.
51. Ai T, Zhang W, Priddy NK, Li X,. Diagnostic performance of CUBE MRI sequences of the knee compared with conventional MRI. Clin Radiol 2012; 67: e58-e63.
52. Jung JY, Jee WH, Park MY, Lee SY, Kim JM,. Meniscal tear configurations: categorization with 3D isotropic turbo spin-echo MRI compared with conventional MRI at 3 T. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 198: W173-W180.
53. Kijowski R, Davis KW, Blankenbaker DG, Woods MA, Del Rio AM, De Smet AA,. Evaluation of the menisci of the knee joint using three-dimensional isotropic resolution fast spin-echo imaging: diagnostic performance in 250 patients with surgical correlation. Skeletal Radiol 2012; 41: 169-178.
54. Lefevre N, Naouri JF, Bohu Y, Klouche S, Herman S,. Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: diagnostic performance of isotropic three-dimensional fast spin echo (3D-FSE-CUBE) MRI. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2012. doi: 10.1007/s00590-00012-01135-00594
55. Notohamiprodjo M, Horng A, Kuschel B, et al. 3D-imaging of the knee with an optimized 3D-FSE-sequence and a 15-channel knee-coil. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 3441-3449.
56. Stevens KJ, Busse RF, Han E, et al. Ankle: isotropic MR imaging with 3D-FSE-CUBE - initial experience in healthy volunteers. Radiology 2008; 249: 1026-1033.
57. Kim HS, Yoon YC, Kwon JW, Choe BK,. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of isotropic ankle magnetic resonance imaging: three-dimensional isotropic intermediate-weighted turbo spin echo versus three-dimensional isotropic fast field echo sequences. Korean J Radiol 2012; 13: 443-449.
58. Notohamiprodjo M, Kuschel B, Horng A, et al. 3D-MRI of the ankle with optimized 3D-SPACE. Invest Radiol 2012; 47: 231-239.
59. Choo HJ, Lee SJ, Kim OH, Seo SS, Kim JH,. Comparison of three-dimensional isotropic T1-weighted fast spin-echo MR arthrography with two-dimensional MR arthrography of the shoulder. Radiology 2012; 262: 921-931.
60. Jung JY, Jee WH, Park MY, Lee SY, Kim YS,. Supraspinatus tendon tears at 3.0 T shoulder MR arthrography: diagnosis with 3D isotropic turbo spin-echo SPACE sequence versus 2D conventional sequences. Skeletal Radiol 2012; 41: 1401-1410.
61. Jung JY, Jee WH, Park MY, Lee SY, Kim YS,. SLAP tears: diagnosis using 3-T shoulder MR arthrography with the 3D isotropic turbo spin-echo space sequence versus conventional 2D sequences. Eur Radiol 2013; 23: 487-495.
62. Stevens KJ, Wallace CG, Chen W, Rosenberg JK, Gold GE,. Imaging of the wrist at 1.5 Tesla using isotropic three-dimensional fast spin echo cube. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33: 908-915.
63. Jung JY, Yoon YC, Jung JY, Choe BK,. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of wrist MRI at 3.0T: comparison between isotropic 3D turbo spin echo and isotropic 3D fast field echo and 2D turbo spin echo. Acta Radiol 2013; 54: 284-291.
64. Lim RP, Storey P, Atanasova IP, et al. Three-dimensional electrocardiographically gated variable flip angle FSE imaging for MR angiography of the hands at 3.0 T: initial experience. Radiology 2009; 252: 874-881.
65. Mihai G, Chung YC, Kariisa M, Raman SV, Simonetti OP, Rajagopalan S,. Initial feasibility of a multi-station high resolution three-dimensional dark blood angiography protocol for the assessment of peripheral arterial disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 30: 785-793.
66. Lanzman RS, Blondin D, Schmitt P, et al. Non-enhanced 3D MR angiography of the lower extremity using ECG-gated TSE imaging with non-selective refocusing pulses - initial experience. RoFo 2010; 182: 861-867.
67. Mihai G, Chung YC, Merchant A, Simonetti OP, Rajagopalan S,. T1-weighted-SPACE dark blood whole body magnetic resonance angiography (DB-WBMRA): initial experience. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31: 502-509.
68. Morita S, Kojima S, Hirata M, et al. Unenhanced ECG-gated fast spin-echo MR digital subtraction angiography (MRDSA) using short echo-spacing three-dimensional sequence of femoral arteries: initial experience. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 34: 157-164.
69. Mihai G, Winner MW, Raman SV, Rajagopalan S, Simonetti OP, Chung YC,. Assessment of carotid stenosis using three-dimensional T2-weighted dark blood imaging: initial experience. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 35: 449-455.
70. Diop AD, Braidy C, Habouchi A, et al. Unenhanced 3D turbo spin-echo MR angiography of lower limbs in peripheral arterial disease: a comparative study with gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200: 1145-1150.
71. Lim RP, Fan Z, Chatterji M, et al. Comparison of nonenhanced MR angiographic subtraction techniques for infragenual arteries at 1.5 T: a preliminary study. Radiology 2013; 267: 293-304.
72. Sakurai K, Miura T, Sagisaka T, et al. Evaluation of luminal and vessel wall abnormalities in subacute and other stages of intracranial vertebrobasilar artery dissections using the volume isotropic turbo-spin-echo acquisition (VISTA) sequence: a preliminary study. J Neuroradiol 2013; 40: 19-28.
73. Zhang Z, Fan Z, Carroll TJ, et al. Three-dimensional T2-weighted MRI of the human femoral arterial vessel wall at 3.0 Tesla. Invest Radiol 2009; 44: 619-626.
74. Fan Z, Zhang Z, Chung YC, et al. Carotid arterial wall MRI at 3T using 3D variable-flip-angle turbo spin-echo (TSE) with flow-sensitive dephasing (FSD). J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31: 645-654.
75. Parmar JP, Rogers WJ, Mugler JP III, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of carotid atherosclerotic plaque in clinically suspected acute transient ischemic attack and acute ischemic stroke. Circulation 2010; 122: 2031-2038.
76. Qiao Y, Steinman DA, Qin Q, et al. Intracranial arterial wall imaging using three-dimensional high isotropic resolution black blood MRI at 3.0 Tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 34: 22-30.
77. Mulkern RV, Wong ST, Winalski C, Jolesz FA,. Contrast manipulation and artifact assessment of 2D and 3D RARE sequences. Magn Reson Imaging 1990; 8: 557-566.
78. Melki PS, Jolesz FA, Mulkern RV,. Partial RF echo planar imaging with the FAISE method. I. Experimental and theoretical assessment of artifact. Magn Reson Med 1992; 26: 328-341.
79. Constable RT, Anderson AW, Zhong J, Gore JC,. Factors influencing contrast in fast spin-echo MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 1992; 10: 497-511.
80. Jones KM, Mulkern RV, Schwartz RB, Oshio K, Barnes PD, Jolesz FA,. Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the brain and spine: current concepts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 158: 1313-1320.
81. Jones KM, Mulkern RV, Mantello MT, et al. Brain hemorrhage: evaluation with fast spin-echo and conventional dual spin-echo images. Radiology 1992; 182: 53-58.
82. Melki PS, Jolesz FA, Mulkern RV,. Partial RF echo-planar imaging with the FAISE method. II. Contrast equivalence with spin-echo sequences. Magn Reson Med 1992; 26: 342-354.
83. Melki PS, Mulkern RV,. Magnetization transfer effects in multislice RARE sequences. Magn Reson Med 1992; 24: 189-195.
84. Hahn EL,. Spin echoes. Phys Rev 1950; 80: 580-594.
85. Woessner DE,. Effects of diffusion in nuclear magnetic resonance spin-echo experiments. J Chem Phys 1961; 34: 2057-2061.
86. Hennig J,. Echoes-how to generate, recognize, use or avoid them in MR-imaging sequences. Part II. Echoes in imaging sequences. Concepts Magn Reson 1991; 3: 179-192.
87. Wielopolski P, Achten E, de Groot JC, et al. A dual echo three-dimensional inversion recovery HASTE sequence: initial experience and potential applications for the quantification of white matter lesions and brain tissue volumes. In: Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, New York, New York, 1996. (abstract 554).
88. Mugler JP III, Brookeman JR, Mulkern RV, Guttmann CRG, Jolesz FA,. Single-slab three-dimensional spin-echo-based pulse sequences for high-resolution T1-weighted and T2-weighted imaging of the brain. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1997. (abstract 137).
89. Schäffter T, Börnert P, Leibfritz D,. PSF improvements in single shot GRASE imaging. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of SMR, San Francisco, 1994. (abstract 27).
90. Mugler JP III, Bao S, Mulkern RV, Guttmann CRG, Jolesz FA, Brookeman JR,. Three-dimensional spin-echo-train proton-density-weighted imaging using shaped signal evolutions. In: Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Philadelphia, 1999. (abstract 1631).
91. Mugler JP III, Kiefer B, Brookeman JR,. Three-dimensional T2-weighted imaging of the brain using very long spin-echo trains. In: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Denver, 2000. (abstract 687).
92. Busse RF, Hariharan H, Vu A, Brittain JH,. Fast spin echo sequences with very long echo trains: design of variable refocusing flip angle schedules and generation of clinical T2 contrast. Magn Reson Med 2006; 55: 1030-1037.
93. Busse RF, Brau AC, Vu A, et al. Effects of refocusing flip angle modulation and view ordering in 3D fast spin echo. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60: 640-649.
94. Li G, Nittka M, Hollenbach H-P, et al. The shifted radial reordering for intermediate TE imaging in 3D long echo train acquisition. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Honolulu, 2009. (abstract 2623).
95. Margosian P, Schmitt F, Purdy D,. Faster MR imaging: imaging with half the data. Health Care Instrum 1986; 1: 195-197.
96. Feinberg DA, Hale JD, Watts JC, Kaufman L, Mark A,. Halving MR imaging time by conjugation: demonstration at 3.5 kG. Radiology 1986; 161: 527-531.
97. Sodickson DK, Manning WJ,. Simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics (SMASH): fast imaging with radiofrequency coil arrays. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38: 591-603.
98. Pruessmann KP, Weiger M, Scheidegger MB, Boesiger P,. SENSE: sensitivity encoding for fast MRI. Magn Reson Med 1999; 42: 952-962.
99. Luk-Pat GT, Gold GE, Olcott EW, Hu BS, Nishimura DG,. High-resolution three-dimensional in vivo imaging of atherosclerotic plaque. Magn Reson Med 1999; 42: 762-771.
100. Constable RT, Gore JC,. The loss of small objects in variable TE imaging: implications for FSE, RARE, and EPI. Magn Reson Med 1992; 28: 9-24.
101. Ortendahl DA, Kaufman L, Kramer DM,. Analysis of hybrid imaging techniques. Magn Reson Med 1992; 26: 155-173.
102. Hennig J,. Multiecho imaging sequences with low refocusing flip angles. J Magn Reson 1988; 78: 397-407.
103. Alsop DC,. The sensitivity of low flip angle RARE imaging. Magn Reson Med 1997; 37: 176-184.
104. Hennig J, Weigel M, Scheffler K,. Calculation of flip angles for echo trains with predefined amplitudes with the extended phase graph (EPG)-algorithm: principles and applications to hyperecho and TRAPS sequences. Magn Reson Med 2004; 51: 68-80.
105. Lebel RM, Wilman AH,. Intuitive design guidelines for fast spin echo imaging with variable flip angle echo trains. Magn Reson Med 2007; 57: 972-975.
106. Lukzen NN, Savelov AA,. Analytical derivation of multiple spin echo amplitudes with arbitrary refocusing angle. J Magn Reson 2007; 185: 71-76.
107. Park J, Mugler JP III, Horger W, Kiefer B,. Optimized T1-weighted contrast for single-slab 3D turbo spin-echo imaging with long echo trains: application to whole-brain imaging. Magn Reson Med 2007; 58: 982-992.
108. Park J, Park S, Kim EY, Suh JS,. Phase-sensitive, dual-acquisition, single-slab, 3D, turbo-spin-echo pulse sequence for simultaneous T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated whole-brain imaging. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63: 1422-1430.
109. Hennig J, Scheffler K,. Hyperechoes. Magn Reson Med 2001; 46: 6-12.
110. Hennig J, Weigel M, Scheffler K,. Multiecho sequences with variable refocusing flip angles: optimization of signal behavior using smooth transitions between pseudo steady states (TRAPS). Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 527-535.
111. Weigel M, Hennig J,. Contrast behavior and relaxation effects of conventional and hyperecho-turbo spin echo sequences at 1.5 and 3 T. Magn Reson Med 2006; 55: 826-835.
112. Moseley ME, Liu C, Rodriguez S, Brosnan T,. Advances in magnetic resonance neuroimaging. Neurol Clin 2009; 27: 1-19.
113. Mugler JP III, Menzel MI, Horger W, Kiefer B,. Efficient phase-encoding for 3D turbo-spin-echo imaging with very long echo trains. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Seattle, 2006. (abstract 2429).
114. Mugler JP III, Wald LL, Brookeman JR,. T2-weighted 3D spin-echo train imaging of the brain at 3 Tesla: reduced power deposition using low flip-angle refocusing RF pulses. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Glasgow, Scotland, 2001. (abstract 438).
115. Mugler JP III, Brookeman JR,. Efficient spatially-selective single-slab 3D turbo-spin-echo imaging. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Kyoto, Japan, 2004. (abstract 695).
116. Magland JF, Rajapakse CS, Wright AC, Acciavatti R, Wehrli FW,. 3D fast spin echo with out-of-slab cancellation: a technique for high-resolution structural imaging of trabecular bone at 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63: 719-727.
117. Mitsouras D, Mulkern RV, Rybicki FJ,. Strategies for inner volume 3D fast spin echo magnetic resonance imaging using nonselective refocusing radio frequency pulses. Med Phys 2006; 33: 173-186.
118. Saranathan M, Hwang K, Busse R, Weishaar P, Kawashima A, Lee C,. High spatial resolution, volume selective 3D FSE imaging. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2008. (abstract 836).
119. Feinberg DA, Hoenninger JC, Crooks LE, Kaufman L, Watts JC, Arakawa M,. Inner volume MR imaging: technical concepts and their application. Radiology 1985; 156: 743-747.
120. Mugler JP III, Requardt M, Engelhard K, Altes TA, Paul D, Kiefer B,. Inner-volume 3D turbo-spin-echo (SPACE) imaging of the prostate: preliminary experience. In: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Melbourne, Australia, 2012. (abstract 3017).
121. Kanazawa H, Takai H, Machida Y, Hanawa M,. Contrast naturalization of fast spin echo imaging: a fat reduction technique free from field inhomogeneity. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of SMR. San Francisco, 1994. (abstract 474).
122. Fleysher R, Fleysher L, Inglese M, Sodickson D,. TROMBONE: T1-relaxation-oblivious mapping of transmit radio-frequency field (B1) for MRI at high magnetic fields. Magn Reson Med 2011; 66: 483-491.
123. Madhuranthakam AJ, Yu H, Shimakawa A, et al. T2-weighted 3D fast spin echo imaging with water-fat separation in a single acquisition. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 32: 745-751.
124. Vasanawala SS, Madhuranthakam AJ, Venkatesan R, Sonik A, Lai P, Brau AC,. Volumetric fat-water separated T2-weighted MRI. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41: 875-883.
125. Mugler JP, 3rd,. Motion-artifact-free T2-weighted 3D imaging of the cervical spine. In: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Denver, 2000. (abstract 402).