Problems measuring social presence in a community of inquiry

E-Learning and Digital Media

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 19-30

  Lowenthal, Patrick R ^a   Dunlap, Joanna C ^b  

^a BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84893448086     PISSN: 17418887     EISSN: 20427530     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2304/elea.2014.11.1.19     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Akyol, Z., Vaughan, N. & Garrison, D.R. (2011) The Impact of Course Duration on the Development of a Community of Inquiry, Interactive Learning Environments, 19(3), 231-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10494820902809147
2. Allen, I.E. & Seaman, J. (2011) Going the Distance: online education in the United States, 2011. Babson Park, MA: Babson Survey Research Group.
3. Arbaugh, J.B., Bangert, A. & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2010) Subject Matter Effects and the Community of Inquiry (CoI) Framework: an exploratory study, The Internet and Higher Education, 13(1-2), 37-44.
4. Arbaugh, J.B., Cleveland-Innes, M., Diaz, S.R., et al (2008) Developing a Community of Inquiry Instrument: testing a measure of the Community of Inquiry framework using a multi-institutional sample, The Internet and Higher Education, 11(3-4), 133-136.
5. Arbaugh, J.B. & Hwang, A. (2006) Does 'Teaching Presence' Exist in Online MBA Courses?, The Internet and Higher Education, 9(1), 9-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2005.12.001
6. Boston, B., Diaz, S., Gibson, A., Ice, P., Richardson, J. & Swan, K. (2009) An Exploration of the Relationship between Indicators of the Community of Inquiry Framework and Retention in Online Programs, Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 13(3), 67-83.
7. Diaz, S.R., Swan, K., Ice, P. & Kupczynski, L. (2010) Student Ratings of the Importance of Survey Items, Multiplicative Factor Analysis, and the Validity of the Community of Inquiry Survey, The Internet and Higher Education, 13, 22-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.11.004
8. Dunlap, J.C. & Lowenthal, P.R. (2009) Tweeting the Night Away: using Twitter to enhance social presence, Journal of Information Systems Education, 20(2), 129-136.
9. Dunlap, J. & Lowenthal, P.R. (2010a) Defeating the Kobayashi Maru: supporting student retention by balancing the needs of the many and the one, EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 33(4). http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/defeating-kobayashi-maru-supporting-student-retentionbalancing- needs-many-and-one
10. Dunlap, J. C. & Lowenthal, P.R. (2010b) Hot For Teacher: Using digital music to enhance students' experience in online courses, TechTrends, 54(4), 58-73.
11. Dunlap, J.C. & Lowenthal, P.R. (2011a) Learning, Unlearning, and Relearning: using Web 2.0 technologies to support the development of lifelong learning skills, In G.D. Magoulas (Ed.) E-infrastructures and Technologies for Lifelong Learning: next generation environments. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-983-5
12. Dunlap, J.C. & Lowenthal, P.R. (2011b) Alternative Structures for Online Discussions. In P. Shank (Ed.) The Online Learning Idea Book: proven ways to enhance technology-based and blended learning, vol. 2, pp. 157-164. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.
13. Dunlap, J.C. & Lowenthal, P.R. (2014) The Power of Presence: our quest for the right mix of social presence in online courses, in A.A. Piña & A.P. Mizell (Eds) Real Life Distance Education: case studies in practice, pp. 41-66. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
14. Garrison, D.R. (2009) Communities of Inquiry in Online Learning: social, teaching and cognitive presence, in P. Rogers, G. Berg, J. Boettcher, et al (Eds) Encyclopedia of Distance and Online Learning, 2nd edn, pp. 352-355. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
15. Garrison, D.R., Anderson, T. & Archer, W. (2000) Critical Inquiry in a Text-based Environment: computer conferencing in higher education, The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2-3), 87-105.
16. Garrison, D.R., Anderson, T. & Archer, W. (2001) Critical Thinking, Cognitive Presence, and Computer Conferencing in Distance Education, American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923640109527071
17. Garrison, D.R., Anderson, T. & Archer, W. (2010) The First Decade of the Community of Inquiry framework: a retrospective, The Internet and Higher Education, 13(1-2), 5-9.
18. Garrison, D.R. & Arbaugh, J.B. (2007) Researching the Community of Inquiry Framework: review, issues, and future directions, The Internet and Higher Education, 10(3), 157-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2007.04.001
19. Gorsky, P., Caspi, A., Antonovsky, A., Blau, I. & Mansur, A. (2010) The Relationship between Academic Discipline and Dialogic Behavior in Open University Course Forums, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 11(2). http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/820/1546
20. Gunawardena, C.N. (1995) Social Presence Theory and Implications for Interaction and Collaborative Learning in Computer Conferences, International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1(2/3), 147-166.
21. Gunawardena, C.N. & Zittle, F.J. (1997) Social Presence as a Predictor of Satisfaction within a Computermediated Conferencing Environment, American Journal of Distance Education, 11(3), 8-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923649709526970
22. Hughes, M., Ventura, S. & Dando, M. (2007) Assessing Social Presence in Online Discussion Groups: a replication study, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 44(1), 17-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14703290601090366
23. Ke, F. (2010) Examining Online Teaching, Cognitive, and Social Presence for Adult Students, Computers & Education, 55(2), 808-820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.03.013
24. Keengwe, J., Adjei-Boateng, E. & Diteeyont, W. (2013) Facilitating Active Social Presence and Meaningful Interactions in Online Learning, Education and Information Technologies, 18(4), 597-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-012-9197-9
25. Kramer, A.D.I., Oh, L.M. & Fussell, S.R. (2006) Using Linguistic Features to Measure Presence in Computermediated Communication, in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 913-916. New York: ACM Press.
26. Lowenthal, P.R. (2009a) Social Presence, in P. Rogers, G. Berg, J. Boettcher, et al (Eds) Encyclopedia of Distance and Online Learning, 2nd edn, pp. 1900-1906. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
27. Lowenthal, P.R. (2009b) The Evolution and Influence of Social Presence Theory on Online Learning, in T.T. Kidd (Ed.) Online Education and Adult Learning: new frontiers for teaching practices, pp. 124-139. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
28. Lowenthal, P.R. (2012) Social Presence: what is it? How Do We Measure It?, PhD dissertation, University of Colorado Denver, U.S.A.
29. Lowenthal, P.R. & Dunlap, J. (2010) From Pixel on a Screen to Real Person in Your Students' Lives: establishing social presence using digital storytelling, The Internet and Higher Education, 13(1-2), 70-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.10.004
30. Lowenthal, P.R. & Dunlap, J. (2011) Investigating Students' Perceptions of Various Instructional Strategies to Establish Social Presence. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, April, New Orleans.
31. Lowenthal, P.R. & Leech, N. (2009) Mixed Research and Online Learning: strategies for improvement, in T.T. Kidd (Ed.) Online Education and Adult Learning: new frontiers for teaching practices, pp. 202-211. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
32. Lowenthal, D.A. & Lowenthal, P.R. (2010) A Mixed Methods Examination of Instructor Social Presence in Accelerated Online Courses. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, April, Denver, U.S.A.
33. Lowenthal, P.R., Lowenthal, D.A. & White, J.W. (2009) The Changing Nature of Online Communities of Inquiry: an analysis of how discourse and time shapes students' perceptions of presence, in M. Simonson (Ed.) 32nd Annual Proceedings: selected research and development papers presented at the annual convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology. Washington DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology.
34. Lowenthal, P.R., Wilson, B. & Parrish, P. (2009) Context Matters: a description and typology of the online learning landscape, in M. Simonson (Ed.) 32nd Annual Proceedings: selected research and development papers presented at the annual convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology. Washington DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology.
35. McKlin, T., Harmon, S.W., Evans, W. & Jone, M.G. (2002) Cognitive Presence in Web-based Learning: a content analysis of students' online discussions, American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1) 7-23.
36. Moisey, S., Neu, C. & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2008) Community Building and Computer-mediated Conferencing, Journal of Distance Education, 22(2), 15-42.
37. Richardson, J.C. & Swan, K. (2003) Examining Social Presence in Online Courses in Relation to Students' Perceived Learning and Satisfaction, Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 7(1), 68-88.
38. Rourke, L. & Anderson, T. (2002) Exploring Social Interaction in Computer Conferencing, Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 13(3), 257-273.
39. Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison, D.R. & Archer, W. (2001) Assessing Social Presence in Asynchronous Text-based Computer Conferencing, Journal of Distance Education, 14. http://auspace.athabascau.ca/bitstream/2149/732/1/Assessing%20Social%20Presence%20In%20Async hronous%20Text-based%20Computer%20Conferencing.pdf
40. Rourke, L. & Kanuka, H. (2009) Learning in Communities of Inquiry: a review of the literature, Journal of Distance Education, 23(1), 19-48.
41. Rovai, A. (2002) Building a Sense of Community at a Distance, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 3(1). http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/79/152
42. Sadera, W.A., Robertson, J., Song, L. & Midon, N. (2009) The Role of Community in Online Learning Success, Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 5(2), 277-284.
43. Shea, P. & Bidjerano, T. (2010) Learning Presence: towards a theory of self-efficacy, self regulation, and the development of a communities of inquiry in online and blended learning environments, Computers & Education, 55(1), 1721-1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.017
44. Shea, P. & Bidjerano, T. (2012) Learning Presence as a Moderator in the Community of Inquiry Model, Computers & Education, 59(2), 316-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.01.011
45. Shea, P., Hayes, S., Vickers, J., et al (2010) A Re-examination of the Community of Inquiry Framework: social network and content analysis, The Internet and Higher Education, 13(1-2), 10-21.
46. Shea, P., Pickett, A. & Pelt, W. (2003) A Follow-up Investigation of Teaching Presence in the SUNY Learning Network, Journal of the Asynchronous Learning Network, 7(2), 61-80.
47. Short, J., Williams, E. & Christie, B. (1976) The social psychology of telecommunications. London: John Wiley & Sons.
48. Swan, K. (2003) Developing Social Presence in Online Course Discussions, in S. Naidu (Ed.) Learning and Teaching with Technology: principles and practices, pp. 147-164. London: Kogan Page.
49. Swan, K.P., Richardson, J.C., Ice, P., et al (2008) Validating a Measurement Tool of Presence in Online Communities of Inquiry, e-mentor, 2(24).
50. Swan, K. & Shih, L. F. (2005) On the Nature and Development of Social Presence in Online Course Discussions, Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 9(3), 115-136.
51. Tu, C.-H. (2001) How Chinese Perceive Social Presence: an examination of interaction in online learning environment, Education Media International, 38(1), 45-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523980010021235
52. Tu, C.-H. (2002a) The Impacts of Text-based CMC on Online Social Presence, Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 1(2). http://www.ncolr.org/jiol/issues/PDF/1.2.6.pdf
53. Tu, C.-H. (2002b) The Measurement of Social Presence in an Online Learning Environment, International Journal on E-learning, 1(2), 34-45.