Lecithin-based nanostructured gels for skin delivery: An update on state of art and recent applications

Journal of Controlled Release

Volumn 180, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 10-24

  Elnaggar, Yosra S R ^a   El Refaie, Wessam M ^b   El Massik, Magda A ^b   Abdallah, Ossama Y ^a  

^a Alexandria University Faculty of Pharmacy   (Egypt)

^b Pharos University of Alexandria   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Liposomes; Microemulsion; Nanogel; Permeation; Phospholipids; Skin

Indexed keywords

DELIVERY SYSTEMS; ENTRAPMENT EFFICIENCY; FUTURE PERSPECTIVES; LABORATORY STUDIES; MATRIX COMPOSITION; MICROEMULSION-BASED ORGANOGELS; NANOGELS; TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY;

GELATION; HYDROGELS; LECITHIN; LIPOSOMES; MICROEMULSIONS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; PERMEATION; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; SKIN;

GELS;

ACECLOFENAC; AMPHOPHILE; CARBOMER; CHOLIC ACID; DEOXYCHOLATE SODIUM; DICLOFENAC; DILTIAZEM; FENRETINIDE; FLUOROURACIL; GEMCITABINE; HYDROXYETHYLCELLULOSE; INSULIN; KETOCONAZOLE; KETOPROFEN; LIDOCAINE; LIPOSOME; METHYLCELLULOSE; NANOCARRIER; NANOSTRUCTURED GEL; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; POLOXAMER; POLYSORBATE 20; POLYSORBATE 60; POLYSORBATE 80; PREDNISOLONE; SELEGILINE; SORBITAN OLEATE; SORBITAN STEARATE; SORBITAN TRISTEARATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VINCRISTINE; EMULSION; GEL; NANOMATERIAL;

ADSORPTION; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; DISPERSION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DIFFUSION; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG RELEASE; GEL; GELATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; HYDROLYSIS; IN VITRO STUDY; KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; LIPID BILAYER; LIPID VESICLE; LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY; MICROEMULSION; NANOENCAPSULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SKIN PENETRATION; SKIN PERMEABILITY; SMALL INTESTINE ABSORPTION; STRATUM CORNEUM; SUSTAINED DRUG RELEASE; TRANSDERMAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; EMULSION; INTRADERMAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; METABOLISM; SKIN; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ANIMALS; EMULSIONS; GELS; HUMANS; LECITHINS; LIPOSOMES; NANOSTRUCTURES; SKIN;

EID: 84896837155     PISSN: 01683659     EISSN: 18734995     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.004     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. B.C. Finnin, and T.M. Morgan Transdermal penetration enhancers: applications, limitations, and potential J. Pharm. Sci. 88 1999 955 958 (Pubitemid 29480582)
2. N. Chandrashekar, and R.S. Rani Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters in drug selection and loading for transdermal drug delivery Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 70 2008 94
3. M.B.R. Pierre, and I.d.S.M. Costa Liposomal systems as drug delivery vehicles for dermal and transdermal applications Arch. Dermatol. Res. 303 2011 607 621
4. S. Abrol, A. Trehan, and O. Katare Formulation, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of silymarin-loaded lipid microspheres Drug Deliv. 11 2004 185 191 (Pubitemid 38720415)
5. Y.S. Elnaggar, M.A. El-Massik, and O.Y. Abdallah Fabrication, appraisal, and transdermal permeation of sildenafil citrate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers versus solid lipid nanoparticles Int. J. Nanomedicine 6 2011 3195 3205
6. Y.S. Elnaggar, M.A. El-Massik, and O.Y. Abdallah Sildenafil citrate nanoemulsion vs. self-nanoemulsifying delivery systems: rational development and transdermal permeation Int. J. Nanotechnol. 8 2011 749 763
7. L. Zarif Elongated supramolecular assemblies in drug delivery J. Control. Release 81 2002 7 23 (Pubitemid 34460570)
8. M. Foldvari, A. Gesztes, and M. Mezei Dermal drug delivery by liposome encapsulation: clinical and electron microscopic studies J. Microencapsul. 7 1990 479 489
9. M. Fresta, and G. Puglisi Application of liposomes as potential cutaneous drug delivery systems. In vitro and in vivo investigation with radioactively labelled vesicles J. Drug Target. 4 1996 95 101 (Pubitemid 26381471)
10. M. Changez, J. Chander, and A.K. Dinda Transdermal permeation of tetracaine hydrochloride by lecithin microemulsion: in vivo Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 48 2006 58 66
11. P. Mura, F. Maestrelli, M.L. González-Rodríguez, I. Michelacci, C. Ghelardini, and A.M. Rabasco Development, characterization and in vivo evaluation of benzocaine-loaded liposomes Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 67 2007 86 95 (Pubitemid 46991345)
12. D. Verma, S. Verma, G. Blume, and A. Fahr Liposomes increase skin penetration of entrapped and non-entrapped hydrophilic substances into human skin: a skin penetration and confocal laser scanning microscopy study Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 55 2003 271 277 (Pubitemid 36561553)
13. M. Elsayed, O.Y. Abdallah, V.F. Naggar, and N.M. Khalafallah Deformable liposomes and ethosomes: mechanism of enhanced skin delivery Int. J. Pharm. 322 2006 60 66 (Pubitemid 44348860)
14. D. Paolino, C.A. Ventura, S. Nistico, G. Puglisi, and M. Fresta Lecithin microemulsions for the topical administration of ketoprofen: percutaneous adsorption through human skin and in vivo human skin tolerability Int. J. Pharm. 244 2002 21 31 (Pubitemid 35245443)
15. W. Tian, S. Schulze, M. Brandl, and G. Winter Vesicular phospholipid gel-based depot formulations for pharmaceutical proteins: development and in vitro evaluation J. Control. Release 142 2010 319 325
16. X.-Y. Xuan, Y.-L. Cheng, and E. Acosta Lecithin-linker microemulsion gelatin gels for extended drug delivery Pharmaceutics 4 2012 104 129
17. J.-H. Gong, Y. Liu, L.-H. Tang, X.-J. Xu, and X.-N. Zhang An alternative lidocaine hydrochloride liposomal gel formulation: preparation, percutaneous permeation, and release kinetics PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 60 2006 259 263 (Pubitemid 44267079)
18. V.B. Patel, A. Misra, and Y.S. Marfatia Topical liposomal gel of tretinoin for the treatment of acne: research and clinical implications Pharm. Dev. Technol. 5 2000 455 464
19. C. Peptu, A. Jǎtariu, A. Indrei, and M. Popa New tendencies in controlled drug release - liposomes entrapped in polymer matrices Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi. 113 2009 164
20. M. Glavaš-Dodov, M. Simonoska, and K. Goračinova Formulation and characterization of topical liposome gel bearing lidocaine HCl Bull. Chem. Technol. Maced. 24 2005 59 65
21. R. Megha Development of liposomal gel for transdermal delivery of selegiline Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch. 3 2012 1 3
22. S. Mourtas, S. Fotopoulou, S. Duraj, V. Sfika, C. Tsakiroglou, and S.G. Antimisiaris Liposomal drugs dispersed in hydrogels: effect of liposome, drug and gel properties on drug release kinetics Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 55 2007 212 221 (Pubitemid 46274250)
23. P. Rakesh, H. Hardik, and H. Ashok Formulation and evaluation of Carbopol gel containing liposomes of ketoconazole Int. J. Drug Deliv. 1 2009 42 45
24. M. Kurakula, C. Srinivas, N. Kasturi, and P.V. Diwan Formulation and evaluation of prednisolone proliposomal gel for effective topical pharmacotherapy Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Drug Res. 4 2012 35 43
25. A.K. Garg, L. Negi, and M. Chauhan Gel containing ethosomal vesicles for transdermal delivery of aceclofenac Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2 2010 102 108
26. A.K. Seth, A. Misra, and D. Umrigar Topical liposomal gel of idoxuridine for the treatment of herpes simplex: pharmaceutical and clinical implications Pharm. Dev. Technol. 9 2004 277 289 (Pubitemid 39166280)
27. M.N. Padamwar, and V.B. Pokharkar Development of vitamin loaded topical liposomal formulation using factorial design approach: drug deposition and stability Int. J. Pharm. 320 2006 37 44 (Pubitemid 44128702)
28. M.-K. Kim, S.-J. Chung, M.-H. Lee, and C.-K. Shim Delivery of hydrocortisone from liposomal suspensions to the hairless mouse skin following topical application under non-occlusive and occlusive conditions J. Microencapsul. 15 1998 21 29 (Pubitemid 28031787)
29. C. Puglia, D. Trombetta, V. Venuti, A. Saija, and F. Bonina Evaluation of in vivo topical anti inflammatory activity of indometacin from liposomal vesicles J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 56 2004 1225 1232 (Pubitemid 39368992)
30. O.A. Sammour, M.A. Mahdy, H.M. Elnahas, and A.A. Mowafy Liposomal gel as ocular delivery system for diclofenac sodium: in-vitro and in-vivo studies J. Am. Sci. 8 2012 104 111
31. B. Mitkari, S. Korde, K. Mahadik, and C. Kokare Formulation and evaluation of topical liposomal gel for fluconazole Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 44 2010 324 329
32. S. Tiwari, A.K. Goyal, N. Mishra, B. Vaidya, A. Mehta, D. Dube, and S.P. Vyas Liposome in situ gelling system: novel carrier based vaccine adjuvant for intranasal delivery of recombinant protein vaccine Procedia Vaccinol. 1 2009 148 163
33. A. Nikalje, and S. Tiwari Ethosomes: a novel tool for transdermal drug delivery Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2 2012 1 20
34. A. Kumar, K. Pathak, and V. Bali Ultra-adaptable nanovesicular systems: a carrier for systemic delivery of therapeutic agents Drug Discov. Today 17 2012 1233 1241
35. S. Mahor, A. Rawat, P.K. Dubey, P.N. Gupta, K. Khatri, A.K. Goyal, and S. Vyas Cationic transfersomes based topical genetic vaccine against hepatitis B Int. J. Pharm. 340 2007 13 19 (Pubitemid 47043347)
36. I. Scognamiglio, D. De Stefano, V. Campani, L. Mayol, R. Carnuccio, G. Fabbrocini, F. Ayala, M.I.L. Rotonda, and G. De Rosa Nanocarriers for topical administration of resveratrol: a comparative study Int. J. Pharm. 440 2013 179 187
37. A. Gupta, G. Aggarwal, S. Singla, and R. Arora Transfersomes: a novel vesicular carrier for enhanced transdermal delivery of sertraline: development, characterization, and performance evaluation Sci. Pharm. 80 2012 1061 1080
38. J. Brewer, M. Bloksgaard, J. Kubiak, J.A. Sørensen, and L.A. Bagatolli Spatially resolved two-color diffusion measurements in human skin applied to transdermal liposome penetration J. Invest. Dermatol. 133 2013 1260 1268
39. M. Rother, E.J. Seidel, P.M. Clarkson, S. Mazgareanu, U. Vierl, and I. Rother Efficacy of epicutaneous Diractin® (ketoprofen in Transfersome® gel) for the treatment of pain related to eccentric muscle contractions Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 3 2009 143
40. J. Malakar, S.O. Sen, A.K. Nayak, and K.K. Sen Formulation, optimization and evaluation of transferosomal gel for transdermal insulin delivery Saudi Pharm. J. 20 2012 355 363
41. P. Jain, H. Khambete, and S. Jain Transfersomes based transdermal gel for the management of hypertension Inventi Rapid: Advanced Dosaging 2012
42. M. Rother, B.J. Lavins, W. Kneer, K. Lehnhardt, E.J. Seidel, and S. Mazgareanu Efficacy and safety of epicutaneous ketoprofen in Transfersome (IDEA-033) versus oral celecoxib and placebo in osteoarthritis of the knee: multicentre randomised controlled trial Ann. Rheum. Dis. 66 2007 1178 1183 (Pubitemid 47309734)
43. G. Cevc, S. Mazgareanu, and M. Rother Preclinical characterisation of NSAIDs in ultradeformable carriers or conventional topical gels Int. J. Pharm. 360 2008 29 39
44. M. Elsayed, O.Y. Abdallah, V.F. Naggar, and N.M. Khalafallah Lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs: reviewing three decades of research Int. J. Pharm. 332 2007 1 16 (Pubitemid 46237706)
45. E. Touitou, and B. Godin Enhanced skin permeation using ethosomes M.H.E. Smith, Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers 2nd edn. 2005 CRC Press New York, NY, USA
46. E. Esposito, E. Menegatti, and R. Cortesi Ethosomes and liposomes as topical vehicles for azelaic acid: a preformulation study Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 26 2004 270 271
47. T. Rattanapak, K. Young, T. Rades, and S. Hook Comparative study of liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes and cubosomes for transcutaneous immunisation: characterisation and in vitro skin penetration J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 64 2012 1560 1569
48. M. Bragagni, N. Mennini, F. Maestrelli, M. Cirri, and P. Mura Comparative study of liposomes, transfersomes and ethosomes as carriers for improving topical delivery of celecoxib Drug Deliv. 19 2012 354 361
49. V. Gupta, A.K. Barupal, and S. Ramteke Formulation development and in vitro characterization of proliposomes for topical delivery of aceclofenac Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 70 2008 768
50. S. Jain, R. Sapre, A.K. Tiwary, and N.K. Jain Proultraflexible lipid vesicles for effective transdermal delivery of levonorgestrel: development, characterization, and performance evaluation AAPS PharmSciTech 6 2005 E513 E522
51. C. Manach, A. Scalbert, C. Morand, C. Rémésy, and L. Jiménez Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79 2004 727 747 (Pubitemid 41103873)
52. M.S. Freag, Y.S. Elnaggar, and O.Y. Abdallah Lyophilized phytosomal nanocarriers as platforms for enhanced diosmin delivery: optimization and ex vivo permeation Int. J. Nanomedicine 8 2013 2385 2397
53. J. Patel, R. Patel, K. Khambholja, and N. Patel An overview of phytosomes as an advanced herbal drug delivery system Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 4 2009 363 371
54. A. Sharma, N.K. Gupta, and V.K. Dixit Complexation with phosphatidyl choline as a strategy for absorption enhancement of boswellic acid Drug Deliv. 17 2010 587 595
55. N.K. Gupta, and V. Dixit Development and evaluation of vesicular system for curcumin delivery Arch. Dermatol. Res. 303 2011 89 101
56. M. Brandl, D. Bachmann, M. Drechsler, and K. Bauer Liposome preparation by a new high pressure homogenizer Gaulin Micron Lab 40 Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 16 1990 2167 2191 (Pubitemid 20303064)
57. M. Brandl, M. Drechsler, D. Bachmann, and K. Bauer Three-dimensional networks of liposomes: preparation and electron microscopical characterization Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 23 1996 25 26 (Pubitemid 26293928)
58. Ž. Pavelić, N. Škalko-Basnet, and R. Schubert Liposomal gels for vaginal drug delivery Int. J. Pharm. 219 2001 139 149 (Pubitemid 32391373)
59. P.M. Anderson, D.C. Hanson, D.E. Hasz, M.R. Halet, B.R. Blazar, and A.C. Ochoa Cytokines in liposomes: preliminary studies with IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, GM-CSF and interferon-γ Cytokine 6 1994 92 101 (Pubitemid 24120206)
60. A.L. Weiner Liposomes for protein delivery: selecting manufacture and development processes Immunomethods 4 1994 201 209 (Pubitemid 24318702)
61. R. Moog, A. Burger, M. Brandl, J. Schüler, R. Schubert, C. Unger, H. Fiebig, and U. Massing Change in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of gemcitabine in human tumor xenografts upon entrapment in vesicular phospholipid gels Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 49 2002 356 366 (Pubitemid 34439336)
62. F. Güthlein, A.M. Burger, M. Brandl, H.-H. Fiebig, R. Schubert, C. Unger, and U. Massing Pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of vincristine entrapped in vesicular phospholipid gels Anticancer Drugs 13 2002 797 805
63. N. Kaiser, A. Kimpfler, U. Massing, A. Burger, H. Fiebig, M. Brandl, and R. Schubert 5-Fluorouracil in vesicular phospholipid gels for anticancer treatment: entrapment and release properties Int. J. Pharm. 256 2003 123 131 (Pubitemid 36412145)
64. S. Ghanbarzadeh, and S. Arami Enhanced transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium via conventional liposomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes Biomed. Res. Int. 2013 2013 616810
65. G. Darwhekar, D.K. Jain, and A. Choudhary Elastic liposomes for delivery of neomycin sulphate in deep skin infection 2 Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 7 2012 230 240
66. R.P. Patel, H.H. Patel, and A.H. Baria Formulation and evaluation of carbopol gel containing liposomes of ketoconazole (Part-II) Int. J. Drug Deliv. Technol. 1 2009 42 45
67. N. Dragicevic-Curic, S. Winter, M. Stupar, J. Milic, D. Krajišnik, B. Gitter, and A. Fahr Temoporfin-loaded liposomal gels: viscoelastic properties and in vitroskin penetration Int. J. Pharm. 373 2009 77 84
68. L.K. Vyas, K.K. Tapar, R.K. Nema, and A.K. Parashar Development and characterization of topical liposomal gel formulation for anti-cellulite activity Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 5 2013 512 516
69. M. Brandl, M. Drechsler, D. Bachmann, C. Tardi, M. Schmidtgen, and K.-H. Bauer Preparation and characterization of semi-solid phospholipid dispersions and dilutions thereof Int. J. Pharm. 170 1998 187 199 (Pubitemid 28473286)
70. U. Massing, S. Cicko, and V. Ziroli Dual asymmetric centrifugation (DAC) - a new technique for liposome preparation J. Control. Release 125 2008 16 24 (Pubitemid 350198678)
71. M. Brandl Liposomes as drug carriers: a technological approach Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 7 2001 59 85 (Pubitemid 41081525)
72. D.P. Kint, G. Seeley, M. Gioâ€Batta, and A.N. Burgess Structure and properties of epoxyâ€based layered silicate nanocomposites J. Macromol. Sci. B Phys. 44 2005 1021 1040 (Pubitemid 43065298)
73. 3/ polypropylene composites made with ultra-high-speed mixer J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 21 2002 985 986 (Pubitemid 34882609)
74. M. Brandl Vesicular phospholipid gels: a technology platform J. Liposome Res. 17 2007 15 26 (Pubitemid 46631138)
75. M. Brandl, and R. Reszka Preparation and characterization of phospholipid membrane gels as depot formulations for potential use as implants Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 22 1995 472 473
76. H. Grohganz, I. Tho, and M. Brandl Development and in vitro evaluation of a liposome based implant formulation for the decapeptide cetrorelix Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 59 2005 439 448 (Pubitemid 40342518)
77. G.E. Flaten, A.B. Dhanikula, K. Luthman, and M. Brandl Drug permeability across a phospholipid vesicle based barrier: a novel approach for studying passive diffusion Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 27 2006 80 90 (Pubitemid 41728258)
78. J. Fogh, J.M. Fogh, and T. Orfeo One hundred and twenty-seven cultured human tumor cell lines producing tumors in nude mice J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 59 1977 221 226 (Pubitemid 8144854)
79. M. Pinto Enterocyte-like differentiation and polarization of the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 in culture Biol. Cell. 47 1983 323 330 (Pubitemid 14236699)
80. T. Jin, P. Pennefather, and P. Lee Lipobeads: a hydrogen anchored lipid vesicle system FEBS Lett. 397 1996 70 74 (Pubitemid 26380176)
81. S. Kazakov, and K. Levon Liposome-nanogel structures for future pharmaceutical applications Curr. Pharm. Des. 12 2006 4713 4728 (Pubitemid 44835139)
82. S. Tiwari, A.K. Goyal, N. Mishra, K. Khatri, B. Vaidya, A. Mehta, Y. Wu, and S.P. Vyas Development and characterization of novel carrier gel core liposomes based transmission blocking malaria vaccine J. Control. Release 140 2009 157 165
83. E. An, C.B. Jeong, C. Cha, D.H. Kim, H. Lee, H. Kong, J. Kim, and J.W. Kim Fabrication of microgel-in-liposome particles with improved water retention Langmuir 28 2012 4095 4101
84. Y. Helwa, N. Dave, and J. Liu Electrostatically directed liposome adsorption, internalization and fusion on hydrogel microparticles Soft Matter 9 2013 6151 6158
85. P.F. Kiser, G. Wilson, and D. Needham Lipid-coated microgels for the triggered release of doxorubicin J. Control. Release 68 2000 9 22 (Pubitemid 30407058)
86. R. Scartazzini, and P.L. Luisi Organogels from lecithins J. Phys. Chem. 92 1988 829 833
87. P. Schurtenberger, R. Scartazzini, L.J. Magid, M.E. Leser, and P.L. Luisi Structural and dynamic properties of polymer-like reverse micelles J. Phys. Chem. 94 1990 3695 3701
88. Y.A. Shchipunov Lecithin organogel: a micellar system with unique properties Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 183 2001 541 554
89. J. Moore Final report on the safety assessment of octyl palmitate, cetyl palmitate and isopropyl palmitate J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 1 1982 13 35
90. Y.A. Shchipunov, and E.V. Shumilina Lecithin bridging by hydrogen bonds in the organogel Mater. Sci. Eng. C 3 1995 43 50
91. Y.A. Shchipunov, and E. Shumilina Lecithin organogels: role of polar solvent and nature of intermolecular interactions Colloid J. Russ. Acad. Sci. 58 1996 117 125 (Pubitemid 126723469)
92. S.-H. Tung, Y.-E. Huang, and S.R. Raghavan A new reverse wormlike micellar system: mixtures of bile salt and lecithin in organic liquids J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 2006 5751 5756 (Pubitemid 43724378)
93. M. Pandey, V. Belgamwar, and S. Surana Topical delivery of flurbiprofen from pluronic lecithin organogel Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 71 2009 87
94. W.T. Crandall, Topical moisturizing composition and method, US Patent 6 316 428, 2001.
95. S. Peltola, P. Saarinen-Savolainen, J. Kiesvaara, T. Suhonen, and A. Urtti Microemulsions for topical delivery of estradiol Int. J. Pharm. 254 2003 99 107 (Pubitemid 36298819)
96. C. Valenta, and K. Schultz Influence of carrageenan on the rheology and skin permeation of microemulsion formulations J. Control. Release 95 2004 257 265 (Pubitemid 38230040)
97. A. Chandra, P. Sharma, and R. Irchhiaya Microemulsion-based hydrogel formulation for transdermal delivery of dexamethasone Asian J. Pharm. 3 2009 30 36
98. V.P. Torchilin Nanoparticulates as Drug Carriers 2006 Imperial College Press London
99. S. Tenjarla Microemulsions: an overview and pharmaceutical applications Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 16 1999 461 521 (Pubitemid 30004629)
100. S.C. McKarns, C. Hansch, W.S. Caldwell, W.T. Morgan, S.K. Moore, and D.J. Doolittle Correlation between hydrophobicity of short-chain aliphatic alcohols and their ability to alter plasma membrane integrity Toxicol. Sci. 36 1997 62 70
101. J.S. Yuan, and E.J. Acosta Extended release of lidocaine from linker-based lecithin microemulsions Int. J. Pharm. 368 2009 63 71
102. D.A. Sabatini, E. Acosta, and J.H. Harwell Linker molecules in surfactant mixtures Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 8 2003 316 326 (Pubitemid 37526767)
103. E.J. Acosta, J.H. Harwell, and D.A. Sabatini Self-assembly in linker-modified microemulsions J. Colloid Interface Sci. 274 2004 652 664 (Pubitemid 38610339)
104. E. Acosta, O. Chung, and X. Xuan Lecithin-linker microemulsions in transdermal delivery J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 21 2011 77 87
105. H. Willimann, P. Walde, P. Luisi, A. Gazzaniga, and F. Stroppolo Lecithin organogel as matrix for transdermal transport of drugs J. Pharm. Sci. 81 1992 871 874 (Pubitemid 23006836)
106. F. Formelli, E. Cavadini, R. Luksch, A. Garaventa, V. Appierto, and S. Persiani Relationship among pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fenretinide and plasma retinol reduction in neuroblastoma patients Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 66 2010 993 998
107. U. Veronesi, L. Mariani, A. Decensi, F. Formelli, T. Camerini, R. Miceli, M. Di Mauro, A. Costa, E. Marubini, and M. Sporn Fifteen-year results of a randomized phase III trial of fenretinide to prevent second breast cancer Ann. Oncol. 17 2006 1065 1071 (Pubitemid 43985241)
108. E. Esposito, E. Menegatti, and R. Cortesi Design and characterization of fenretinide containing organogels Mater. Sci. Eng. C 33 2013 383 389
109. K.R. Jadhav, V.J. Kadam, and S.S. Pisal Formulation and evaluation of lecithin organogel for topical delivery of fluconazole Curr. Drug Deliv. 6 2009 174 183
110. I. Shaikh, S. Jadhav, K. Jadhav, V. Kadam, and S. Pisal Aceclofenac organogels: in vitro and in vivo characterization Curr. Drug Deliv. 6 2009 1 7
111. M. Fujii, K. Shiozawa, T. Henmi, S. Yamanouchi, H. Suzuki, N. Yamashita, and M. Matsumoto Skin permeation of indomethacin from gel formed by fatty-acid ester and phospholipid Int. J. Pharm. 137 1996 117 124 (Pubitemid 26238519)
112. A. Vintiloiu, and J.-C. Leroux Organogels and their use in drug delivery - a review J. Control. Release 125 2008 179 192
113. R. Kumar, and O.P. Katare Lecithin organogels as a potential phospholipid-structured system for topical drug delivery: a review AAPS PharmSciTech 6 2005 E298 E310
114. J.O. Trimble, Salt Stable Lecithin Organogel Composition, US Patent 20090285869, 2009.
115. A.A. Nasseria, R. Aboofazelib, H. Zia, and T.E. Needhama Lecithin-stabilized microemulsion-based organogels for topical application of ketorolac tromethamine. II. In vitro release study Iran J. Pharm. Res. 2 2003 117 123
116. H. Al-Awadhi, G.V. Stokes, and M. Reich Inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis growth in mouse fibroblasts by liposome-encapsulated tetracycline J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 30 1992 303 311
117. A. Jithan, and M. Swathi Development of topical diclofenac sodium liposomal gel for better anti-inflammatory activity Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Nanotechnol. 3 2010 986 992
118. J. Hurler, O.A. Berg, M. Skar, A.H. Conradi, P.J. Johnsen, and N. Škalko Basnet Improved burns therapy: liposomes in hydrogel delivery system for mupirocin J. Pharm. Sci. 101 2012 3906 3915
119. A. Namdeo, and N. Jain Liquid crystalline pharmacogel based enhanced transdermal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride J. Control. Release 82 2002 223 236 (Pubitemid 34880180)
120. P. Quinn A lipid-phase separation model of low-temperature damage to biological membranes Cryobiology 22 1985 128 146 (Pubitemid 15145931)
121. S. Raut, S.S. Bhadoriya, V. Uplanchiwar, V. Mishra, A. Gahane, and S.K. Jain Lecithin organogel: a unique micellar system for the delivery of bioactive agents in the treatment of skin aging Acta Pharmacol. Sin. B 2 2012 8 15
122. A. Shioi, M. Harada, and M. Tanabe Static light scattering from oil-rich microemulsions containing polydispersed cylindrical aggregates in sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate system J. Phys. Chem. 99 1995 4750 4756
123. B.A. Simmons, C.E. Taylor, F.A. Landis, V.T. John, G.L. McPherson, and D.K. Schwartz et al. Microstructure determination of AOT + phenol organogels utilizing small-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 2001 2414 2421 (Pubitemid 32904777)
124. G. Bonacucina, S. Martelli, and G.F. Palmieri Rheological, mucoadhesive and release properties of Carbopol gels in hydrophilic cosolvents Int. J. Pharm. 282 2004 115 130 (Pubitemid 39178489)
125. A. Rathapon, A. Sirivat, and P. Vayumhasuwan Viscoelastic properties of Carbopol 940 gels and their relationships to piroxicam diffusion coefficients in gel bases Pharm. Res. 22 2005 2134 2140 (Pubitemid 41821593)
126. S. Tamburic, and D.Q. Craig The effects of ageing on the rheological, dielectric and mucoadhesive properties of poly (acrylic acid) gel systems Pharm. Res. 13 1996 279 283 (Pubitemid 26074195)
127. Y.A. Shchipunov, S. Mezzasalma, G. Koper, and H. Hoffmann Lecithin organogel with new rheological and scaling behavior J. Phys. Chem. B 105 2001 10484 10488 (Pubitemid 35338536)
128. D. Capitani, A.L. Segre, F. Dreher, P. Walde, and P.L. Luisi Multinuclear NMR investigation of phosphatidylcholine organogels J. Phys. Chem. 100 1996 15211 15217 (Pubitemid 126788528)
129. P. Schurtenberger, R. Scartazzini, and P. Luisi Viscoelastic properties of polymerlike reverse micelles Rheol. Acta 28 1989 372 381
130. N. Hadidi, N. Nazari, and R. Aboofazeli Formulation and optimization of microemulsion-based organogels containing propranolol hydrochloride using experimental design methods Daru 17 2009 217 224
131. P. Loan Honeywell-Nguyen, A.M. de Graaff, H. Wouter Groenink, and J.A. Bouwstra The in vivo and in vitro interactions of elastic and rigid vesicles with human skin Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1573 2002 130 140 (Pubitemid 35217934)
132. D. Verma, S. Verma, G. Blume, and A. Fahr Particle size of liposomes influences dermal delivery of substances into skin Int. J. Pharm. 258 2003 141 151 (Pubitemid 36712878)
133. C. Tardi, M. Brandl, and R. Schubert Erosion and controlled release properties of semisolid vesicular phospholipid dispersions J. Control. Release 55 1998 261 270 (Pubitemid 28477617)