Biofilm formation by environmental bacteria

Environmental Protection Strategies for Sustainable Development

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 341-377

  Ansari, Mohd Ikram ^a   Schiwon, Katarzyna ^b   Malik, Abdul ^a   Grohmann, Elisabeth ^c  

^a ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistance; Bacteria; Biofilm; Lectin; Quorum sensing

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896372868     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1591-2_11     Document Type: Chapter

References (238)

1. Adnan M, Morton G, Singh J et al (2010) Contribution of rpoS and bolA genes in biofilm formation in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655. Mol Cell Biochem. doi: 10.1007/s11010-010-0485-7
2. Amara N, Mashiach R, Amar D et al (2009) Covalent inhibition of bacterial quorum sensing. J Am Chem Soc 131:10610-10619
3. Anderl JN, Zahller J, Roe F et al (2003) Role of nutrient limitation and stationary-phase existence in Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:1251-1256
4. Anderson GG, O’toole GA (2008) Innate and induced resistance mechanisms of bacterial biofilms. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 322:85-105
5. Andrews JS, Rolfe SA, Huang WE et al (2010) Biofilm formation in environmental bacteria is influenced by different macromolecules depending on genus and species. Environ Microbiol. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02223.x
6. Antoniani D, Bocci P, Maciag A et al (2010) Monitoring of di-guanylate cyclase activity and of cyclic-di-GMP biosynthesis by whole-cell assays suitable for high-throughput screening of biofilm inhibitors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85:1095-1104
7. Attila C, Ueda A, Wood TK (2009) 5-Fluorouracil reduces biofilm formation in Escherichia coli K-12 through global regulator AriR as an antivirulence compound. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 82:525-533
8. Augspurger C, Karwautz C, Mussmann M et al (2010) Drivers of bacterial colonization patterns in stream biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 72:47-57
9. Balaban N, Novick RP (1995) Autocrine regulation of toxin synthesis by Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:1619-1623
10. Balzer M, Witt N, Flemming HC et al (2010) Faecal indicator bacteria in river biofilms. Water Sci Technol 61:1105-1111
11. Barber CE, Tang JL, Feng JX et al (1997) A novel regulatory system required for pathogenicity of Xanthomonas campestris is mediated by a small diffusible signal molecule. Mol Microbiol 24:555-566
12. Baselga R, Albizu I, Amorena B (1994) Staphylococcus aureus capsule and slime as virulence factors in ruminant mastits. A review.Vet Microbiol 39:195-204
13. Becker P, Hufnagle W, Peters G et al (2001) Detection of Differential Gene Expression in Biofilm-Forming versus Planktonic Populations of Staphylococcus aureus Using Micro-Representational-Difference Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2958-2965
14. Beech IB (2004) Corrosion of technical materials in the presence of biofilms current understanding and state of the art methods of study. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 53:177-183
15. Bendinger B, Rijnaarts HHM, Altendorf K et al (1993) Physicochemical cell surface and adhesive properties of coryneform bacteria related to the presence and chain length of mycolic acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3973-3977
16. Bjarnsholt T, Jensen P-Ø, Burmølle M et al (2005) Pseudomonas aeruginosa tolerance to tobramycin, hydrogen peroxide and polymorphonuclear leukocytes is quorum-sensing dependent. Microbiol 151:373-83
17. Bjarnsholt T, Jensen PØ, Fiandaca MJ et al (2009) Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Pulmonol 44:547-58
18. Boyd A, Chakrabarty AM (1994) Role of alginate lyase in cell detachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2355-2359
19. Brady RA, Leid JG, Calhoun JH, et al (2008) Osteomyelitis and the role of biofilms in chronic infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 52:13-22
20. Branda SS, Vik A, Friedman L et al (2005) Biofilms: the matrix revisited. Trends Microbiol 13:20-26
21. Brar SK, Verma M, Tyagi RD et al (2010) Engineered nanoparticles in wastewater and wastewater sludge-Evidence and impacts. Waste Manage 30(3):504-520
22. Brown MR, Allison DG, Gilbert PJ (1988) Resistance of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics: a growthrate related effect? Antimicrob Chemother 22 777-780
23. Bryers JD (2008) Medical biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng 100:1-18
24. Buchholz F, Wolf A, Lerchner J, Mertens F, Harms H, Maskow T (2010) Chip calorimetry for fast and reliable evaluation of bactericidal and bacteriostatic treatments of biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1312-319
25. Caiazza NC, Merritt JH, Brothers KM et al (2007) Inverse Regulation of Biofilm Formation and Swarming Motility by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. J Bacteriol 3603-3612
26. Characklis WG, McFeters GA, Marshall KC (1990) In: Characklis WG, Marshall KC (eds) Biofilms. Wiley, New York, pp 341-394
27. Chen X, Stewart PS (1996) Chlorine penetration into artificial biofilm is limited by a reaction diffusion interaction. Environ Sci Technol 30:2078-2083
28. Choudhary S, Schmidt-Dannert C (2010) Applications of quorum sensing in biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 86:1267-1279
29. Clark JD, Maaloe O (1967) DNA replication and the division cycle in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 23:99-112
30. Clarke S, Mielke RE, Neal A et al (2010) Bacterial and mineral elements in an arctic biofilm: a correlative study using fluorescence and electron microscopy. Microsc Microanal 16:153-165
31. Combaret PC, Vidal O, Dorel C et al (1999) Abiotic surface sensing and biofilm-dependent regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 181:5993-6002
32. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE et al (1995) Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol 49:711-745
33. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP (1999) Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284:1318-1322
34. Costerton W, Veeh R, Shirtliff M et al (2003) The application of biofilm science to the study and control of chronic bacterial infections. J Clin Invest 112:1466-77
35. Cowan MM, Warren TM, Fletcher M (1991) Mixed- species colonization of solid surfaces in laboratory biofilms. Biofouling 3:23-34
36. Cross JL, Ramadan HH, Thomas JG (2007) The impact of a cation channel blocker (furosemide) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm architecture Otolaryngology. Head Neck Surg 137(1):21-26
37. Crueger W, Crueger A (1990) Acetic acids. In: Brock TD (ed) Biotechnology: a textbook of industrial microbiology, pp 134-147. Science Tech, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA
38. Cuzman OA, Ventura S, Sili C et al (2010) Biodiversity of phototrophic biofilms dwelling on monumental fountains. Microb Ecol 60(1):81-95
39. Davey ME, O’Toole GA (2000) Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64:847-67
40. Davies DG and Geesey GG (1995) Regulation of the alginate biosynthesis gene algC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during biofilm development in continuous culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:860-867
41. Davies DG, Parsek MR, Pearson JP et al (1998) The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm. Science 280:295-298
42. De Beer D, Srinivasan R, Stewart PS (1994) Direct measurement of chlorine penetration into biofilms during disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:4339-4344
43. de Carvalho CC, Fernandes P (2010) Production of metabolites as bacterial responses to the marine environment. Mar Drugs 8(3):705-727
44. Demirci A, Pometto AL, Ho KL (1997) Ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in biofilm reactors. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 19:299-304
45. Dibdin GH, Assinder SJ, Nichols WW et al (1996) Mathematical model of β-lactam penetration into a biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa while undergoing simultaneous inactivation by released -lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 38:757-769
46. Dong YH, Xu JL, Li XZ et al (2000) AiiA, an enzyme that inactivates the acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal and attenuates the virulence of Erwinia carotovora. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3526-3531
47. Donlan RM (2002) Biofilms: Microbial Life on Surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis. 8(9):881-890
48. Donlan RM, Costerton JW (2002) Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clinical Microbiol Rev 15:167-193
49. Donlan RM, Pipes WO, Yohe TL (1994) Biofilm formation on cast iron substrata in water distribution systems. Water Res 28:1497-1503
50. Driffield K, Miller K, Bostock M et al (2008) Increased mutability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:1053-1056
51. Eberl L, Winson MK, Sternberg C et al (1996) Involvement of N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone autoinducers in controlling the multicellular behaviour of Serratia liquefaciens. Mol Microbiol 20:127-136
52. Eboigbodin KE, Ojeda JJ, Biggs CA (2007) Investigating the surface properties of Escherichia coli under glucose controlled conditions and its effect on aggregation. Langmuir 23:6691-6697
53. Edwards KJ, Bond PL, Gihring TM et al (2000) An archaeal iron-oxidizing extreme acidophile important inacid mine drainage. Science 287:1731-1732
54. El-Mansi EMT, Ward FB (2007) Microbiology of industrial fermentation. In: El-Mansi EMT (ed)Fermentation, microbiology and biotechnology, pp 11-46.
55. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton Espeland EM, Wetzel RG (2001) Complexation, stabilization, and UV photolysis of extracellular and surface-bound glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase: implications for biofilm microbiota. Microb Ecol 42:572-585
56. Farah C, Vera M, Morin D et al (2005) Evidence for a functional quorum-sensing type AI-1 system in the extremophilic bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:7033-7040
57. Fera P, Siebel MA, Characklis WG, Prieur D (1989) Seasonal variations in bacterial colonization of stainless steel, aluminum, and polycarbonate surfaces in seawater flow system. Biofouling 1:251-261
58. Fett WF (2000) Naturally occuring biofilms on alfalfa and other types of sprouts. J Food Prot 63:625-632
59. Flemming HC and Wingender J (2001a) Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs)-part I: structural and ecological aspects. Water Sci Technol 43:1-8
60. Flemming HC and Wingender J (2001b) Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs)-Part II: technical aspects. Water Sci Technol 43:9-16
61. Fletcher M (1988) Attachment of Pseudomonas fluorescens to glass and influence of electrolytes on bacterium-substratum separation distance. J Bacteriol 170:2027-2030
62. Fletcher M and Loeb GI (1979) Influence of substratum characteristics on the attachment of a marine pseudomonad to solid surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 37:67-72
63. Folkesson A, Haagensen JAJ, Zampaloni C et al (2008) Biofilm induced tolerance towards antimicrobial peptides. PLoS ONE 3(4):e1891. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001891
64. Fux CA, Costerton JW, Stewart PS et al (2005) Survival strategies of infectious biofilms. Trends Microbiol 13:34-40
65. Gaddy JA, Actis LA (2009) Regulation of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation. Future Microbiol 4:273-278
66. Galperin MY (2004) Bacterial signal transduction network in a genomic perspective. Environ Microbiol 6:552-567
67. Gehrke T, Telegdi J, Thierry D et al (1998) Importance of extracellular polymeric substances from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for bioleaching. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2743-2747
68. Geller JT, Holman HY, Su G et al (2000) Flow dynamics and potential for biodegradation of organic contaminants in fractured rock vadose zones. J Contam Hydrol 43:63-90
69. Geske GD, O’Neill JC, Miller DM et al (2007) Modulation of bacterial quorum sensing with synthetic ligands: systematic evaluation of N-acylated homoserine lactones in multiple species and new insights into their mechanisms of action. J Am Chem Soc 129:13613-13625
70. Ghigo J M (2001) Natural conjugative plasmids induce bacterial biofilm development. Nature 412: 442-445
71. Ghigo JM (2003) Are there biofilm-specific physiological pathways beyond a reasonable doubt? Res Microbiol 154:1-8
72. Gilbert P, Allison DG, McBain AJ (2002) Biofilms in vitro and in vivo: do singular mechanisms imply cross-resistance? J Appl Microbiol 92:S98-S110
73. Hall-Stoodley L and Stoodley P (2002) Developmental regulation of microbial biofilms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 13:228-233
74. Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton JW, Stoodley P (2004) Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:95-108
75. Hammer BK, Bassler BL (2003) Quorum sensing controls biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. Mol Microbiol 50:101-104
76. Harneit K, Goksel A, Kock D et al (2006) Adhesion to metal sulfide surfaces by cells of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. Hydrometallurgy 83:245-254
77. Hausner M, Wuertz S (1999) High rates of conjugation in bacterial biofilms as determined by quantitative in situ analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3710-3713
78. Hentzer M, Riedel K, Rasmussen TB et al (2002) Inhibition of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm bacteria by a halogenated furanone compound. Microbiology 148:87-102
79. Heydorn A, Ersboll B, Kato J et al (2002) Statistical analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development: impact of mutations in genes involved in twitching motility, cell-to-cell signaling, and stationary-phase sigma factor expression. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2008-2017
80. Hiley P (2003) Performance of wastewater treatment and nutrient removal wetlands (reedbeds) in cold temperate climates. In: Mander Ü, Jenssen PD (eds) Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in cold climates, pp 1-18. WIT Press, Southampton, UK
81. Ho KG, Pometto AI, Hinz PN et al (1997) Nutrient leaching and end product accumulation in plastic composite supports for L-(þ)-lactic acid biofilm fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2524-2532
82. Høiby N, Bjarnsholt T, Givskov M et al (2010) Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. Internation J Antimicrob Agents 35(4):322-332
83. Holden MTG, Chhabra SR, de Nys R et al (1999) Quorum-sensing cross talk: isolation and chemical characterization of cyclic dipeptides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria. Mol Microbiol 33:1254-1266
84. Holland LM, O’Donnell ST, Ryjenkov DA et al (2008) A staphylococcal GGDEF domain protein regulates biofilm formation independently of cyclic dimeric GMP. J Bacteriol 190:5178-5189
85. Hooshangi S and Bentley WE (2008) From unicellular properties to multicellular behavior: bacteria quorum sensing circuitry and applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19:550-555
86. Howell JA and Atkinson B (1976) Water Res 18:307-315
87. Islam S, Oh H, Jalal S et al (2009) Chromosomal mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 15:60-66
88. Ivleva NP, Wagner M, Horn H, Niessner R, Haisch C (2010) Raman microscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for in situ analysis of biofilms. J Biophotonics 3(8-9):548-556
89. Jahnke LL et al (2001) Signature lipids and stable carbon isotope analyses of octopus spring hyperthermophilic communities compared with those of aquificales representatives. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:5179-5189
90. Jalal S, Ciofu O, Høiby N et al (2000) Molecular mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:710-712
91. Jefferson KK (2004) What drives bacteria to produce a biofilm? FEMS Microbiol Lett 236:163-173
92. Jiao Y, Cody GD, Harding AK et al (2010) Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances from acidophilic microbial biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:2916-2922
93. Junker LM, Clardy J (2007) High-throughput screens for small molecule inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:3582-3590
94. Karatan E, Watnick PI (2009) Signals, regulatory networks, and materials that build and break bacterial biofilms. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 73:310-347
95. Keren I, Kaldalu N, Spoering A et al (2004) Persister cells and tolerance to antimicrobials. FEMS Microbiol Lett 230:13-18
96. Kierek K, Watnick PI (2003) Environmental determinants of Vibrio cholerae biofilm development. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:5079-5088
97. Kim DS, Fogler HS (2000) Biomass evolution in porous media and its effects on permeability under starvation conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 69:47-56
98. Kiran MD, Adikesavan NV, Cirioni O et al (2008) Discovery of a quorum-sensing inhibitor of drug-resistant staphylococcal infections by structure-based virtual screening. Mol Pharmacol 73:1578-1586
99. Kjaergaard K, Schembri MA, Ramos C et al (2000) Antigen 43 facilitates formation of multispecies biofilms. Environ Microbiol 2:695-702
100. Klausen M, Heydorn A, Ragas P et al (2003) Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type, flagella and type IV pili mutants. Mol Microbiol 48:1511-1524
101. Klingenberg C, Aarag E, Ronnestad A et al (2005) coagulase negative Staphylococcal sepsi in neonates: Association between antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and the host inflammatory response. Ped inf dis J 24:817-822
102. Kolenbrander PE, Palmer Jr RJ (2004) Human oral bacterial biofilms. In: Ghannoum MA, O’Toole GA (eds) Microbial biofilms. ASM Press, Washington, DC
103. Komlos J, Cunningham AB, Camper AK et al (2004) Biofilm barriers to contain and degrade dissolved trichloroethylene. Environ Prog 23:69-77
104. Kornaros M, Lyberatos G (2006) Biological treatment of wastewaters from a dye manufacturing company using a trickling filter. J Hazard Mater 136:95-102
105. Kulasakara H, Lee V, Brencic A et al (2006) Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases reveals a role for bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic-GMP in virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:2839-2844
106. Lagendijk EL, Validov S, Lamers GE et al (2010) Genetic tools for tagging Gram-negative bacteria with mCherry for visualization in vitro and in natural habitats, biofilm and pathogenicity studies. FEMS Microbiol Lett 305:81-90
107. Landini P, Antoniani D, Burgess JG, Nijland R (2010) Molecular mechanisms of compounds affecting bacterial biofilm formation and dispersal. App Microbiol Biotechnol 86(3):813-823
108. Lang S, Philp JC (1998) Surface-active lipids in rhodococci. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 74:59-70
109. Larsen E, Greenway M (2004) Quantification of biofilms in a sub-surface flow wetland and their role in nutrient removal. Water Sci Technol 49:115-122
110. Lazarova V, Perera J, Bowen M et al (2000) Application of aerated biofilters for production of high quality water for industrial reuse in West Basin. Water Sci Technol 41:417-424
111. Le Magrex-Debar E, Lemoine J, Gelle MP et al (2000) Evaluation of biohazards in dehydrated biofilms on foodstuff packaging. Int J Food Microbiol 55:239-234
112. Leewenhoeck A (1683) An abstract of a Letter from. Anthony Leewenhoeck at Delft, Dated Sep. 17. 1683. Containing some microscopical observations, about animals in the serf of the teeth, the substance call’d worms in the nose, the cuticula consisting of scales. Philosop Trans 14:568-574
113. Leid JG, Shirtliff ME, Costerton JW et al (2002) Human leukocytes adhere, penetrate, and respond to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Infect Immun 70:6339-6345
114. Lemon KP, Freitag NE, Kolter R (2010) The virulence regulator PrfA promotes biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 192(15):3969-3976
115. Leon Morales CF, Strathmann M et al (2007) Influence of biofilms on the movement of colloids in porous media. Implications for colloid facilitated transport in subsurface environments. Water Res 41:2059-2068
116. Lequette Y, Boels G, Clarisse M et al (2010) Using enzymes to remove biofilms of bacterial isolates sampled in the food-industry. Biofoul 26(4):421-431
117. Lerner A, Castro-Sowinski S, Valverde A et al (2009) The Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 noeJ and noeL genes are involved in extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis. Microbiol 155(12):4058-4068
118. Lewis K (2001) Riddle of Biofilm Resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45(4):999-1007
119. Li J, Attila C, Wang L et al (2007) Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli is signaled by AI-2/LsrR: effects on small RNA and biofilm architecture. J Bacteriol 189:6011-6020
120. Li M, Ni N, Chou HT et al (2008) Structurebased discovery and experimental verification of novel AI-2 quorum sensing inhibitors against Vibrio harveyi. ChemMed Chem 3:1242-1249
121. Lichter JA, Thompson MT, Delgadillo M et al (2008) Substrata mechanical stiffness can regulate adhesion of viable bacteria. Biomacromolecules 9:1571-1578
122. Lindow SE, Brandl MT (2003) Microbiology of phyllosphere. App Environ Microbiol 69:1875-1883
123. Lönn-Stensrud J, Landin MA, Benneche T et al (2009) Furanones, potential agents for preventing Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm infections? J Antimicrob Chemother 63:309-316
124. López D, Vlamakis H, Kolter R (2010) Biofilms. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2:a000398
125. Mäe A, Montesano M, Koiv V et al (2001) Transgenic plants producing the bacterial pheromone N-acyl-homoserine lactone exhibit enhanced resistance to the bacterial phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:1035-1042
126. Mah TF O’Toole GA (2001) Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol 9:34-39
127. Majumder PS, Gupta SK (2003) Hybrid reactor for priority pollutant nitrobenzene removal. Water Res 37:4331-4336
128. Manefield M, Rasmussen TB, Henzter M et al (2002) Halogenated furanones inhibit quorum sensing through accelerated LuxR turnover. Microbiol 118:1119-1127
129. Marketon MM, Glenn SA, Eberhard A et al (2003) Quorum sensing controls exopolysaccharide production in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J Bacteriol 185:325-331
130. Marshall KC (1992) Biofilms: an overview of bacterial adhesion, activity, and control at surfaces. ASM News 58:202-207
131. Matl FD, Obermeier A, Repmann S et al (2008) New anti-infective coatings of medical implants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:1957-1963
132. McClean KH, Winson MK, Fish L et al (1997) Quorum sensing and Chromobacterium violaceum: exploitation of violacein production and inhibition for the detection of N-acylhomoserine lactones. Microbiol 143:3703-3711
133. McKenney D, Hubner J, Muller E et al (1998) The ica locus of Staphylococcus epidermidis encodes production of the capsular polysaccharide/adhesin. Infect Immunol 66:4711-4720
134. McKnight SL, Iglewski BH, Pesci EC (2000) The Pseudomonas quinolone signal regulates rhl quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 182:2702-2708
135. McNeill K, Hamilton IR (2003) Acid tolerance response of biofilm cells of Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 221:25-30
136. Meng-Ying LI, Ji Z, Peng LU et al (2009) Evaluation of Biological Characteristics of Bacteria Contributing to Biofilm Formation. Pedosphere 19(5):554-561
137. Michael T, Smith CM (1995) Lectins probe molecular films in biofouling: characterization of early films on non-living and living surfaces. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 119:229-236
138. Miller MB, Bassler BL (2001) Quorum sensing in bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 55:165-199
139. Molin S, Tolker-Nielsen T (2003) Gene transfer occurs with enhanced efficiency in biofilms and induces enhanced stabilisation of the biofilm structure. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14:255-261
140. Morikawa M (2006) Beneficial biofilm formation by industrial bacteria Bacillus subtilis and related species. J Biosci Bioeng 101(1):1-8
141. Morris CE, Monier JM, Jacques MA (1998) A technique to quantify the population size and composition of the biofilm component in communities of bacteria in the phyllosphere. App Environ Microbiol 64:4789-4795
142. Morrow JB, Stratton R, Yang HH et al (2005) Macro- and nanoscale observations of adhesive behavior for several E. coli strains (O157:H7 and environmental isolates) on mineral surfaces. Environ Sci Technol 39:6395-6404
143. Müh U, Schuster M, Heim R et al (2006) Novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing inhibitors identified in an ultra-high-throughput screen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3674-3679
144. Nakamura S, Higashiyama Y, Izumikawa K et al (2008) The roles of quorum-sensing system in the release of extracellular DNA, lipopolysaccharide, and membrane vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jpn J Infect Dis 61:375-378
145. Neu TR (2000) In situ cell and glycoconjugate distribution of river snow as studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Aquat Microb Ecol 21:85-95
146. Neu TR, Lawrence JR (1997) Development and structure of microbial biofilms in river water studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 24:11-25
147. Neu TR, Lawrence JR (1999) Lectin-binding analysis in biofilm systems. Methods Enzymol 310:145-152
148. Neu TR, Manz B, Volke F, Dynes JJ, Hitchcock AP, Lawrence JR (2010) Advanced imaging techniques forassessmentof structure, compositionand function in bio¢lm systems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 72:1-21
149. Neu TR, Swerhone GDW, Lawrence JR (2001) Assessment of lectin-binding analysis for in situ detection of glycoconjugates in biofilm systems. Microbiol 147:299-313
150. Njoroge J, Sperandio J (2009) Jamming bacterial communication: new approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases. EMBO Molec Med 1:201-210
151. Novick RP, Ross HF, Projan SJ et al (1993) Synthesis of staphylococcal virulence factors is controlled by a regulatory RNA molecule. EMBO J 12:3967-3975
152. O’Toole GA, Kaplan HB, Kolter R (2000) Biofilm formation as microbial development. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:49-79
153. Ojha AK, Baughn AD, Sambandan D et al. (2008) Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilms containing free mycolic acids and harbouring drug tolerant bacteria. Mol Microbiol 69:164-174
154. Pamp SJ, Gjermansen M, Johansen HK (2008) Tolerance to the antimicrobial peptide colistin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is linked to metabolically active cells, and depends on the prm and mexAB-oprM genes. Mol Microbiol 68:223-240
155. Persson T, Hansen TH, Rasmussen TB et al (2005) Rational design and synthesis of new quorumsensing inhibitors derived from acylated homoserine lactones and natural products from garlic. Org Biomol Chem 3:253-262
156. Pesci EC, Bilbank JBJ, Pearson JP et al (1999) Quinolone signaling in the cell-to-cell communication system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc National Acad Sci USA 96:11229-11234
157. Potera C (1999) Forging a link between biofilms and disease. Sci 283:1837-1839
158. Prakash B, Krishnappa G, Muniyappa L, Reddy MK (2005) In vitro phase variation studies of Salmonella Gallinarum in biofilm formation. Curr Sci 89(4):657-659
159. Prakash B, Veeregowda BM, Krishnappa G (2003) Biofilms: A survival strategy of bacteria Curr Sci 85(9):1299-1307
160. Pratt LA Kolter R (1998) Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli biofilm formation: defining the roles of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and type I pili. Mol Microbiol 30:285-294
161. Pratten J, Foster SJ, Chan PF et al (2001) Staphylococcus aureus accessory regulators: expression within biofilms and effect on adhesion. Microbes Infect 3:633-637
162. Pringle JH Fletcher M (1983) Influence of substratum wettability on attachment of freshwater bacteria to solid surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 45:811-817
163. Puigagut J, Salvado H, Garcia D et al (2007) Comparison of microfauna communities in full scale subsurface flow constructed wetlands used as secondary and tertiary treatment. Water Res 41:1645-1652
164. Pulcini E (2001) The effects of initial adhesion events on the physiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ph D dissertation, Montana State University, Bozeman
165. Qu Y, Daley AJ, Istivan TS et al (2010) Densely adherent growth mode, rather than extracellular polymer substance matrix build-up ability, contributes to high resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms to antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 65(7):1405-1411
166. Qureshi N, Annous BA, Ezeji TC et al (2005) Biofilm reactors for industrial bioconversion processes: Employing potential of enhanced reaction rates. Microb Cell Fact 4:24. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-4-24
167. Qureshi N, Karcher P, Cotta M et al (2004) High-productivity continuous biofilm reactor for butanol production: Effect of acetate, butyrate, and corn steep liquor on bioreactor performance. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 114:713-721
168. Ramirez M, Hernandez-Marine M, Novelo E et al (2010) Cyanobacteria-containing biofilms from a Mayan monument in Palenque, Mexico. Biofouling 26:399-409
169. Rashid MH, Rumbaugh K, Passador L et al (2000) Polyphosphate kinase is essential for biofilm development, quorum sensing, and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:9636-9641
170. Rasmussen TB, Skindersoe ME, Bjarnsholt T et al (2005) Identity and effects of quorum-sensing inhibitors produced by Penicillium species. Microbiol 151:1325-1340
171. Rasmussen, B (2000) Filamentous microfossils in a 3,235-millionyear-old volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit. Nature 405:676-679
172. Reardon CL, Cummings DE, Petzke LM et al (2004) Composition and diversity of microbial communities recovered from surrogate minerals incubated in an acidic uranium-contaminated aquifer. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:6037-6046
173. Ren D, Bedzyk LA, Setlow P et al (2004) Differential gene expression to investigate the effect of (5Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-3- butyl-2(5H)-furanone on Bacillus subtilis. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:4941-4949
174. Reysenbach AL Cady SL (2001) Microbiology of ancient and modern hydrothermal systems Trends Microbiol 9:79-86
175. Reysenbach AL, Ehringer M Hershberger K (2000) Microbial diversity at 83 degrees C in Calcite Springs, Yellowstone National Park: another environment where the Aquificales and ‘Korarchaeota’ coexist. Extremophiles 4:61-67
176. Richards JJ, Ballard TE, Huigens RW et al (2008) Synthesis and screening of an oroidin library against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Chem Biochem 9:1267-1279
177. Rinaudi LV, González JE (2009) The low-molecular-weight fraction of exopolysaccharide II from Sinorhizobium meliloti is a crucial determinant of biofilm formation. J Bacteriol 191(23):7216-7224
178. Rinaudi L, Fujishige NA, Hirsch AM, Banchio E, Zorreguieta A, Giordano W (2006) Effects of nutritional and environmental conditions on Sinorhizobium meliloti biofilm formation. Res Microbiol 157(9):867-875
179. Rivardo F, Turner RJ, Allegrone G et al (2009) Anti-adhesion activity of two biosurfactants produced by Bacillus spp. prevents biofilm formation of human bacterial pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 83:541-553
180. Rivas M, Seeger M, Holmes DS et al (2005) A Lux-like quorum sensing system in the extreme acidophile Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Biol Res 38:283-297
181. Roberts ME, Stewart PS (2005) Modelling protection from antimicrobial agents in biofilms through the formation of persister cells. Microbiol 151:75-80
182. Roeder RS, Lenz J, Tarne P et al (2010) Long-term effects of disinfectants on the community composition of drinking water biofilms. Int J Hyg Environ Health 213:183-189
183. Ruiz LM, Valenzuela S, Castro M et al (2008) AHL communication is a widespread phenomenon in biomining bacteria and seems to be involved in mineral-adhesion efficiency. Hydrometallurgy 94:133-137
184. Sand W, Gehrke T (2006) Extracellular polymeric substances mediate bioleaching/biocorrosion via interfacial processes involving iron(III) ions and acidophilic bacteria. Res Microbiol 157:49-56
185. Sani RK, Peyton BM, Dohnalkova A (2008) Comparison of uranium(VI) removal by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in flow and batch reactors. Water Res 42:2993-3002
186. Sauer K, Camper AK, Ehrlich GD et al (2002) Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays multiple phenotypes during development as a biofilm. J Bacteriol 184:1140-1154
187. Schneider RP, Morano SC, Gigena MAC et al. (2006) Contamination levels and preliminary assessment of the technical feasibility of employing natural attenuation in 5 priority areas of Presidente Bernardes Refinery in Cubatao, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 116:21-52
188. Schupp JM, Travis SE, Price LB et al (1995) Rapid bacterial permeabilization reagent useful for enzyme assays. Biotechniques 19:18-20
189. Shih HY, Lin YE (2010) Efficacy of copper-silver ionization in controlling biofilm- and planktonassociated waterborne pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:2032-2035
190. Shikuma NJ, Hadfield MG (2010) Marine biofilms on submerged surfaces are a reservoir for Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. Biofouling 26:39-46
191. Simm R, Morr M, Kader A et al (2004) GGDEF and EAL domains inversely regulate cyclic di-GMP levels and transition from sessility to motility. Mol Microbiol 53:1123-1134
192. Singh R, Ray P, Das A et al (2009) Role of persisters and small-colony variants in antibiotic resistance of planktonic and biofilm-associated Staphylococcus aureus: an in vitro study. J Med Microbiol 58(8):1067-1073
193. Sivakumar PM, Prabhawathi V, Doble M (2010) Antibacterial activity and QSAR of chalcones against biofilm-producing bacteria isolated from marine waters. SAR QSAR Environ Res 21(3):247-263
194. Smith KM, Bu Y, Suga H (2003) Induction and inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing by synthetic autoinducer analogs. Chem Biol 10:81-89
195. Smith RS, Iglewski BH (2003) Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing as a potential antimicrobial target. J Clin Invest 112:1460-1465
196. Spettmann D, Eppmann S, Flemming HC et al (2007) Simultaneous visualisation of biofouling, organic and inorganic particle fouling on separation membranes. Water Sci Technol 55:207-210
197. Spoering AL, Lewis K (2001) Biofilms and planktonic cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have similar resistance to killing by antimicrobials. J Bacteriol 183:6746-6751
198. Spormann AM (2008) Physiology of microbes in biofilms. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 322:17-36
199. Stewart PS, Costerton JW (2001) Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet 358:135-138
200. Stoodley P, Dodds I, Boyle JD et al (1999) Influence of hydrodynamics and nutrients on biofilm structure. J Appl Microbiol 85:19S-28S
201. Sublette K, Peacock A, White D et al (2006) Monitoring subsurface microbial ecology in a sulfateamended, gasoline-contaminated aquifer. Ground Water Monitor Remed 26:70-78
202. Suci PA, Tyler BJ (2003) A method for discrimination of subpopulations of Candida albicans biofilm cells that exhibit relative levels of phenotypic resistance to chlorhexidine. J Microbiol Methods 53:313-325
203. Sudarsan N, Lee ER, Weinberg Z et al (2008) Riboswitches in eubacteria sense the second messenger cyclic di-GMP. Sci 321:411-413
204. Surette MG, Bassler BL (1998) Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7046-7050
205. Sutherland IW (2001a) Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework. Microbiol 147:3-9
206. Sutherland IW (2001b) The biofilm matrix-an immobilized but dynamic microbial environment. Trends Microbiol 9:222-227
207. Tamayo R, Pratt JT, Camilli A (2007) Roles of cyclic diguanylate in the regulation of bacterial pathogenesis. Annu Rev Microbiol 61:131-148
208. Taylor CD, Wirsen CO, Gaill F (1999) Rapid microbial production of filamentous sulfur mats at hydrothermal vents. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:2253-2255
209. Teitzel GM Parsek MR (2003) Heavy metal resistance of biofilm and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2313-2320
210. Tempe J, Petit A, Holsters M et al (1977) Thermosensitive step associated with transfer of Ti plasmid during conjugation: possible relation to transformation in crown gall. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:2848-2849
211. Thien FCM, O’toole GA (2001) Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol 9:34-39
212. Tsuneda S, Aikawa H, Hayashi H et al (2003) Extracellular polymeric substances responsible for bacterial adhesion onto solid surface. FEMS Microbiol Lett 223:287-292
213. Tuomanen E, Durack DT, Tomasz A (1986) Antibiotic tolerance among clinical isolates of bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 30:521-527
214. Ueda A, Attila C, Whiteley M et al (2009) Uracil influences quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fluorouracilnis an antagonist. Microb Biotechnol 2:62-74
215. Ueda A, Wood TK (2009) Connecting quorum sensing, c-di-GMP, pel polysaccharide, and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through tyrosine phosphatase TpbA (PA3885). PLoS Pathog 5:e1000483
216. Van Houdt R, Michiels CW (2010) Biofilm formation and the food industry, a focus on the bacterial outer surface. J Appl Microbiol 109(4):1117-1131
217. van Hullebusch ED, Zandvoort MH, Lens PNL (2003) Metal immobilisation by biofilms: mechanisms and analytical tools. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 2:9-33
218. Vlassov VV, Laktionov PP, Rykova EY (2007) Extracellular nucleic acids. Bioessays 29:654-667
219. von Bodman SB, Majerczak DR, Coplin DL (1998) A negative regulator mediates quorum-sensing control of exopolysaccharide production in Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7687-7692
220. Vu B, Chen M, Crawford RJ et al (2009) Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides Involved in Biofilm Formation. Molecules 14:2535-2554
221. Vuong C, Gerke C, Somerville GA et al (2003) Quorum-sensing control of biofilm factors in Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Infect Dis 188:706-718
222. Walters MC, Roe F, Bugnicourt A et al (2003) Contributions of antibiotic penetration, oxygen limitation, and low metabolic activity to tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to ciprofloxacin and tobramycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:317-323
223. Wang ZW, Chen S (2009) Potential of biofilm-based biofuel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 83:1-18
224. Waters CM, Bassler BL (2005) Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 21:319-346
225. Weber H, Pesavento C, Possling A et al (2006) Cyclic-di-GMP-mediated signalling within the sigma network of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 62:1014-1034
226. Weinhouse H, Sapir S, Amikam D et al (1997) c-di-GMP-binding protein, a new factor regulating cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum. FEBS Lett 416:207-211
227. Wentland EJ Stewart PS, Huang CT et al (1996) Spatial variations in growth rate within Klebsiella pneumonia colonies and biofilms. Biotechnol Prog 12:316-321
228. Werner E, Roe F, Bugnicourt A et al (2004) Stratified growth in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:6188-6196
229. Whitchurch CB, Tolker-Nielsen T, Ragas PC et al (2002) Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation. Science 295:1487
230. Wingender J, Strathmann M, Rode A et al (2001) Isolation and biochemical characterization of extracellular polymeric substances from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods Enzymol 336:302-314
231. Wolfaardt GM, Lawrence JR, Robarts RD et al (1998) In situ characterization of biofilm exopolymers involved in the accumulation of chlorinated organics. Microb Ecol 35:213-223
232. Wright CJ, Shah MK, Powell LC, Armstrong I (2010) Application of AFM from microbial cell to biofilm. Scanning Vol 31:1-16
233. Wu J, Long Q, Xie J (2010) (p)ppGpp and drug resistance. J Cellular Physiol 224(2):300-304
234. Xu X, Stewart PS, Chen X (1996) Transport limitation of chlorine disinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa entrapped in alginate beads. Biotechnol Bioeng 49:93-100
235. Yang L, Rybtke MT, Jakobsen TH et al (2009) Computer-aided identification of recognized drugs as Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:2432-2443
236. Yarwood JM, Bartels DJ, Volper EM et al (2004) Quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. J Bacteriol 186:1838-1850
237. Zeng Z, Qian L, Cao L et al (2008) Virtual screening for novel quorum sensing inhibitors to eradicate biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 79:119-126
238. Zhu H, Kumar A, Ozkan J et al (2008) Fimbrolide-coated antimicrobial lenses: their in vitro and in vivo effects. Optom Vis Sci 85:292-300