Raman spectroscopy in nanomedicine: Current status and future perspective

Nanomedicine

Volumn 8, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 1335-1351

  Keating, Mark E ^a   Byrne, Hugh J ^a  

^a DUBLIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Ireland)

Author keywords

coherent anti Stokes Raman spectroscopy; nanomedicine; nanotechnology; spontaneous Raman spectroscopy; surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy; tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

HEMOZOIN; NANOPARTICLE; POLYSTYRENE;

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE; COHERENT ANTI STOKES RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; HUMAN; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; LASER; NANOMEDICINE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; SPONTANEOUS RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE; TIP ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY;

HUMANS; NANOMEDICINE; NANOSTRUCTURES; PATHOLOGY, MOLECULAR; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, RAMAN; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

EID: 84893156441     PISSN: 17435889     EISSN: 17486963     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.108     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Freitas R. Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities. Landes Bioscience, TX, USA (1999
2. Kumar A, Vemula PK, Ajayan PM, John G. Silver-nanoparticle-embedded antimicrobial paints based on vegetable oil. Nat. Mater. 7(3), 236-241 (2008
3. Perelshtein I, Applerot G, Perkas N, Grinblat J, Gedanken A. A one-step process for the antimicrobial finishing of textiles with crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles. Chemistry 18(15), 4575-4582 (2012
4. Yan H, Choe HS, Nam S et al. Programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors. Nature 470(7333), 240-244 (2011
5. Nakano K, Egashira K, Masuda S et al. Formulation of nanoparticle-eluting stents by a cationic electrodeposition coating technology: Efficient nano-drug delivery via bioabsorbable polymeric nanoparticle-eluting stents in porcine coronary arteries. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 2(4), 277-283 (2009
6. Will O, Purkayastha S, Chan C et al. Diagnostic precision of nanoparticle-enhanced MRI for lymph-node metastases: A meta-Analysis. Lancet Oncol. 7(1), 52-60 (2006
7. Skotland T, Iversen TG, Sandvig K. New metal-based nanoparticles for intravenous use: Requirements for clinical success with focus on medical imaging. Nanomedicine 6(6), 730-737 (2010
8. Korin N, Kanapathipillai M, Matthews BD et al. Shear-Activated nanotherapeutics for drug targeting to obstructed blood vessels. Science 337(6095), 738-742 (2012
9. Gaspar VM, Correia IJ, Sousa A et al. Nanoparticle mediated delivery of pure P53 supercoiled plasmid DNA for gene therapy. J. Control. Release 156(2), 212-222 (2011
10. Jin H, Lovell JF, Chen J et al. Mechanistic insights into LDL nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery. Bioconjug. Chem. 23(1), 33-41 (2012
11. Bouwmeester H, Lynch I, Marvin HJ et al. Minimal analytical characterization of engineered nanomaterials needed for hazard assessment in biological matrices. Nanotoxicology 5(1), 1-11 (2011
12. Nair BG, Fukuda T, Mizuki T, Hanajiri T, Maekawa T. Intracellular trafficking of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with TAT peptide: 3-dimensional electron tomography analysis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 421(4), 763-767 (2012
13. Mu Q, Hondow NS, Krzemiński L, Brown AP, Jeuken LJ, Routledge MN. Mechanism of cellular uptake of genotoxic silica nanoparticles. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 9, 29 (2012
14. Willig KI, Rizzoli SO, Westphal V, Jahn R, Hell SW. STED microscopy reveals that synaptotagmin remains clustered after synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Nature 440(7086), 935-939 (2006
15. Rust MJ, Bates M, Zhuang X. Imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Nat. Methods 3(10), 793-795 (2006
16. Zhuang X. Nano-imaging with storm. Nat. Photonics 3(7), 365-367 (2009
17. Sandin P, Fitzpatrick LW, Simpson JC, Dawson KA. High-speed imaging of Rab family small GTPases reveals rare events in nanoparticle trafficking in living cells. ACS Nano 6(2), 1513-1521 (2012
18. Fazlollahi F, Angelow S, Yacobi NR et al. Polystyrene nanoparticle trafficking across MDCK-II. Nanomedicine 7(5), 588-594 (2011
19. Jan E, Byrne SJ, Cuddihy M et al. High-content screening as a universal tool for fingerprinting of cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2(5), 928-938 (2008
20. Contreras J, Xie J, Chen YJ et al. Intracellular uptake and trafficking of difluoroboron dibenzoylmethane-polylactide nanoparticles in HeLa cells. ACS Nano 4(5), 2735-2747 (2010
21. Pawley J. Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy (3rd Edition). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (2006
22. Aparicio-Ixta L, Ramos-Ortiz G, Pichardo Molina JL et al. Two-photon excited fluorescence of silica nanoparticles loaded with a fluorene-based monomer and its cross-conjugated polymer: Their application to cell imaging. Nanoscale 4(24), 7751-7759 (2012
23. Yang Y, An F, Liu Z et al. Ultrabright and ultrastable near-infrared dye nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging. Biomaterials 33(31), 7803-7809 (2012
24. Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Riviere JE, Monteiro Riviere NA. Surface coatings determine cytotoxicity and irritation potential of quantum dot nanoparticles in epidermal keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127(1), 143-153 (2007
25. Bharali DJ, Klejbor I, Stachowiak EK et al. Organically modified silica nanoparticles: A nonviral vector for in vivo gene delivery and expression in the brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102(32), 11539-11544 (2005
26. Cang H, Xu CS, Montiel D, Yang H. Guiding a confocal microscope by single fluorescent nanoparticles. Optic. Lett. 32(18), 2729-2731 (2007
27. Gajraj A, Ofoli R. Effect of extrinsic fluorescent labels on diffusion and adsorption kinetics of proteins at the liquid-liquid interface. Langmuir (22), 8085-8094 (2000
28. Win KY, Feng SS. In vitro and in vivo studies on vitamin E TPGS-emulsified poly(d,l lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for paclitaxel formulation. Biomaterials 27(10), 2285-2291 (2006
29. Suh H, Jeong B, Liu F, Kim SW. Cellular uptake study of biodegradable nanoparticles in vascular smooth muscle cells. Pharm. Res. 15(9), 1495-1498 (1998
30. Salvati A, Aberg C, Dos Santos T et al. Experimental and theoretical comparison of intracellular import of polymeric nanoparticles and small molecules: Toward models of uptake kinetics. Nanomedicine 7(6), 818-826 (2011
31. Wang G, Stender AS, Sun W, Fang N. Optical imaging of non-fluorescent nanoparticle probes in live cells. Analyst 135(2), 215-221 (2010
32. Dorney J, Bonnier F, Garcia A, Casey A, Chambers G, Byrne HJ. Identifying and localizing intracellular nanoparticles using Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 137(5), 1111-1119 (2012
33. Lyng FM, Faoláin EO, Conroy J et al. Vibrational spectroscopy for cervical cancer pathology, from biochemical analysis to diagnostic tool. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 82(2), 121-129 (2007
34. Knief P, Clarke C, Herzog E et al. Raman spectroscopy -A potential platform for the rapid measurement of carbon nanotube-induced cytotoxicity. Analyst 134(6), 1182-1191 (2009
35. Lattermann A, Matthäus C, Bergner N et al. Characterization of atherosclerotic plaque depositions by Raman and FTIR imaging. J. Biophoton 6(1), 110-121 (2013
36. Tfaili S, Gobinet C, Josse G, Angiboust JF, Manfait M, Piot O. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy for skin characterization: A comparative study between human skin and pig skin. Analyst 137(16), 3673-3682 (2012
37. Ali SM, Bonnier F, Tfayli A. Raman spectroscopic analysis of human skin tissue sections ex vivo: Evaluation of the effects of tissue processing and dewaxing. J. Biomed. Opt. 18(6), 061202 (2013
38. Bonnier F, Meade a D, Merzha S et al. Three dimensional collagen gels as a cell culture matrix for the study of live cells by Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 135(7), 1697-1703 (2010
39. Lui H, Zhao J, McLean D, Zeng H. Real-Time Raman spectroscopy for in vivo skin cancer diagnosis. Cancer Res. 72(10), 2491-2500 (2012
40. Colthup N, Daly L, Wiberley S. Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy (3rd Edition). Academic Press, NY, USA (1990
41. Smith E, Dent G. Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach. John Wiley and Sons, NY, USA (2004
42. Long DA. The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules. John Wiley and Sons, NY, USA (2002
43. Lewis I, Edwards H. Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy: From the Research Laboratory to the Process Line. Marcel Dekker Inc., NY, USA (2001
44. Parker F. Applications of Infrared, Raman, and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy in Biochemistry. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1983
45. Lyon LA, Keating CD, Fox AP et al. Raman spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 70(12), 341-362 (1998
46. Tolles WM, Nibler JW, Mcdonald JR, Harvey AB. A review of the theory and application of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). Appl. Spectrosc. 31(4), 253-271 (1977
47. Stiles PL, Dieringer JA, Shah NC, Duyne RP. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. (Palo Alto, Calif.). 1, 601-626 (2008
48. Byrne H, Sockalingum G, Stone N. Raman microscopy: Complement or competitor. In: Biomedical Applications of Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy. Springer, NY, USA, 105-142 (2011
49. Fleischmann M, Hendra P, McQuillan A. Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode. Chem. Phys. Lett. 26(2), 163-166 (1974
50. Jeanmaire D, Duyne R Van. Surface Raman spectroelectrochemistry: Part I. Heterocyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic amines adsorbed on the anodized silver electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 84, 1-20 (1977
51. Blackie E, Ru E Le, Etchegoin P. Single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of nonresonant molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(40), 14466-14472 (2009
52. Stiles PL, Dieringer JA, Shah NC, Van Duyne RP. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. (Palo Alto, Calif.) 1, 601-626 (2008
53. Michael Y, Xu H, Penn S, Cromer R. SERS nanoparticles: A new optical detection modality for cancer diagnosis. Nanomedicine (Lond.) 2(5), 725-734 (2007
54. Chourpa I, Lei F, Dubois P. Intracellular applications of analytical SERS spectroscopy and multispectral imaging. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 993-1000 (2008
55. Xie W, Qiu P, Mao C. Bio-imaging, detection and analysis by using nanostructures as SERS substrates. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 5190-5202 (2011
56. Chen Y, Zheng X, Chen G et al. Immunoassay for LMP1 in nasopharyngeal tissue based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Int. J. Nanomed. 7, 73-82 (2012
57. Schütz M, Steinigeweg D, Salehi M, Kömpe K, Schlücker S. Hydrophilically stabilized gold nanostars as SERS labels for tissue imaging of the tumor suppressor p63 by immuno-SERS microscopy. Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(14), 4216-4218 (2011
58. Qian X, Peng XH, Ansari DO et al. In vivo tumor targeting and spectroscopic detection with surface-enhanced Raman nanoparticle tags. Nat. Biotechnol. 26(1), 83-90 (2008
59. Jokerst JV, Cole AJ, Van de Sompel D, Gambhir SS. Gold nanorods for ovarian cancer detection with photoacoustic imaging and resection guidance via Raman imaging in living mice. ACS Nano 6(11), 10366-10377 (2012
60. Stevenson R, Ingram A, Leung H, McMillan DC, Graham D. Quantitative SERRS immunoassay for the detection of human PSA. Analyst 134(5), 842-844 (2009
61. Isola NR, Stokes DL, Vo-Dinh T. Surface-enhanced Raman gene probe for HIV detection. Anal. Chem. 70(7), 1352-1356 (1998
62. Monaghan PB, Mccarney KM, Ricketts A et al. Bead-based DNA diagnostic assay for chlamydia resonance Raman scattering detection within a lab-on-A-chip format. Anal. Chem. 79(7), 2844-2849 (2007
63. Kneipp K, Haka AS, Kneipp H et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in single living cells using gold nanoparticles. Appl. Spectrosc. 56(2), 150-154 (2002
64. Kneipp J, Kneipp H, Rajadurai A, Redmond RW, Kneipp K. Optical probing and imaging of live cells using SERS labels. J. Raman Spectrosc. 40(1), 1-5 (2009
65. Kneipp J, Kneipp H, Rice WL, Kneipp K. Optical probes for biological applications based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering from indocyanine green on gold nanoparticles. Anal. Chem. 77(8), 2381-2385 (2005
66. Kneipp J, Kneipp H, McLaughlin M, Brown D, Kneipp K In vivo molecular probing of cellular compartments with gold nanoparticles and nanoaggregates. Nano Lett. 6(10), 2225-2231 (2006
67. Kneipp J, Kneipp H, McLaughlin M, Brown D, Kneipp K In vivo molecular probing of cellular compartments with gold nanoparticles and nanoaggregates. Nano Lett. 6(10), 2225-2231 (2006
68. Kneipp J, Kneipp H, Wittig B, Kneipp K. Following the dynamics of pH in endosomes of live cells with SERS nanosensors. J. Phys. Chem. C 114(16), 7421-7426 (2010
69. Kong KV, Lam Z, Goh WD, Leong WK, Olivo M. Metal carbonyl-gold nanoparticle conjugates for live-cell SERS imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 51(39), 9796-9799 (2012
70. Lin J, Chen R, Feng S et al. A novel blood plasma analysis technique combining membrane electrophoresis with silver nanoparticle-based SERS spectroscopy for potential applications in noninvasive cancer detection. Nanomedicine 7(5), 655-663 (2011
71. McQueenie R, Stevenson R, Benson R et al. Detection of inflammation in vivo by surface-enhanced Raman scattering provides higher sensitivity than conventional fluorescence imaging. Anal. Chem. 84(14), 5968-5975 (2012
72. Kneipp K, Kneipp H. Single molecule Raman scattering. Appl. Spectrosc. 60, 322-334 (2006
73. Ma K, Yuen J, Shah N. In vivo, transcutaneous glucose sensing using surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy: Multiple rats, improved hypoglycemic accuracy, low incident power, and continious monitoring for 17 days. Anal. Chem. 83, 9146-9152 (2011
74. Stone N, Faulds K, Graham D, Matousek P. Prospects of deep Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive detection of conjugated surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering nanoparticles buried within 25 mm of mammalian tissue. Anal. Chem. 82(10), 3969-3973 (2010
75. Matousek P, Clark IP, Draper ER et al. Subsurface probing in diffusely scattering media using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 59(4), 393-400 (2005
76. Matousek P, Stone N. Recent advances in the development of Raman spectroscopy for deep non-invasive medical diagnosis. J. Biophotonics 6(1), 7-19 (2013
77. Xie H, Stevenson R, Stone N, Hernandez Santana A, Faulds K, Graham D. Tracking bisphosphonates through a 20 mm thick porcine tissue by using surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Angewandte Chem. (Int. Eng.) 51(34), 8509-8511 (2012
78. Hermann P, Hermelink A, Lausch V et al. Evaluation of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for characterizing different virus strains. Analyst 136(6), 1148-1152 (2011
79. Böhme R, Mkandawire M, Krause-Buchholz U et al. Characterizing cytochrome C states -TERS studies of whole mitochondria. Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(41), 11453-11455 (2011
80. Deckert-Gaudig T, Deckert V. Nanoscale structural analysis using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 15(5), 719-724 (2011
81. Wood B, Bailo E, Khiavi M, Tilley L Tip enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) from hemozoin crystals within a sectioned erythrocyte. Nano Lett. 11, 1868-1873 (2011
82. Alexander KD, Schultz ZD. Tip-enhanced Raman detection of antibody conjugated nanoparticles on cellular membranes. Anal. Chem. 84(17), 7408-7414 (2012
83. Shao J, Lin M, Li Y et al. In vivo blood glucose quantification using Raman spectroscopy. PLoS One 7(10), e48127 (2012
84. Poon KW, Lyng FM, Knief P et al. Quantitative reagent-free detection of fibrinogen levels in human blood plasma using Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 137(8), 1807-1814 (2012
85. Bonnier F, Knief P, Lim B et al. Imaging live cells grown on a three dimensional collagen matrix using Raman microspectroscopy. Analyst 135(12), 3169-3177 (2010
86. Miljković M, Chernenko T, Romeo MJ, Bird B, Matthäus C, Diem M. Label-free imaging of human cells: Algorithms for image reconstruction of Raman hyperspectral data sets. Analyst 135(8), 2002-2013 (2010
87. Matthäus C, Chernenko T, Newmark JA, Warner CM, Diem M. Label-free detection of mitochondrial distribution in cells by nonresonant Raman microspectroscopy. Biophys. J. 93(2), 668-673 (2007
88. Bonnier F, Byrne HJ. Understanding the molecular information contained in principal component analysis of vibrational spectra of biological systems. Analyst 137(2), 322-332 (2012
89. Hedegaard M, Matthäus C, Hassing S, Krafft C, Diem M, Popp J. Spectral unmixing and clustering algorithms for assessment of single cells by Raman microscopic imaging. Theor. Chem. Accounts 130(4-6), 1249-1260 (2011
90. Candeloro P, Tirinato L, Malara N et al. Nanoparticle microinjection and Raman spectroscopy as tools for nanotoxicology studies. Analyst 136(21), 4402-4408 (2011
91. Van Manen HJ, Kraan YM, Roos D, Otto C. Single-cell Raman and fluorescence microscopy reveal the association of lipid bodies with phagosomes in leukocytes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102(29), 10159-10164 (2005
92. Chernenko T, Matthäus C, Milane L, Quintero L, Amiji M, Diem M. Label-free Raman spectral imaging of intracellular delivery and degradation of polymeric nanoparticle systems. ACS Nano 3(11), 3552-3559 (2009
93. Keating ME, Bonnier F, Byrne HJ. Spectral cross-correlation as a supervised approach for the analysis of complex Raman data sets: The case of nanoparticles in biological cells. Analyst 137(24), 5792-5802 (2012
94. Chernenko T, Sawant RR, Miljkovic M, Quintero L, Diem M, Torchilin V. Raman microscopy for noninvasive imaging of pharmaceutical nanocarriers: Intracellular distribution of cationic liposomes of different composition. Mol. Pharm. 9(4), 930-936 (2012
95. Miljković M, Chernenko T, Romeo MJ, Bird B, Matthäus C, Diem M. Label-free imaging of human cells: Algorithms for image reconstruction of Raman hyperspectral data sets. Analyst 135(8), 2002-2013 (2010
96. Zheltikov AM. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering: From proof-of-The-principle experiments to femtosecond CARS and higher order wave-mixing generalizations. J. Raman Spectrosc. 31(8-9), 653-667 (2000
97. Pezacki JP, Blake JA, Danielson DC, Kennedy DC, Lyn RK, Singaravelu R. Chemical contrast for imaging living systems: Molecular vibrations drive CARS microscopy. Nat. Chem. Biol. 7(3), 137-145 (2011
98. Wang H, Langohr I. Imaging and quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic lesions by CARS-based multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 29(9), 1342-1348 (2009
99. Nan X, Potma EO, Xie XS. Nonperturbative chemical imaging of organelle transport in living cells with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Biophys. J. 91(2), 728-735 (2006
100. Lalatsa A, Garrett NL, Ferrarelli T, Moger J, Schätzlein AG, Uchegbu IF. Delivery of peptides to the blood and brain after oral uptake of quaternary ammonium palmitoyl glycol chitosan nanoparticles. Mol. Pharm. 9(6), 1764-1774 (2012
101. Le TT, Huff TB, Cheng JX. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging of lipids in cancer metastasis. BMC Cancer 9, 42 (2009
102. Le TT, Duren HM, Slipchenko MN, Hu CD, Cheng JX. Label-free quantitative analysis of lipid metabolism in living Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Lipid Res. 51(3), 672-677 (2010
103. Wang H, Fu Y, Zickmund P, Shi R, Cheng JX. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging of axonal myelin in live spinal tissues. Biophys. J. 89(1), 581-591 (2005
104. Fu Y, Huff T, Wang H, Cheng J, Wang H. Ex vivo and in vivo imaging of myelin fibers in mouse brain by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Opt. Express 16(24), 19396-19409 (2008
105. Tong L, Lu Y, Lee RJ, Cheng JX. Imaging receptor-mediated endocytosis with a polymeric nanoparticle-based coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering probe. J. Phys. Chem. B. 111(33), 9980-9985 (2007
106. Osborne OJ, Johnston BD, Moger J et al. Effects of particle size and coating on nanoscale Ag and TiO2 exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Nanotoxicology doi:10. 3109/17435390.2012.737484 (2012) (Epub ahead of print
107. Moger J, Johnston BD, Tyler CR. Imaging metal oxide nanoparticles in biological structures with CARS microscopy. Opt. Express 16(5), 3408-3419 (2008
108. Garrett NL, Lalatsa A, Uchegbu I, Schätzlein A, Moger J. Exploring uptake mechanisms of oral nanomedicines using multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy. J. Biophotonics 5(5-6), 458-468 (2012
109. Koo TW, Chan S, Berlin AA. Single-molecule detection of biomolecules by surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Opt. Lett. 30(9), 1024-1026 (2005
110. Schlücker S, Salehi M, Bergner G et al. Immuno-surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: Immunohistochemistry with target-specific metallic nanoprobes and nonlinear Raman microscopy. Anal. Chem. 83(18), 7081-7085 (2011
111. Drescher D, Kneipp J. Nanomaterials in complex biological systems: Insights from Raman spectroscopy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41(17), 5780-5799 (2012
112. Monopoli MP, Aberg C, Salvati A, Dawson KA. Biomolecular coronas provide the biological identity of nanosized materials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(12), 779-786 (2012
113. Nawaz H, Bonnier F, Knief P et al. Evaluation of the potential of Raman microspectroscopy for prediction of chemotherapeutic response to cisplatin in lung adenocarcinoma. Analyst 135(12), 3070-3076 (2010
114. Nawaz H, Bonnier F, Meade AD, Lyng FM, Byrne HJ. Comparison of subcellular responses for the evaluation and prediction of the chemotherapeutic response to cisplatin in lung adenocarcinoma using Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 136(12), 2450-2463 (2011
115. Klein K, Gigler AM, Aschenbrenner T et al. Label-free live-cell imaging with confocal Raman microscopy. Biophys. J. 102(2), 360-368 (2012
116. Almond M, Hutchings J, Kendall C et al. Towards real-Time 'biochemical endoscopy' for diagnosis of early barrett's neoplasia. Gut 60, 167-168 (2011