The role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance

Insulin Resistance: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 167-181

  Guerrero Romero, Fernando ^a   Rodríguez Morán, Martha ^a  

^a INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL SEGURO SOCIAL   (Mexico)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895336280     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (110)

1. Haffner, SM; Valdez, RA; Hazuda, HP; Mitchell, BD; Morales, PA; Stern, MP. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes., 1992, 41, 715-722.
2. DeFronzo, RA. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and coronary artery disease: a complex metabolic web. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol., 1992, 20 (Suppl 11), S1-16.
3. Hunter, SJ; Garvey, WT. Insulin action and insulin resistance: diseases involving defects in insulin receptors, signal transduction, and the glucose transport effector system. Am J Med., 1998, 105, 331-345.
4. Cefalu, WT. Insulin resistance: cellular and clinical concepts. Exp Biol Med (Maywood)., 2001, 226: 13-26.
5. Bergman, RN; Ader, M; Huecking, K; Van Citters, G. Accurate assessment of -cell function. The hyperbolic correction. Diabetes., 2002, 51 (Suppl 1), S212-20.
6. Bergman, RN; Phillips, LS; Cobelli, C. Physiologic evaluation of factors controlling glucose tolerance in man: measurement of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell glucose sensitivity from the response to intravenous glucose. J Clin Invest., 1981, 68, 1456-1467.
7. Kahn, SE; Prigeon, RL; McCulloch, DK; Boyko, EJ; Bergman, RN; Schwartz, MW; Neifing, JL; Ward, WK; Beard, JC; Palmer, JP. Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in human subjects: evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes., 1993, 42, 1663-1672.
8. Weyer, Ch; Bogardus, C; Mott, DM; Pratley, RE. The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest., 1999, 104, 787-794.
9. Kahn, SE. The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia., 2003, 46, 3-19.
10. Lillioja, S; Mott, DM; Spraul, M; Ferraro, R; Foley, JE; Ravussin, E; Knowler, WC; Bennett, PH; Bogardus, C. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N Engl J Med., 1993, 329, 1988-1992.
11. Cavaghan, MK; Ehrmann, DA; Polonsky, K. Interactions between insulin resistance and insulin secretion in the development of glucose intolerance. J Clin Invest., 2000, 106, 329-333.
12. Guerrero, F; Rodríguez, M. Assessing progression to impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest., 2006, 36, 796-802.
13. Buchanan, TA; Xiang, AH; Peters, RK; Kjos, SL; Marroquin, A; Goico, J; Ochoa, C; Tan, S; Berkowitz, K; Hodis, HN; Azen, SP: Preservation of pancreatic β-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women. Diabetes., 2002, 51, 2796-2803.
14. Rodríguez-Morán, M; Guerrero-Romero, F. Hyperinsulinemia in healthy children and adolescents with a positive family history for Type 2 Diabetes. Pediatrics., 2006, 10.1542/peds.2006-0845.
15. Guerrero-Romero, F; Rodríguez-Morán, M; González-Ortiz, M; Martínez-Abundis, E. Early decrease of the percent HOMA beta-cell function is independently related to family history of diabetes in non-obese healthy young individuals Diabetes Metab 2005, 31, 382-386.
16. Guerrero-Romero, F; Rodríguez-Morán, M; González-Ortiz, M; Martínez-Abundis, E. Insulin action and secretion in healthy Hispanic-Mexican first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest., 2001, 24, 580-586.
17. Lopez Martinez, J; Sanchez Castilla, M; Garcia de Lorenzo y Mateos, A; Culebras Fernandez, JM. Magnesium: metabolism and requirements. Nutr Hosp., 1997, 12, 4.
18. Paolisso, G; Scheen, A; D'Onofrio, F; Lefèbvre, P. Magnesium and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia., 1990, 33, 511-514.
19. Paolisso, G; Barbagallo, M. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance: the role of intracellular magnesium. Am J Hypertens., 1997, 10, 346-355.
20. Resnick, LM. Ionic basis of hypertension, insulin resistance, vascular disease, and related disorders. The mechanism of ''syndrome X''. Am J Hypertens., 1993, 6, 123S-134S.
21. Guerrero-Romero, F; Rodríguez-Morán, M. Arch Med Res. Complementary therapies for diabetes: the case for chromium, magnesium, and antioxidants. Arch Med Res., 2005, 36, 250-257.
22. Yajnik, CS; Smith, RF; Hockaday, TDR; Ward, NI. Fasting plasma magnesium concentrations and glucose disposal in diabetes. Br Med J., (Clin Res Ed) 1984, 288, 1032-1034.
23. Paolisso, G; Sgambato, S; Giuglinao, D; Torella, R; Varicchio, M; Scheen, AJ; D'Onofrio, F; Lefebvre, PJ. Impaired insulin mediated erythrocyte magnesium accumulation is correlated to impaired insulin-mediated glucose disposal in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1988; 31, 910-915.
24. Dzurik, R; Stefikova, K; Spustova, V; Fetkovska, N. The role of magnesium deficiency in insulin resistance: an in vitro study. J Hypertens., 1991, 9, S312-S313.
25. Guerrero-Romero, F; Rodríguez-Morán, M. Relationship between serum magnesium levels and C-reactive protein concentration, in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive obese subjects. Int Obes Relat Metab Disord., 2002, 26, 469-474.
26. Rosolova, H; Mayer O, Jr; Reaven, G. Effect of variations in plasma magnesium concentration on resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal in nondiabetic subjects. J Endocrinol Metab., 1997, 82, 3783-3785.
27. Lefebvre, PJ; Paolisso, G; Scheen, AJ. Magnesium and glucose metabolism. Therapie., 1994, 49, 1-7.
28. Sheehan, JP. Magnesium deficiency and diabetes mellitus. Magnes Trace Elem., 1991, 10, 215-219.
29. Mitrakou, A; Kelley, D; Veneman, T; Jenssen, T; Pangburn, T; Reilly, J; Gerich, J. Contribution of abnormal muscle and liver glucose metabolism to postprandial hyperglycemia in NIDDM. Diabetes., 1990, 39, 1381-1390.
30. Ferrannini, E; Bjorkman, O; Reichard, GA; Jr; Pilo, A; Olsson, M; Wahren, J; DeFronzo, RA. The disposal of an oral glucose load in healthy subjects. A quantitative study. Diabetes., 1985, 34, 580-588.
31. Hanley, AJ; Karter, AJ; Williams, K; Festa, A; D'Agostino, RB; Jr; Wagenknecht, LE; Haffner, SM. Prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus with alternative definitions of the metabolic syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation., 2005, 112, 3713-3721.
32. Sattar, N; Gaw, A; Scherbakova, O; Ford, I; O'Reilly, DS; Haffner, SM; Isles, C; Macfarlane, PW; Packard, CJ; Cobbe, SM; Shepherd, J. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation., 2003, 108, 414-419.
33. Wang, J; Ruotsalainen, S; Moilanen, L; Lepistö, P; Laakso, M; Kuusisto, J. The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular mortality: a 13-year follow-up study in elderly non-diabetic Finns. Eur Heart J., 2007, 28, 857-864.
34. Pickup, JC. Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care., 2004, 27, 813-823.
35. Ford, ES. Body mass index, diabetes, and C-reactive protein among US adults. Diabetes., 1999, 22, 1971-1977.
36. Yudkin, JS; Stehouwer, CDA; Emeis, JJ; Coppack, SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: association with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from the adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol., 1999, 19, 972-978.
37. Visser, M; Bouter, LM; McQuillan, GM; Wener, MH; Harris, TB. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA., 1999, 282, 2131-2135.
38. Weyer, C; Yudkin, JS; Stehouwer, CD; Schalkwijk, CG; Pratley, RE; Tataranni, PA. Humoral markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in relation to adiposity and in vivo insulin action in Pima Indians. Atherosclerosis., 2002, 161, 233-242.
39. Fröhlich, M; Imhof, A; Berg, G; Hutchinson, WL; Pepys, MB; Boeing, H; Muche, R; Brenner, H; Koenig, W. Association between C-reactive protein and features of the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care., 2000, 23, 1835-1839.
40. Müller, S; Martin, S; Koenig, W; Hanifi-Moghaddam, P; Rathmann, W; Haastert, B; Giani, G; Illig, T; Thorand, B; Kolb, H. Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased serum concentrations of interleukin 6 and co-regulated acute-phase proteins but not TNF-α or its receptors. Diabetologia., 2002, 45, 805-812.
41. Temelkova-Kurktschiev, T; Siegert, G; Bergmann, S; Henkel, E; Koehler, C; Jaross, W; Hanefield, M. Subclinical inflammation is strongly related to insulin resistance but not insulin secretion in a high risk population for diabetes. Metabolism., 2002, 51, 743.
42. Temelkova-Kurktschiev, T; Henkel, E; Koehler, C; Karrei, K; Hanefield, M. Subclinical inflammation in newly detected type II diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia., 2002, 45, 151.
43. Gabay, C; Kushner, I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med., 1999, 340, 448-454.
44. Campos, SP; Baumann, H. Insulin is a prominent modulator of the cytokine-stimulated expression of acute-phase plasma protein genes. Mol Cell Biol., 1992, 12, 1789-1797.
45. Fernández-Real, JM; Ricart, W. Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome. Endocr Rev., 2003, 24, 278-301.
46. Festa, A; D'Agostino, R; Jr; Tracy, RP; Haffner, SM. Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes., 2002, 51, 1131-1137.
47. Grimble, RF. Inflammatory status and insulin resistance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care., 2002, 5, 551-559.
48. Syed, MA; Barinas-Mitchell, E; Pietropaolo, SL; Zhang, YJ; Henderson, TS; Kelley, DE; Korytkowski, MT; Donahue, RP; Tracy, RP; Trucco, M; Kuller, LH; Pietropaol, M. Is type 2 diabetes a chronic inflammatory/autoimmune disease? Diabetes Nutr Metab., 2002, 15, 68-83.
49. Kadoglou, NP; Iliadis, F; Angelopoulou, N; Perrea, D; Ampatzidis, G; Liapis, CD; Alevizos, M. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil., 2007, 14, 837-843.
50. Zaciragić, A; Huskić, J; Hadzović-Dzuvo, A; Valjevac, A; Avdagić, N; Mulabegović, N. Serum C-reactive protein concentration and measures of adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bosn J Basic Med Sci., 2007, 7, 322-327.
51. Arnalich, F; Hernanz, A; López-Maderuelo, D; Peña, JM; Camacho, J; Madero, R; Vázquez, JJ; Montiel, C. Enhanced acute-phase response and oxidative stress in older adults with type II diabetes. Horm Metab Res., 2000, 32, 407-412.
52. Pickup, JC; Crook, MA. Is type II diabetes mellitus a disease of the innate immune system? Diabetologia., 1998, 41, 1241-1248.
53. Pickup, JC; Chusney, GD; Thomas, SM; Burt, D. Plasma interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha and blood cytokine production in type 2 diabetes. Life Sci., 2000, 67, 291-300.
54. Pickup, JC; Mattock, MB; Chusney, GD; Burt, D. NIDDM as a disease of the innate immune system: association of acute-phase reactants and interleukin-6 with metabolic syndrome X. Diabetologia., 1997, 40, 1286-1292.
55. Das, UN. Is insulin an antiinflammatory molecule? Nutrition., 2001, 17, 409-413.
56. Dandona, P; Aljada, A; Mohanty, P. The anti-inflammatory and potential anti-atherogenic effect of insulin: a new paradigm. Diabetologia., 2002, 45, 924-930.
57. White, MF. The IRS-1 signaling system. Curr Opin Genet Dev., 1994, 4, 47-54.
58. White, MF; Kahn, CR. The insulin signaling system. J Biol Chem., 1994, 269, 1-4.
59. Chang, PY; Le Marchand-Brustel, Y; Cheatham, LA; Moller, DE. Insulin stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, p90rsk, and p70 S6 kinase in skeletal muscle of normal and insulin-resistant mice. Implications for the regulation of glycogen synthase. J Biol Chem., 1995, 270, 29928-29935.
60. Cheatham, B; Kahn, CR. Insulin action and the insulin signaling network. Endocr Rev., 1995, 16, 117-142.
61. Sun, XJ; Rothenberg, P; Kahn, CR; Backer, JM; Araki, E; Wilden, PA; Cahill, DA; Goldstein, BJ; White, MF. Structure of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-1 defines a unique signal transduction protein. Nature., 1991, 352, 73-77.
62. Renard, E; Grigorescu, F; Lavabre, C; Kahn, CR. Insulin-dependent phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activity co-precipitates with insulin receptor in human circulating mononuclear cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 1995, 209, 234-241.
63. Le Marchand-Brustel, Y; Tanti, JF; Cormont, M; Ricort, JM; Grémeaux, T; Grillo, S. From insulin receptor signalling to Glut 4 translocation abnormalities in obesity and insulin resistance. J Recept Signal Transduct Res., 1999, 19, 217-228.
64. Tanti, JF; Grillo, S; Grémeaux, T; Coffer, PJ; Van Obberghen, E; Le Marchand-Brustel, Y. Potential role of protein kinase B in glucose transporter 4 translocation in adipocytes. Endocrinology., 1997, 138, 2005-2010.
65. Ricort, JM; Tanti, JF; Van Obberghen, E; Le Marchand-Brustel, Y. Alterations in insulin signalling pathway induced by prolonged insulin treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia., 1995, 38, 1148-1156.
66. Touyz, RM. Transient receptor potential melastatin 6 and 7 channels, magnesium transport, and vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol., 2008, 294, H1103-1118.
67. Grubbs, RD; Maguire, ME. Magnesium as a regulatory cation: criteria and evaluation. Magnesium., 1987, 6, 113-127.
68. Reinhart, RA. Magnesium metabolism. A review with special reference to the relationship between intracellular content and serum levels. Arch Intern Med., 1988, 148, 2415-2420.
69. Wolf, FI; Cittadini, A. Chemistry and biochemistry of magnesium. Mol Aspects Med., 2003, 24, 3-9.
70. Di Francesco, A; Desnoyer, RW; Covacci, V; Wolf, FI; Romani, A; Cittadini, A; Bond, M. Changes in magnesium content and subcellular distribution during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of HL60 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys., 1998, 360, 149-157.
71. Saris, NE; Mervaala, E; Karppanen, H; Khawaja, JA; Lewenstam, A. Magnesium. An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Clin Chim Acta., 2000, 294, 1-26.
72. Grafton, G; Bunce, CM; Sheppard, MC; Brown, G; Baxter, MA. Effect of Mg2+ on Na(+)-dependent inositol transport. Role for Mg2+ in etiology of diabetic complications. Diabetes., 1992, 41, 35.
73. Katircioglu, SF; Ulus, AT; Saritas, Z; Gökce, P. Effects of ATP-MgCl2 administration in hypovolemic dogs. Panminerva Med., 1999, 41, 323-330.
74. Shils, ME. Experimental production of magnesium deficiency in man. Ann N Y Acad Sci., 1969, 162, 847-855.
75. Huerta, MG; Roemmich, JN; Kington, ML; Bovbjerg, VE; Weltman, AL; Holmes, VF; Patrie, JT; Rogol, AD; Nadler, JL. Magnesium deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in obese children. Diabetes Care., 2005, 28, 1175-1181.
76. Guerrero-Romero, F; Rodríguez-Morán, M. Low serum Magnesium levels and Metabolic Syndrome. Acta Diabetológica., 2002, 39, 209-213.
77. Rosolová, H; Mayer, O; Jr; Reaven, GM. Insulin-mediated glucose disposal is decreased in normal subjects with relatively low plasma magnesium concentrations. Metabolism., 2000, 49, 418-420.
78. Kao, WHL; Folsom, AR; Nieto, JF; Mo; JP; Watson, RL; Brancati, FL. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med., 1999, 159, 2151-2159.
79. Rumawas, ME; McKeown, NM; Rogers, G; Meigs, JB; Wilson, PW; Jacques, PF. Magnesium intake is related to improved insulin homeostasis in the framingham offspring cohort. J Am Coll Nutr., 2006, 25, 486-492.
80. Lopez-Ridaura, R; Willett, WC; Rimm, EB; Liu, S; Stampfer, MJ; Manson, JE; Hu, FB. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care., 2004, 27, 134-140.
81. Ma, J; Folsom, AR; Melnick, SL; Eckfeldt, JH; Sharrett, AR; Nabulsi, AA; Hutchinson, RG; Metcalf, PA. Associations of serum and dietary magnesium with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, insulin, and carotid arterial wall thickness: the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Clin Epidemiol., 1995, 48, 927-940.
82. Rodriguez-Moran, M; Guerrero-Romero, F. Oral Magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in Type 2 diabetic subjects. A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Diabetes Care., 2003, 26, 1147-1152.
83. Paolisso, G; Sgambato, S; Gambardella, A; Pizza, G; Tesauro, P; Varricchio, M; D'Onofrio, F. Daily magnesium supplements improve glucose handling in elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr., 1992, 55, 1161-1167.
84. Guerrero-Romero, F; Tamez-Perez, HE; González-González, G; Salinas-Martínez, AM; Montes-Villarreal, J; Treviño-Ortiz, JH; Rodríguez-Morán, M. Oral Magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Diabetes Metab., 2004, 30, 253-258.
85. Yokota, K; Kato, M; Lister, F; Ii H; Hayakawa, T; Kikuta, T; Kageyama, S; Tajima, N. Clinical efficacy of magnesium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr., 2004, 23, 506S-509S.
86. Paoliso, G; Scheen, A; Cozzolino, D; Di Maro, G; Varricchio, M; D'Onofrio, F; Lefebvre, PJ. Changes in glucose turnover parameters and improvement of glucose oxidation after 4-week magnesium administration in elderly noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 1994, 78, 1510-1514.
87. Takaya, J; Higashino, H; Kobayashi, Y. Intracellular magnesium and insulin resistance. Magnes Res., 2004, 17, 126-136.
88. Weglicki, WB; Mak, IT; Kramer, JH; Dickens, BF; Cassidy, MM; Stafford, RE; Philips, TM. Role of free radicals and substance P in magnesium deficiency. Cardiovasc Res., 1996, 31, 677-682.
89. Weglicki, WB; Phillips, TM; Freedman, AM; Cassidy, MM; Dickens, BF. Magnesium-deficiency elevates circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and endothelin. Mol Cell Biochem., 1992, 110, 169-173.
90. Weglicki, WB; Phillips, TM. Pathobiology of magnesium deficiency: a cytokine/neurogenic inflammation hypothesis. Am J Physiol., 1992, 263 (3 Pt 2), R734-737.
91. Rodriguez-Morán, M; Guerrero-Romero, F. Elevated concentrations of TNF-alpha are related to low serum magnesium levels in obese subjects. Magnes Res., 2004, 17, 189-196.
92. Guerrero-Romero, F; Rodriguez-Moran, M. Hypomagnesemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res., 2006, 22, 471-476.
93. Song, Y; Ridker, PM; Manson, JE; Cook, NR; Buring, JE; Liu, S. Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women, Diabetes Care., 2005, 28, 1438-1444.
94. Qi, L; Rimm, E; Liu, S; Rifai, N; Hu, FB. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, cereal fiber, and plasma adiponectin concentration in diabetic men. Diabetes Care., 2005, 28, 1022-1028.
95. King, DE; Mainous, AG; 3rd; Geesey, ME; Ellis, T. Magnesium intake and serum C-reactive protein levels in children. Magnes Res., 2007, 20, 32-36.
96. Malpuech-Brugère, C; Nowacki, W; Rock, E; Gueux, E; Mazur, A; Rayssiguier, Y. Enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production following endotoxin challenge in rats is an early event during magnesium deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta., 1999, 1453, 35-40.
97. Malpuech-Brugère, C; Rock, E; Astier, C; Nowacki, W; Mazur, A; Rayssiguier, Y. Exacerbated immune stress response during experimental magnesium deficiency results from abnormal cell calcium homeostasis. Life Sci., 1998, 63, 1815-1822.
98. Kramer, JH; Spurney, C; Iantorno, M; Tziros, C; Mak, IT; Tejero-Taldo, MI; Chmielinska, JJ; Komarov, AM; Weglicki, WB. Neurogenic Inflammation and Cardiac Dysfunction Due to Hypomagnesemia. Am J Med Sci., 2009, 338, 22-27.
99. Weglicki, WB; Mak, IT; Stafford, RE; Dickens, BF; Cassidy, MM; Phillips, TM. Neurogenic peptides and the cardiomyopathy of magnesium-deficiency, effects of substance P-receptor inhibition. Mol Cell Biochem., 1994, 130, 103-109.
100. Weglicki, WB; Mak, IT; Phillips, TM. Blockade of cardiac inflammation in Mg2+ deficiency by substance P receptor inhibition. Circ Res., 1994, 74, 1009-1013.
101. Weglicki, WB; Phillips, TM; Mak, IT; Cassidy, MM; Dickens, BF; Stafford, R; Kramer, JH. Cytokines, neuropeptides, and reperfusion injury during magnesium deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci., 1994, 723, 246-257.
102. Fortpied, J; Maliekal, P; Vertommen, D; Van Schaftingen, E. Magnesium-dependent phosphatase-1 is a protein-fructosamine-6-phosphatase potentially involved in glycation repair. J Biol Chem., 2006, 281, 18378-18385.
103. Konrad, M; Weber, S. Recent advances in molecular genetics of hereditary magnesium-losing disorders. J Am Soc Nephrol., 2003, 14, 249-260.
104. Rubin, H. The logic of the Membrane, Magnesium, Mitosis (MMM) model for the regulation of animal cell proliferation. Arch Biochem Biophys., 2007, 458, 16-23.
105. Penner, R; Fleig, A. The Mg2+ and Mg(2+)-nucleotide-regulated channel-kinase TRPM7. Handb Exp Pharmacol., 2007, 179, 313-328.
106. Suárez, A; Pulido, N; Casla, A; Casanova, B; Arrieta, FJ; Rovira, A. Impaired tyrosine-kinase activity of muscle insulin receptors from hypomagnesaemic rats. Diabetologia., 1995, 38, 1262-1270.
107. Reis, MA; Reyes, FG; Saad, MJ; Velloso, LA. Magnesium deficiency modulates the insulin signaling pathway in liver but not muscle of rats. J Nutr., 2000, 130, 133-138.
108. Viñals, F; Camps, M; Testar, X; Palacín, M; Zorzano, A. Effect of cations on the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor: inhibition by fluoride is magnesium dependent. Mol Cell Biochem., 1997, 171, 69-73.
109. Paxton, R; Ye, L. Regulation of heart insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity by magnesium and spermine. Mol Cell Biochem., 2005, 277, 7-17.
110. Wells, IC. Evidence that the etiology of the syndrome containing type 2 diabetes mellitus results from abnormal magnesium metabolism. Can J Physiol Pharmacol., 2008; 86, 16-24.