Nanotoxicity overview: Nano-threat to susceptible populations

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 3671-3697

  Li, Yang ^a   Zhang, Yi ^a   Yan, Bing ^a  

^a SHANDONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Aged population; Disease; Health risk; Nanotoxicity; Susceptible populations

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CADMIUM OXIDE; CARBON BLACK NANOPARTICLE; CARBON NANOTUBE; CHYLOMICRON; GOLD NANOPARTICLE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; NANOMATERIAL; NANOPARTICLE; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR AA; PLATINUM NANOPARTICLE; POLYSTYRENE; SILVER NANOPARTICLE; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

APOPTOSIS; ASTHMA; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; DNA DAMAGE; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FETUS MALFORMATION; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; INFLAMMATION; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NANOTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PLACENTA DISORDER; PREGNANCY; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; REVIEW; THROMBOSIS; TOXICITY; AGED; FEMALE; NEWBORN; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PROCEDURES; RESPIRATION DISORDERS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

AGED; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; NANOPARTICLES; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; RESPIRATION DISORDERS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84895436939     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033671     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Lindberg, H.K.; Falck, G.C.M.; Suhonen, S.; Vippola, M.; Vanhala, E.; Catalan, J.; Savolainen, K.; Norppa, H. Genotoxicity of nanomaterials: DNA damage and micronuclei induced by carbon nanotubes and graphite nanofibres in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 186, 166-173.
2. Singh, N.; Manshian, B.; Jenkins, G.J.S.; Griffiths, S.M.; Williams, P.M.; Maffeis, T.G.G.; Wright, C.J.; Doak, S.H. NanoGenotoxicology: The DNA damaging potential of engineered nanomaterials. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 3891-3914.
3. Sharma, V.; Singh, S.K.; Anderson, D.; Tobin, D.J.; Dhawan, A. Zinc oxide nanoparticle induced genotoxicity in primary human epidermal keratinocytes. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2011, 11, 3782-3788.
4. Hussain, S.; Vanoirbeek, J.A.J.; Hoet, P.H.M. Interactions of nanomaterials with the immune system. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.-Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2012, 4, 169-183.
5. Truong, L.; Tilton, S.C.; Zaikova, T.; Richman, E.; Waters, K.M.; Hutchison, J.E.; Tanguay, R.L. Surface functionalities of gold nanoparticles impact embryonic gene expression responses. Nanotoxicology 2013, 7, 192-201.
6. Tkach, A.V.; Shurin, G.V.; Shurin, M.R.; Kisin, E.R.; Murray, A.R.; Young, S.H.; Star, A.; Fadeel, B.; Kagan, V.E.; Shvedova, A.A. Direct effects of carbon nanotubes on dendritic cells induce immune suppression upon pulmonary exposure. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 5755-5762.
7. Nel, A.; Xia, T.; Madler, L.; Li, N. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 2006, 311, 622-627.
8. Gordon, M. Maternal Physiology. In Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies, 5th ed.; Mark, B.L., Ed.; Churchill Livingstone: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2007; pp. 55-84.
9. Feldt-Rasmussen, U.; Mathiesen, E.R. Endocrine disorders in pregnancy: Physiological and hormonal aspects of pregnancy. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 25, 875-884.
10. Chan, A.L.; Juarez, M.M.; Gidwani, N.; Albertson, T.E. Management of critical asthma syndrome during pregnancy. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2013, doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8397-4.
11. Chu, M.; Wu, Q.; Yang, H.; Yuan, R.; Hou, S.; Yang, Y.; Zou, Y.; Xu, S.; Xu, K.; Ji, A. Transfer of quantum dots from pregnant mice to pups across the placental barrier. Small 2010, 6, 670-678.
12. Wick, P.; Malek, A.; Manser, P.; Meili, D.; Maeder-Althaus, X.; Diener, L.; Diener, P.-A.; Zisch, A.; Krug, H.F.; von Mandach, U. Barrier capacity of human placenta for nanosized materials. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118, 432.
13. Kulvietis, V.; Žalgevičienė, V.; Didžiapetrienė, J.; Bulotienė, D.; Rotomskis, R. Distribution of nanoparticles in the pregnant rat: The morphologic and spectroscopic study. Pap. Anthropol. 2011, 20, 218-228.
14. Refuerzo, J.S.; Godin, B.; Bishop, K.; Srinivasan, S.; Shah, S.K.; Amra, S.; Ramin, S.M.; Ferrari, M. Size of the nanovectors determines the transplacental passage in pregnancy: Study in rats. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2011, 204, 546. e5-546. e9.
15. Burton, G.J.; Hempstock, J.; Jauniaux, E. Oxygen, early embryonic metabolism and free radical-mediated embryopathies. Reprod. Biomed. Online 2003, 6, 84-96.
16. Myllynen, P.K.; Loughran, M.J.; Howard, C.V.; Sormunen, R.; Walsh, A.A.; Vahakangas, K.H. Kinetics of gold nanoparticles in the human placenta. Reprod. Toxicol. 2008, 26, 130-137.
17. Tian, F.; Razansky, D.; Estrada, G.G.; Semmler-Behnke, M.; Beyerle, A.; Kreyling, W.; Ntziachristos, V.; Stoeger, T. Surface modification and size dependence in particle translocation during early embryonic development. Inhal. Toxicol. 2009, 21, 92-96.
18. Fedulov, A.V.; Leme, A.; Yang, Z.; Dahl, M.; Lim, R.; Mariani, T.J.; Kobzik, L. Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2008, 38, 57.
19. Lamoureux, D.P.; Kobzik, L.; Fedulov, A.V. Customized PCR-array analysis informed by gene-chip microarray and biological hypothesis reveals pathways involved in lung inflammatory response to titanium dioxide in pregnancy. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 2010, 73, 596-606.
20. Weinberg, E.D. Pregnancy-associated depression of cell-mediated immunity. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1984, 6, 814-831.
21. Jackson, P.; Hougaard, K.S.; Boisen, A.M.Z.; Jacobsen, N.R.; Jensen, K.A.; Møller, P.; Brunborg, G.; Gutzkow, K.B.; Andersen, O.; Loft, S. Pulmonary exposure to carbon black by inhalation or instillation in pregnant mice: Effects on liver DNA strand breaks in dams and offspring. Nanotoxicology 2012, 6, 486-500.
22. Lim, J.H.; Kim, S.H.; Shin, I.S.; Park, N.H.; Moon, C.; Kang, S.S.; Kim, S.H.; Park, S.C.; Kim, J.C. Maternal exposure to mult-wall carbon nanotubes does not induce embryo-fetal developmental toxicity in rats. Birth Defects Res. Part B: Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. 2011, 92, 69-76.
23. Park, E.-J.; Kim, H.; Kim, Y.; Park, K. Effects of platinum nanoparticles on the postnatal development of mouse pups by maternal exposure. Environ. Health Toxicol. 2010, 25, 279-286.
24. Yamashita, K.; Yoshioka, Y.; Higashisaka, K.; Mimura, K.; Morishita, Y.; Nozaki, M.; Yoshida, T.; Ogura, T.; Nabeshi, H.; Nagano, K. Silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause pregnancy complications in mice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6, 321-328.
25. Philbrook, N.A.; Walker, V.K.; Afrooz, A.; Saleh, N.B.; Winn, L.M. Investigating the effects of functionalized carbon nanotubes on reproduction and development in Drosophila melanogaster and CD-1 mice. Reprod. Toxicol. 2011, 32, 442-448.
26. Blum, J.L.; Xiong, J.Q.; Hoffman, C.; Zelikoff, J.T. Cadmium associated with inhaled cadmium oxide nanoparticles impacts fetal and neonatal development and growth. Toxicol. Sci. 2012, 126, 478-486.
27. Austin, C.A.; Umbreit, T.H.; Brown, K.M.; Barber, D.S.; Dair, B.J.; Francke-Carroll, S.; Feswick, A.; Saint-Louis, M.A.; Hikawa, H.; Siebein, K.N.; et al. Distribution of silver nanoparticles in pregnant mice and developing embryos. Nanotoxicology 2012, 6, 912-922.
28. Pietroiusti, A.; Massimiani, M.; Fenoglio, I.; Colonna, M.; Valentini, F.; Palleschi, G.; Camaioni, A.; Magrini, A.; Siracusa, G.; Bergamaschi, A. Low doses of pristine and oxidized single-wall carbon nanotubes affect mammalian embryonic development. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 4624-4633.
29. Li, P.-W.; Kuo, T.-H.; Chang, J.-H.; Yeh, J.-M.; Chan, W.-H. Induction of cytotoxicity and apoptosis in mouse blastocysts by silver nanoparticles. Toxicol. Lett. 2010, 197, 82-87.
30. Chan, W.H.; Shiao, N.H. Cytotoxic effect of CdSe quantum dots on mouse embryonic development. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2008, 29, 259-266.
31. Park, M.V.; Annema, W.; Salvati, A.; Lesniak, A.; Elsaesser, A.; Barnes, C.; McKerr, G.; Howard, C.V.; Lynch, I.; Dawson, K.A. In vitro developmental toxicity test detects inhibition of stem cell differentiation by silica nanoparticles. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2009, 240, 108-116.
32. Sumner, S.C.; Fennell, T.R.; Snyder, R.W.; Taylor, G.F.; Lewin, A.H. Distribution of carbon-14 labeled C60 ([14C] C60) in the pregnant and in the lactating dam and the effect of C60 exposure on the biochemical profile of urine. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2010, 30, 354-360.
33. Gao, X.; Yin, S.; Tang, M.; Chen, J.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, W.; Chen, L.; Yang, B.; Li, Z.; Zha, Y. Effects of developmental exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on synaptic plasticity in hippocampal dentate gyrus area: An in vivo study in anesthetized rats. Biol. Trace Element Res. 2011, 143, 1616-1628.
34. 2 (UV-Titan) does not induce ESTR mutations in the germline of prenatally exposed female mice. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2012, 9, 1-5.
35. Žalgevičienė, V.; Kulvietis, V.; Bulotienė, D.; Didžiapetrienė, J.; Rotomskis, R. The effect of nanoparticles in rats during critical periods of pregnancy. Medicina (Kaunas) 2012, 48, 256-264.
36. Jonakait, G.M. The effects of maternal inflammation on neuronal development: Possible mechanisms. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2007, 25, 415-425.
37. Meyer, U.; Feldon, J.; Fatemi, S.H. In-vivo rodent models for the experimental investigation of prenatal immune activation effects in neurodevelopmental brain disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009, 33, 1061-1079.
38. Hougaard, K.S.; Jackson, P.; Jensen, K.A.; Sloth, J.J.; Löschner, K.; Larsen, E.H.; Birkedal, R.K.; Vibenholt, A.; Boisen, A.-M.Z.; Wallin, H. Effects of prenatal exposure to surface-coated nanosized titanium dioxide (UV-Titan). A study in mice. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2010, 7, 1-15
39. Shimizu, M.; Tainaka, H.; Oba, T.; Mizuo, K.; Umezawa, M.; Takeda, K. Maternal exposure to nanoparticulate titanium dioxide during the prenatal period alters gene expression related to brain development in the mouse. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2009, 6, 20.
40. Jackson, P.; Vogel, U.; Wallin, H.; Hougaard, K.S. Prenatal exposure to carbon black (Printex 90): Effects on sexual development and neurofunction. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2011, 109, 434-437.
41. Umezawa, M.; Tainaka, H.; Kawashima, N.; Shimizu, M.; Takeda, K. Effect of fetal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticle on brain development-brain region information. J. Toxicol. Sci. 2011, 37, 1247-1252.
42. Takeda, K.; Suzuki, K.-I.; Ishihara, A.; Kubo-Irie, M.; Fujimoto, R.; Tabata, M.; Oshio, S.; Nihei, Y.; Ihara, T.; Sugamata, M. Nanoparticles transferred from pregnant mice to their offspring can damage the genital and cranial nerve systems. J. Health Sci. 2009, 55, 95-102.
43. Takahashi, Y.; Mizuo, K.; Shinkai, Y.; Oshio, S.; Takeda, K. Prenatal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles increases dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex and neostriatum of mice. J. Toxicol. Sci. 2010, 35, 749-756.
44. Hoelting, L.; Scheinhardt, B.; Bondarenko, O.; Schildknecht, S.; Kapitza, M.; Tanavde, V.; Tan, B.; Lee, Q.Y.; Mecking, S.; Leist, M. A 3-dimensional human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived model to detect developmental neurotoxicity of nanoparticles. Arch. Toxicol. 2012, 1-13.
45. Yoshida, S.; Hiyoshi, K.; Oshio, S.; Takano, H.; Takeda, K.; Ichinose, T. Effects of fetal exposure to carbon nanoparticles on reproductive function in male offspring. Fertil. Steril. 2010, 93, 1695-1699.
46. Noori, A.; Parivar, K.; Modaresi, M.; Messripour, M.; Yousefi, M.H.; Amiri, G.R. Effect of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on pregnancy and testicular development of mice. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2011, 10, 1221-1227.
47. Jackson, P.; Halappanavar, S.; Hougaard, K.S.; Williams, A.; Madsen, A.M.; Lamson, J.S.; Andersen, O.; Yauk, C.; Wallin, H.; Vogel, U. Maternal inhalation of surface-coated nanosized titanium dioxide (UV-Titan) in C57BL/6 mice: Effects in prenatally exposed offspring on hepatic DNA damage and gene expression. Nanotoxicology 2013, 7, 85-96.
48. Kyjovska, Z.O.; Boisen, A.M.Z.; Jackson, P.; Wallin, H.; Vogel, U.; Hougaard, K.S. Daily sperm production: Application in studies of prenatal exposure to nanoparticles in mice. Reprod. Toxicol. 2013, 36, 88-97.
49. Umezawa, M.; Kudo, S.; Yanagita, S.; Shinkai, Y.; Niki, R.; Oyabu, T.; Takeda, K.; Ihara, T.; Sugamata, M. Maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle increases collagen type VIII expression in the kidney of offspring. J. Toxicol. Sci. 2011, 36, 461-468.
50. Jackson, P.; Hougaard, K.S.; Vogel, U.; Wu, D.; Casavant, L.; Williams, A.; Wade, M.; Yauk, C.L.; Wallin, H.; Halappanavar, S. Exposure of pregnant mice to carbon black by intratracheal instillation: Toxicogenomic effects in dams and offspring. Mutat. Res. 2012, 745, 73-83.
51. Barton, H.A.; Cogliano, V.J.; Flowers, L.; Valcovic, L.; Setzer, R.W.; Woodruff, T.J. Assessing susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 1125.
52. Longmire, M.; Choyke, P.L.; Kobayashi, H. Clearance properties of nano-sized particles and molecules as imaging agents: Considerations and caveats. Nanomedicine 2008, 3, 703-717.
53. Almeida, J.P.M.; Chen, A.L.; Foster, A.; Drezek, R. In vivo biodistribution of nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2011, 6, 815-835.
54. Mathers, C.D.; Fat, D.M.; Boerma, J. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
55. Nogueira, J.B. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Port. J. Cardiol. 2009, 28, 715.
56. Sun, Q.; Hong, X.; Wold, L.E. Cardiovascular effects of ambient particulate air pollution exposure. Circulation 2010, 121, 2755-2765.
57. Nurkiewicz, T.R.; Porter, D.W.; Hubbs, A.F.; Cumpston, J.L.; Chen, B.T.; Frazer, D.G.; Castranova, V. Nanoparticle inhalation augments particle-dependent systemic microvascular dysfunction. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2008, 5, doi:10.1186/1743-8977-5-1.
58. Minarchick, V.C.; Stapleton, P.A.; Porter, D.W.; Wolfarth, M.G.; Çiftyürek, E.; Barger, M.; Sabolsky, E.M.; Nurkiewicz, T.R. Pulmonary cerium dioxide nanoparticle exposure differentially impairs coronary and mesenteric arteriolar reactivity. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 2013, 1-15.
59. Zhu, M.-T.; Wang, B.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, L.; Wang, H.-J.; Wang, M.; Ouyang, H.; Chai, Z.-F.; Feng, W.-Y.; Zhao, Y.-L. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by iron oxide nanoparticle exposure: Risk factors for early atherosclerosis. Toxicol. Lett. 2011, 203, 162-171.
60. Agmon, Y.; Khandheria, B.K.; Meissner, I.; Schwartz, G.L.; Petterson, T.M.; O'Fallon, W.M.; Whisnant, J.P.; Wiebers, D.O.; Seward, J.B. Relation of coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease with atherosclerosis of the thoracic aorta in the general population. Am. J. Cardiol. 2002, 89, 262-267.
61. Klaus, D. Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis in hypertension. Nieren Hochdruckkrankh. 2000, 29, 1-16.
62. Taute, B.M.; Feller, S.; Hansgen, K.; Podhaisky, H. Carotid atherosclerosis in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Perfusion 2002, 15, 183-188.
63. Meir, K.S.; Leitersdorf, E. Atherosclerosis in the Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mouse A Decade of Progress. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004, 24, 1006-1014.
64. Piedrahita, J.A.; Zhang, S.H.; Hagaman, J.R.; Oliver, P.M.; Maeda, N. Generation of mice carrying a mutant apolipoprotein E gene inactivated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89, 4471-4475.
65. Plump, A.S.; Smith, J.D.; Hayek, T.; Aalto-Setälä, K.; Walsh, A.; Verstuyft, J.G.; Rubin, E.M.; Breslow, J.L. Severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice created by homologous recombination in ES cells. Cell 1992, 71, 343-353.
66. Kang, G.S.; Gillespie, P.A.; Gunnison, A.; Moreira, A.L.; Tchou-Wong, K.-M.; Chen, L.-C. Long-term inhalation exposure to nickel nanoparticles exacerbated atherosclerosis in a susceptible mouse model. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119, 176.
67. Li, Z.; Hulderman, T.; Salmen, R.; Chapman, R.; Leonard, S.S.; Young, S.-H.; Shvedova, A.; Luster, M.I.; Simeonova, P.P. Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115, 377.
68. 3-induced atherosclerosis in the rat. Peptides 2010, 31, 630-638.
69. Xu, Y.-Y.; Yang, J.; Shen, T.; Zhou, F.; Xia, Y.; Fu, J.-Y.; Meng, J.; Zhang, J.; Zheng, Y.-F.; Yang, J. Intravenous administration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes affects the formation of atherosclerosis in sprague-dawley rats. J. Occup. Health 2012, 54, 361-369.
70. Inoue, K.-I.; Takano, H.; Yanagisawa, R.; Hirano, S.; Sakurai, M.; Shimada, A.; Yoshikawa, T. Effects of airway exposure to nanoparticles on lung inflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin in mice. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114, 1325.
71. Inoue, K.-I.; Takano, H.; Koike, E.; Yanagisawa, R.; Sakurai, M.; Tasaka, S.; Ishizaka, A.; Shimada, A. Effects of pulmonary exposure to carbon nanotubes on lung and systemic inflammation with coagulatory disturbance induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Exp. Biol. Med. 2008, 233, 1583-1590.
72. Inoue, K.; Takano, H.; Ohnuki, M.; Yanagisawa, R.; Sakurai, M.; Shimada, A.; Mizushima, K.; Yoshikawa, T. Size effects of nanomaterials on lung inflammation and coagulatory disturbance. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2007, 21, 197-206.
73. Harrison, D.; Griendling, K.K.; Landmesser, U.; Hornig, B.; Drexler, H. Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003, 91, 7-11.
74. Libby, P.; Ridker, P.M.; Maseri, A. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002, 105, 1135-1143.
75. Ballinger, S.W.; Patterson, C.; Knight-Lozano, C.A.; Burow, D.L.; Conklin, C.A.; Hu, Z.; Reuf, J.; Horaist, C.; Lebovitz, R.; Hunter, G.C. Mitochondrial integrity and function in atherogenesis. Circulation 2002, 106, 544-549.
76. Ballinger, S.W.; Patterson, C.; Yan, C.-N.; Doan, R.; Burow, D.L.; Young, C.G.; Yakes, F.M.; van Houten, B.; Ballinger, C.A.; Freeman, B.A. Hydrogen peroxide-and peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res. 2000, 86, 960-966.
77. Choksi, K.; Boylston, W.; Rabek, J.; Widger, W.; Papaconstantinou, J. Oxidatively damaged proteins of heart mitochondrial electron transport complexes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2004, 1688, 95-101.
78. Radomski, A.; Jurasz, P.; Alonso-Escolano, D.; Drews, M.; Morandi, M.; Malinski, T.; Radomski, M.W. Nanoparticle-induced platelet aggregation and vascular thrombosis. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005, 146, 882-893.
79. Guo, Y.-Y.; Zhang, J.; Zheng, Y.-F.; Yang, J.; Zhu, X.-Q. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. Mutat. Res. 2011, 721, 184-191.
80. Su, L.; Han, L.; Ge, F.; Zhang, S.L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, B.X.; Zhao, J.; Miao, J.Y. The effect of novel magnetic nanoparticles on vascular endothelial cell function in vitro and in vivo. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 235-236, 316-325.
81. Massberg, S.; Brand, K.; Grüner, S.; Page, S.; Müller, E.; Müller, I.; Bergmeier, W.; Richter, T.; Lorenz, M.; Konrad, I.; et al. A critical role of platelet adhesion in the initiation of atherosclerotic lesion formation. J. Exp. Med. 2002, 196, 887-896.
82. Libby, P.; Ridker, P.M.; Hansson, G.K. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature 2011, 473, 317-325.
83. Peters, D.; Kastantin, M.; Kotamraju, V.R.; Karmali, P.P.; Gujraty, K.; Tirrell, M.; Ruoslahti, E. Targeting atherosclerosis by using modular, multifunctional micelles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0903369106.
84. Dvir, T.; Bauer, M.; Schroeder, A.; Tsui, J.H.; Anderson, D.G.; Langer, R.; Liao, R.; Kohane, D.S. Nanoparticles Targeting the Infarcted Heart. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4411-4414.
85. Mathers, C.D.; Loncar, D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006, 3, e442.
86. Masoli, M.; Fabian, D.; Holt, S.; Beasley, R. The global burden of asthma: Executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 2004, 59, 469-478.
87. The 10 Leading Causes of Death in the World, 2000 and 2011. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ (accessed on 1 July 2013).
88. Agrawal, D.K.; Shao, Z. Pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2010, 10, 39-48.
89. Jin, C.; Shelburne, C.P.; Li, G.J.; Potts, E.N.; Riebe, K.J.; Sempowski, G.D.; Foster, W.M.; Abraham, S.N. Particulate allergens potentiate allergic asthma in mice through sustained IgE-mediated mast cell activation. J. Clin. Investig. 2011, 121, 941-955.
90. Brunton, S.; Carmichael, B.P.; Colgan, R.; Feeney, A.S.; Fendrick, A.M.; Quintiliani, R.; Scott, G. Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: A primary care consensus guideline. Am. J. Manag. Care 2004, 10, 689-696.
91. Card, J.W.; Zeldin, D.C.; Bonner, J.C.; Nestmann, E.R. Pulmonary applications and toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2008, 295, L400-L411.
92. Kim, C.S.; Kang, T.C. Comparative measurement of lung deposition of inhaled fine particles in normal subjects and patients with obstructive airway disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997, 155, 899-905.
93. Chalupa, D.C.; Morrow, P.E.; Oberdörster, G.; Utell, M.J.; Frampton, M.W. Ultrafine particle deposition in subjects with asthma. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112, 879.
94. Kamata, H.; Tasaka, S.; Inoue, K.-I.; Miyamoto, K.; Nakano, Y.; Shinoda, H.; Kimizuka, Y.; Fujiwara, H.; Ishii, M.; Hasegawa, N. Carbon black nanoparticles enhance bleomycin-induced lung inflammatory and fibrotic changes in mice. Exp. Biol. Med. 2011, 236, 315-324.
95. Takano, H.; Yanagisawa, R.; Ichinose, T.; Sadakane, K.; Yoshino, S.; Yoshikawa, T.; Morita, M. Diesel exhaust particles enhance lung injury related to bacterial endotoxin through expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 165, 1329-1335.
96. Inoue, K.-I.; Takano, H.; Yanagisawa, R.; Hirano, S.; Kobayashi, T.; Fujitani, Y.; Shimada, A.; Yoshikawa, T. Effects of inhaled nanoparticles on acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Toxicology 2007, 238, 99-110.
97. Santhanam, P.; Wagner, J.G.; Elder, A.; Gelein, R.; Carter, J.M.; Driscoll, K.E.; Oberdorster, G.; Harkema, J.R. Effects of subchronic inhalation exposure to carbon black nanoparticles in the nasal airways of laboratory rats. Int. J. Nanotechnol. 2008, 5, 30-54.
98. Sung, J.H.; Ji, J.H.; Yoon, J.U.; Kim, D.S.; Song, M.Y.; Jeong, J.; Han, B.S.; Han, J.H.; Chung, Y.H.; Kim, J.; et al. Lung function changes in Sprague-Dawley rats after prolonged inhalation exposure to silver nanoparticles. Inhal. Toxicol. 2008, 20, 567-574.
99. Grassian, V.H.; O'Shaughnessy, P.T.; Adamcakova-Dodd, A.; Pettibone, J.M.; Thorne, P.S. Inhalation exposure study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a primary particle size of 2 to 5 nm. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115, 397-402.
100. Ambalavanan, N.; Stanishevsky, A.; Bulger, A.; Halloran, B.; Steele, C.; Vohra, Y.; Matalon, S. Titanium oxide nanoparticle instillation induces inflammation and inhibits lung development in mice. Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2013, 304, L152-L161.
101. Ruenraroengsak, P.; Novak, P.; Berhanu, D.; Thorley, A.J.; Valsami-Jones, E.; Gorelik, J.; Korchev, Y.E.; Tetley, T.D. Respiratory epithelial cytotoxicity and membrane damage (holes) caused by amine-modified nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2012, 6, 94-108.
102. Khatri, M.; Bello, D.; Pal, A.K.; Cohen, J.M.; Woskie, S.; Gassert, T.; Lan, J.; Gu, A.Z.; Demokritou, P.; Gaines, P. Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and inflammatory responses of nanoparticles from photocopiers in three human cell lines. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2013, 10, 42.
103. Inoue, K.-I.; Koike, E.; Yanagisawa, R.; Hirano, S.; Nishikawa, M.; Takano, H. Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on a murine allergic airway inflammation model. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2009, 237, 306-316.
104. Oberdorster, G.; Oberdorster, E.; Oberdorster, J. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 823-839.
105. Takano, H.; Yoshikawa, T.; Ichinose, T.; Miyabara, Y.; Imaoka, K.; Sagai, M. Diesel exhaust particles enhance antigen-induced airway inflammation and local cytokine expression in mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997, 156, 36-42.
106. Inoue, K.-I.; Koike, E.; Takano, H.; Yanagisawa, R.; Ichinose, T.; Yoshikawa, T. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on antigen-presenting cells and antigen-specific Th immunity in mice. Exp. Biol. Med. 2009, 234, 200-209.
107. Al-Humadi, N.H.; Siegel, P.D.; Lewis, D.M.; Barger, M.W.; Ma, J.Y.; Weissman, D.N.; Ma, J.K. The effect of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and carbon black (CB) on thiol changes in pulmonary ovalbumin allergic sensitized Brown Norway rats. Exp. Lung Res. 2002, 28, 333-349.
108. Inoue, K.-I.; Takano, H.; Yanagisawa, R.; Sakurai, M.; Ichinose, T.; Sadakane, K.; Yoshikawa, T. Effects of nano particles on antigen-related airway inflammation in mice. Respir. Res. 2005, 6, 106.
109. Inoue, K.-I.; Takano, H.; Yanagisawa, R.; Koike, E.; Shimada, A. Size effects of latex nanomaterials on lung inflammation in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2009, 234, 68-76.
110. De Haar, C.; Hassing, I.; Bol, M.; Bleumink, R.; Pieters, R. Ultrafine but not fine particulate matter causes airway inflammation and allergic airway sensitization to co-administered antigen in mice. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006, 36, 1469-1479.
111. Ryman-Rasmussen, J.P.; Tewksbury, E.W.; Moss, O.R.; Cesta, M.F.; Wong, B.A.; Bonner, J.C. Inhaled multiwalled carbon nanotubes potentiate airway fibrosis in murine allergic asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2009, 40, 349.
112. Nygaard, U.C.; Hansen, J.S.; Samuelsen, M.; Alberg, T.; Marioara, C.D.; Løvik, M. Single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes promote allergic immune responses in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 2009, 109, 113-123.
113. Inoue, K.-I.; Yanagisawa, R.; Koike, E.; Nishikawa, M.; Takano, H. Repeated pulmonary exposure to single-walled carbon nanotubes exacerbates allergic inflammation of the airway: Possible role of oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2010, 48, 924-934.
114. Yanagisawa, R.; Takano, H.; Inoue, K.; Ichinose, T.; Sadakane, K.; Yoshino, S.; Yamaki, K.; Kumagai, Y.; Uchiyama, K.; Yoshikawa, T. Enhancement of acute lung injury related to bacterial endotoxin by components of diesel exhaust particles. Thorax 2003, 58, 605-612.
115. Cesta, M.F.; Ryman-Rasmussen, J.P.; Wallace, D.G.; Masinde, T.; Hurlburt, G.; Taylor, A.J.; Bonner, J.C. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide enhances PDGF signaling and pulmonary fibrosis in rats exposed to carbon nanotubes. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2010, 43, 142.
116. Hussain, S.; Vanoirbeek, J.A.; Luyts, K.; de Vooght, V.; Verbeken, E.; Thomassen, L.C.; Martens, J.A.; Dinsdale, D.; Boland, S.; Marano, F. Lung exposure to nanoparticles modulates an asthmatic response in a mouse model. Eur. Respir. J. 2011, 37, 299-309.
117. Nikula, K.J.; Green, F.H. Animal models of chronic bronchitis and their relevance to studies of particle-induced disease. Inhal. Toxicol. 2001, 12, 123-153.
118. Dobrovolskaia, M.A.; McNeil, S.E. Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials. Nat. Nano 2007, 2, 469-478.
119. Li, N.; Wang, M.; Bramble, L.A.; Schmitz, D.A.; Schauer, J.J.; Sioutas, C.; Harkema, J.R.; Nel, A.E. The adjuvant effect of ambient particulate matter is closely reflected by the particulate oxidant potential. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117, 1116-1123.
120. Warheit, D.B.; Laurence, B.; Reed, K.L.; Roach, D.; Reynolds, G.; Webb, T. Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2004, 77, 117-125.
121. Muller, J.; Huaux, F.; Moreau, N.; Misson, P.; Heilier, J.-F.; Delos, M.; Arras, M.; Fonseca, A.; Nagy, J.B.; Lison, D. Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 207, 221-231.
122. Meredith, S.; Bugler, J.; Clark, R. Isocyanate exposure and occupational asthma: A case-referent study. Occup. Environ. Med. 2000, 57, 830-836.
123. Matheson, J.M.; Johnson, V.J.; Vallyathan, V.; Luster, M.I. Exposure and immunological determinants in a murine model for toluene diisocyanate (TDI) asthma. Toxicol. Sci. 2005, 84, 88-98.
124. Roberts, R.A.; Ganey, P.E.; Ju, C.; Kamendulis, L.M.; Rusyn, I.; Klaunig, J.E. Role of the Kupffer cell in mediating hepatic toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 96, 2-15.
125. Hollinger, F.B.; Liang, T.J. Hepatitis B virus. In Fields Virology, 4th ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2001; pp. 2971-3036.
126. Schuppan, D.; Schattenberg, J.M. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Pathogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013, 28, 68-76.
127. Ahmad, J.; Ahamed, M.; Akhtar, M.J.; Alrokayan, S.A.; Siddiqui, M.A.; Musarrat, J.; Al-Khedhairy, A.A. Apoptosis induction by silica nanoparticles mediated through reactive oxygen species in human liver cell line HepG2. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2012, 259, 160-168.
128. Abdelhalim, M.A.K.; Jarrar, B.M. Gold nanoparticles administration induced prominent inflammatory, central vein intima disruption, fatty change and Kupffer cells hyperplasia. Lipids Health Dis. 2011, 10, 133.
129. Bastús, N.G.; Sánchez-Tilló, E.; Pujals, S.; Farrera, C.; López, C.; Giralt, E.; Celada, A.; Lloberas, J.; Puntes, V. Homogeneous conjugation of peptides onto gold nanoparticles enhances macrophage response. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 1335-1344.
130. Chen, Q.; Xue, Y.; Sun, J. Kupffer cell-mediated hepatic injury induced by silica nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Nanomed. 2013, 8, 1129.
131. Bartneck, M.; Ritz, T.; Keul, H.A.; Wambach, M.; Bornemann, J.; Gbureck, U.; Ehling, J.; Lammers, T.; Heymann, F.; Gassler, N. Peptide-functionalized gold nanorods increase liver injury in hepatitis. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 8767-8777.
132. Hwang, J.H.; Kim, S.J.; Kim, Y.H.; Noh, J.R.; Gang, G.T.; Chung, B.H.; Song, N.W.; Lee, C.H. Susceptibility to gold nanoparticle-induced hepatotoxicity is enhanced in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Toxicology 2012, 294, 27-35.
133. Boonstra, A.; Woltman, A.M.; Janssen, H.L. Immunology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2008, 22, 1049-1061.
134. Guidotti, L. Pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 2003, 17, 115.
135. Lee, W.M. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349, 474-485.
136. Shaw, J.; Sicree, R.; Zimmet, P. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2010, 87, 4-14.
137. Seidell, J.C. Epidemiology of obesity. In Seminars in Vascular Medicine, 2005; Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2005; pp. 3-14.
138. Fratiglioni, L.; Winblad, B.; von Strauss, E. Prevention of alzheimer's disease and dementia. major findings from the kungsholmen project. Physiol. Behav. 2007, 92, 98-104.
139. Ferri, C.P.; Prince, M.; Brayne, C.; Brodaty, H.; Fratiglioni, L.; Ganguli, M.; Hall, K.; Hasegawa, K.; Hendrie, H.; Huang, Y. Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet 2006, 366, 2112-2117.
140. Liao, D.; Creason, J.; Shy, C.; Williams, R.; Watts, R.; Zweidinger, R. Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107, 521.
141. Creason, J.; Neas, L.; Walsh, D.; Williams, R.; Sheldon, L.; Liao, D.; Shy, C. Particulate matter and heart rate variability among elderly retirees: The Baltimore 1998 PM study. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2001, 11, 116.
142. Neupane, B.; Jerrett, M.; Burnett, R.T.; Marrie, T.; Arain, A.; Loeb, M. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of hospitalization with community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 181, 47-53.
143. Chen, Z.; Meng, H.; Xing, G.; Yuan, H.; Zhao, F.; Liu, R.; Chang, X.; Gao, X.; Wang, T.; Jia, G. Age-related differences in pulmonary and cardiovascular responses to SiO2 nanoparticle inhalation: Nanotoxicity has susceptible population. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 8985-8992.
144. Barandeh, F.; Nguyen, P.-L.; Kumar, R.; Iacobucci, G.J.; Kuznicki, M.L.; Kosterman, A.; Bergey, E.J.; Prasad, P.N.; Gunawardena, S. Organically modified silica nanoparticles are biocompatible and can be targeted to neurons in vivo. PLoS One 2012, 7, e29424.
145. Garcia-Bennett, A.E.; Kozhevnikova, M.; König, N.; Zhou, C.; Leao, R.; Knöpfel, T.; Pankratova, S.; Trolle, C.; Berezin, V.; Bock, E. Delivery of differentiation factors by mesoporous silica particles assists advanced differentiation of transplanted murine embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Transl. Med. 2013, 2, 906-915.
146. Beausejour, C.M.; Campisi, J. Ageing: Balancing regeneration and cancer. Nature 2006, 443, 404-405.
147. Klotz, U. Pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism in the elderly. Drug Metab. Rev. 2009, 41, 67-76.