메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 169, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2013, Pages 41-56

Facial hyperpigmentation: Causes and treatment

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPALENE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; AZELAIC ACID; CALCIPOTRIOL; CLOFAZIMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; COSMETIC; CYCLOSPORIN A; DAPSONE; DEPIGMENTING AGENT; ETRETIN; GRISEOFULVIN; HYDROQUINONE; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; ISONIAZID; ISOTRETINOIN; KERATOLYTIC AGENT; PODOPHYLLIN; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOID; SALICYLIC ACID; SOYBEAN TRYPSIN INHIBITOR; STABILIZING AGENT; STEROID; SUNSCREEN; SUPEROXIDE; TAZAROTENE; UREA;

EID: 84893242509     PISSN: 00070963     EISSN: 13652133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12536     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (118)

References (106)
  • 1
    • 67349113268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Census Bureau, Available at:, last accessed 25 June 2013
    • U.S. Census Bureau. An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury, 2008. Available at: http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb08- 123.html (last accessed 25 June 2013).
    • (2008) An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury
  • 3
    • 12444252317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin of color: Biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease
    • Taylor SC. Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46(2 Suppl.):S41-62.
    • (2002) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.46 , Issue.2 SUPPL.
    • Taylor, S.C.1
  • 4
    • 0001259952 scopus 로고
    • Chemical composition and terminology of specialized organelles (melanosomes and melanin granules) in mammalian melanocytes
    • Seiji M, Fitzpatrick TB, Simpson RT, Birbeck MS. Chemical composition and terminology of specialized organelles (melanosomes and melanin granules) in mammalian melanocytes. Nature 1963; 197:1082-4.
    • (1963) Nature , vol.197 , pp. 1082-1084
    • Seiji, M.1    Fitzpatrick, T.B.2    Simpson, R.T.3    Birbeck, M.S.4
  • 5
    • 0027233399 scopus 로고
    • Role of tyrosinase as the determinant of pigmentation in cultured human melanocytes
    • Iozumi K, Hoganson GE, Pennella R et al. Role of tyrosinase as the determinant of pigmentation in cultured human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 100:806-11.
    • (1993) J Invest Dermatol , vol.100 , pp. 806-811
    • Iozumi, K.1    Hoganson, G.E.2    Pennella, R.3
  • 6
    • 33644847858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of pigmentation in cultured human melanocytes is due to differences in the type as well as quantity of melanin
    • Wakamatsu K, Kavanagh R, Kadekaro AL et al. Diversity of pigmentation in cultured human melanocytes is due to differences in the type as well as quantity of melanin. Pigment Cell Res 2006; 19:154-62.
    • (2006) Pigment Cell Res , vol.19 , pp. 154-162
    • Wakamatsu, K.1    Kavanagh, R.2    Kadekaro, A.L.3
  • 8
    • 0021447677 scopus 로고
    • Photoinduced oxygen consumption in melanin systems - 2. Action spectra and quantum yields for pheomelanins
    • Sarna T, Menon IA, Sealy RC. Photoinduced oxygen consumption in melanin systems - 2. Action spectra and quantum yields for pheomelanins. Photochem Photobiol 1984; 39:805-9.
    • (1984) Photochem Photobiol , vol.39 , pp. 805-809
    • Sarna, T.1    Menon, I.A.2    Sealy, R.C.3
  • 9
    • 38449113569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human pigmentation variation: Evolution, genetic basis, and implications for public health
    • Parra EJ. Human pigmentation variation: evolution, genetic basis, and implications for public health. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007; 134 (Suppl. 45):85-105.
    • (2007) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.134 , Issue.SUPPL. 45 , pp. 85-105
    • Parra, E.J.1
  • 10
    • 84893228535 scopus 로고
    • Society For Experimental Biology, New York:, Academic Press
    • Society for Experimental Biology. Mitochondria and Other Cytoplasmic Inclusions. New York: Academic Press, 1959.
    • (1959) Mitochondria and Other Cytoplasmic Inclusions
  • 11
    • 0014674644 scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in the fate of melanosomes in human epidermis
    • Szabo G, Gerald AB, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB. Racial differences in the fate of melanosomes in human epidermis. Nature 1969; 222:1081-2.
    • (1969) Nature , vol.222 , pp. 1081-1082
    • Szabo, G.1    Gerald, A.B.2    Pathak, M.A.3    Fitzpatrick, T.B.4
  • 12
    • 0002943098 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative and qualitative data on the pigment cells of adult human epidermis
    • Staricco RJ, Pinkus H. Quantitative and qualitative data on the pigment cells of adult human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1957; 28:33-45.
    • (1957) J Invest Dermatol , vol.28 , pp. 33-45
    • Staricco, R.J.1    Pinkus, H.2
  • 13
    • 0015494687 scopus 로고
    • Alteration of racial differences in melanosome distribution in human epidermis after exposure to ultraviolet light
    • Toda K, Pathak MA, Parrish JA et al. Alteration of racial differences in melanosome distribution in human epidermis after exposure to ultraviolet light. Nat New Biol 1972; 236:143-5.
    • (1972) Nat New Biol , vol.236 , pp. 143-145
    • Toda, K.1    Pathak, M.A.2    Parrish, J.A.3
  • 14
    • 0026051525 scopus 로고
    • The architecture of black and white facial skin
    • Montagna W, Carlisle K. The architecture of black and white facial skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24:929-37.
    • (1991) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.24 , pp. 929-937
    • Montagna, W.1    Carlisle, K.2
  • 15
    • 80052332281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Periorbital hyperpigmentation in Asians: An epidemiologic study and a proposed classification
    • Ranu H, Thng S, Goh BK et al. Periorbital hyperpigmentation in Asians: an epidemiologic study and a proposed classification. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37:1297-303.
    • (2011) Dermatol Surg , vol.37 , pp. 1297-1303
    • Ranu, H.1    Thng, S.2    Goh, B.K.3
  • 16
  • 17
    • 0020567563 scopus 로고
    • Pigmentary incontinence in fixed drug eruptions. Histologic and electron microscopic findings
    • Masu S, Seiji M. Pigmentary incontinence in fixed drug eruptions. Histologic and electron microscopic findings. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 8:525-32.
    • (1983) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.8 , pp. 525-532
    • Masu, S.1    Seiji, M.2
  • 19
    • 33846199551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural considerations for skin of color
    • Baumann L, Rodriguez D, Taylor SC, Wu J. Natural considerations for skin of color. Cutis 2006; 78(6 Suppl.):2-19.
    • (2006) Cutis , vol.78 , Issue.6 SUPPL. , pp. 2-19
    • Baumann, L.1    Rodriguez, D.2    Taylor, S.C.3    Wu, J.4
  • 20
    • 84900554684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic cutaneous hyperchromia at the orbital region or periorbital hyperpigmentation
    • Sarkar R. Idiopathic cutaneous hyperchromia at the orbital region or periorbital hyperpigmentation. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2012; 5:183- 4.
    • J Cutan Aesthet Surg , vol.2012 , Issue.5 , pp. 183-184
    • Sarkar, R.1
  • 21
    • 68749093107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infraorbital dark circles: Definition, causes, and treatment options
    • Roh MR, Chung KY. Infraorbital dark circles: definition, causes, and treatment options. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35:1163-71.
    • (2009) Dermatol Surg , vol.35 , pp. 1163-1171
    • Roh, M.R.1    Chung, K.Y.2
  • 22
    • 35048873658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Periorbital melanosis is an extension of pigmentary demarcation line-F on face
    • Malakar S, Lahiri K, Banerjee U et al. Periorbital melanosis is an extension of pigmentary demarcation line-F on face. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2007; 73:323-5.
    • (2007) Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol , vol.73 , pp. 323-325
    • Malakar, S.1    Lahiri, K.2    Banerjee, U.3
  • 23
    • 84900548991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of melanin and haemoglobin in the skin of idiopathic cutaneous hyperchromia of the orbital region (ICHOR): A study of Indian patients
    • Verschoore M, Gupta S, Sharma VK, Ortonne JP. Determination of melanin and haemoglobin in the skin of idiopathic cutaneous hyperchromia of the orbital region (ICHOR): a study of Indian patients. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2012; 5:176-82.
    • J Cutan Aesthet Surg , vol.2012 , Issue.5 , pp. 176-182
    • Verschoore, M.1    Gupta, S.2    Sharma, V.K.3    Ortonne, J.P.4
  • 24
    • 33744924223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Condition Known as 'dark rings under the eyes' in the japanese population is a kind of dermal melanocytosis which can be successfully treated by q-switched ruby laser
    • discussion 789
    • Watanabe S, Nakai K, Ohnishi T. Condition known as 'dark rings under the eyes' in the Japanese population is a kind of dermal melanocytosis which can be successfully treated by Q-switched ruby laser. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32:785-9; discussion 789.
    • (2006) Dermatol Surg , vol.32 , pp. 785-789
    • Watanabe, S.1    Nakai, K.2    Ohnishi, T.3
  • 26
    • 80052814693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melasma: A comprehensive update: Part 1
    • quiz 698
    • Sheth VM, Pandya AG. Melasma: a comprehensive update: part 1. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:689-97; quiz 698.
    • (2011) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.65 , pp. 689-697
    • Sheth, V.M.1    Pandya, A.G.2
  • 27
    • 0034900925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options
    • Levin CY, Maibach H. Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001; 2:213-17.
    • (2001) Am J Clin Dermatol , vol.2 , pp. 213-217
    • Levin, C.Y.1    Maibach, H.2
  • 28
    • 35148814023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety of hydroquinone: A dermatologist's response to the 2006 Federal Register
    • Levitt J. The safety of hydroquinone: a dermatologist's response to the 2006 Federal Register. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:854- 72.
    • (2007) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.57 , pp. 854-872
    • Levitt, J.1
  • 29
    • 34250877267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exogenous ochronosis following hydroquinone for melasma
    • Zawar VP, Mhaskar ST. Exogenous ochronosis following hydroquinone for melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2004; 3:234-6.
    • (2004) J Cosmet Dermatol , vol.3 , pp. 234-236
    • Zawar, V.P.1    Mhaskar, S.T.2
  • 30
    • 37449004162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis: A report of four cases and usefulness of dermoscopy
    • Charlin R, Barcaui CB, Kac BK et al. Hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis: a report of four cases and usefulness of dermoscopy. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:19-23.
    • (2008) Int J Dermatol , vol.47 , pp. 19-23
    • Charlin, R.1    Barcaui, C.B.2    Kac, B.K.3
  • 31
    • 62149149504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of idiopathic acanthosis nigricans with a triple combination depigmenting cream
    • Adigun CG, Pandya AG. Improvement of idiopathic acanthosis nigricans with a triple combination depigmenting cream. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:486-7.
    • (2009) J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol , vol.23 , pp. 486-487
    • Adigun, C.G.1    Pandya, A.G.2
  • 33
    • 0033777864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A retrospective analysis of complications in the treatment of nevus of Ota with the Q-switched alexandrite and Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers
    • Chan HH, Leung RS, Ying SY et al. A retrospective analysis of complications in the treatment of nevus of Ota with the Q-switched alexandrite and Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26:1000-6.
    • (2000) Dermatol Surg , vol.26 , pp. 1000-1006
    • Chan, H.H.1    Leung, R.S.2    Ying, S.Y.3
  • 34
    • 0033781605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An in vivo trial comparing the clinical efficacy and complications of Q-switched 755 nm alexandrite and Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG lasers in the treatment of nevus of Ota
    • Chan HH, Ying SY, Ho WS et al. An in vivo trial comparing the clinical efficacy and complications of Q-switched 755 nm alexandrite and Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG lasers in the treatment of nevus of Ota. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26:919-22.
    • (2000) Dermatol Surg , vol.26 , pp. 919-922
    • Chan, H.H.1    Ying, S.Y.2    Ho, W.S.3
  • 36
    • 33645990897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of ota-like macules (Hori's nevus) with a combination of the 532 nm Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser followed by the 1,064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG is more effective: Prospective study
    • Ee HL, Goh CL, Khoo LS et al. Treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of ota-like macules (Hori's nevus) with a combination of the 532 nm Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser followed by the 1,064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG is more effective: prospective study. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32:34-40.
    • (2006) Dermatol Surg , vol.32 , pp. 34-40
    • Ee, H.L.1    Goh, C.L.2    Khoo, L.S.3
  • 37
    • 71049138596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules (Hori's nevus) using 1064-nm Qswitched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence
    • Cho SB, Park SJ, Kim MJ, Bu TS. Treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules (Hori's nevus) using 1064-nm Qswitched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:1308-12.
    • (2009) Int J Dermatol , vol.48 , pp. 1308-1312
    • Cho, S.B.1    Park, S.J.2    Kim, M.J.3    Bu, T.S.4
  • 38
    • 0029153708 scopus 로고
    • Risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with pigmentation characteristics and freckling: Systematic overview of 10 case-control studies
    • The International Melanoma Analysis Group (IMAGE)
    • Bliss JM, Ford D, Swerdlow AJ et al. Risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with pigmentation characteristics and freckling: systematic overview of 10 case-control studies. The International Melanoma Analysis Group (IMAGE). Int J Cancer 1995; 62:367- 76.
    • (1995) Int J Cancer , vol.62 , pp. 367-376
    • Bliss, J.M.1    Ford, D.2    Swerdlow, A.J.3
  • 39
    • 0026078694 scopus 로고
    • Sun-induced freckles in children and young adults. A correlation of clinical and histopathologic features
    • Rhodes AR, Albert LS, Barnhill RL, Weinstock MA. Sun-induced freckles in children and young adults. A correlation of clinical and histopathologic features. Cancer 1991; 67:1990-2001.
    • (1991) Cancer , vol.67 , pp. 1990-2001
    • Rhodes, A.R.1    Albert, L.S.2    Barnhill, R.L.3    Weinstock, M.A.4
  • 40
    • 0020594162 scopus 로고
    • The PUVA-induced pigmented macule: A lentiginous proliferation of large, sometimes cytologically atypical, melanocytes
    • Rhodes AR, Harrist TJ, Momtaz TK. The PUVA-induced pigmented macule: a lentiginous proliferation of large, sometimes cytologically atypical, melanocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 9:47- 58.
    • (1983) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.9 , pp. 47-58
    • Rhodes, A.R.1    Harrist, T.J.2    Momtaz, T.K.3
  • 41
    • 1842539442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erythema dyschromicum perstans: The continuing enigma of Cinderella or ashy dermatosis
    • Schwartz RA. Erythema dyschromicum perstans: the continuing enigma of Cinderella or ashy dermatosis. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43:230-2.
    • (2004) Int J Dermatol , vol.43 , pp. 230-232
    • Schwartz, R.A.1
  • 42
    • 0042411074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of 124 Indian patients with lichen planus pigmentosus
    • Kanwar AJ, Dogra S, Handa S et al. A study of 124 Indian patients with lichen planus pigmentosus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003; 28:481- 5.
    • (2003) Clin Exp Dermatol , vol.28 , pp. 481-485
    • Kanwar, A.J.1    Dogra, S.2    Handa, S.3
  • 43
    • 77950849533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinicopathological characteristics of lichen planus pigmentosus and its response to tacrolimus ointment: An open label, non-randomized, prospective study
    • Al-Mutairi N, El-Khalawany M. Clinicopathological characteristics of lichen planus pigmentosus and its response to tacrolimus ointment: an open label, non-randomized, prospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24:535-40.
    • (2010) J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol , vol.24 , pp. 535-540
    • Al-Mutairi, N.1    El-Khalawany, M.2
  • 44
    • 84856247818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linear lichen planus pigmentosus of the forehead treated by neodymium:Yttrium-aluminum-Garnet laser and topical tacrolimus
    • Kim JE, Won CH, Chang S et al. Linear lichen planus pigmentosus of the forehead treated by neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and topical tacrolimus. J Dermatol 2012; 39:189-91.
    • (2012) J Dermatol , vol.39 , pp. 189-191
    • Kim, J.E.1    Won, C.H.2    Chang, S.3
  • 45
    • 39149090337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood actinic lichen planus (6 cases)
    • (in French)
    • Dammak A, Masmoudi A, Boudaya S et al. Childhood actinic lichen planus (6 cases). Arch Pediatr 2008; 15:111-14 (in French).
    • (2008) Arch Pediatr , vol.15 , pp. 111-114
    • Dammak, A.1    Masmoudi, A.2    Boudaya, S.3
  • 47
    • 84856955239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood actinic lichen planus: Successful treatment with antimalarials
    • Ramirez P, Feito M, Sendagorta E et al. Childhood actinic lichen planus: successful treatment with antimalarials. Australas J Dermatol 2012; 53:e10-13.
    • (2012) Australas J Dermatol , vol.53
    • Ramirez, P.1    Feito, M.2    Sendagorta, E.3
  • 48
    • 42249084421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational analysis of erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli
    • Sardana K, Relhan V, Garg V, Khurana N. An observational analysis of erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 33:333-6.
    • (2008) Clin Exp Dermatol , vol.33 , pp. 333-336
    • Sardana, K.1    Relhan, V.2    Garg, V.3    Khurana, N.4
  • 49
    • 38349103133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous manifestations of chikungunya fever: Observations made during a recent outbreak in south India
    • Inamadar AC, Palit A, Sampagavi VV et al. Cutaneous manifestations of chikungunya fever: observations made during a recent outbreak in south India. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:154-9.
    • (2008) Int J Dermatol , vol.47 , pp. 154-159
    • Inamadar, A.C.1    Palit, A.2    Sampagavi, V.V.3
  • 52
    • 80052786607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melasma: A comprehensive update: Part 2
    • quiz 715
    • Sheth VM, Pandya AG. Melasma: a comprehensive update: part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:699-714; quiz 715.
    • (2011) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.65 , pp. 699-714
    • Sheth, V.M.1    Pandya, A.G.2
  • 53
    • 0001243044 scopus 로고
    • Melanogenesis in human skin following exposure to long-wave ultraviolet and visible light
    • Pathak MA, Riley FC, Fitzpatrick TB. Melanogenesis in human skin following exposure to long-wave ultraviolet and visible light. J Invest Dermatol 1962; 39:435-43.
    • (1962) J Invest Dermatol , vol.39 , pp. 435-443
    • Pathak, M.A.1    Riley, F.C.2    Fitzpatrick, T.B.3
  • 56
    • 0038580778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical and instrumental approaches to treat hyperpigmentation
    • Briganti S, Camera E, Picardo M. Chemical and instrumental approaches to treat hyperpigmentation. Pigment Cell Res 2003; 16:101-10.
    • (2003) Pigment Cell Res , vol.16 , pp. 101-110
    • Briganti, S.1    Camera, E.2    Picardo, M.3
  • 57
    • 71949095673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmetic therapy
    • (Wolverton SE Ed) 2nd Edn. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • Draelos ZD. Cosmetic therapy. In: Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy (Wolverton SE, ed), 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2007; 761-74.
    • (2007) Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy , pp. 761-774
    • Draelos, Z.D.1
  • 58
    • 0033789689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double- blind, comparative, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of 4% hydroquinone as a depigmenting agent in melasma
    • Ennes SBP, Paschoalick RC, Mota De Avelar Alchorne M. A double- blind, comparative, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of 4% hydroquinone as a depigmenting agent in melasma. J Dermatolog Treat 2000; 11:173-9.
    • (2000) J Dermatolog Treat , vol.11 , pp. 173-179
    • Ennes, S.B.P.1    Paschoalick, R.C.2    Mota De Avelar Alchorne, M.3
  • 59
    • 0031777027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical hydroquinone in the treatment of some hyperpigmentary disorders
    • Amer M, Metwalli M. Topical hydroquinone in the treatment of some hyperpigmentary disorders. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37:449-50.
    • (1998) Int J Dermatol , vol.37 , pp. 449-450
    • Amer, M.1    Metwalli, M.2
  • 60
    • 33745276985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroquinone and its analogues in dermatology - A potential health risk
    • Westerhof W, Kooyers TJ. Hydroquinone and its analogues in dermatology - a potential health risk. J Cosmet Dermatol 2005; 4:55-9.
    • (2005) J Cosmet Dermatol , vol.4 , pp. 55-59
    • Westerhof, W.1    Kooyers, T.J.2
  • 62
    • 0025833794 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream
    • Balina LM, Graupe K. The treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30:893-5.
    • (1991) Int J Dermatol , vol.30 , pp. 893-895
    • Balina, L.M.1    Graupe, K.2
  • 63
    • 33749146991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinoid therapy of pigmentary disorders
    • Ortonne JP. Retinoid therapy of pigmentary disorders. Dermatol Ther 2006; 19:280-8.
    • (2006) Dermatol Ther , vol.19 , pp. 280-288
    • Ortonne, J.P.1
  • 64
    • 0028334306 scopus 로고
    • Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients. A vehicle-controlled clinical trial
    • Kimbrough-Green CK, Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ et al. Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients. A vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol 1994; 130:727-33.
    • (1994) Arch Dermatol , vol.130 , pp. 727-733
    • Kimbrough-Green, C.K.1    Griffiths, C.E.2    Finkel, L.J.3
  • 65
    • 0027379685 scopus 로고
    • Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial
    • Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, Ditre CM et al. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 1993; 129:415-21.
    • (1993) Br J Dermatol , vol.129 , pp. 415-421
    • Griffiths, C.E.1    Finkel, L.J.2    Ditre, C.M.3
  • 66
    • 0036692524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adapalene in the treatment of melasma: A preliminary report
    • Dogra S, Kanwar AJ, Parsad D. Adapalene in the treatment of melasma: a preliminary report. J Dermatol 2002; 29:539-40.
    • (2002) J Dermatol , vol.29 , pp. 539-540
    • Dogra, S.1    Kanwar, A.J.2    Parsad, D.3
  • 67
    • 31944436395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tazarotene cream for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne vulgaris in darker skin: A doubleblind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study
    • Grimes P, Callender V. Tazarotene cream for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne vulgaris in darker skin: a doubleblind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Cutis 2006; 77:45- 50.
    • (2006) Cutis , vol.77 , pp. 45-50
    • Grimes, P.1    Callender, V.2
  • 68
    • 77953174480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized comparison of the safety and efficacy of tazarotene 0.1% cream and adapalene 0.3% gel in the treatment of patients with at least moderate facial acne vulgaris
    • Tanghetti E, Dhawan S, Green L et al. Randomized comparison of the safety and efficacy of tazarotene 0.1% cream and adapalene 0.3% gel in the treatment of patients with at least moderate facial acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol 2010; 9:549-58.
    • (2010) J Drugs Dermatol , vol.9 , pp. 549-558
    • Tanghetti, E.1    Dhawan, S.2    Green, L.3
  • 69
    • 0032778128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical isotretinoin for melasma in Thai patients: A vehicle-controlled clinical trial
    • (Chotmaihet Thangphaet)
    • Leenutaphong V, Nettakul A, Rattanasuwon P. Topical isotretinoin for melasma in Thai patients: a vehicle-controlled clinical trial. J Med Assoc Thai (Chotmaihet Thangphaet) 1999; 82:868-75.
    • (1999) J Med Assoc Thai , vol.82 , pp. 868-875
    • Leenutaphong, V.1    Nettakul, A.2    Rattanasuwon, P.3
  • 70
    • 12944305800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The combination of 2% 4-hydroxyanisole (mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin is effective in improving the appearance of solar lentigines and related hyperpigmented lesions in two double-blind multicenter clinical studies
    • Fleischer AB, Schwartzel EH, Colby SI, Altman DJ. The combination of 2% 4-hydroxyanisole (mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin is effective in improving the appearance of solar lentigines and related hyperpigmented lesions in two double-blind multicenter clinical studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42:459-67.
    • (2000) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.42 , pp. 459-467
    • Fleischer, A.B.1    Schwartzel, E.H.2    Colby, S.I.3    Altman, D.J.4
  • 71
    • 10044267428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% solution: An effective and safe alternative to hydroquinone 3% in the treatment of solar lentigines
    • Jarratt M. Mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% solution: an effective and safe alternative to hydroquinone 3% in the treatment of solar lentigines. Cutis 2004; 74:319-22.
    • (2004) Cutis , vol.74 , pp. 319-322
    • Jarratt, M.1
  • 72
    • 41149086044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% topical solution for the treatment of melasma in men: A case series and review of the literature
    • Keeling J, Cardona L, Benitez A et al. Mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% topical solution for the treatment of melasma in men: a case series and review of the literature. Cutis 2008; 81:179- 83.
    • (2008) Cutis , vol.81 , pp. 179-183
    • Keeling, J.1    Cardona, L.2    Benitez, A.3
  • 74
    • 23844545621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: Structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future
    • Kim YJ, Uyama H. Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62:1707-23.
    • (2005) Cell Mol Life Sci , vol.62 , pp. 1707-1723
    • Kim, Y.J.1    Uyama, H.2
  • 75
    • 0032903332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid
    • Lim JT. Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25:282- 4.
    • (1999) Dermatol Surg , vol.25 , pp. 282-284
    • Lim, J.T.1
  • 76
    • 0030004467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions
    • Garcia A, Fulton JE Jr. The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions. Dermatol Surg 1996; 22:443-7.
    • (1996) Dermatol Surg , vol.22 , pp. 443-447
    • Garcia, A.1    Fulton, Jr.J.E.2
  • 77
    • 36649036991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy
    • Draelos ZD. Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy. Dermatol Ther 2007; 20:308-13.
    • (2007) Dermatol Ther , vol.20 , pp. 308-313
    • Draelos, Z.D.1
  • 78
    • 4444343580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A doubleblind randomized trial of 5% ascorbic acid vs. 4% hydroquinone in melasma
    • Espinal-Perez LE, Moncada B, Castanedo-Cazares JP. A doubleblind randomized trial of 5% ascorbic acid vs. 4% hydroquinone in melasma. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43:604-7.
    • (2004) Int J Dermatol , vol.43 , pp. 604-607
    • Espinal-Perez, L.E.1    Moncada, B.2    Castanedo-Cazares, J.P.3
  • 79
    • 67649743568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of 25% L-ascorbic acid (C'ensil) in the treatment of melasma
    • Hwang SW, Oh DJ, Lee D et al. Clinical efficacy of 25% L-ascorbic acid (C'ensil) in the treatment of melasma. J Cutan Med Surg 2009; 13:74-81.
    • (2009) J Cutan Med Surg , vol.13 , pp. 74-81
    • Hwang, S.W.1    Oh, D.J.2    Lee, D.3
  • 80
    • 0030198681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of magnesium-L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation
    • Kobayashi S, Takehana M, Itoh S, Ogata E. Protective effect of magnesium-L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 64:224-8.
    • (1996) Photochem Photobiol , vol.64 , pp. 224-228
    • Kobayashi, S.1    Takehana, M.2    Itoh, S.3    Ogata, E.4
  • 81
    • 13344285332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effect of magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo
    • Kameyama K, Sakai C, Kondoh S et al. Inhibitory effect of magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34:29-33.
    • (1996) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.34 , pp. 29-33
    • Kameyama, K.1    Sakai, C.2    Kondoh, S.3
  • 82
    • 0032239708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation
    • Yokota T, Nishio H, Kubota Y, Mizoguchi M. The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation. Pigment Cell Res 1998; 11:355-61.
    • (1998) Pigment Cell Res , vol.11 , pp. 355-361
    • Yokota, T.1    Nishio, H.2    Kubota, Y.3    Mizoguchi, M.4
  • 83
    • 0034020196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical liquiritin improves melasma
    • Amer M, Metwalli M. Topical liquiritin improves melasma. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39:299-301.
    • (2000) Int J Dermatol , vol.39 , pp. 299-301
    • Amer, M.1    Metwalli, M.2
  • 85
    • 0034627837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The protease-activated receptor 2 regulates pigmentation via keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions
    • Seiberg M, Paine C, Sharlow E et al. The protease-activated receptor 2 regulates pigmentation via keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions. Exp Cell Res 2000; 254:25-32.
    • (2000) Exp Cell Res , vol.254 , pp. 25-32
    • Seiberg, M.1    Paine, C.2    Sharlow, E.3
  • 86
    • 0035046316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway
    • Paine C, Sharlow E, Liebel F et al. An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:587-95.
    • (2001) J Invest Dermatol , vol.116 , pp. 587-595
    • Paine, C.1    Sharlow, E.2    Liebel, F.3
  • 87
    • 0036088244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of topical hypopigmenting agents on solar lentigines of aian women
    • Hermanns JF, Petit L, Pierard-Franchimont C et al. Assessment of topical hypopigmenting agents on solar lentigines of Asian women. Dermatology 2002; 204:281-6.
    • (2002) Dermatology , vol.204 , pp. 281-286
    • Hermanns, J.F.1    Petit, L.2    Pierard-Franchimont, C.3
  • 88
    • 56549128584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of tyrosinase inhibition by deoxyarbutin and its second-generation derivatives
    • Chawla S, deLong MA, Visscher MO et al. Mechanism of tyrosinase inhibition by deoxyArbutin and its second-generation derivatives. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:1267-74.
    • (2008) Br J Dermatol , vol.159 , pp. 1267-1274
    • Chawla, S.1    Delong, M.A.2    Visscher, M.O.3
  • 89
    • 22744448200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DeoxyArbutin: A novel reversible tyrosinase inhibitor with effective in vivo skin lightening potency
    • Boissy RE, Visscher M, DeLong MA. DeoxyArbutin: a novel reversible tyrosinase inhibitor with effective in vivo skin lightening potency. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:601-8.
    • (2005) Exp Dermatol , vol.14 , pp. 601-608
    • Boissy, R.E.1    Visscher, M.2    Delong, M.A.3
  • 90
    • 33750126118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative efficacy and safety of deoxyarbutin, a new tyrosinase-inhibiting agent
    • Hamed SH, Sriwiriyanont P, deLong MA et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of deoxyarbutin, a new tyrosinase-inhibiting agent. J Cosmet Sci 2006; 57:291-308.
    • (2006) J Cosmet Sci , vol.57 , pp. 291-308
    • Hamed, S.H.1    Sriwiriyanont, P.2    Et Al., A.D.M.3
  • 91
    • 21244466736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible
    • Greatens A, Hakozaki T, Koshoffer A et al. Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:498-508.
    • (2005) Exp Dermatol , vol.14 , pp. 498-508
    • Greatens, A.1    Hakozaki, T.2    Koshoffer, A.3
  • 92
    • 0036068103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer
    • Hakozaki T, Minwalla L, Zhuang J et al. The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147:20-31.
    • (2002) Br J Dermatol , vol.147 , pp. 20-31
    • Hakozaki, T.1    Minwalla, L.2    Zhuang, J.3
  • 93
    • 33645560548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound enhanced skin-lightening effect of vitamin C and niacinamide
    • Hakozaki T, Takiwaki H, Miyamoto K et al. Ultrasound enhanced skin-lightening effect of vitamin C and niacinamide. Skin Res Technol 2006; 12:105-13.
    • (2006) Skin Res Technol , vol.12 , pp. 105-113
    • Hakozaki, T.1    Takiwaki, H.2    Miyamoto, K.3
  • 94
    • 36749028907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic expression changes induced by topical N-acetyl glucosamine in skin equivalent cultures in vitro
    • Bissett DL, Farmer T, McPhail S et al. Genomic expression changes induced by topical N-acetyl glucosamine in skin equivalent cultures in vitro. J Cosmet Dermatol 2007; 6:232-8.
    • (2007) J Cosmet Dermatol , vol.6 , pp. 232-238
    • Bissett, D.L.1    Farmer, T.2    McPhail, S.3
  • 95
    • 74349127319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation after use of moisturizers with a combination of topical niacinamide and n-acetyl glucosamine: Results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial
    • Kimball AB, Kaczvinsky JR, Li J et al. Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation after use of moisturizers with a combination of topical niacinamide and N-acetyl glucosamine: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162:435-41.
    • (2010) Br J Dermatol , vol.162 , pp. 435-441
    • Kimball, A.B.1    Kaczvinsky, J.R.2    Li, J.3
  • 96
    • 0346873979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inhibitory effect of glycolic acid and lactic acid on melanin synthesis in melanoma cells
    • Usuki A, Ohashi A, Sato H et al. The inhibitory effect of glycolic acid and lactic acid on melanin synthesis in melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol 2003; 12(Suppl. 2):43-50.
    • (2003) Exp Dermatol , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 43-50
    • Usuki, A.1    Ohashi, A.2    Sato, H.3
  • 97
    • 0347478086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of 4% hydroquinone combined with 10% glycolic acid, antioxidants, and sunscreen in the treatment of melasma
    • Guevara IL, Pandya AG. Safety and efficacy of 4% hydroquinone combined with 10% glycolic acid, antioxidants, and sunscreen in the treatment of melasma. Int J Dermatol 2003; 42:966-72.
    • (2003) Int J Dermatol , vol.42 , pp. 966-972
    • Guevara, I.L.1    Pandya, A.G.2
  • 98
    • 83255181985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized and placebo-controlled study to compare the skin-lightening efficacy and safety of lignin peroxidase cream vs. 2% hydroquinone cream
    • Mauricio T, Karmon Y, Khaiat A. A randomized and placebo-controlled study to compare the skin-lightening efficacy and safety of lignin peroxidase cream vs. 2% hydroquinone cream. J Cosmet Dermatol 2011; 10:253-9.
    • J Cosmet Dermatol , vol.2011 , Issue.10 , pp. 253-259
    • Mauricio, T.1    Karmon, Y.2    Khaiat, A.3
  • 99
    • 0026094111 scopus 로고
    • N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol as a new type of depigmenting agent for the melanoderma of patients with melasma
    • Jimbow K. N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol as a new type of depigmenting agent for the melanoderma of patients with melasma. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127:1528-34.
    • (1991) Arch Dermatol , vol.127 , pp. 1528-1534
    • Jimbow, K.1
  • 100
    • 0016727656 scopus 로고
    • A new formula for depigmenting human skin
    • Kligman AM, Willis I. A new formula for depigmenting human skin. Arch Dermatol 1975; 111:40-8
    • (1975) Arch Dermatol , vol.111 , pp. 40-48
    • Kligman, A.M.1    Willis, I.2
  • 101
    • 39049190727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical treatments for melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
    • Lynde CB, Kraft JN, Lynde CW. Topical treatments for melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Skin Therapy Lett 2006; 11:1-6.
    • (2006) Skin Therapy Lett , vol.11 , pp. 1-6
    • Lynde, C.B.1    Kraft, J.N.2    Lynde, C.W.3
  • 102
    • 13544262499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%, fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%: A safe and efficacious 12- month treatment for melasma
    • Torok HM, Jones T, Rich P et al. Hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%, fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%: a safe and efficacious 12- month treatment for melasma. Cutis 2005; 75:57-62.
    • (2005) Cutis , vol.75 , pp. 57-62
    • Torok, H.M.1    Jones, T.2    Rich, P.3
  • 103
    • 33847789809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of triple combination cream and hydroquinone 4% cream for the treatment of moderate to severe facial melasma
    • Ferreira Cestari T, Hassun K, Sittart A, de Lourdes Viegas M. A comparison of triple combination cream and hydroquinone 4% cream for the treatment of moderate to severe facial melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2007; 6:36-9.
    • (2007) J Cosmet Dermatol , vol.6 , pp. 36-39
    • Ferreira Cestari, T.1    Hassun, K.2    Sittart, A.3    De Lourdes Viegas, M.4
  • 104
    • 0034954774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melasma treated with hydroquinone, tretinoin, and a fluorinated steroid
    • Guevara IL, Pandya AG. Melasma treated with hydroquinone, tretinoin, and a fluorinated steroid. Int J Dermatol 2001; 40:212- 15.
    • (2001) Int J Dermatol , vol.40 , pp. 212-215
    • Guevara, I.L.1    Pandya, A.G.2
  • 105
    • 34249695855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of a fixed combination of hydroquinone/tretinoin/ fluocinolone cream compared with hydroquinone alone in the treatment of melasma
    • Cestari T, Adjadj L, Hux M et al. Cost-effectiveness of a fixed combination of hydroquinone/tretinoin/fluocinolone cream compared with hydroquinone alone in the treatment of melasma. J Drugs Dermatol 2007; 6:153-60.
    • (2007) J Drugs Dermatol , vol.6 , pp. 153-160
    • Cestari, T.1    Adjadj, L.2    Hux, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.