Valuing native ectomycorrhizal fungi as a mediterranean forestry component for sustainable and innovative solutions1

Botany

Volumn 92, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 161-171

  Azul, Anabela Marisa ^a   Nunes, João ^b   Ferreira, Inês ^a,b   Coelho, Ana Sofia ^b,c   Veríssimo, Paula ^c,d   Trovão, João ^a   Campos, António ^b   Castro, Paula ^a   Freitas, Helena ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b Association BLC3 Platform for the Development of the Central Inland Region   (Portugal)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Forest systems; Mediterranean region; Native ectomycorrhizal fungi; Sustainable innovation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84893861095     PISSN: 19162804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/cjb-2013-0170     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Adriaensen, K., Vrålstad, T., Noben, J.P., Vangronsveld, J., and Colpaert, J.V. 2005. Copper-adapted Suillus luteus, a symbiotic solution for pines colonizing Cu mine spoils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(11):7279-7284 doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7279-7284.2005. PMID:16269769.
2. Angelini, P., Donnini, D., Pagiotti, R., Tirillini, B., Granetti, B., and Venanzoni, R. 2010. Biological activities of methanolic extract from Tuber aestivum, T. borchii, and T. brumale f. moschatum. Osterr. Z. Pilzk. 19: 281-290.
3. Anke, H., Bergendorff, O., and Sterner, O. 1989. Assays of the biological activities of guaiane sesquiterpenoids isolated from the fruit bodies of edible lactarius species. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27(6): 393-397. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(89)90145-2.
4. Azul, A.M., Castro, P., Sousa, J.P., and Freitas, H. 2009. Diversity and fruiting patterns of ectomycorrhizal and saprobic fungi as indicators of land-use severity in managed woodlands dominated by Quercus suber L. - a case study from southern Portugal. Can. J. For. Res. 39(12): 2404-2417. doi:10.1139/X09-148.
5. Azul, A.M., Sousa, J.P., Agerer, R., Martín, M.P., and Freitas, H. 2010. Land use practices and ectomycorrhizal fungal communities from oak woodlands dominated by Quercus suber L. considering drought scenarios. Mycorrhiza, 20(2): 73-88. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0261-2.
6. Azzolin, L., Antolini, N., Calderan, A., Ruzza, P., Sciacovelli, M., Marin, O., Mammi, S., Bernardi, P., and Rasola, A. 2011. Antamanide, a derivative of Amanita phalloides, is a novel inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. PloS ONE, 6: e16280. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016280. PMID: 21297983.
7. Baldrian, P., and Valášková, V. 2008. Degradation of cellulose by basidiomycetous fungi. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32(3): 501-521. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00106.x. PMID:18371173.
8. Barros, L., Calhelha, R.C., Vaz, J.A., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Baptista, P., and Estevinho, L.M. 2007. Antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds of Portuguese wild edible mushrooms methanolic extracts. Eur. Food. Res. Technol. 225(2): 151-156. doi:10.1007/s00217-006-0394-x.
9. Barros, L., Cruz, T., Baptista, P., Estevinho, L.M., and Ferreira, I.C.F.R. 2008. Wild and commercial mushrooms as source of nutrients and nutraceuticals. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46(8): 2742-2747. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.030. PMID: 18538460.
10. Barthlott, W., Hostert, A., Kier, G., Küper, W., Kreft, H., Mutke, J., Rafiqpoor, M.D., and Sommer, J.H. 2007. Geographic patterns of vascular plant diversity at continental to global scales. Erdkunde, 61(4): 305-315. doi:10.3112/erdkunde.2007.04.01.
11. Belfiori, B., Riccioni, C., Tempesta, S., Pasqualetti, M., Paolocci, F., and Rubini, A. 2012. Comparison of ectomycorrhizal communities in natural and cultivated Tuber melanosporum truffle grounds. FEMS Microb. Ecol. 547(3): 547-561. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01379.x.
12. Bellion, M., Courbot, M., Jacob, C., Blaudez, D., and Chalot, M. 2006. Extracellular and cellular mechanisms sustaining metal tolerance in ectomycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 254(2): 173-181. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00044.x. PMID:16445743.
13. Borba, R., Ferreira, I., Coelho, A.S., Veríssimo, P., Bagulho, M., Freitas, H., Morcillo, M., and Azul, A.M. 2013. Developing novel tools and processes for sustainable cultivation of Tuber borchii. First International Congress of Trufficulture, Teruel, Spain, 5-8 March.
14. Bovi, M., Carrizo, M.E., Capaldi, S., Perduca, M., Chiarelli, L.R., Galliano, M., and Monaco, H.L. 2011. Structure of a lectin with antitumoral properties in king bolete (Boletus edulis) mushrooms. Glycobiology, 21(8):1000-1009. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwr012. PMID:21303815.
15. Brzostek, E.R., and Finzi, A.C. 2011. Substrate supply, fine roots, and temperature control proteolytic enzyme activity in temperate forest soils. Ecology, 92(4): 892-902. doi:10.1890/10-1803.1. PMID:21661552.
16. Calviño-Cancela, M., Rubido-Bará, M., and van Etten, E.J.B. 2012. Do eucalypt plantations provide habitat for native forest biodiversity? For. Ecol. Manage. 270: 153-162. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.019.
17. Caravaca, F., Alguacil, M.M., Azcón, R., Parladé, J., Torres, P., and Roldán, A. 2005. Establishment of two ectomycorrhizal shrub species in a semiarid site after in situ amendment with sugar beet, rock phosphate, and Aspergillus niger. Microb. Ecol. 49: 73-82. doi:10.1007/s00248-003-0131-y. PMID:15690228.
18. Casieri, L., Anastasi, A., Prigione, V., and Varese, G.C. 2010. Survey of ectomycorrhizal, litter-degrading, and wood-degrading Basidiomycetes for dye decolorization and ligninolytic enzyme activity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 98(4): 483-504. doi:10.1007/s10482-010-9466-9. PMID:20585855.
19. Cerigini, E., Palma, F., Buffalini, M., Amicucci, A., Ceccaroli, P., Saltarelli, R., and Stocchi, V. 2007. Identification of a novel lectin from the Ascomycetes fungus Tuber borchii. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms, 9(3-4): 287. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v9.i34.100.
20. Chellal, A., and Lukasova, E. 1995. Evidence for antibiotics in the two Algerian truffles Terfezia and Tirmania. Pharmazie, 50(3): 228-229. PMID:7732062.
21. Chevalier, G. 1998. The truffle cultivation in France: assessment of the situation after 25 years of intensive use of mycorrhizal seedlings. In Proceedings of the First International Meeting on Ecology, Physiology and Cultivation of Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 3-4 July.
22. Cieniecka-Rosłonkiewicz, A., Sas, A., Przybysz, E., Morytz, B., Syguda, A., and Pernak, J. 2007. Ionic liquids for the production of insecticidal and microbicidal extracts of the fungus Cantharellus cibarius. Chem Biodivers. 4(9): 2218-2224. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790179. PMID:17886840.
23. Colpaert, J.V., Vandenkoornhuyse, P., Adriaensen, K., and Vangronsveld, J. 2000. Genetic variation and heavy metal tolerance in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Suillus luteus. New Phytol. 147(2): 367-379. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00694.x.
24. Colpaert, J.V., Muller, L.A.H., Lambaerts, M., Adriaensen, K., and Vangronsveld, J. 2004. Evolutionary adaptation to zinc toxicity in populations of Suilloid fungi. New Phytol. 162(2): 549-559. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01037.x.
25. Colpaert, J.V., Wevers, J.H.L., Krznaric, E., and Adriaensen, K. 2011. How metaltolerant ecotypes of ectomycorrhizal fungi protect plants from heavy metal pollution. Ann. For. Sci. 68(1): 17-24. doi:10.1007/s13595-010-0003-9.
26. Compant, S., Duffy, B., Nowak, J., Clèment, C., and Barka, E.A. 2005. Use of plant growth-promoting bacteria for biocontrol of plant diseases: principles, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(9): 4951-4959. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.4951-4959.2005. PMID:16151072.
27. Conn, C., and Dighton, J. 2000. Litter quality influences on decomposition, ectomycorrhizal community structure and mycorrhizal root surface acid phosphatase activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32: 489-496. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00178-9.
28. Courty, P.-E., Franc, A., and Garbaye, J. 2010. Temporal and functional pattern of secreted enzyme activities in an ectomycorrhizal community. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42(11): 2022-2025. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.07.014.
29. Cullings, K., and Courty, P.E. 2009. Saprotrophic capabilities as functional traits to study functional diversity and resilience of ectomycorrhizal community. Oecologia, 161(4): 661-664. doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1434-6. PMID:19685248.
30. Dahlberg, A., Genney, D.R., and Heilmann-Clausen, J. 2010. Developing a comprehensive strategy for fungal conservation in Europe: current status and future needs. Fungal Ecol. 3(2): 50-64. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.10.004.
31. Dahlberg, A., Thor, G., Allmér, J., Jonsell, M., Jonsson, M., and Ranius, T. 2011. Modelled impact of Norway spruce logging residue extraction on biodiversity in Sweden. Can. J. For. Res. 41(6): 1220-1232. doi:10.1139/x11-034.
32. Das, K. 2010. Diversity and conservation of wild mushrooms in Sikkim with special reference to Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary. NeBIO, 1: 1-13.
33. Ding, X., Hou, Y., and Hou, W. 2012. Structure feature and antitumor activity of a novel polysaccharide isolated from Lactarius deliciosus Gray. Carbohydr. Polym. 89(2): 397-402. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.020.
34. Donnini, D., Gargano, M.L., Perini, C., Savino, E., Murat, C., Di Piazza, S., Altobelli, E., Salerni, E., Rubini, A., Rana, G.L., Bencivenga, M., Venanzoni, R., and Zambonelli, A. 2013. Wild and cultivated mushrooms as a model of sustainable development. Plant Biosyst. 147(1): 226-236. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.754386.
35. Dulger, B., Sen, F., and Gucin, F. 1999. Russula delica Fr. Makrofungusunun Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi. Turk. J. Biol. 23: 127-133.
36. Dulger, B., Yilmaz, F., and Gucin, F. 2002. Antimicrobial activity of some Lactarius species. Pharm. Biol. 40(4): 304-306. doi:10.1076/phbi.40.4.304.8468.
37. Erjavec, J., Kos, J., Ravnikar, M., Dreo, T., and Sabotiç, J. 2012. Proteins of higher fungi - from forest to application. Trends Biotechnol. 30(5): 259-273. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.01.004. PMID:22341093.
38. European Environment Agency (EEA). 2010. Assessing biodiversity in Europe - 5/2010 report. doi:10.2800/42824.
39. Ey, J., Schömig, E., and Taubert, D. 2007. Dietary sources and antioxidant effects of ergothioneine. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 55(16): 6466-6474. doi:10.1021/jf071328f. PMID:17616140.
40. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). 2010. Global forest resources assessment, 2010. Main report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
41. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). 2012. The state of the world's forests 2012. Rome, Italy. Available from http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3010e/i3010e00.htm [accessed 1 July 2013].
42. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). 2013. State of Mediterranean forests 2013. E-ISBN 978-92-5-107538-8 (PDF).
43. Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Baptista, P., Vilas-Boas, M., and Barros, L. 2007. Free-radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of wild edible mushrooms from Northeast Portugal: individual cap and stipe activity. Food. Chem. 100(4): 1511-1516. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.043.
44. Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Barros, L., and Abreu, R.M.V. 2009. Antioxidants in wild mushrooms. Curr. Med. Chem. 16(12): 1543-1560. doi:10.2174/092986709787909587. PMID:19355906.
45. Finlay, R.D. 2008. Ecological aspects of mycorrhizal symbiosis: with special emphasis on the functional diversity of interactions involving the extraradical mycelium. J. Exp. Bot. 59(5): 1115-1126. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern059. PMID:18349054.
46. Fomina, M.A., Alexander, I.J., Colpaert, J.V., and Gadd, G.M. 2005. Solubilization of toxic metal minerals and metal tolerance of mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37(5): 851-866. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.10.013.
47. Fortas, Z., and Dib-Belahouel, S. 2007. Extraction des substances bioactives des terfez d'Algérie et mise en évidence de leur activité antimicrobienne. R. Rég. Arid. 1: 280-282.
48. Fujimoto, H., Nakayama, Y., and Yamazaki, M. 1993. Identification of immunosuppressive components of a mushroom, Lactarius flavidulus. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41(4): 654-658. doi:10.1248/cpb.41.654. PMID:8508468.
49. Gadd, G.M. 2010. Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation. Microbiology, 156(3): 609-643. doi:10.1099/mic.0.037143-0.
50. Gonçalves, S.C., Martins-Loução, M.A., and Freitas, H. 2009. Evidence of adaptive tolerance to nickel in isolates of Cenococcum geophilum from serpentine soils. Mycorrhiza, 19(4): 221-230. doi:10.1007/s00572-008-0211-4. PMID:19002506.
51. Guo, Y., Wang, H., and Ng, T.B. 2005. Isolation of trichogin, an antifungal protein from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Tricholoma giganteum. Peptides, 26(4): 575-580. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.11.009. PMID:15752570.
52. Hall, I.R., Yun, W., and Amicucci, A. 2003. Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Trends Biotechnol. 21(10):433-438. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00204-X. PMID:14512229.
53. Högberg, M.N., and Högberg, P. 2002. Extramatrical ectomycorrhizal mycelium contributes one-third of microbial biomass and produces, together with associated roots, half the dissolved organic carbon in a forest soil. New Phytol. 154(3): 791-795. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00417.x.
54. Honrubia, M., Gutiérrez, A., and Morte A. 2002. Desert truffle plantation from south east Spain. In: Edible mycorrhizal mushrooms and their cultivation. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms. Edited by I.R. Hall, Y. Wang, E. Danell, and A. Zambonelli. Institute for Crop & Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand.
55. Janakat, S., Al-Fakhiri, S., and Sallal, A.-K. 2004. A promising peptide antibiotic from Terfezia claveryi aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Phytother. Res. 18(10): 810-813. doi:10.1002/ptr.1563. PMID:15551385.
56. Jegannathan, K.R., and Nielsen, P.H. 2013. Environmental assessment of enzyme use in industrial production - a literature review. J. Clean. Prod. 42(1): 228-240. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.005.
57. Johnson, D., Martin, F., Cairney, J.W.G., and Anderson, I.C. 2012. The importance of individuals: intraspecific diversity of mycorrhizal plants and fungi in ecosystems. New Phytol. 194(3): 614-628. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04087.x. PMID:22489902.
58. Kier, G., Mutke, J., Dinerstein, E., Ricketts, T.H., Küper, W., Kreft, H., Kier, G., Mutke, J., Dinerstein, E., Ricketts, T.H., Kuper, W., Kreft, H., and Barthlott, W. 2005. Global patterns of plant diversity and floristic knowledge. J. Biogeogr. 32(7): 1107-1116. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01272.x.
59. Kim, J.H., and Kim, Y.S. 2001. Characterization of a metalloenzyme from a wild mushroom, Tricholoma saponaceum. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 65(2): 356-362. doi:10.1271/bbb.65.356. PMID:11302169.
60. Koharudin, L.M.I., Viscomi, A.R., Jee, J., Ottonello, S., and Gronenborn, A.M. 2008. The evolutionarily conserved family of Cyanovirin-N homologs: structures and carbohydrate specificity. Structure, 16(4): 570-584. doi:10.1016/j.str.2008.01.015. PMID:18400178.
61. Krupa, P., and Kozdrój, J. 2007. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and associated bacteria provide protection against heavy metals in inoculated pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. Water Air Soil Pollut. 182: 83-90. doi:10.1007/s11270-006-9323-7.
62. Krznaric, E., Verbruggen, N., Wevers, J.H.L., Carleer, R., Vangronsveld, J., and Colpaert, J.V. 2009. Cd-tolerant Suillus luteus: a fungal insurance for pines exposed to Cd. Environ. Pollut. 157(5): 1581-1588. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.12.030. PMID:19211178.
63. Leake, J., Johnson, D., Donnelly, D., Muckle, G., Boddy, L., and Read, D. 2004. Networks of power and influence: the role of mycorrhizal mycelium in controlling plant communities and agroecosystem functioning. Can. J. Bot. 82(8): 1016-1045. doi:10.1139/b04-060.
64. Li, J., Li, P., and Liu, F. 2008. Production of theanine by Xerocomus badius (mushroom) usingsubmergedfermentation. LWT 41: 883-889. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2007.05.020.
65. Martin, F., Kohler, A., Murat, C., Balestrini, R., Coutinho, P.M., Jaillon, O., Montanini, B., Morin, E., Noel, B., Percudani, R., Porcel, B., Rubini, A., Amicucci, A., Amselem, J., Anthouard, V., Arcioni, S., Artiguenave, F., Aury, J.M., Ballario, P., Bolchi, A., Brenna, A., Brun, A., Buée, M., Cantarel, B., Chevalier, G., Couloux, A., Da Silva, C., Denoeud, F., Duplessis, S., Ghignone, S., Hilselberger, B., Iotti, M., Marçais, B., Mello, A., Miranda, M., Pacioni, G., Quesneville, H., Riccioni, C., Ruotolo, R., Splivallo, R., Stocchi, V., Tisserant, E., Viscomi, A.R., Zambonelli, A., Zampieri, E., Henrissat, B., Lebrun, M.H., Paolocci, F., Bonfante, P., Ottonello, S., and Wincker, P. 2010. Perigord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis. Nature, 464: 1033-1038. doi:10.1038/nature08867. PMID:20348908.
66. Meharg, A.A., and Cairney, J.W.G. 2000. Co-evolution of mycorrhizal symbionts and their hosts to metal-contaminated environments. Adv. Ecol. Res. 30: 69-112. doi:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60017-3.
67. Mello, A., Miozzi, L., Vizzini, A., Napoli, C., Kowalchuk, G., and Bonfante, P. 2010. Bacterial and fungal communities associated with Tuber magnatum-productive niches. Plant Biosyst. 144: 323-332. doi:10.1080/11263500903374724.
68. th International Conference on Land Degradation. Edited by A. Faz, R. Ortiz, and G. García. p. 426.
69. Moser, A.M., Frank, J.L., D'Allura, J.A., and Southworth, D. 2009. Ectomycorrhizal communities of Quercus garryana are similar on serpentine and nonserpentine soils. Plant Soil, 315(1-2): 185-194. doi:10.1007/s11104-008-9743-9.
70. Murcia, M.A., Martínez-Tome, M., Jiménez, A.M., Vera, A.M., Honrubia, M., and Parras, P. 2002. Antioxidant activity of edible fungi (truffles and mushrooms): losses during industrial processing. J. Food. Prot. 65(10): 1614-1622.
71. PMID:12380748.
72. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., and Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403: 853-858. doi:10.1038/35002501. PMID:10706275.
73. Nehls, U., Bock, A., Einig, W., and Hampp, R. 2001. Excretion of two proteases by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria. Plant Cell Environ. 24(7): 741-747. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00717.x.
74. Olivera, A., Fischer, C.R., Bonet, J.A., Martínez de Aragón, J., Oliach, D., and Colinas, C. 2011. Weed management and irrigation are key treatments in emerging black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) cultivation. New For. 42: 227-239. doi:10.1007/s11056-011-9249-9.
75. Ortega, A., Lorite, J., and Valle, F. 2010. Mycorrhizal macrofungi diversity (Agaricomycetes) from Mediterranean Quercus forests, a compilation for the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Nova Hedwigia, 91(1-2): 1-31. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2010/0091-0001.
76. Østergaard, L.H., and Olsen, H.S. 2010. Industrial applications of fungal enzymes. In The Mycota X Industrial Applications. 2nd ed. Edited by M. Hofrichter. Springer-Verlag. pp. 269-290. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11458-8_13.
77. Palacios, I., Lozano, M., Moro, C., D'Arrigo, M., Rostagno, M.A., Martínez, J.A., García-Lafuente, A., Guillamón, E., and Villares, A. 2011. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds occurring in edible mushrooms. Food. Chem. 128(3): 674-678. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.085.
78. Parladé, J., Luque, J., Pera, J., and Rincón, A.M. 2004. Field performance of Pinus pinea and P. halepensis seedlings inoculated with Rhizopogon spp. and outplanted in formerly arable land. Ann. For. Sci. 61(6): 507-514. doi:10.1051/forest:2004045.
79. Pemberton, R.T. 1994. Agglutinins (lectins) from some British higher fungi. Mycol. Res. 98(3): 277-290. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80455-3.
80. Percudani, R., Montanini, B., and Ottonello, S. 2005. The anti-HIV cyanovirin-N domain is evolutionarily conserved and occurs as a protein module in eukaryotes. Proteins, 60(4): 670-678. doi:10.1002/prot.20543. PMID:16003744.
81. Pérez-Gilabert, M., Morte, A., Honrubia, M., and García-Carmona, F. 2001. Partial purification, characterization, and histochemical localization of fully latent desert truffle (Terfezia Claveryi Chatin) polyphenol oxidase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49(4): 1922-1927. doi:10.1021/jf001009n. PMID:11308347.
82. Pérez-Gilabert, M., Morte, A., Ávila-González, R., and García-Carmona, F. 2005. Characterization and histochemical localization of nonspecific esterase from ascocarps of desert truffle (Tefezia claveryi Chatin). J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 5754-5759. doi:10.1021/jf050334d. PMID:15998144.
83. Plett, J.M., and Martin, F. 2011. Blurred boundaries: lifestyle lessons from ectomycorrhizal fungal genomes. Trends Genet. 27(1): 14-22. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2010.10.005. PMID:21112661.
84. Queirós, B., Barreira, J.C.M., Sarmento, A.C., and Ferreira, I.C.F.R. 2009. In search of synergistic effects in antioxidant capacity of combined edible mushrooms. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 60(Suppl. 6): 160-172. doi:10.1080/09637480903153845.
85. Ribeiro, B., Lopes, R., Andradea, P.B., Seabraa, R.M., Gonçalvesa, B.P., Quelhasa, I., and Valentão, P. 2008. Comparative study of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of wild edible mushroom caps and stipes. Food. Chem. 110: 47-56. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.054.
86. Riccioni, C., Belfiori, B., Rubini, A., Passeri, V., Arcioni, S., and Paolocci, F. 2008. Tuber melanosporum outcrosses: analysis of the genetic diversity within and among its natural populations under this new scenario. New Phytol. 180(2): 466-478. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02560.x. PMID:18643942.
87. Richard, F., Moreau, P.-A., Selosse, M.-A., and Gardes, M. 2004. Diversity and fruiting patterns of ectomycorrhizal and saprobic fungi in an old-growth Mediterranean forest dominated by Quercus ilex L. Can. J. Bot. 82(12): 1711-1729. doi:10.1139/b04-128.
88. Richard, F., Millot, S., Gardes, M., and Selosse, M.-A. 2005. Diversity and specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi retrieved from an old-growth Mediterranean forest dominated by Quercus ilex. New Phytol. 166(3): 1011-1023. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01382.x. PMID:15869659.
89. Rinaldi, A.C., Comandini, O., and Kuyper, T.W. 2008. Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity: separating the wheat from the chaff. Fungal Divers. 33: 1-45.
90. Rincón, A, Parladé, J., and Pera, J. 2007. Influence of the fertilisation method in controlled ectomycorrhizal inoculation of two Mediterranean pines. Ann.For. Sci. 64(5): 577-583. doi:10.1051/forest:2007035.
91. Rubini, A., Belfiori, B., Riccioni, C., Arcioni, S., Martin, F., and Paolocci, F. 2011a. Tuber melanosporum: mating type distribution in a natural plantation and dynamics of strains of different mating types on the roots of nurseryinoculated host plants. New Phytol. 189(3): 723-735. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03493.x. PMID:20964691.
92. Rubini, A., Belfiori, B., Riccioni, C., Tisserant, E., Arcioni, S., Martin, F., and Paolocci, F. 2011b. Isolation and characterization of MAT genes in the symbiotic ascomycete Tuber melanosporum. New Phytol. 189(3): 710-722. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03492.x. PMID:20961294.
93. Rudenskaia, G.N., Gaida, A.V., and Stepanov, V.M. 1980. Carboxylic proteinase from the basidiomycete Russula decolorans Fr. 0456. Biokhimiia, 45(3): 561-568.
94. Savoie, J.M., and Largeteau, M.L. 2011. Production of edible mushrooms in forests: trends in development of a mycosilviculture. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 89(4): 971-979. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-3022-4. PMID:21132290.
95. Senn-Irlet, B., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Genney, D., and Dahlberg, A. 2007. Guidance for conservation of macrofungi in Europe for the European Council for Conservation of Fungi (ECCF) within the European Mycological Association (EMA). Available from http://www.wsl.ch/eccf/Guidance_Fungi.pdf [accessed 31 May 2013].
96. Shirata, K., Kato, T., and Niwano, M. 1995. Selective suppression of the mitogenic response of murine lymphocytes by suillin from Suillus bovinus. Mycologia, 87(3): 360-361. doi:10.2307/3760832.
97. Sisti, D., Giomaro, G., Rossi, I., Ceccaroli, P., Citterio, B., Stocchi, V., Zambonelli, A., and Benedetti, P.A. 1998. In vitro mycorrhizal synthesis of micropropagated Tilia platyphyllos Scop. plantlets with Tuber borchii Vittad. mycelium in pure culture. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 457: 379-388
98. Smith, S.E., and Read, D.J. 2008. Mycorhizal symbiosis. 3rd ed. Academic Press, London. p. 787.
99. Splivallo, R., Novero, M., Bertea, C.M., Bossi, S., and Bonfante, P. 2007. Truffle volatiles inhibit growth and induce an oxidative burst in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol. 175(3): 417-424. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02141.x. PMID:17635217.
100. Sun, J., Zhao, Y., Chai, H., Wang, H., and Ng, T. 2011. A novel alkaline protease with antiproliferative activity from fresh fruiting bodies of the toxic wild mushroom Amanita farinosa. Acta. Biochim. Pol. 58(4): 567-572. PMID:22146135.
101. Takahashi, A., Kusano, G., Ohta, T., and Nozoe, S. 1988. The constituents of Lactarius flavidulus Imai. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36(7): 2366-2370. doi:10.1248/cpb.36.2366. PMID:3240465.
102. Thompson, J.D., Lavergne, S., Affre, L., Gaudeul, M., and Debussche, M. 2005. Ecological differentiation of Mediterranean endemic plants. Taxon, 54(4): 967-976. doi:10.2307/25065481.
103. Treseder, K.K., Allen, M.F., Ruess, R.W., Pregitzer, K.S., and Hendrick, R.L. 2005. Lifespans of fungal rhizomorphs under nitrogen fertilization in a Pinyon-Juniper woodland. Plant Soil, 270: 249-255. doi:10.1007/s11104-004-1559-7.
104. Trigueros, V., Lougarre, A., Ali-Ahmed, D., Rahbé, Y., Guillot, J., Chavant, L., Fournier, D., and Paquereau, L. 2003. Xerocomus chrysenteron lectin: identification of a new pesticidal protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1621(3): 292-298. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(03)00098-9.
105. Tsai, S.Y., Tsai, H.L., and Mau, J.L. 2007. Antioxidant properties of Agaricus blazei, Agrocybe cylindracea, and Boletus edulis. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 40(8): 1392-1402. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2006.10.001.
106. Urban, A., Puschenreiter, M., Strauss, J., and Gorfer, M. 2008. Diversity and structure of ectomycorrhizal and co-associated fungal communities in a serpentine soil. Mycorrhiza, 18(6-7): 339-354. doi:10.1007/s00572-008-0189-y. PMID:18677625.
107. Wang, H.X., and Ng, T.B. 2004. Purification of a novel low-molecular-mass laccase with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity from the mushroom Tricholoma iganteum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 315(2): 450-454. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.064.
108. Wang, H.X., Ng, T.B., and Ooi, V.E.C. 1998. Lectins from mushrooms. Mycol. Res. 102(8): 897-906. doi:10.1017/S0953756298006200.
109. Wang, H.X., Ngai, H.K., and Ng, T. 2003. A ubiquitin-like peptide with ribonuclease activity against various polyhomoribonucleotides from the yellow mushroom Cantharellus cibarius. Peptides, 24(4): 509-513. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00116-5. PMID:12860193.
110. Wani, B.A., Bodha, R.H., and Wani, A.H. 2010. Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms. J. Med. Plants Res. 4(24): 2598-2604.
111. Wedén, C., Chevalier, G., and Danell, E. 2004. Tuber aestivum (syn. T. uncinatum) Biotopes and their history on Gotland, Sweden. Mycol. Res. 108(3): 304-310. doi:10.1017/S0953756204009256.
112. Witkowska, A.M., Zujko, M.E., and Mironczuk-Chodakowska, I. 2011. Comparative study of wild edible mushrooms as sources of antioxidants. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms, 13(4): 335-341. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.30.
113. Zambonelli, A., Iotti, M., Rossi, I., and Hall, I. 2000. Interactions between Tuber borchii and other ectomycorrhizal fungi in a field plantation. Mycol. Res. 104(6): 698-702. doi:10.1017/S0953756299001811.
114. Zhao, S., Zhao, Y., Li, S., Zhao, J., Zhang, G., Wang, H., and Ng, T.B. 2010. A novel lectin with highly potent antiproliferative and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from the edible wild mushroom Russula delica. Glycoconj. J. 27(2): 259-265. doi:10.1007/s10719-009-9274-5.
115. Zheng, S., Li, C., Ng, T.B., and Wang, H.X. 2007. A lectin with mitogenic activity from the edible wild mushroom Boletus edulis. Process Biochem. 42(12): 1620-1624. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2007.09.004.
116. Zotti, M., Persiani, A.M., Ambrosio, E., Vizzini, A., Venturella, G., Donnini, D., Angelini, P., Di Piazza, S., Pavarino, M., Lunghini, D., Venanzoni, R., Polemis, E., Granito, V.M., Maggi, O., Gargano, M.L., and Zervakis, G.I. 2013. Macrofungi as ecosystem resources: Conservation versus exploitation. Plant Biosyst. 147(1): 219-225. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.753133.