메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 111, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 653-661

Effects of dark chocolate and cocoa consumption on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in overweight adults

Author keywords

Chocolate; Cocoa; Endothelium; Flow mediated dilation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; BLOOD PRESSURE; BRACHIAL ARTERY; CACAO; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FASTING; FEMALE; FLAVONOIDS; HUMANS; HYPEREMIA; INSULIN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT PREPARATIONS; SEX FACTORS; VASCULAR STIFFNESS; VASODILATION;

EID: 84894083142     PISSN: 00071145     EISSN: 14752662     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513002912     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (101)

References (59)
  • 2
    • 0141863395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tea consumption and cardiovascular disease: Effects on endothelial function
    • Vita JA (2003) Tea consumption and cardiovascular disease: effects on endothelial function. J Nutr 133, 3293S-3297S.
    • (2003) J Nutr , vol.133
    • Vita, J.A.1
  • 3
    • 79952355001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tea consumption enhances endothelial-dependent vasodilation; A meta-analysis
    • Ras RT, Zock PL & Draijer R (2011) Tea consumption enhances endothelial-dependent vasodilation; a meta-analysis. PLoS One 6, e16974.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6
    • Ras, R.T.1    Zock, P.L.2    Draijer, R.3
  • 4
    • 24744454692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The action of red wine and purple grape juice on vascular reactivity is independent of plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic patients
    • Coimbra SR, Lage SH, Brandizzi L, et al. (2005) The action of red wine and purple grape juice on vascular reactivity is independent of plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic patients. Braz J Med Biol Res 38, 1339-1347.
    • (2005) Braz J Med Biol Res , vol.38 , pp. 1339-1347
    • Coimbra, S.R.1    Lage, S.H.2    Brandizzi, L.3
  • 5
    • 67749099351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term red wine consumption promotes differential effects on plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, sympathetic activity, and endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive, and healthy subjects
    • Andrade AC, Cesena FH, Consolim-Colombo FM, et al. (2009) Short-term red wine consumption promotes differential effects on plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, sympathetic activity, and endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive, and healthy subjects. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 64, 435-442.
    • (2009) Clinics (Sao Paulo) , vol.64 , pp. 435-442
    • Andrade, A.C.1    Cesena, F.H.2    Consolim-Colombo, F.M.3
  • 6
    • 1442274617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans
    • Fisher ND, Hughes M, Gerhard-Herman M, et al. (2003) Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans. J Hypertens 21, 2281-2286.
    • (2003) J Hypertens , vol.21 , pp. 2281-2286
    • Fisher, N.D.1    Hughes, M.2    Gerhard-Herman, M.3
  • 7
    • 0042922805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols
    • Heiss C, Dejam A, Kleinbongard P, et al. (2003) Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols. JAMA 290, 1030-1031.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 1030-1031
    • Heiss, C.1    Dejam, A.2    Kleinbongard, P.3
  • 8
    • 2942516022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults
    • Engler MB, Engler MM, Chen CY, et al. (2004) Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults. J Am Coll Nutr 23, 197-204.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Nutr , vol.23 , pp. 197-204
    • Engler, M.B.1    Engler, M.M.2    Chen, C.Y.3
  • 9
    • 33745792387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and chronic effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in subjects with coronary artery disease: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study
    • Farouque HM, Leung M, Hope SA, et al. (2006) Acute and chronic effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in subjects with coronary artery disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clin Sci (Lond) 111, 71-80.
    • (2006) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.111 , pp. 71-80
    • Farouque, H.M.1    Leung, M.2    Hope, S.A.3
  • 10
    • 33847216227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained increase in flow-mediated dilation after daily intake of highflavanol cocoa drink over 1 week
    • Heiss C, Finis D, Kleinbongard P, et al. (2007) Sustained increase in flow-mediated dilation after daily intake of highflavanol cocoa drink over 1 week. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 49, 74-80.
    • (2007) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther , vol.49 , pp. 74-80
    • Heiss, C.1    Finis, D.2    Kleinbongard, P.3
  • 11
    • 44049096970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients: A double-masked, randomized, controlled trial
    • Balzer J, Rassaf T, Heiss C, et al. (2008) Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients: a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 51, 2141-2149.
    • (2008) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.51 , pp. 2141-2149
    • Balzer, J.1    Rassaf, T.2    Heiss, C.3
  • 12
    • 83655165374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dosedependent increases in flow-mediated dilation following acute cocoa ingestion in healthy older adults
    • Monahan KD, Feehan RP, Kunselman AR, et al. (2011) Dosedependent increases in flow-mediated dilation following acute cocoa ingestion in healthy older adults. J Appl Physiol 111, 1568-1574.
    • (2011) J Appl Physiol , vol.111 , pp. 1568-1574
    • Monahan, K.D.1    Feehan, R.P.2    Kunselman, A.R.3
  • 13
    • 79955940848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sugarsweetened and sugar-free cocoa on endothelial function in overweight adults
    • Njike VY, Faridi Z, Shuval K, et al. (2011) Effects of sugarsweetened and sugar-free cocoa on endothelial function in overweight adults. Int J Cardiol 149, 83-88.
    • (2011) Int J Cardiol , vol.149 , pp. 83-88
    • Njike, V.Y.1    Faridi, Z.2    Shuval, K.3
  • 14
    • 81055124072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavonoidrich cocoa consumption affects multiple cardiovascular risk factors in a meta-analysis of short-term studies
    • Shrime MG, Bauer SR, McDonald AC, et al. (2011) Flavonoidrich cocoa consumption affects multiple cardiovascular risk factors in a meta-analysis of short-term studies. J Nutr 141, 1982-1988.
    • (2011) J Nutr , vol.141 , pp. 1982-1988
    • Shrime, M.G.1    Bauer, S.R.2    McDonald, A.C.3
  • 15
    • 19744368657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of dark chocolate on arterial function in healthy individuals
    • Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Alexopoulos N, et al. (2005) Effect of dark chocolate on arterial function in healthy individuals. Am J Hypertens 18, 785-791.
    • (2005) Am J Hypertens , vol.18 , pp. 785-791
    • Vlachopoulos, C.1    Aznaouridis, K.2    Alexopoulos, N.3
  • 16
    • 32244437985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans
    • Schroeter H, Heiss C, Balzer J, et al. (2006) Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 1024-1029.
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.103 , pp. 1024-1029
    • Schroeter, H.1    Heiss, C.2    Balzer, J.3
  • 17
    • 47249091864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute dark chocolate and cocoa ingestion and endothelial function: A randomized controlled crossover trial
    • Faridi Z, Njike VY, Dutta S, et al. (2008) Acute dark chocolate and cocoa ingestion and endothelial function: a randomized controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 58-63.
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.88 , pp. 58-63
    • Faridi, Z.1    Njike, V.Y.2    Dutta, S.3
  • 18
    • 84950170937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjects
    • Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, et al. (2008) Effect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjects. Int J Obes 32, 1289-1296.
    • (2008) Int J Obes , vol.32 , pp. 1289-1296
    • Davison, K.1    Coates, A.M.2    Buckley, J.D.3
  • 19
    • 80052968360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitroglycerin-induced endothelial dysfunction and tolerance involve adverse phosphorylation and S-glutathionylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: Beneficial effects of therapy with the AT1 receptor blocker telmisartan
    • Knorr M, Hausding M, Kroller-Schuhmacher S, et al. (2011) Nitroglycerin-induced endothelial dysfunction and tolerance involve adverse phosphorylation and S-glutathionylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: beneficial effects of therapy with the AT1 receptor blocker telmisartan. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 31, 2223-2231.
    • (2011) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.31 , pp. 2223-2231
    • Knorr, M.1    Hausding, M.2    Kroller-Schuhmacher, S.3
  • 20
    • 34247577269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of habitual cocoa consumption to aortic stiffness and wave reflections, and to central hemodynamics in healthy individuals
    • Vlachopoulos CV, Alexopoulos NA, Aznaouridis KA, et al. (2007) Relation of habitual cocoa consumption to aortic stiffness and wave reflections, and to central hemodynamics in healthy individuals. Am J Cardiol 99, 1473-1475.
    • (2007) Am J Cardiol , vol.99 , pp. 1473-1475
    • Vlachopoulos, C.V.1    Alexopoulos, N.A.2    Aznaouridis, K.A.3
  • 21
    • 62249156175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actions of selected cardiovascular hormones on arterial stiffness and wave reflections
    • Nichols WW & Epstein BJ (2009) Actions of selected cardiovascular hormones on arterial stiffness and wave reflections. Curr Pharm Des 15, 304-320.
    • (2009) Curr Pharm des , vol.15 , pp. 304-320
    • Nichols, W.W.1    Epstein, B.J.2
  • 22
    • 77949927402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of total procyanidins in selected chocolate and confectionery products using DMAC
    • Payne M, Hurst W, Stuart D, et al. (2010) Determination of total procyanidins in selected chocolate and confectionery products using DMAC. J AOAC Int 93, 89-96.
    • (2010) J AOAC Int , vol.93 , pp. 89-96
    • Payne, M.1    Hurst, W.2    Stuart, D.3
  • 23
    • 79961082181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral augmentation index and vascular inflammation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
    • Heffernan KS, Kuvin JT, Sarnak MJ, et al. (2011) Peripheral augmentation index and vascular inflammation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 26, 2515-2521.
    • (2011) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.26 , pp. 2515-2521
    • Heffernan, K.S.1    Kuvin, J.T.2    Sarnak, M.J.3
  • 24
    • 80052675137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augmentation index derived from peripheral arterial tonometry correlates with cardiovascular risk factors
    • Patvardhan E, Heffernan KS, Ruan J, et al. (2011) Augmentation index derived from peripheral arterial tonometry correlates with cardiovascular risk factors. Cardiol Res Pract 2011, 253758.
    • (2011) Cardiol Res Pract , pp. 253758
    • Patvardhan, E.1    Heffernan, K.S.2    Ruan, J.3
  • 25
    • 84858148784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa intake and arterial stiffness in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors
    • Recio-Rodriguez JI, Gomez-Marcos MA, Patino-Alonso MC, et al. (2012) Cocoa intake and arterial stiffness in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. Nutr J 11, 8.
    • (2012) Nutr J , vol.11 , pp. 8
    • Recio-Rodriguez, J.I.1    Gomez-Marcos, M.A.2    Patino-Alonso, M.C.3
  • 26
    • 0034773950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe
    • Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M & Prior RL (2001) Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe. J Agric Food Chem 49, 4619-4626.
    • (2001) J Agric Food Chem , vol.49 , pp. 4619-4626
    • Ou, B.1    Hampsch-Woodill, M.2    Prior, R.L.3
  • 27
    • 0037181273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay for lipophilic antioxidants using randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin as the solubility enhancer
    • Huang D, Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, et al. (2002) Development and validation of oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay for lipophilic antioxidants using randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin as the solubility enhancer. J Agric Food Chem 50, 1815-1821.
    • (2002) J Agric Food Chem , vol.50 , pp. 1815-1821
    • Huang, D.1    Ou, B.2    Hampsch-Woodill, M.3
  • 28
    • 0000359845 scopus 로고
    • Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents
    • Singleton VL & Rossi JA (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16, 144-158.
    • (1965) Am J Enol Vitic , vol.16 , pp. 144-158
    • Singleton, V.L.1    Rossi, J.A.2
  • 29
    • 0037471580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of the predominant monomeric catechins in baking chocolate standard reference material by LC/APCI-MS
    • Nelson BC & Sharpless KE (2003) Quantification of the predominant monomeric catechins in baking chocolate standard reference material by LC/APCI-MS. J Agric Food Chem 51, 531-537.
    • (2003) J Agric Food Chem , vol.51 , pp. 531-537
    • Nelson, B.C.1    Sharpless, K.E.2
  • 30
    • 70350506130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of primary standards for use in the HPLC analysis of the procyanidin content of cocoa and chocolate containing products
    • Hurst W, Stanley B, Glinski J, et al. (2009) Characterization of primary standards for use in the HPLC analysis of the procyanidin content of cocoa and chocolate containing products. Molecules 14, 4136-4146.
    • (2009) Molecules , vol.14 , pp. 4136-4146
    • Hurst, W.1    Stanley, B.2    Glinski, J.3
  • 31
    • 65549101812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Method performance and multi-laboratory assessment of a normal phase high pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection method for the quantitation of flavanols and procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate containing samples
    • Robbins RJ, Leonczak J, Johnson JC, et al. (2009) Method performance and multi-laboratory assessment of a normal phase high pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection method for the quantitation of flavanols and procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate containing samples. J Chroma A 1216, 4831-4840.
    • (2009) J Chroma A , vol.1216 , pp. 4831-4840
    • Robbins, R.J.1    Leonczak, J.2    Johnson, J.C.3
  • 32
    • 0028472436 scopus 로고
    • Plan and operation of the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-94. Series 1: Programs and collection procedures
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data & Hyattsville MUSDoH
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data & Hyattsville MUSDoH (1994) Plan and operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94. Series 1: programs and collection procedures. Vital Health Stat 1, 1-407.
    • (1994) Vital Health Stat , vol.1 , pp. 1-407
  • 33
    • 0034493222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of (2)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers
    • Baba S, Osakabe N, Yasuda A, et al. (2000) Bioavailability of (2)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers. Free Radic Res 33, 635-641.
    • (2000) Free Radic Res , vol.33 , pp. 635-641
    • Baba, S.1    Osakabe, N.2    Yasuda, A.3
  • 34
    • 0026478022 scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis
    • Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. (1992) Noninvasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 340, 1111-1115.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 1111-1115
    • Celermajer, D.S.1    Sorensen, K.E.2    Gooch, V.M.3
  • 35
    • 5644272818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological correlates of day-to-day variation in flow-mediated dilation in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A study of test-retest reliability
    • West SG, Wagner P, Schoemer SL, et al. (2004) Biological correlates of day-to-day variation in flow-mediated dilation in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a study of test-retest reliability. Diabetologia 47, 1625-1631.
    • (2004) Diabetologia , vol.47 , pp. 1625-1631
    • West, S.G.1    Wagner, P.2    Schoemer, S.L.3
  • 36
    • 19944432698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of monounsaturated fatty acids with and without omega-3 fatty acids on vascular reactivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes
    • West SG, Hecker KD, Mustad VA, et al. (2005) Acute effects of monounsaturated fatty acids with and without omega-3 fatty acids on vascular reactivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 48, 113-122.
    • (2005) Diabetologia , vol.48 , pp. 113-122
    • West, S.G.1    Hecker, K.D.2    Mustad, V.A.3
  • 37
    • 9644265239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive identification of patients with early coronary atherosclerosis by assessment of digital reactive hyperemia
    • Bonetti PO, Pumper GM, Higano ST, et al. (2004) Noninvasive identification of patients with early coronary atherosclerosis by assessment of digital reactive hyperemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 44, 2137-2141.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.44 , pp. 2137-2141
    • Bonetti, P.O.1    Pumper, G.M.2    Higano, S.T.3
  • 38
    • 84857586491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test-retest reliability of pulse amplitude tonometry measures of vascular endothelial function: Implications for clinical trial design
    • McCrea CE, Skulas-Ray AC, Chow M, et al. (2012) Test-retest reliability of pulse amplitude tonometry measures of vascular endothelial function: implications for clinical trial design. Vasc Med 17, 29-36.
    • (2012) Vasc Med , vol.17 , pp. 29-36
    • McCrea, C.E.1    Skulas-Ray, A.C.2    Chow, M.3
  • 39
    • 77950554583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of endothelial function by non-invasive peripheral arterial tonometry predicts late cardiovascular adverse events
    • Rubinshtein R, Kuvin JT, Soffler M, et al. (2010) Assessment of endothelial function by non-invasive peripheral arterial tonometry predicts late cardiovascular adverse events. Eur Heart J 31, 1142-1148.
    • (2010) Eur Heart J , vol.31 , pp. 1142-1148
    • Rubinshtein, R.1    Kuvin, J.T.2    Soffler, M.3
  • 40
    • 43449120983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-sectional relations of digital vascular function to cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study
    • Hamburg N, Keyes M & Larson M (2008) Cross-sectional relations of digital vascular function to cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 117, 2467-2474.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.117 , pp. 2467-2474
    • Hamburg, N.1    Keyes, M.2    Larson, M.3
  • 41
    • 65849393843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of endothelial function using digital pulse amplitude tonometry
    • Hamburg NM & Benjamin EJ (2009) Assessment of endothelial function using digital pulse amplitude tonometry. Trends Cardiovasc Med 19, 6-11.
    • (2009) Trends Cardiovasc Med , vol.19 , pp. 6-11
    • Hamburg, N.M.1    Benjamin, E.J.2
  • 42
    • 0034657775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of heart rate on augmentation index and central arterial pressure in humans
    • Wilkinson IB, MacCallum H, Flint L, et al. (2000) The influence of heart rate on augmentation index and central arterial pressure in humans. J Physiol 525, 263-270.
    • (2000) J Physiol , vol.525 , pp. 263-270
    • Wilkinson, I.B.1    MacCallum, H.2    Flint, L.3
  • 43
    • 78951480214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cocoa extract and dark chocolate on angiotensin-converting enzyme and nitric oxide in human endothelial cells and healthy volunteers a nutrigenomics perspective
    • Persson IA, Persson K, Hagg S, et al. (2011) Effects of cocoa extract and dark chocolate on angiotensin-converting enzyme and nitric oxide in human endothelial cells and healthy volunteers-a nutrigenomics perspective. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 57, 44-50.
    • (2011) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.57 , pp. 44-50
    • Persson, I.A.1    Persson, K.2    Hagg, S.3
  • 44
    • 0000476083 scopus 로고
    • Immunoassay of insulin: Two antibody system. Plasma insulin levels in normal, subdiabetic, and diabetic rats
    • Morgan C & Lazarow A (1963) Immunoassay of insulin: two antibody system. Plasma insulin levels in normal, subdiabetic, and diabetic rats. Diabetes 12, 115-126.
    • (1963) Diabetes , vol.12 , pp. 115-126
    • Morgan, C.1    Lazarow, A.2
  • 45
    • 0036633043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HOMAestimated insulin resistance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects: Prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study
    • Bonora E, Formentini G, Calcaterra F, et al. (2002) HOMAestimated insulin resistance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects: prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care 25, 1135-1141.
    • (2002) Diabetes Care , vol.25 , pp. 1135-1141
    • Bonora, E.1    Formentini, G.2    Calcaterra, F.3
  • 46
    • 46649098436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavonoids, flavonoid rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: A meta analysis of randomized trials
    • Hooper L, Kroon PA, Rimm EB, et al. (2008) Flavonoids, flavonoid rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta analysis of randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 38-50.
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.88 , pp. 38-50
    • Hooper, L.1    Kroon, P.A.2    Rimm, E.B.3
  • 47
    • 0033862093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cocoa extracts on endothelium-dependent relaxation
    • Karim M, McCormick K & Kappagoda CT (2000) Effects of cocoa extracts on endothelium-dependent relaxation. J Nutr 130, 2105S-2108S.
    • (2000) J Nutr , vol.130
    • Karim, M.1    McCormick, K.2    Kappagoda, C.T.3
  • 48
    • 46049084076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa flavanols lower vascular arginase activity in human endothelial cells in vitro and in erythrocytes in vivo
    • Schnorr O, Brossette T, Momma TY, et al. (2008) Cocoa flavanols lower vascular arginase activity in human endothelial cells in vitro and in erythrocytes in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys 476, 211-215.
    • (2008) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.476 , pp. 211-215
    • Schnorr, O.1    Brossette, T.2    Momma, T.Y.3
  • 49
    • 78651249150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stereochemical configuration of flavanols influences the level and metabolism of flavanols in humans and their biological activity in vivo
    • Ottaviani JI, Momma TY, Heiss C, et al. (2011) The stereochemical configuration of flavanols influences the level and metabolism of flavanols in humans and their biological activity in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 50, 237-244.
    • (2011) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.50 , pp. 237-244
    • Ottaviani, J.I.1    Momma, T.Y.2    Heiss, C.3
  • 50
    • 53849146739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pure dietary flavonoids quercetin and (2)-epicatechin augment nitric oxide products and reduce endothelin-1 acutely in healthy men
    • Loke WM, Hodgson JM, Proudfoot JM, et al. (2008) Pure dietary flavonoids quercetin and (2)-epicatechin augment nitric oxide products and reduce endothelin-1 acutely in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 1018-1025.
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.88 , pp. 1018-1025
    • Loke, W.M.1    Hodgson, J.M.2    Proudfoot, J.M.3
  • 51
    • 27744449813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa and the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in smokers
    • Heiss C, Kleinbongard P, Dejam A, et al. (2005) Acute consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa and the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol 46, 1276-1283.
    • (2005) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.46 , pp. 1276-1283
    • Heiss, C.1    Kleinbongard, P.2    Dejam, A.3
  • 52
    • 33746753353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging and vascular responses to flavanol-rich cocoa
    • Fisher ND & Hollenberg NK (2006) Aging and vascular responses to flavanol-rich cocoa. J Hypertens 24, 1575-1580.
    • (2006) J Hypertens , vol.24 , pp. 1575-1580
    • Fisher, N.D.1    Hollenberg, N.K.2
  • 53
    • 42249103282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variables associated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health: Clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adults
    • Crews WD Jr, Harrison DW & Wright JW (2008) A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variables associated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health: clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 87, 872-880.
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.87 , pp. 872-880
    • Crews Jr., W.D.1    Harrison, D.W.2    Wright, J.W.3
  • 54
    • 77953946707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis
    • Ried K, Sullivan T, Fakler P, et al. (2010) Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis. BMC Med 8, 39.
    • (2010) BMC Med , vol.8 , pp. 39
    • Ried, K.1    Sullivan, T.2    Fakler, P.3
  • 55
    • 23244468093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives
    • Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, et al. (2005) Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives. Hypertension 46, 398-405.
    • (2005) Hypertension , vol.46 , pp. 398-405
    • Grassi, D.1    Necozione, S.2    Lippi, C.3
  • 56
    • 51049107708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucoseintolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate
    • Grassi D, Desideri G, Necozione S, et al. (2008) Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucoseintolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate. J Nutr 138, 1671-1676.
    • (2008) J Nutr , vol.138 , pp. 1671-1676
    • Grassi, D.1    Desideri, G.2    Necozione, S.3
  • 57
    • 84950170799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of cocoa flavanol consumption on blood pressure responsivenes to exercise
    • Berry NM, Davison K, Coates AM, et al. (2010) Impact of cocoa flavanol consumption on blood pressure responsivenes to exercise. Br J Nutr 103, 1480-1484.
    • (2010) Br J Nutr , vol.103 , pp. 1480-1484
    • Berry, N.M.1    Davison, K.2    Coates, A.M.3
  • 58
    • 78649638494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of oral and intravenous fat load on blood pressure, endothelial function, sympathetic activity, and oxidative stress in obese healthy subjects
    • Gosmanov AR, Smiley DD, Robalino G, et al. (2010) Effects of oral and intravenous fat load on blood pressure, endothelial function, sympathetic activity, and oxidative stress in obese healthy subjects. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 299, E953-E958.
    • (2010) Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab , vol.299
    • Gosmanov, A.R.1    Smiley, D.D.2    Robalino, G.3
  • 59
    • 84857892715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
    • Hooper L, Kay C, Abdelhamid A, et al. (2012) Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr 95, 740-751.
    • (2012) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.95 , pp. 740-751
    • Hooper, L.1    Kay, C.2    Abdelhamid, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.