Predicting response to endovascular therapies: Dissecting the roles of local lesion complexity, systemic comorbidity, and clinical uncertainty

Journal of Biomechanics

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 908-921

  Kolandaivelu, Kumaran ^a,b   Leiden, Benjamin B ^a   Edelman, Elazer R ^a,b  

^a Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Computational modeling; Coronary stent; Prediction

Indexed keywords

BIOMECHANICS; BIOPHYSICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FORECASTING; IMAGING TECHNIQUES; PATIENT TREATMENT;

ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS; COMPUTATIONAL MODEL; COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS; CORONARY STENTS; ENDOVASCULAR STENTING; ENDOVASCULAR STENTS; MECHANICAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES; STATISTICAL APPROACH;

STENTS;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BIOPHYSICS; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD FLOW; CELL DAMAGE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CONGENITAL BLOOD VESSEL MALFORMATION; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ENDOTHELIUM INJURY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HEMODYNAMIC STRESS; MEDICAL DEVICE COMPLICATION; MODEL; NEOINTIMA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SHEAR STRESS; SIMULATION; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STENT MALAPPOSITION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VASCULAR STENT; WALL STRESS;

BIOMECHANICS; COMPUTATIONAL MODELING; CORONARY STENT; PREDICTION;

ANIMALS; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES; HUMANS; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; STENTS; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 84894680925     PISSN: 00219290     EISSN: 18732380     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.01.006     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. A.D.A.M., 2013. Coronary artery balloon angioplasty - series - procedure, part 4.
2. Achenbach S. Anatomy meets function. Modeling coronary flow reserve on the basis of coronary computed tomography angiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011, 58:1998-2000.
3. Ando J., Yamamoto K. Vascular mechanobiology: endothelial cell responses to fluid shear stress. Circ. J. 2009, 73:1983-1992.
4. Baker A.B., Gibson W.J., Kolachalama V.B., Golomb M., Indolfi L., Spruell C., Zcharia E., Vlodavsky I., Edelman E.R. Heparanase regulates thrombosis in vascular injury and stent-induced flow disturbance. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012, 59:1551-1560.
5. Balakrishnan B., Tzafriri A.R., Seifert P., Groothuis A., Rogers C., Edelman E.R. Strut position, blood flow, and drug deposition: Implications for single and overlapping drug-eluting stents. Circulation 2005, 111:2958-2965.
6. Balcells M., Martorell J., Olive C., Santacana M., Chitalia V., Cardoso A.A., Edelman E.R. Smooth muscle cells orchestrate the endothelial cell response to flow and injury. Circulation 2010, 121:2192-2199.
7. Basmadjian D. The effect of flow and mass transport in thrombogenesis. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 1990, 18:685-709.
8. Berry J.L., Santamarina A., Moore J.E., Roychowdhury S., Routh W.D. Experimental and computational flow evaluation of coronary stents. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2000, 28:386-398.
9. Boden W.E., O'Rourke R.A., Teo K.K., Hartigan P.M., Maron D.J., Kostuk W.J., Knudtson M., Dada M., Casperson P., Harris C.L., Chaitman B.R., Shaw L., Gosselin G., Nawaz S., Title L.M., Gau G., Blaustein A.S., Booth D.C., Bates E.R., Spertus J.A., Berman D.S., Mancini G.B., Weintraub W.S. Optimal medical therapy with or without pci for stable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 356:1503-1516.
10. Carlier S.G., van Damme L.C., Blommerde C.P., Wentzel J.J., van Langehove G., Verheye S., Kockx M.M., Knaapen M.W., Cheng C., Gijsen F., Duncker D.J., Stergiopulos N., Slager C.J., Serruys P.W., Krams R. Augmentation of wall shear stress inhibits neointimal hyperplasia after stent implantation: Inhibition through reduction of inflammation?. Circulation 2003, 107:2741-2746.
11. Charonko J., Karri S., Schmieg J., Prabhu S., Vlachos P. In vitro comparison of the effect of stent configuration on wall shear stress using time-resolved particle image velocimetry. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2010, 38:889-902.
12. Chatzizisis Y.S., Coskun A.U., Jonas M., Edelman E.R., Feldman C.L., Stone P.H. Role of endothelial shear stress in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling: Molecular, cellular, and vascular behavior. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007, 49:2379-2393.
13. Chen H.Y., Hermiller J., Sinha A.K., Sturek M., Zhu L., Kassab G.S. Effects of stent sizing on endothelial and vessel wall stress: Potential mechanisms for in-stent restenosis. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009, 106:1686-1691.
14. Chen H.Y., Koo B.K., Bhatt D.L., Kassab G.S. Impact of stent mis-sizing and mis-positioning on coronary fluid wall shear and intramural stress. J. Appl. Physiol. 2013.
15. Chitalia V.C., Shivanna S., Martorell J., Balcells M., Bosch I., Kolandaivelu K., Edelman E.R. Uremic serum and solutes increase post-vascular interventional thrombotic risk through altered stability of smooth muscle cell tissue factor. Circulation 2013, 127:365-376.
16. Chiu J.J., Chien S. Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: Pathophysiological basis and clinical perspectives. Physiol. Rev. 2011, 91:327-387.
17. Colombo A., Moses J.W., Morice M.C., Ludwig J., Holmes D.R., Spanos V., Louvard Y., Desmedt B., Di Mario C., Leon M.B. Randomized study to evaluate sirolimus-eluting stents implanted at coronary bifurcation lesions. Circulation 2004, 109:1244-1249.
18. Cook S., Wenaweser P., Togni M., Billinger M., Morger C., Seiler C., Vogel R., Hess O., Meier B., Windecker S. Incomplete stent apposition and very late stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation. Circulation 2007, 115:2426-2434.
19. Cook S., Ladich E., Nakazawa G., Eshtehardi P., Neidhart M., Vogel R., Togni M., Wenaweser P., Billinger M., Seiler C., Gay S., Meier B., Pichler W.J., Juni P., Virmani R., Windecker S. Correlation of intravascular ultrasound findings with histopathological analysis of thrombus aspirates in patients with very late drug-eluting stent thrombosis. Circulation 2009, 120:391-399.
20. Costa M.A., Angiolillo D.J., Tannenbaum M., Driesman M., Chu A., Patterson J., Kuehl W., Battaglia J., Dabbons S., Shamoon F., Flieshman B., Niederman A., Bass T.A. Impact of stent deployment procedural factors on long-term effectiveness and safety of sirolimus-eluting stents (final results of the multicenter prospective stllr trial). Am. J. Cardiol. 2008, 101:1704-1711.
21. Dai G., Kaazempur-Mofrad M.R., Natarajan S., Zhang Y., Vaughn S., Blackman B.R., Kamm R.D., Garcia-Cardena G., Gimbrone M.A. Distinct endothelial phenotypes evoked by arterial waveforms derived from atherosclerosis-susceptible and -resistant regions of human vasculature. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:14871-14876.
22. De Bruyne B., Pijls N.H., Kalesan B., Barbato E., Tonino P.A., Piroth Z., Jagic N., Mobius-Winkler S., Rioufol G., Witt N., Kala P., MacCarthy P., Engstrom T., Oldroyd K.G., Mavromatis K., Manoharan G., Verlee P., Frobert O., Curzen N., Johnson J.B., Juni P., Fearon W.F. Fractional flow reserve-guided pci versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367:991-1001.
23. Duraiswamy N., Jayachandran B., Byrne J., Moore J.E., Schoephoerster R.T. Spatial distribution of platelet deposition in stented arterial models under physiologic flow. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2005, 33:1767-1777.
24. Duraiswamy N., Schoephoerster R.T., Moreno M.R., Moore J.E. Stented artery flow patterns and their effects of the artery wall. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2007, 39.
25. Duraiswamy N., Cesar J.M., Schoephoerster R.T., Moore J.E. Effects of stent geometry on local flow dynamics and resulting platelet deposition in an in vitro model. Biorheology 2008, 45:547-561.
26. Duraiswamy N., Schoephoerster R.T., Moore J.E. Comparison of near-wall hemodynamic parameters in stented artery models. J. Biomech. Eng. 2009, 131:061006.
27. Edelman E.R., Rogers C. Pathobiologic responses to stenting. Am. J. Cardiol. 1998, 81:4E-6E.
28. Farb A., Weber D.K., Kolodgie F.D., Burke A.P., Virmani R. Morphological predictors of restenosis after coronary stenting in humans. Circulation 2002, 105:2974-2980.
29. Farooq V., Brugaletta S., Serruys P.W. Contemporary and evolving risk scoring algorithms for percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart 2011, 97:1902-1913.
30. Farooq V., van Klaveren D., Steyerberg E.W., Meliga E., Vergouwe Y., Chieffo A., Kappetein A.P., Colombo A., Holmes D.R., Mack M., Feldman T., Morice M.C., Stahle E., Onuma Y., Morel M.A., Garcia-Garcia H.M., van Es G.A., Dawkins K.D., Mohr F.W., Serruys P.W. Anatomical and clinical characteristics to guide decision making between coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention for individual patients: development and validation of syntax score ii. Lancet 2013, 381:639-650.
31. Finn A.V., Kolodgie F.D., Harnek J., Guerrero L.J., Acampado E., Tefera K., Skorija K., Weber D.K., Gold H.K., Virmani R. Differential response of delayed healing and persistent inflammation at sites of overlapping sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stents. Circulation 2005, 112:270-278.
32. Fischman D.L., Leon M.B., Baim D.S., Schatz R.A., Savage M.P., Penn I., Detre K., Veltri L., Ricci D., Nobuyoshi M., et al. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent restenosis study investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331:496-501.
33. Flamm M.H., Diamond S.L. Multiscale systems biology and physics of thrombosis under flow. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2012, 40:2355-2364.
34. Frye R.L., August P., Brooks M.M., Hardison R.M., Kelsey S.F., MacGregor J.M., Orchard T.J., Chaitman B.R., Genuth S.M., Goldberg S.H., Hlatky M.A., Jones T.L., Molitch M.E., Nesto R.W., Sako E.Y., Sobel B.E.A. randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360:2503-2515.
35. Furie B., Furie B.C. Molecular and cellular biology of blood coagulation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992, 326:800-806.
36. Gastaldi D., Morlacchi S., Nichetti R., Capelli C., Dubini G., Petrini L., Migliavacca F. Modelling of the provisional side-branch stenting approach for the treatment of atherosclerotic coronary bifurcations: Effects of stent positioning. Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. 2010, 9:551-561.
37. Giantsos-Adams K.M., Koo A.J., Song S., Sakai J., Sankaran J., Shin J.H., Garcia-Cardena G., Dewey C.F. Heparan sulfate regrowth profiles under laminar shear flow following enzymatic degradation. Cell Mol. Bioeng. 2013, 6:160-174.
38. Gibson C.M., Kirtane A.J., Boundy K., Ly H., Karmpaliotis D., Murphy S.A., Giugliano R.P., Cannon C.P., Antman E.M., Braunwald E. Association of a negative residual stenosis following rescue/adjunctive percutaneous coronary intervention with impaired myocardial perfusion and adverse outcomes among st-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005, 45:357-362.
39. Gijsen F.J., Oortman R.M., Wentzel J.J., Schuurbiers J.C., Tanabe K., Degertekin M., Ligthart J.M., Thury A., de Feyter P.J., Serruys P.W., Slager C.J. Usefulness of shear stress pattern in predicting neointima distribution in sirolimus-eluting stents in coronary arteries. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003, 92:1325-1328.
40. Gimbrone M.A., Garcia-Cardena G. Vascular endothelium, hemodynamics, and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2013, 22:9-15.
41. Gundert T.J., Shadden S.C., Williams A.R., Koo B.K., Feinstein J.A., Ladisa J.F. A rapid and computationally inexpensive method to virtually implant current and next-generation stents into subject-specific computational fluid dynamics models. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2011, 39:1423-1437.
42. Gyongyosi M., Yang P., Khorsand A., Glogar D. Longitudinal straightening effect of stents is an additional predictor for major adverse cardiac events. Austrian wiktor stent study group and european paragon stent investigators. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000, 35:1580-1589.
43. Hassan A.K., Bergheanu S.C., Stijnen T., van der Hoeven B.L., Snoep J.D., Plevier J.W., Schalij M.J., Wouter Jukema J. Late stent malapposition risk is higher after drug-eluting stent compared with bare-metal stent implantation and associates with late stent thrombosis. Eur. Heart J. 2010, 31:1172-1180.
44. Hildick-Smith D., de Belder A.J., Cooter N., Curzen N.P., Clayton T.C., Oldroyd K.G., Bennett L., Holmberg S., Cotton J.M., Glennon P.E., Thomas M.R., Maccarthy P.A., Baumbach A., Mulvihill N.T., Henderson R.A., Redwood S.R., Starkey I.R., Stables R.H. Randomized trial of simple versus complex drug-eluting stenting for bifurcation lesions: The british bifurcation coronary study: Old, new, and evolving strategies. Circulation 2010, 121:1235-1243.
45. Holzapfel G.A., Stadler M., Schulze-Bauer C.A. A layer-specific three-dimensional model for the simulation of balloon angioplasty using magnetic resonance imaging and mechanical testing. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2002, 30:753-767.
46. Holzapfel G.A., Stadler M., Gasser T.C. Changes in the mechanical environment of stenotic arteries during interaction with stents: Computational assessment of parametric stent designs. J. Biomech. Eng. 2005, 127:166-180.
47. Humphrey J.D. Vascular adaptation and mechanical homeostasis at tissue, cellular, and sub-cellular levels. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2008, 50:53-78.
48. Hwang C.W., Wu D., Edelman E.R. Physiological transport forces govern drug distribution for stent-based delivery. Circulation 2001, 104:600-605.
49. Jimenez J.M., Davies P.F. Hemodynamically driven stent strut design. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2009, 37:1483-1494.
50. Kastrati A., Mehilli J., Dirschinger J., Pache J., Ulm K., Schuhlen H., Seyfarth M., Schmitt C., Blasini R., Neumann F.J., Schomig A. Restenosis after coronary placement of various stent types. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001, 87:34-39.
51. Kastrati A., Mehilli J., Dirschinger J., Dotzer F., Schuhlen H., Neumann F.J., Fleckenstein M., Pfafferott C., Seyfarth M., Schomig A. Intracoronary stenting and angiographic results: Strut thickness effect on restenosis outcome (isar-stereo) trial. Circulation 2001, 103:2816-2821.
52. Kern M.J., Moore J.A., Aguirre F.V., Bach R.G., Caracciolo E.A., Wolford T., Khoury A.F., Mechem C., Donohue T.J. Determination of angiographic (timi grade) blood flow by intracoronary doppler flow velocity during acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996, 94:1545-1552.
53. Kiousis D.E., Wulff A.R., Holzapfel G.A. Experimental studies and numerical analysis of the inflation and interaction of vascular balloon catheter-stent systems. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2009, 37:315-330.
54. Kobayashi Y., De Gregorio J., Kobayashi N., Akiyama T., Reimers B., Finci L., Di Mario C., Colombo A. Stented segment length as an independent predictor of restenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1999, 34:651-659.
55. Kolachalama V.B., Bressloff N.W., Nair P.B., Shearman C.P. Predictive haemodynamics in a one-dimensional human carotid artery bifurcation. Part i: Application to stent design. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2007, 54:802-812.
56. Kolandaivelu K., Bhatt D.L. Antiplatelet therapy in coronary heart disease prevention. Cardiol. Clin. 2011, 29:71-85.
57. Kolandaivelu K., Edelman E.R. Low background, pulsatile, in vitro flow circuit for modeling coronary implant thrombosis. J. Biomech. Eng. 2002, 124:662-668.
58. Kolandaivelu K., Edelman E.R. Environmental influences on endovascular stent platelet reactivity: An in vitro comparison of stainless steel and gold surfaces. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2004, 70:186-193.
59. Kolandaivelu K., Swaminathan R., Gibson W.J., Kolachalama V.B., Nguyen-Ehrenreich K.L., Giddings V.L., Coleman L., Wong G.K., Edelman E.R. Stent thrombogenicity early in high-risk interventional settings is driven by stent design and deployment and protected by polymer-drug coatings. Circulation 2011, 123:1400-1409.
60. Koo B.K., Erglis A., Doh J.H., Daniels D.V., Jegere S., Kim H.S., Dunning A., DeFrance T., Lansky A., Leipsic J., Min J.K. Diagnosis of ischemia-causing coronary stenoses by noninvasive fractional flow reserve computed from coronary computed tomographic angiograms. Results from the prospective multicenter discover-flow (diagnosis of ischemia-causing stenoses obtained via noninvasive fractional flow reserve) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011, 58:1989-1997.
61. Koskinas K.C., Chatzizisis Y.S., Antoniadis A.P., Giannoglou G.D. Role of endothelial shear stress in stent restenosis and thrombosis: Pathophysiologic mechanisms and implications for clinical translation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012, 59:1337-1349.
62. Krone R.J., Laskey W.K., Johnson C., Kimmel S.E., Klein L.W., Weiner B.H., Cosentino J.J., Johnson S.A., Babb J.D. A simplified lesion classification for predicting success and complications of coronary angioplasty. Registry committee of the society for cardiac angiography and intervention. Am. J. Cardiol. 2000, 85:1179-1184.
63. Law A.M., 2008. How to build valid and credible simulation models. In: Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Winter Simulation, WSC '08.
64. Lovich M.A., Philbrook M., Sawyer S., Weselcouch E., Edelman E.R. Arterial heparin deposition: Role of diffusion, convection, and extravascular space. Am. J. Physiol. 1998, 275:H2236-2242.
65. Marroquin O.C., Selzer F., Mulukutla S.R., Williams D.O., Vlachos H.A., Wilensky R.L., Tanguay J.F., Holper E.M., Abbott J.D., Lee J.S., Smith C., Anderson W.D., Kelsey S.F., Kip K.E. A comparison of bare-metal and drug-eluting stents for off-label indications. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:342-352.
66. Min J.K., Leipsic J., Pencina M.J., Berman D.S., Koo B.K., van Mieghem C., Erglis A., Lin F.Y., Dunning A.M., Apruzzese P., Budoff M.J., Cole J.H., Jaffer F.A., Leon M.B., Malpeso J., Mancini G.B., Park S.J., Schwartz R.S., Shaw L.J., Mauri L. Diagnostic accuracy of fractional flow reserve from anatomic ct angiography. JAMA 2012, 308:1237-1245.
67. Moliterno D.J. Restenosis following thin-strut bare-metal stents versus thick-strut drug-eluting stents. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 2007, 69:799-800.
68. Morice M.C., Colombo A., Meier B., Serruys P., Tamburino C., Guagliumi G., Sousa E., Stoll H.P. Sirolimus- vs paclitaxel-eluting stents in de novo coronary artery lesions: the reality trial: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006, 295:895-904.
69. Morlacchi S., Migliavacca F. Modeling stented coronary arteries: where we are, where to go. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2013, 41:1428-1444.
70. Morlacchi S., Keller B., Arcangeli P., Balzan M., Migliavacca F., Dubini G., Gunn J., Arnold N., Narracott A., Evans D., Lawford P. Hemodynamics and in-stent restenosis: micro-ct images, histology, and computer simulations. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2011, 39:2615-2626.
71. Morlacchi S., Chiastra C., Gastaldi D., Pennati G., Dubini G., Migliavacca F. Sequential structural and fluid dynamic numerical simulations of a stented bifurcated coronary artery. J. Biomech. Eng. 2011, 133:121010.
72. Moussa I., Di Mario C., Reimers B., Akiyama T., Tobis J., Colombo A. Subacute stent thrombosis in the era of intravascular ultrasound-guided coronary stenting without anticoagulation: Frequency, predictors and clinical outcome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1997, 29:6-12.
73. Nakazawa G., Finn A.V., Joner M., Ladich E., Kutys R., Mont E.K., Gold H.K., Burke A.P., Kolodgie F.D., Virmani R. Delayed arterial healing and increased late stent thrombosis at culprit sites after drug-eluting stent placement for acute myocardial infarction patients: An autopsy study. Circulation 2008, 118:1138-1145.
74. Nakazawa G., Yazdani S.K., Finn A.V., Vorpahl M., Kolodgie F.D., Virmani R. Pathological findings at bifurcation lesions: The impact of flow distribution on atherosclerosis and arterial healing after stent implantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 55:1679-1687.
75. Pache J., Kastrati A., Mehilli J., Schuhlen H., Dotzer F., Hausleiter J., Fleckenstein M., Neumann F.J., Sattelberger U., Schmitt C., Muller M., Dirschinger J., Schomig A. Intracoronary stenting and angiographic results: Strut thickness effect on restenosis outcome (isar-stereo-2) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003, 41:1283-1288.
76. Palumbo R., Gaetano C., Antonini A., Pompilio G., Bracco E., Ronnstrand L., Heldin C.H., Capogrossi M.C. Different effects of high and low shear stress on platelet-derived growth factor isoform release by endothelial cells: Consequences for smooth muscle cell migration. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2002, 22:405-411.
77. Pant S., Bressloff N.W., Forrester A.I., Curzen N. The influence of strut-connectors in stented vessels: a comparison of pulsatile flow through five coronary stents. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2010, 38:1893-1907.
78. Papafaklis M.I., Bourantas C.V., Theodorakis P.E., Katsouras C.S., Naka K.K., Fotiadis D.I., Michalis L.K. The effect of shear stress on neointimal response following sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stent implantation compared with bare-metal stents in humans. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 2010, 3:1181-1189.
79. Raber L., Juni P., Loffel L., Wandel S., Cook S., Wenaweser P., Togni M., Vogel R., Seiler C., Eberli F., Luscher T., Meier B., Windecker S. Impact of stent overlap on angiographic and long-term clinical outcome in patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 55:1178-1188.
80. Redmond E.M., Cullen J.P., Cahill P.A., Sitzmann J.V., Stefansson S., Lawrence D.A., Okada S.S. Endothelial cells inhibit flow-induced smooth muscle cell migration: Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Circulation 2001, 103:597-603.
81. Richter Y., Groothuis A., Seifert P., Edelman E.R. Dynamic flow alterations dictate leukocyte adhesion and response to endovascular interventions. J. Clin. Invest. 2004, 113:1607-1614.
82. Rogers C., Tseng D.Y., Squire J.C., Edelman E.R. Balloon-artery interactions during stent placement: a finite element analysis approach to pressure, compliance, and stent design as contributors to vascular injury. Circ. Res. 1999, 84:378-383.
83. Ryan T.J., Faxon D.P., Gunnar R.M., Kennedy J.W., King S.B., Loop F.D., Peterson K.L., Reeves T.J., Williams D.O., Winters W.L., et al. Guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on assessment of diagnostic and therapeutic cardiovascular procedures (subcommittee on percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). Circulation 1988, 78:486-502.
84. Schwartz R.S., Huber K.C., Murphy J.G., Edwards W.D., Camrud A.R., Vlietstra R.E., Holmes D.R. Restenosis and the proportional neointimal response to coronary artery injury: Results in a porcine model. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992, 19:267-274.
85. Serruys P.W., de Jaegere P., Kiemeneij F., Macaya C., Rutsch W., Heyndrickx G., Emanuelsson H., Marco J., Legrand V., Materne P., et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331:489-495.
86. Serruys PW, Kutryk MJ, Ong AT. Coronary-artery stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 354:483-495.
87. Serruys P.W., Morice M.C., Kappetein A.P., Colombo A., Holmes D.R., Mack M.J., Stahle E., Feldman T.E., van den Brand M., Bass E.J., Van Dyck N., Leadley K., Dawkins K.D., Mohr F.W. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360:961-972.
88. Sianos G., Morel M.A., Kappetein A.P., Morice M.C., Colombo A., Dawkins K., van den Brand M., Van Dyck N., Russell M.E., Mohr F.W., Serruys P.W. The syntax score: An angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease. EuroIntervention 2005, 1:219-227.
89. Sick P., Huttl T., Niebauer J., Thiele H., Lauer B., Hambrecht R., Hentschel B., Schuler G. Influence of residual stenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation on development of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003, 91:148-153.
90. Song R.H., Kocharyan H.K., Fortunato J.E., Glagov S., Bassiouny H.S. Increased flow and shear stress enhance in vivo transforming growth factor-beta1 after experimental arterial injury. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2000, 20:923-930.
91. Steffel J., Latini R.A., Akhmedov A., Zimmermann D., Zimmerling P., Luscher T.F., Rapamycin Tanner FC. but not fk-506, increases endothelial tissue factor expression: Implications for drug-eluting stent design. Circulation 2005, 112:2002-2011.
92. Steigen T.K., Maeng M., Wiseth R., Erglis A., Kumsars I., Narbute I., Gunnes P., Mannsverk J., Meyerdierks O., Rotevatn S., Niemela M., Kervinen K., Jensen J.S., Galloe A., Nikus K., Vikman S., Ravkilde J., James S., Aaroe J., Ylitalo A., Helqvist S., Sjogren I., Thayssen P., Virtanen K., Puhakka M., Airaksinen J., Lassen J.F., Thuesen L. Randomized study on simple versus complex stenting of coronary artery bifurcation lesions: the nordic bifurcation study. Circulation 2006, 114:1955-1961.
93. Steinman D.A., Milner J.S., Norley C.J., Lownie S.P., Holdsworth D.W. Image-based computational simulation of flow dynamics in a giant intracranial aneurysm. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2003, 24:559-566.
94. Stone G.W., Rizvi A., Newman W., Mastali K., Wang J.C., Caputo R., Doostzadeh J., Cao S., Simonton C.A., Sudhir K., Lansky A.J., Cutlip D.E., Kereiakes D.J. Everolimus-eluting versus paclitaxel-eluting stents in coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 362:1663-1674.
95. Suo J., Ferrara D.E., Sorescu D., Guldberg R.E., Taylor W.R., Giddens D.P. Hemodynamic shear stresses in mouse aortas: Implications for atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007, 27:346-351.
96. Tanigawa J., Barlis P., Dimopoulos K., Dalby M., Moore P., Di Mario C. The influence of strut thickness and cell design on immediate apposition of drug-eluting stents assessed by optical coherence tomography. Int. J. Cardiol. 2009, 134:180-188.
97. Tarbell J.M. Shear stress and the endothelial transport barrier. Cardiovasc. Res. 2010, 87:320-330.
98. Timmins L.H., Moreno M.R., Meyer C.A., Criscione J.C., Rachev A., Moore J.E. Stented artery biomechanics and device design optimization. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 2007, 45:505-513.
99. Timmins L.H., Miller M.W., Clubb F.J., Moore J.E. Increased artery wall stress post-stenting leads to greater intimal thickening. Lab. Invest. 2011, 91:955-967.
100. Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Siebert U, Ikeno F, van' t Veer M, Klauss V, Manoharan G, Engstrom T, Oldroyd KG, Ver Lee PN, MacCarthy PA, Fearon WF Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360:213-224.
101. Tzafriri A.R., Vukmirovic N., Kolachalama V.B., Astafieva I., Edelman E.R. Lesion complexity determines arterial drug distribution after local drug delivery. J. Control Release. 2010, 142:332-338.
102. Ueba H., Kawakami M., Yaginuma T. Shear stress as an inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Role of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and tissue-type plasminogen activator. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997, 17:1512-1516.
103. Wells D.R., Archie J.P., Kleinstreuer C. Effect of carotid artery geometry on the magnitude and distribution of wall shear stress gradients. J. Vasc. Surg. 1996, 23:667-678.
104. Wentzel J.J., Whelan D.M., van der Giessen W.J., van Beusekom H.M., Andhyiswara I., Serruys P.W., Slager C.J., Krams R. Coronary stent implantation changes 3-d vessel geometry and 3-d shear stress distribution. J. Biomech. 2000, 33:1287-1295.
105. Williams A.R., Koo B.K., Gundert T.J., Fitzgerald P.J., LaDisa J.F. Local hemodynamic changes caused by main branch stent implantation and subsequent virtual side branch balloon angioplasty in a representative coronary bifurcation. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010, 109:532-540.
106. Windecker S., Meier B. Late coronary stent thrombosis. Circulation 2007, 116:1952-1965.