Transplantation tolerance: From theory to clinic

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 258, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 64-79

  Fuchs, Ephraim J ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cyclophosphamide; Graft versus host disease; Graft versus leukemia; Hematopoietic chimerism; Transplantation conditioning; Transplantation tolerance

Indexed keywords

CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ALLOGRAFT; ALLOIMMUNITY; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CHIMERA; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HAPLOTYPE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HEMATOPOIESIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE STATUS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LIVING DONOR; NONHUMAN; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE; ANIMAL; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAFT VERSUS LEUKEMIA EFFECT; GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY; IMMUNOLOGY; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; T LYMPHOCYTE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE; GRAFT VS TUMOR EFFECT; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; T-LYMPHOCYTES; TRANSPLANTATION CHIMERA; TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84893597804     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: 1600065X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/imr.12154     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Bishop GA, et al. Approaching the promise of operational tolerance in clinical transplantation. Transplantation 2011;91:1065-1074.
2. Feng S, et al. Complete immunosuppression withdrawal and subsequent allograft function among pediatric recipients of parental living donor liver transplants. JAMA 2012;307:283-293.
3. Grinyo JM. Why is organ transplantation clinically important? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013;3:1-10.
4. Li HW, Sykes M. Emerging concepts in haematopoietic cell transplantation. Nat Rev Immunol 2012;12:403-416.
5. Lakkis FG, Lechler RI. Origin and Biology of the Allogeneic Response. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013;3:a014993.
6. Kawai T, Sachs DH. Tolerance induction: hematopoietic chimerism. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013;18:402-407.
7. Wood KJ, Bushell A, Hester J. Regulatory immune cells in transplantation. Nat Rev Immunol 2012;12:417-430.
8. Cobbold SP, Waldmann H. Regulatory cells and transplantation tolerance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013;3:a015545.
9. Issa F, Wood KJ. Translating tolerogenic therapies to the clinic: where do we stand? Front Immunol 2012;3:254.
10. Lafferty KJ, Cunningham AJ. A new analysis of allogeneic interactions. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1975;53:27-42.
11. Bretscher P, Cohn M. A theory of self-nonself discrimination: paralysis and induction involve the recognition of one and two determinants on an antigen, respectively. Science 1970;169:1042-1049.
12. Lafferty KJ, Prowse SJ, Simeonovic CJ, Warren HS. Immunobiology of tissue transplantation: a return to the passenger leukocyte concept. Annu Rev Immunol 1983;1:143-173.
13. Lechler RI, Batchelor JR. Restoration of immunogenicity to passenger cell-depleted kidney allografts by the addition of donor strain dendritic cells. J Exp Med 1982;155:31-41.
14. Janeway CA, Jr. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1989;54:1-13.
15. Matzinger P. Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol 1994;12:991-1045.
16. Mueller DL, Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Clonal expansion versus functional clonal inactivation: a costimulatory signalling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy. Annu Rev Immunol 1989;7:445-480.
17. Lamb JR, Skidmore BJ, Green N, Chiller JM, Feldman M. Induction of tolerance in influenza virus-immune T lymphocyte clones with synthetic peptides of influenza hemagglutinin. J Exp Med 1983;157:1434-1437.
18. Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Antigen presentation by chemically modified splenocytes induces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 1987;165:302-319.
19. Linsley PS, Clark EA, Ledbetter JA. T-cell antigen CD28 mediates adhesion with B cells by interacting with activation antigen B7/BB-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:5031-5035.
20. Vincenti F, Dritselis A, Kirkpatrick P. Belatacept. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011;10:655-656.
21. Lassila O, Vainio O, Matzinger P. Can B cells turn on virgin T cells? Nature 1988;334:253-255.
22. Fuchs EJ, Matzinger P. B cells turn off virgin but not memory T cells. Science 1992;258:1156-1159.
23. Ashwell JD, Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Effect of gamma radiation on resting B lymphocytes. II. Functional characterization of the antigen-presentation defect. J Immunol 1988;141:2536-2544.
24. Ranheim EA, Kipps TJ. Activated T cells induce expression of B7/BB1 on normal or leukemic B cells through a CD40-dependent signal. J Exp Med 1993;177:925-935.
25. Fuchs E. Two signal model of lymphocyte activation. Immunol Today 1992;13:462.
26. Ridge JP, Fuchs EJ, Matzinger P. Neonatal tolerance revisited: turning on newborn T cells with dendritic cells. Science 1996;271:1723-1726.
27. Burnet FM, Fenner F. The production of antibodies. London: Macmillan, 1949:102-105.
28. Billingham RE, Brent L, Medawar PB. Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature 1953;172:603-606.
29. Lederberg J. Genes and antibodies: do antigens bear instructions for antibody specificity or do they select cell lines that arise by mutation? Science 1959;129:1649-1653.
30. Mayumi H, Umesue M, Nomoto K. Cyclophosphamide-induced immunological tolerance: an overview. Immunobiol 1996;195:129-139.
31. Schwartz R, Dameshek W. Drug-induced immunological tolerance. Nature 1959;183:1682-1683.
32. Berenbaum MC, Brown IN. Dose-response relationships for agents inhibiting the immune response. Immunology 1964;7:65-71.
33. Berenbaum MC. Prolongation of homograft survival in mice with single doses of cyclophosphamide. Nature 1963;200:84.
34. Mayumi H, Himeno K, Tokuda N, Nomoto K. Drug-induced tolerance to allografts in mice. VII. Optimal protocol and mechanism of cyclophosphamide-induced tolerance in an H-2 haplotype-identical strain combination. Transplant Proc 1986;18:363-369.
35. Mayumi H, Himeno K, Shin T, Nomoto K. Drug-induced tolerance to allografts in mice. VI. Tolerance induction in H-2-haplotype-identical strain combinations in mice. Transplantation 1985;40:188-194.
36. Eto M, Mayumi H, Tomita Y, Yoshikai Y, Nishimura Y, Nomoto K. Sequential mechanisms of cyclophosphamide-induced skin allograft tolerance including the intrathymic clonal deletion followed by late breakdown of the clonal deletion. J Immunol 1990;145:1303-1310.
37. Luznik L, Engstrom LW, Iannone R, Fuchs EJ. Posttransplantation cyclophosphamide facilitates engraftment of major histocompatibility complex-identical allogeneic marrow in mice conditioned with low-dose total body irradiation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2002;8:131-138.
38. Colson YL, et al. A nonlethal conditioning approach to achieve durable multilineage mixed chimerism and tolerance across major, minor, and hematopoietic histocompatibility barriers. J Immunol 1995;155:4179-4188.
39. Colson YL, Li H, Boggs SS, Patrene KD, Johnson PC, Ildstad ST. Durable mixed allogeneic chimerism and tolerance by a nonlethal radiation-based cytoreductive approach. J Immunol 1996;157:2820-2829.
40. Mayumi H, Good RA. Long-lasting skin allograft tolerance in adult mice induced across fully allogeneic (multimajor H-2 plus multiminor histocompatibility) antigen barriers by a tolerance-inducing method using cyclophosphamide. J Exp Med 1989;169:213-238.
41. Luznik L, Jalla S, Engstrom LW, Iannone R, Fuchs EJ. Durable engraftment of major histocompatibility complex-incompatible cells after nonmyeloablative conditioning with fludarabine, low-dose total body irradiation, and posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Blood 2001;98:3456-3464.
42. O'Donnell PV, et al. Nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation from partially HLA-mismatched related donors using posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2002;8:377-386.
43. Luznik L, et al. HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies using nonmyeloablative conditioning and high-dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008;14:641-650.
44. Anasetti C, et al. Effect of HLA incompatibility on graft-versus-host disease, relapse, and survival after marrow transplantation for patients with leukemia or lymphoma. Hum Immunol 1990;29:79-91.
45. Szydlo R, et al. Results of allogeneic bone marrow transplants for leukemia using donors other than HLA-identical siblings. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1767-1777.
46. Beatty PG, et al. Marrow transplantation from related donors other than HLA-identical siblings. N Engl J Med 1985;313:765-771.
47. Horowitz MM, et al. Graft-versus-leukemia reactions after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1990;75:555-562.
48. Dey BR, et al. Anti-tumour response despite loss of donor chimaerism in patients treated with non-myeloablative conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2005;128:351-359.
49. Rubio MT, Kim YM, Sachs T, Mapara M, Zhao G, Sykes M. Antitumor effect of donor marrow graft rejection induced by recipient leukocyte infusions in mixed chimeras prepared with nonmyeloablative conditioning: critical role for recipient-derived IFN-γ. Blood 2003;102:2300-2307.
50. + T Cells. J Immunol 2005;175:665-676.
51. Saito TI, Rubio MT, Sykes M. Clinical relevance of recipient leukocyte infusion as antitumor therapy following nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Exp Hematol 2006;34:1270-1276.
52. Saito TI, Li HW, Sykes M. Invariant NKT cells are required for antitumor responses induced by host-versus-graft responses. J Immunol 2010;185:2099-2105.
53. Symons HJ, et al. The allogeneic effect revisited: exogenous help for endogenous, tumor-specific T cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008;14:499-509.
54. + T cell help. J Exp Med 1997;186:65-70.
55. Bennett SR, Carbone FR, Karamalis F, Flavell RA, Miller JF, Heath WR. Help for cytotoxic-T-cell responses is mediated by CD40 signalling. Nature 1998;393:478-480.
56. Ridge JP, Di Rosa F, Matzinger P. A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T- helper and a T-killer cell. Nature 1998;393:474-478.
57. Schoenberger SP, Toes RE, van der Voort EI, Offringa R, Melief CJ. T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD40L interactions. Nature 1998;393:480-483.
58. Feau S, Garcia Z, Arens R, Yagita H, Borst J, Schoenberger SP. The CD4+ T-cell help signal is transmitted from APC to CD8+ T-cells via CD27-CD70 interactions. Nat Commun 2012;3:948.
59. Zajac AJ, et al. Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T cells without effector function. J Exp Med 1998;188:2205-2213.
60. Aubert RD, et al. Antigen-specific CD4 T-cell help rescues exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection. PNAS 2011;108:21182-21187.
61. Ding ZC, et al. Polyfunctional CD4+ T cells are essential for eradicating advanced B-cell lymphoma after chemotherapy. Blood 2012;120:2229-2239.
62. Colvin GA, et al. Nonengraftment haploidentical cellular immunotherapy for refractory malignancies: tumor responses without chimerism. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009;15:421-431.
63. Medina DJ, et al. A pilot study of allogeneic cellular therapy for patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. Leukemia Res 2008;32:1842-1848.
64. Strair RK, et al. Antineoplastic effects of partially HLA-matched irradiated blood mononuclear cells in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3785-3791.
65. Guo M, et al. Infusion of HLA-mismatched peripheral blood stem cells improves the outcome of chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients. Blood 2011;117:936-941.
66. Guo M, et al. HLA-mismatched stem-cell microtransplantation as postremission therapy for acute myeloid leukemia: long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:4084-4090.
67. Schwarzenberg L, Mathe G, Schneider M, Amiel JL, Cattan A, Schlumberger JR. Attempted adoptive immunotherapy of acute leukaemia by leucocyte transfusions. Lancet 1966;2:365-368.
68. Griffith LM, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for primary immune deficiency diseases: current status and critical needs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;122:1087-1096.
69. Hutter G, et al. Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 delta32/delta32 stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 2009;360:692-698.
70. Pasquini MC, et al. Transplantation for autoimmune diseases in North and South America: a report of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012;18:1471-1478.
71. Wynn R. Stem cell transplantation in inherited metabolic disorders. ASH Education Program Book 2011;2011:285-291.
72. Armand P, Antin JH. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for aplastic anemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007;13:505-516.
73. Lucarelli G, Isgro A, Sodani P, Gaziev J. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012;2:a011825.
74. Bernaudin F, et al. Long-term results of related myeloablative stem-cell transplantation to cure sickle cell disease. Blood 2007;110:2749-2756.
75. Panepinto JA, et al. Matched-related donor transplantation for sickle cell disease: report from the Center for International Blood and Transplant Research. Br J Haematol 2007;137:479-485.
76. Chakrabarti S, Bareford D. A survey on patient perception of reduced-intensity transplantation in adults with sickle cell disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007;39:447-451.
77. Brodsky RA, Luznik L, Bolanos-Meade J, Leffell MS, Jones RJ, Fuchs EJ. Reduced intensity: HLA-haploidentical BMT with post transplantation cyclophosphamide in nonmalignant hematologic diseases. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008;42:523-527.
78. Sykes M, Szot GL, Swenson KA, Pearson DA. Induction of high levels of allogeneic hematopoietic reconstitution and donor-specific tolerance without myelosuppressive conditioning. Nat Med 1997;3:783-787.
79. Bachar-Lustig E, Rachamim N, Li HW, Lan F, Reisner Y. Megadose of T cell-depleted bone marrow overcomes MHC barriers in sublethally irradiated mice. Nat Med 1995;1:1268-1273.
80. Owen RD. Immunogenetic consequences of vascular anastomoses between bovine twins. Science 1945;102:400-401.
81. Sharabi Y, Sachs DH. Mixed chimerism and permanent specific transplantation tolerance induced by a nonlethal preparative regimen. J Exp Med 1989;169:493-502.
82. Anderson D, Billingham RE, Lampkin GH, Medawar PB. The use of skin grafting to distinguish between monozygotic and dizygotic twins in cattle. Heredity 1951;5:379-397.
83. Koenecke C, et al. Solid organ transplantation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective, multicenter study of the EBMT. Am J Transplant 2010;10:1897-1906.
84. Dey B, Sykes M, Spitzer TR. Outcomes of recipients of both bone marrow and solid organ transplants: a review. Medicine 1998;77:355-369.
85. Helg C, et al. Renal transplantation without immunosuppression in a host with tolerance induced by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1994;58:1420-1422.
86. Sayegh MH, Fine NA, Smith JL, Rennke HG, Milford EL, Tilney NL. Immunologic tolerance to renal allografts after bone marrow transplants from the same donors. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:954-955.
87. Sorof JM, Koerper MA, Portale AA, Potter D, DeSantes K, Cowan M. Renal transplantation without chronic immunosuppression after T cell-depleted. HLA-mismatched bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1995;59:1633-1635.
88. Spitzer TR, et al. Combined histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-matched donor bone marrow and renal transplantation for multiple myeloma with end stage renal disease: the induction of allograft tolerance through mixed lymphohematopoietic chimerism. Transplantation 1999;68:480-484.
89. Fudaba Y, et al. Myeloma responses and tolerance following combined kidney and nonmyeloablative marrow transplantation. In vivo and in vitro analyses. Am J Transplant 2006;6:2121-2133.
90. Spitzer TR, et al. Long-term follow-up of recipients of combined human leukocyte antigen-matched bone marrow and kidney transplantation for multiple myeloma with end-stage renal disease. Transplantation 2011;91:672-676.
91. Scandling JD, Busque S, Shizuru JA, Engleman EG, Strober S. Induced immune tolerance for kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1359-1360.
92. Kawai T, et al. HLA-mismatched renal transplantation without maintenance immunosuppression. N Engl J Med 2008;358:353-361.
93. Farris AB, et al. Acute renal endothelial injury during marrow recovery in a cohort of combined kidney and bone marrow allografts. Am J Transplant 2011;11:1464-1477.
94. Spitzer TR. Engraftment syndrome following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001;27:893-898.
95. Kawai T, Sachs DH, Sykes M, Cosimi AB. HLA-Mismatched renal transplantation without maintenance immunosuppression. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1850-1852.
96. Andreola G, et al. Mechanisms of donor-specific tolerance in recipients of haploidentical combined bone marrow/kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2011;11:1236-1247.
97. + plasmacytoid precursor DCs induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells that enhance HSC engraftment in vivo. Blood 2011;117:2494-2505.
98. Leventhal J, et al. Chimerism and tolerance without GVHD or engraftment syndrome in hla-mismatched combined kidney and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Sci Transl Med 2012;4:124ra28.
99. Leventhal J, et al. Tolerance induction in HLA disparate living donor kidney transplantation by donor stem cell infusion: durable chimerism predicts outcome. Transplantation 2013;95:169-176.
100. Zinkernagel RM, Althage A, Callahan G, Welsh RM, Jr. On the immunocompetence of H-2 incompatible irradiation bone marrow chimeras. J Immunol 1980;124:2356-2365.
101. Zinkernagel RM, Callahan GN, Althage A, Cooper S, Klein PA, Klein J. On the thymus in the differentiation of "H-2 self-recognition" by T cells: evidence for dual recognition? J Exp Med 1978;147:882-896.
102. Matzinger P, Mirkwood G. In a fully H-2 incompatible chimera, T cells of donor origin can respond to minor histocompatibility antigens in association with either donor or host H-2 type. J Exp Med 1978;148:84-92.
103. Lubaroff DM, Silvers WK. The importance of chimerism in maintaining tolerance of skin allografts in mice. J Immunol 1973;111:65-71.
104. de Vries-van der Zwan A, Besseling AC, van Twuyver E, Boog CJ, de Waal LP. A substantial level of mixed chimerism is required for the induction of permanent transplantation tolerance. Transpl Immunol 1996;4:232-240.
105. de Vries-van der Zwan A, van der Pol MA, Besseling AC, de Waal LP, Boog CJ. Haematopoietic stem cells can induce specific skin graft acceptance across full MHC barriers. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;22:91-98.
106. Kanamoto A, Maki T. Chimeric donor cells play an active role in both induction and maintenance phases of transplantation tolerance induced by mixed chimerism. J Immunol 2004;172:1444-1448.
107. Ildstad ST, Wren SM, Bluestone JA, Barbieri SA, Sachs DH. Characterization of mixed allogeneic chimeras. Immunocompetence, in vitro reactivity, and genetic specificity of tolerance. J Exp Med 1985;162:231-244.
108. Tomita Y, Sachs DH, Sykes M. Myelosuppressive conditioning is required to achieve engraftment of pluripotent stem cells contained in moderate doses of syngeneic bone marrow. Blood 1994;83:939-948.
109. Hara M, et al. IL-10 is required for regulatory T cells to mediate tolerance to alloantigens in vivo. J Immunol 2001;166:3789-3796.
110. Sagoo P, Ali N, Garg G, Nestle FO, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Human regulatory T cells with alloantigen specificity are more potent inhibitors of alloimmune skin graft damage than polyclonal regulatory T cells. Sci Transl Med 2011;3:83ra42.
111. Pearson TC, et al. CTLA4-Ig plus bone marrow induces long-term allograft survival and donor-specific unresponsiveness in the murine model: evidence for hematopoietic chimerism. Transplantation 1996;61:997-1004.
112. Rostaing L, et al. Long-term belatacept exposure maintains efficacy and safety at 5 years: results from the long-term extension of the BENEFIT study. Am J Transplant 2013;13:2875-2883.
113. Lakkis FG, et al. Blocking the CD28-B7 T cell costimulation pathway induces long term cardiac allograft acceptance in the absence of IL-4. J Immunol 1997;158:2443-2448.
114. Nadazdin O, et al. Host alloreactive memory T cells influence tolerance to kidney allografts in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2011;3:86ra51.
115. Finberg R, Burakoff SJ, Cantor H, Benacerraf B. Biological significance of alloreactivity: T cells stimulated by Sendai virus-coated syngeneic cells specifically lyse allogeneic target cells. PNAS 1978;75:5145-5149.
116. Adams AB, et al. Heterologous immunity provides a potent barrier to transplantation tolerance. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1887-1895.
117. Amir AL, et al. Allo-HLA reactivity of virus-specific memory T cells is common. Blood 2010;115:3146-3157.
118. Ayasoufi K, Yu H, Fan R, Wang X, Williams J, Valujskikh A. Pretransplant antithymocyte globulin has increased efficacy in controlling donor-reactive memory T cells in mice. Am J Transplant 2013;13:589-599.
119. Pearl JP, et al. Immunocompetent T-cells with a memory-like phenotype are the dominant cell type following antibody-mediated T-cell depletion. Am J Transplant 2005;5:465-474.
120. Gurkan S, et al. Immune reconstitution following rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Am J Transplant 2010;10:2132-2141.
121. Valujskikh A, Pantenburg B, Heeger PS. Primed allospecific T cells prevent the effects of costimulatory blockade on prolonged cardiac allograft survival in mice. Am J Transplant 2002;2:501-509.
122. Yang J, et al. Allograft rejection mediated by memory T cells is resistant to regulation. PNAS 2007;104:19954-19959.
123. Wang T, et al. Infection with the intracellular bacterium, Listeria Monocytogenes, overrides established tolerance in a mouse cardiac allograft model. Am J Transplant 2010;10:1524-1533.
124. Welsh RM, et al. Virus-induced abrogation of transplantation tolerance induced by donor-specific transfusion and anti-CD154 antibody. J Virol 2000;74:2210-2218.
125. Pantenburg B, Heinzel F, Das L, Heeger PS, Valujskikh A. T cells primed by Leishmania major infection cross-react with alloantigens and alter the course of allograft rejection. J Immunol 2002;169:3686-3693.
126. Qin S, et al. "Infectious" transplantation tolerance. Science 1993;259:974-977.
127. + regulatory T cells is vital for infectious transplantation tolerance. J Exp Med 2011;208:2043-2053.
128. Waldmann H, Adams E, Fairchild P, Cobbold S. Infectious tolerance and the long-term acceptance of transplanted tissue. Immunol Rev 2006;212:301-313.
129. Kernan NA, Flomenberg N, Dupont B, O'Reilly RJ. Graft rejection in recipients of T-cell-depleted HLA- nonidentical marrow transplants for leukemia. Identification of host-derived antidonor allocytotoxic T lymphocytes. Transplantation 1987;43:842-847.
130. Kasamon YL, et al. Nonmyeloablative HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation with high-dose posttransplantation cyclophosphamide: effect of HLA disparity on outcome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010;16:482-489.
131. El-Cheikh J, et al. Comparison of umbilical cord blood and haploidentical donor grafts in adults with high risk hematologic diseases after fludarabine cyclophosphamide and TBI 2 Gy based reduced intensity conditioning regimen stem cell transplantation. ASH Annu Meet Abstr 2013;122:3288.
132. Brunstein CG, et al. Alternative donor transplantation: results of parallel phase II trials using HLA-mismatched related bone marrow or unrelated umbilical cord blood grafts. Blood 2011;118:282-288.
133. Tuve S, et al. Haploidentical bone marrow transplantation with post-grafting cyclophosphamide: multicenter experience with an alternative salvage strategy. Leukemia 2011;25:880-883.
134. Bilmon IA, et al. Haploidentical bone marrow transplants for hematological malignancies using non-myeloablative conditioning therapy and post-transplant immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide: results from a single Australian centre. Intern Med J 2013;43:191-196.
135. Bashey A, et al. T-cell replete HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation for hematologic malignancies using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide results in outcomes equivalent to those of contemporaneous hla-matched related and unrelated donor transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:1310-1316.
136. Ciurea SO, et al. Improved early outcomes with T-cell replete (TCR) compared with T-cell depleted (TCD) haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haploSCT). ASH Annu Meet Abstr 2011;118:320.
137. Solomon SR, et al. Haploidentical transplantation using T cell replete peripheral blood stem cells and myeloablative conditioning in patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies who lack conventional donors is well tolerated and produces excellent relapse-free survival: results of a prospective phase II trial. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012;18:1859-1866.
138. Raiola AM, et al. Unmanipulated haploidentical bone marrow transplantation and posttransplantation cyclophosphamide for hematologic malignancies after myeloablative conditioning. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013;19:117-122.