Melasma: A comprehensive update: Part II

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 65, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 699-714

  Sheth, Vaneeta M ^a   Pandya, Amit G ^b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

chemical peels; chloasma; hydroquinone; laser therapy; melasma; pigmentation

Indexed keywords

ADAPALENE; ARBUTIN; ASCORBIC ACID; ASCORBIC ACID PLUS HYDROQUINONE PLUS TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; AZELAIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; COSMETIC; DEXAMETHASONE PLUS HYDROQUINONE PLUS TRETINOIN; FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE PLUS HYDROQUINONE PLUS RETINOIC ACID; FLUOCINOLONE PLUS HYDROQUINONE; FLUOCINOLONE PLUS TRETINOIN; GLYCOLIC ACID PLUS HYDROQUINONE PLUS KOJIC ACID; GLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACT; HYDROQUINONE; HYDROQUINONE PLUS RETINOIC ACID; HYDROQUINONE PLUS RETINOL; HYDROQUINONE PLUS TRETINOIN; HYDROQUINONE PLUS TRETINOIN PLUS TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; ISOTRETINOIN; KOJIC ACID; MEQUINOL; N ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE; RESVERATROL; RETINOIC ACID; SOYBEAN TRYPSIN INHIBITOR; SUNSCREEN; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; TRANEXAMIC ACID; TRILUMA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZINC OXIDE;

ARTICLE; CHLOASMA; CLINICAL TRIAL; DESQUAMATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ERYTHEMA; HUMAN; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN ABRASION; SKIN IRRITATION; SKIN PROTECTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 80052786607     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: 10976787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.06.001     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. C.A. Morton, K.E. McKenna, and L.E. Rhodes Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: update Br J Dermatol 159 2008 1245 1266
2. M.A. Pathak, F.C. Riley, and T.B. Fitzpatrick Melanogenesis in human skin following exposure to long-wave ultraviolet and visible light J Invest Dermatol 39 1962 435 443
3. Mahmoud BH, Hexsel CL, Owen MR, Liu Y, Kollias N, Lim HW, et al. Impact of long wavelength UVA and visible light on melanocompetent skin. Presented in poster form at the 2008 American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery Meeting, Kissimmee, FL, April 2-6, 2008.
4. B.H. Mahmoud, C.L. Hexsel, I.H. Hamzavi, and H.W. Lim Effects of visible light on the skin Photochem Photobiol 84 2008 450 462 (Pubitemid 351421398)
5. H. Lakhdar, K. Zouhair, K. Khadir, A. Essari, A. Richard, and S. Seite Evaluation of the effectiveness of broad-spectrum sunscreen in the prevention of chloasma in pregnant women J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21 2007 738 742 (Pubitemid 46939042)
6. K. Khadir, S. Amal, F. Hali, F. Nejjam, and H. Lakhdar Les signes dermatologiques physiologiques de la grossesse Ann Dermatol Venereol 126 1999 15 19
7. M. Vázquez, and J.L. Sánchez The efficacy of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in the treatment of melasma Cutis 32 1983 92 95-6
8. A.K. Gupta, M.D. Gover, K. Nouri, and S. Taylor The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials J Am Acad Dermatol 55 2006 1048 1069
9. K. Jimbow, H. Obata, M. Pathak, and T.B. Fitzpatrick Mechanism of depigmentation by hydroquinone J Invest Dermatol 62 1974 436 449
10. S. Briganti, E. Camera, and M. Picardo Chemical and instrumental approaches to treat hyperpigmentation Pigment Cell Res 16 2003 101 110 (Pubitemid 36596955)
11. H. Oettel Hydroquinone poisoning Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 183 1956 319 362
12. T.B. Fitzpatrick, K.A. Arndt, A.M. el-Mofty, and M.A. Pathak Hydroquinone and psoralens in the therapy of hypermelanosis and vitiligo Arch Dermatol 93 1966 589 600
13. M.C. Spencer Topical use of hydroquinone for depigmentation JAMA 194 1965 114 116
14. A.L. Haddad, L.F. Matos, F. Brunstein, L.M. Ferreira, A. Silva, and D. Costa Jr. A clinical, prospective, randomized, double-blind trial comparing skin whitening complex with hydroquinone vs. placebo in the treatment of melasma Int J Dermatol 42 2003 153 156 (Pubitemid 41709845)
15. S.C. Taylor, H. Torok, T. Jones, N. Lowe, P. Rich, and E. Tschen Efficacy and safety of a new triple-combination agent for the treatment of facial melasma Cutis 72 2003 67 72 (Pubitemid 37229761)
16. I.L. Guevara, and A.G. Pandya Safety and efficacy of 4% hydroquinone combined with 10% glycolic acid, antioxidants, and sunscreen in the treatment of melasma Int J Dermatol 42 2003 966 972 (Pubitemid 38004473)
17. S.B.P. Ennes, R.C. Paschoalick, and M. Mota de Avelar Alchorne A double-blind, comparative, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of 4% hydroquinone as a depigmenting agent in melasma J Dermatol Treat 11 2000 173 179
18. M. Amer, and M. Metwalli Topical hydroquinone in the treatment of some hyperpigmentary disorders Int J Dermatol 37 1998 449 450 (Pubitemid 28284878)
19. K. Kramer, A. Lopez, C. Stefanato, and T.J. Phillips Exogenous ochronosis J Am Acad Dermatol 42 2000 869 871 (Pubitemid 30252850)
20. N. Lawrence Exogenous ochronosis in the United States J Am Acad Dermatol 18 1988 1207 1211
21. Y.M. Olumide, A.O. Akinkugbe, D. Altraide, T. Mohammed, N. Ahamefule, and S. Ayanlowo Complications of chronic use of skin lightening cosmetics Int J Dermatol 47 2008 344 353 (Pubitemid 351486476)
22. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Skin bleaching drug products for over-the-counter human use; proposed rule. 71 Federal Register 51146-5115521 (2006) (codified at 21 CFR §310).
23. J. Levitt The safety of hydroquinone: a dermatologist's response to the 2006 Federal Register J Am Acad Dermatol 57 2007 854 872 (Pubitemid 47553063)
24. W. Westerhof, and T.J. Kooyers Hydroquinone and its analogues in dermatology - a potential health risk J Cosmet Dermatol 4 2005 55 59
25. J.J. Nordlund, P.E. Grimes, and J.P. Ortonne The safety of hydroquinone J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20 2006 781 787 (Pubitemid 44102908)
26. Z.D. Draelos Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy Dermatol Ther 20 2007 308 313 (Pubitemid 350197161)
27. A.B. Fleischer Jr., E.H. Schwartzel, S.I. Colby, and D.J. Altman The combination of 2% 4-hydroxyanisole (Mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin is effective in improving the appearance of solar lentigines and related hyperpigmented lesions in two double-blind multicenter clinical studies J Am Acad Dermatol 42 2000 459 467 (Pubitemid 30470354)
28. J.P. Ortonne Retinoid therapy of pigmented disorders Dermatol Ther 19 2006 280 288
29. C. Romero, E. Aberdam, C. Larnier, and J.P. Ortonne Retinoic acid as modulator of UVB-induced melanocyte differentiation. Involvement of the melanogenic enzymes expression J Cell Sci 107 1994 1095 1103
30. C.E.M. Griffiths, L.J. Finkel, C.M. Ditre, T.A. Hamilton, C.N. Ellis, and J.J. Voorhees Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial Br J Dermatol 129 1993 415 421 (Pubitemid 23308246)
31. C.K. Kimbrough-Green, C.E.M. Griffiths, L.J. Finkel, T.A. Hamilton, S.M. Bulengo-Ransby, and C.N. Ellis Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients Arch Dermatol 130 1994 727 733
32. V. Leenutaphong, A. Nettakul, and P. Rattanasuwon Topical isotretinoin for melasma in Thai patients: a vehicle-controlled clinical trial J Med Assoc Thai 82 1999 868 875
33. P. Grimes, and V. Callender Tazarotene cream for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne vulgaris in darker skin: a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study Cutis 77 2006 45 50 (Pubitemid 43189155)
34. S. Dogra, A.J. Kanwar, and D. Parsad Adapalene in the treatment of melasma: a preliminary report J Dermatol 29 2002 539 540 (Pubitemid 34988258)
35. A.M. Kligman, and I. Willis A new formula for depigmenting human skin Arch Dermatol 111 1975 40 48
36. C.B. Lynde, J.N. Kraft, and C.W. Lynde Topical treatments for melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Skin Therapy Lett 11 2006 1 6
37. M.A. Pathak, T.B. Fitzpatrick, and E.W. Kraus Usefulness of retinoic acid in the treatment of melasma J Am Acad Dermatol 15 4 pt 2 1986 894 899 (Pubitemid 17170795)
38. P.E. Grimes A microsponge formulation of hydroquinone 4% and retinol 0.15% in the treatment of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Cutis 74 2004 362 368 (Pubitemid 40125978)
39. T.F. Cestari, K. Hassun, A. Sittart, and M. de Lourdes Viegas A comparison of triple combination cream and hydroquinone 4% cream for the treatment of moderate to severe facial melasma J Cosmet Dermatol 6 2007 36 39 (Pubitemid 46390328)
40. I.L. Guevara, and A.G. Pandya Melasma treated with hydroquinone, tretinoin, and a fluorinated steroid Int J Dermatol 40 2001 210 215
41. T. Cestari, L. Adjadj, M. Hux, M.R. Shimizu, and V.P. Rives Cost-effectiveness of a fixed combination of hydroquinone/tretinoin/fluocinolone cream compared with hydroquinone alone in the treatment of melasma J Drugs Dermatol 6 2007 153 160
42. Y.-J. Kim, and H. Uyama Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future Cell Mol Life Sci 62 2005 1707 1723 (Pubitemid 41176052)
43. M. Nazzaro-Porro Azelaic acid J Am Acad Dermatol 17 1987 1033 1041 (Pubitemid 18010073)
44. A. Fitton, and K.L. Goa Azelaic acid. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in acne and hyperpigmentary skin disorders Drugs 41 1991 780 798
45. N.J. Lowe, D. Rizk, P. Grimes, M. Billips, and S. Pincus Azelaic acid 20% cream in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients Clin Ther 20 1998 945 959 (Pubitemid 28535730)
46. V.M. Verallo-Rowell, V. Verallo, K. Graupe, L. Lopez-Villafuerte, and M. Garcia-Lopez Double-blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 143 1989 58 61 (Pubitemid 19172051)
47. L.M. Baliña, and K. Graupe The treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream Int J Dermatol 30 1991 893 895
48. A. Garcia, and J.E. Fulton Jr. The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions Dermatol Surg 22 1996 443 447 (Pubitemid 26153095)
49. J.T. Lim Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid Dermatol Surg 25 1999 282 284 (Pubitemid 29191314)
50. Y.K. Choi, Y.K. Rho, K.H. Yoo, Y.Y. Lim, K. Li, and B.J. Kim Effects of vitamin C vs. multivitamin on melanogenesis: comparative study in vitro and in vivo Int J Dermatol 49 2010 218 226
51. L.E. Espinal-Perez, B. Moncada, and J.P. Castanedo-Cazarez A double-blind randomized trial of 5% ascorbic acid vs. 4% hydroquinone in melasma Int J Dermatol 43 2004 604 607 (Pubitemid 39207001)
52. M. Picardo, and M. Carrera New and experimental treatments of chloasma and other hypermelanoses Dermatol Clin 25 2007 353 362 (Pubitemid 47088898)
53. R.E. Boissy, M. Visscher, and M.A. deLong DeoxyArbutin: a novel reversible tyrosinase inhibitor with effective in vivo skin lightening potency Exp Dermatol 14 2005 601 608 (Pubitemid 41030927)
54. M. Amer, and M. Metwalli Topical liquiritin improves melasma Int J Dermatol 39 2000 299 301 (Pubitemid 30260812)
55. M. Rendon, M. Berneburg, I. Arellano, and M. Picardo Treatment of melasma J Am Acad Dermatol 54 5 suppl 2006 S272 S281
56. M. Seiberg, C. Paine, E. Sharlow, P. Andrade-Gordon, M. Costanzo, and M. Eisinger The protease-activated receptor 2 regulates pigmentation via keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions Exp Cell Res 254 2000 25 32 (Pubitemid 30066728)
57. C. Paine, E. Sharlow, F. Liebel, M. Eisinger, S. Shapiro, and M. Seiberg An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway J Invest Dermatol 116 2001 587 595 (Pubitemid 32299849)
58. J.F. Hermanns, L. Petit, C. Piérard-Franchimont, P. Paquet, and G.E. Piérard Assessment of topical hypopigmenting agents on solar lentigines of Asian women Dermatology 204 2002 281 286 (Pubitemid 34665145)
59. A. Usuki, A. Ohashi, H. Sato, Y. Ochiai, M. Ichihashi, and Y. Funasaka The inhibitory effect of glycolic acid and lactic acid on melanin synthesis in melanoma cells Exp Dermatol 12 suppl 2 2003 43 50 (Pubitemid 37526848)
60. R.R. Gupta, B.B. Mahajan, and G. Garg Chemical peeling - evaluation of glycolic acid in varying concentrations and time intervals Cosmetology 67 2001 28 29 (Pubitemid 33293780)
61. S.M. Javaheri, S. Handa, I. Kaur, and B. Kumar Safety and efficacy of glycolic acid facial peel in Indian women with melasma Int J Dermatol 40 2001 354 357 (Pubitemid 32851116)
62. R. Sarkar, C. Kaur, M. Bhalla, and A.J. Kanwar The combination of glycolic acid peels with a topical regimen in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients: a comparative study Dermatol Surg 28 2002 828 832 (Pubitemid 35014686)
63. H. Erbil, E. Sezer, B. Tastan, E. Arca, and Z. Kurumlu Efficacy and safety of serial glycolic acid peels and a topical regimen in the treatment of recalcitrant melasma J Dermatol 34 2007 25 30 (Pubitemid 46005953)
64. M.E. Hurley, I.L. Guevara, R.M. Gonzales, and A.G. Pandya Efficacy of glycolic acid peels in the treatment of melasma Arch Dermatol 138 2002 1578 1582 (Pubitemid 35453470)
65. V.K. Garg, R. Sarkar, and R. Agarwal Comparative evaluation of beneficiary effects of priming agents (2% hydroquinone and 0.025% retinoic acid) in the treatment of melasma with glycolic acid peels Dermatol Surg 34 2008 1032 1039
66. K.E. Sharquie, M.M. Al-Tikreety, and S.A. Al-Mashhadani Lactic acid as a new therapeutic peeling agent in melasma Dermatol Surg 31 2005 149 154 (Pubitemid 40990940)
67. P.E. Grimes The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups Dermatol Surg 25 1999 18 22 (Pubitemid 29242727)
68. H.A. Hyo, and I.-H. Kim Whitening effect of salicylic acid peels in Asian patients Dermatol Surg 32 2006 372 375
69. N. Khunger, R. Sarkar, and R.K. Jain Tretinoin peels versus glycolic acid peels in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients Dermatol Surg 30 2004 756 760 (Pubitemid 38657969)
70. N. Lawrence, S.E. Cox, and H.J. Brody Treatment of melasma with Jessner's solution versus glycolic acid: a comparison of clinical efficacy and evaluation of the predictive ability of Wood's light examination J Am Acad Dermatol 36 1997 589 593 (Pubitemid 27164492)
71. K.E. Sharquie, M.M. Al-Tikreety, and S.A. Al-Mashhadani Lactic acid chemical peels as a new therapeutic modality in melasma in comparison to Jessner's solution chemical peels Dermatol Surg 32 2006 1429 1436 (Pubitemid 44934890)
72. E.Y. Chun, J.B. Lee, and K.H. Lee Focal trichloroacetic acid peel method for benign pigmented lesions in dark-skinned patients Dermatol Surg 30 2004 512 516 (Pubitemid 38529590)
73. T.S. Alster, and J.R. Lupton Laser therapy for cutaneous hyperpigmentation and pigmented lesions Dermatol Ther 14 2001 46 54 (Pubitemid 32246880)
74. C.R. Taylor, and R.R. Anderson Ineffective treatment of refractory melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation by Q-switched ruby laser J Dermatol Surg Oncol 20 1994 592 597 (Pubitemid 24292440)
75. Y. Tse, V.J. Levine, S.A. McClain, and R. Ashinoff The removal of cutaneous pigmented lesions with the Q-switched ruby laser and the Q-switched neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. A comparative study J Dermatol Surg Oncol 20 1994 795 800
76. R.M.P. Manaloto, and T. Alster Erbium:YAG laser resurfacing for refractory melasma Dermatol Surg 25 1999 121 123 (Pubitemid 30195951)
77. 2 laser followed by Q-switched Alexandrite laser: a pilot study Dermatol Surg 25 1999 494 497 (Pubitemid 29279595)
78. 2 laser and Q-switched alexandrite laser compared with Q-switched alexandrite laser alone for refractory melasma: split-face design Dermatol Surg 29 2003 59 64 (Pubitemid 36114731)
79. Z. Rahman, M. Alam, and J.S. Dover Fractional laser treatment for pigmentation and texture improvement Skin Therapy Lett 11 2006 7 11
80. C.K. Rokhsar, and R.E. Fitzpatrick The treatment of melasma with fractional photothermolysis: a pilot study Dermatol Surg 31 2005 1645 1650 (Pubitemid 43031166)
81. D.J. Goldberg, A.L. Berlin, and R. Phelps Histologic and ultrastructural analysis of melasma after fractional resurfacing Lasers Surg Med 40 2008 134 138 (Pubitemid 351354769)
82. Y.-H. Li, J.Z.S. Chen, H.-C. Wei, Y. Wu, M. Liu, and Y.Y. Xu Efficacy and safety of intense pulsed light in treatment of melasma in Chinese patients Dermatol Surg 34 2008 693 701
83. C.C. Wang, C.Y. Hui, Y.M. Sue, W.R. Wong, and H.S. Hong Intense pulsed light for the treatment of refractory melasma in Asian persons Dermatol Surg 30 2004 1196 1200
84. H.I. Lee, Y.Y. Lim, B.J. Kim, M.N. Kim, H.J. Min, and J.H. Hwang Clinicopathologic efficacy of copper bromide plus/yellow laser (578 nm with 511 nm) for treatment of melasma in Asian patients Dermatol Surg 36 2010 885 893
85. A. Khemis, A. Kaiafa, C. Queille-Roussel, L. Duteil, and J.P. Ortonne Evaluation of efficacy and safety of rucinol serum in patients with melasma: a randomized controlled trial Br J Dermatol 156 2007 997 1004 (Pubitemid 46642853)
86. K. Maeda, and M. Naganuma Topical trans-4- aminomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid prevents ultraviolet radiation induced pigmentation J Photochem Photobiol 47 1998 130 141
87. J.H. Lee, J.G. Park, S.H. Lim, J.Y. Kim, K.Y. Ahn, and M.Y. Kim Localized intradermal microinjection of tranexamic acid for treatment of melasma in Asian patients: a preliminary clinical trial Dermatol Surg 32 2006 626 631 (Pubitemid 43742523)
88. H.K. Kar Efficacy of beta-carotene topical application in melasma: an open clinical trial Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 68 2002 320 322 (Pubitemid 36408539)
89. J. Lee, E. Jung, J. Lee, S. Huh, Y.C. Boo, and C.G. Hyun Mechanisms of melanogenesis inhibition by 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone Br J Dermatol 157 2007 242 248