메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-75

Ethical and philosophical consideration of the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84892265176     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8312-9     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (50)

References (164)
  • 1
    • 85009025640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statement on the consideration of biodefence and biosecurity
    • Anonymous
    • Anonymous (2003). Statement on the consideration of biodefence and biosecurity. Nature, 421(6925), 771.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.421 , Issue.6925 , pp. 771
  • 3
    • 4444350601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science and social responsibility
    • Badash, L. (2004). Science and social responsibility. Minerva, 42, 285-298.
    • (2004) Minerva , vol.42 , pp. 285-298
    • Badash, L.1
  • 4
    • 0345456224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Killing without the distressing preliminaries: Scientists defence of the British biological warfare programme
    • Balmer, B. (2002). Killing without the distressing preliminaries: Scientists defence of the British biological warfare programme. Minerva, 40(1), 57-75.
    • (2002) Minerva , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-75
    • Balmer, B.1
  • 5
    • 77949723329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keeping track of anthrax: The case for a biosecurity convention
    • Barletta, M., Sands, A., & Tucker, J. B. (2002). Keeping track of anthrax: The case for a biosecurity convention. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 58(3), 57-62.
    • (2002) Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , vol.58 , Issue.3 , pp. 57-62
    • Barletta, M.1    Sands, A.2    Tucker, J.B.3
  • 6
    • 0037777596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in life sciences and bioterrorism
    • special issue
    • Beck, V. (2003). Advances in life sciences and bioterrorism. EMBO Reports, 4(special issue), S53-S56.
    • (2003) EMBO Reports , vol.4
    • Beck, V.1
  • 7
    • 0002378603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The growing threat of biological weapons
    • Block, S. M. (2001). The growing threat of biological weapons. American Scientist, 89(1), 28-38.
    • (2001) American Scientist , vol.89 , Issue.1 , pp. 28-38
    • Block, S.M.1
  • 8
    • 0037008533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A not-so-cheap stunt
    • Block, S. M. (2002). A not-so-cheap stunt. Science, 297, 769.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 769
    • Block, S.M.1
  • 9
    • 0037047595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: Generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template
    • Cello, J., Paul, A. V., & Wimmer, E. (2002). Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: Generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science, 297(5583), 1016-1018.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , Issue.5583 , pp. 1016-1018
    • Cello, J.1    Paul, A.V.2    Wimmer, E.3
  • 10
    • 0038141727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US army attacked over published patent for bioweapons grenade
    • Check, E. (2003). US army attacked over published patent for bioweapons grenade. Nature, 423(6942), 789.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.423 , Issue.6942 , pp. 789
    • Check, E.1
  • 11
    • 0038060347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioweapons: New labs, more terror?
    • Choffnes, E. (2002). Bioweapons: New labs, more terror? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 58(5), 29-32.
    • (2002) Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , vol.58 , Issue.5 , pp. 29-32
    • Choffnes, E.1
  • 13
    • 0037067589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active poliovirus baked from scratch
    • Couzin, J. (2002). Active poliovirus baked from scratch. Science, 297, 174-175.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 174-175
    • Couzin, J.1
  • 14
    • 1542712768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US agencies unveil plan for biosecurity peer review
    • Couzin, J. (2004). US agencies unveil plan for biosecurity peer review. Science, 303(5664), 1595.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , Issue.5664 , pp. 1595
    • Couzin, J.1
  • 15
    • 0037452763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PNAS policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences
    • Cozzarelli, N. R. (2003). PNAS policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(4), 1463.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.100 , Issue.4 , pp. 1463
    • Cozzarelli, N.R.1
  • 16
    • 21144444092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethics and the underpinnings of policy in biodefense and emergency pre-paredness
    • Eckenwiler, L. (2005). Ethics and the underpinnings of policy in biodefense and emergency pre-paredness. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 14, 306-315.
    • (2005) Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , vol.14 , pp. 306-315
    • Eckenwiler, L.1
  • 17
    • 0038678087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Censoring science
    • Editorial
    • Editorial (2003). Censoring science. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 168(12), 1517.
    • (2003) Canadian Medical Association Journal , vol.168 , Issue.12 , pp. 1517
  • 18
    • 1842482916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Securing dual-use biology
    • Ember, L. (2004). Securing dual-use biology. Chemical and Engineering News, 82(11), 11.
    • (2004) Chemical and Engineering News , vol.82 , Issue.11 , pp. 11
    • Ember, L.1
  • 19
    • 3442888547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tiptoeing around pandoras box
    • Enserink, M. (2004). Tiptoeing around pandoras box. Science, 305(5684), 594-595.
    • (2004) Science , vol.305 , Issue.5684 , pp. 594-595
    • Enserink, M.1
  • 20
    • 14644422203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Has biodefense gone overboard?
    • Enserink, M., & Kaiser, J. (2005). Has biodefense gone overboard? Science, 307(5714), 1396-1398.
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , Issue.5714 , pp. 1396-1398
    • Enserink, M.1    Kaiser, J.2
  • 21
    • 0035689921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling biological warfare threats: Resolving potential tensions among the research community, industry, and the national security community
    • Epstein, G. L. (2001). Controlling biological warfare threats: Resolving potential tensions among the research community, industry, and the national security community. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 27(4), 321-354.
    • (2001) Critical Reviews in Microbiology , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 321-354
    • Epstein, G.L.1
  • 22
    • 0038286191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statement on scientific publication and security
    • fails to provide necessary guidelines
    • Falkow, S. (2003). "Statement on Scientific Publication and Security" fails to provide necessary guidelines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(10), 5575-5576.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.100 , Issue.10 , pp. 5575-5576
    • Falkow, S.1
  • 23
    • 0037777584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The history of biological warfare
    • special issue
    • Frishknecht, F. (2003). The history of biological warfare. EMBO Reports, 4(special issue), S47-S52.
    • (2003) EMBO Reports , vol.4
    • Frishknecht, F.1
  • 24
    • 33749365977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Position paper: Guidelines to prevent malevolent use of biomedical research
    • for the Counceil on Ethical, Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association
    • Green, S. K., Taub, S., Morin, K., & Higginson, D. (for the Counceil on Ethical, Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association) (2006). Position paper: Guidelines to prevent malevolent use of biomedical research. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 15(4), 432-439.
    • (2006) Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 432-439
    • Green, S.K.1    Taub, S.2    Morin, K.3    Higginson, D.4
  • 25
    • 0035478071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent events and observations pertaining to smallpox virus destruction in 2002
    • Henderson, D. A., & Fenner, F. (2001). Recent events and observations pertaining to smallpox virus destruction in 2002. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 33(7), 1057-1059.
    • (2001) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.33 , Issue.7 , pp. 1057-1059
    • Henderson, D.A.1    Fenner, F.2
  • 26
    • 0035154360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox
    • Jackson, R. J., Ramsay, A. J., Christensen, C. D., Beaton, S., Hall, D. F., & Ramshaw, I. A. (2001). Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox. Journal of Virology, 75(3), 1205-1210.
    • (2001) Journal of Virology , vol.75 , Issue.3 , pp. 1205-1210
    • Jackson, R.J.1    Ramsay, A.J.2    Christensen, C.D.3    Beaton, S.4    Hall, D.F.5    Ramshaw, I.A.6
  • 27
    • 12344252603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myxoma virus infection of primary fibroblasts varies with cellular age and is regulated by host interferon responses
    • Johnston, J. B., Nazarian, S. H., & McFadden, R. N. (2005). Myxoma virus infection of primary fibroblasts varies with cellular age and is regulated by host interferon responses. Virology, 332(1), 235-248.
    • (2005) Virology , vol.332 , Issue.1 , pp. 235-248
    • Johnston, J.B.1    Nazarian, S.H.2    McFadden, R.N.3
  • 28
    • 0037452584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncensored exchange of scientific results
    • Journal Editors, Authors Group
    • Journal Editors, Authors Group (2003). Uncensored exchange of scientific results. PNAS, 100(4), 1464.
    • (2003) PNAS , vol.100 , Issue.4 , pp. 1464
  • 29
    • 0346874224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life scientists and the dual use dilemma
    • Kahn, L. H. (2003). Life scientists and the dual use dilemma. Science, 302(5652), 1894-1895.
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , Issue.5652 , pp. 1894-1895
    • Kahn, L.H.1
  • 30
    • 26444448446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resurrected influenza virus yields secrets of deadly 1918 pandemic
    • Kaiser, J. (2005). Resurrected influenza virus yields secrets of deadly 1918 pandemic. Science, 310(5745), 28-29.
    • (2005) Science , vol.310 , Issue.5745 , pp. 28-29
    • Kaiser, J.1
  • 31
    • 1842427657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting Americas secrets while maintaining academic freedom
    • Keel, B. A. (2004). Protecting Americas secrets while maintaining academic freedom. Academic Medicine, 79(4), 333-342.
    • (2004) Academic Medicine , vol.79 , Issue.4 , pp. 333-342
    • Keel, B.A.1
  • 33
    • 36949004753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious disease research and dual-use risk
    • Kelley, M. (2006). Infectious disease research and dual-use risk. Virtual Mentor, 8(4), 230-234.
    • (2006) Virtual Mentor , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 230-234
    • Kelley, M.1
  • 34
    • 0037008533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response to steven m. block's a not-so-cheap stunt
    • Kennedy, D. (2002). Response to Steven M. Block's "A not-so-cheap stunt". Science, 297, 769-770.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 769-770
    • Kennedy, D.1
  • 35
    • 0037458980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two cultures
    • Kennedy, D. (2003). Two cultures. Science, 299, 1148.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 1148
    • Kennedy, D.1
  • 36
    • 2142820857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosecurity: Responsible stewardship of bioscience in an age of catastrophic terrorism
    • Kwik, G., Fitzgerald, J., Inglesby, T. V., & O'Toole, T. (2003). Biosecurity: Responsible stewardship of bioscience in an age of catastrophic terrorism. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 1(1), 27-35.
    • (2003) Biosecurity and Bioterrorism , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-35
    • Kwik, G.1    Fitzgerald, J.2    Inglesby, T.V.3    O'Toole, T.4
  • 38
    • 0141785599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing offensive from defensive biological weapons research
    • Leitenberg, M. (2003). Distinguishing offensive from defensive biological weapons research. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 29(3), 223-257.
    • (2003) Critical Reviews in Microbiology , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-257
    • Leitenberg, M.1
  • 40
    • 36949008132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preface
    • MacLeod, R. (2002). Preface. Minerva, 40(1), 1-2.
    • (2002) Minerva , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-2
    • MacLeod, R.1
  • 41
    • 0034892818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creation of killer poxvirus could have been predicted
    • Müllbacher, A., & Lobigs, M. (2001). Creation of killer poxvirus could have been predicted. Journal of Virology, 75(18), 8353-8455.
    • (2001) Journal of Virology , vol.75 , Issue.18 , pp. 8353-8455
    • Müllbacher, A.1    Lobigs, M.2
  • 42
    • 0344162467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethics of university research, biotechnology and potential military spin-off
    • Nixdorff, K., & Bender, W. (2002). Ethics of university research, biotechnology and potential military spin-off. Minerva, 40(1), 15-35.
    • (2002) Minerva , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-35
    • Nixdorff, K.1    Bender, W.2
  • 43
    • 0346243811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding threats to scientific openness
    • Petro, J. B., & Relman, D. A. (2003). Understanding threats to scientific openness. Science, 302, 1898.
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 1898
    • Petro, J.B.1    Relman, D.A.2
  • 44
    • 0030784575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of cereolysine AB genes in Bacillus anthracis vaccine strain ensures protection against experimental hemolytic anthrax infection
    • Pomerantsev, A. P., Staritsin, N.A., Mockov, Yu. V., & Marinin, L. I. (1997). Expression of cereolysine AB genes in Bacillus anthracis vaccine strain ensures protection against experimental hemolytic anthrax infection. Vaccine, 15(17/18), 1846-1850.
    • (1997) Vaccine , vol.15 , Issue.17-18 , pp. 1846-1850
    • Pomerantsev, A.P.1    Staritsin, N.A.2    Mockov, Yu.V.3    Marinin, L.I.4
  • 45
    • 0039598728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatched deterrents: Preventing the use of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons
    • Quester, G. H. (2000). Mismatched deterrents: preventing the use of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. International Studies Perspectives, 1, 165-176.
    • (2000) International Studies Perspectives , vol.1 , pp. 165-176
    • Quester, G.H.1
  • 46
    • 12344257647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosecurity implications of the synthesis of pathogenic viruses
    • Rabodzey, A. (2003). Biosecurity implications of the synthesis of pathogenic viruses. Politics and the Life Sciences, 22(2), 44-49.
    • (2003) Politics and the Life Sciences , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 44-49
    • Rabodzey, A.1
  • 47
    • 0019808773 scopus 로고
    • Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells
    • Racaniello, V. R., & Baltimore, D. (1981). Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells. Science, 214, 916-919.
    • (1981) Science , vol.214 , pp. 916-919
    • Racaniello, V.R.1    Baltimore, D.2
  • 48
    • 10344239894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Journals must cooperate to defend biosecurity
    • Rath, J., Bernhard, J., & Doblhoff-Dier, O. (2004). Journals must cooperate to defend biosecurity. Nature, 432(7017), 549.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.432 , Issue.7017 , pp. 549
    • Rath, J.1    Bernhard, J.2    Doblhoff-Dier, O.3
  • 49
    • 0038752613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis ames and comparison to closely related bacteria
    • Read, T. D. et al. (2003). The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis ames and comparison to closely related bacteria. Nature, 423(6935), 81-86.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.423 , Issue.6935 , pp. 81-86
    • Read, T.D.1
  • 50
    • 15944386663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conflicts of interest at the nih: No easy solution
    • Resnik, D. B. (2005). Conflicts of interest at the NIH: No easy solution. Hastings Center Report, 35(1), 18-20.
    • (2005) Hastings Center Report , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-20
    • Resnik, D.B.1
  • 51
    • 33747095403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • preprint, Antiviral Research Available at
    • Richman, D. D. (2006, preprint), Antiviral drug resistance. Antiviral Research Available at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/antiviral.
    • (2006) Antiviral Drug Resistance
    • Richman, D.D.1
  • 52
    • 15244356314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of cidofovir treatment of mice infected with ectromelia (Mousepox) virus encoding interleukin-4
    • Robbins, S. J., Jackson, R. J., Fenner, F., Beaton, S., Medveczky, J., Ramshaw, I. A., & Ramsay, A. J. (2005). The efficacy of cidofovir treatment of mice infected with ectromelia (Mousepox) virus encoding interleukin-4. Antiviral Research, 66(1), 1-7.
    • (2005) Antiviral Research , vol.66 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-7
    • Robbins, S.J.1    Jackson, R.J.2    Fenner, F.3    Beaton, S.4    Medveczky, J.5    Ramshaw, I.A.6    Ramsay, A.J.7
  • 53
    • 0037173003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variola virus immune evasion design: Expression of a highly efficient inhibitor of human complement
    • Rosengard, A. M., Liu, Y., Nie, Z., & Jimenez, R. (2002). Variola virus immune evasion design: Expression of a highly efficient inhibitor of human complement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 99(13), 8808-8813.
    • (2002) Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , vol.99 , Issue.13 , pp. 8808-8813
    • Rosengard, A.M.1    Liu, Y.2    Nie, Z.3    Jimenez, R.4
  • 54
    • 0142197800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotechnology research reviews
    • Schulz, W (2003). Biotechnology research reviews. Chemical and Engineering News, 81(41), 15.
    • (2003) Chemical and Engineering News , vol.81 , Issue.41 , pp. 15
    • Schulz, W.1
  • 57
    • 11144254451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioterrorism and smallpox planning: Information and voluntary vaccination
    • Selgelid, M. J. (2004). Bioterrorism and smallpox planning: Information and voluntary vaccination. Journal of Medical Ethics, 30, 558-560.
    • (2004) Journal of Medical Ethics , vol.30 , pp. 558-560
    • Selgelid, M.J.1
  • 59
    • 34250647457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tale of two studies: Ethics, bioterrorism, and the censorship of science
    • Selgelid, M. J. (2007). A tale of two studies: Ethics, bioterrorism, and the censorship of science. The Hastings Center Report, 37(3), 35-43.
    • (2007) The Hastings Center Report , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 35-43
    • Selgelid, M.J.1
  • 61
    • 0041371004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An educational imperative: The role of ethical codes and normative prohibitions in CBW-Applicable research
    • Simon, J., & Hersh, M. (2002). An educational imperative: The role of ethical codes and normative prohibitions in CBW-Applicable research. Minerva, 40(1), 37-55.
    • (2002) Minerva , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-55
    • Simon, J.1    Hersh, M.2
  • 62
    • 15544388995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethics: A weapon to counter bioterrorism
    • Somerville, M. A., & Atlas, R. M. (2005). Ethics: A weapon to counter bioterrorism. Science, 307(5717), 1881-1882.
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , Issue.5717 , pp. 1881-1882
    • Somerville, M.A.1    Atlas, R.M.2
  • 63
    • 26444506691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes
    • Taubenberger, J. K., Reid, A. H., Lourens, R. M., Wang, R., Jin, G., & Fanning, T. G. (2005). Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes. Nature, 437(7060), 889-893.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , Issue.7060 , pp. 889-893
    • Taubenberger, J.K.1    Reid, A.H.2    Lourens, R.M.3    Wang, R.4    Jin, G.5    Fanning, T.G.6
  • 64
    • 11144247743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accurate multiplex gene synthesis from programmable DNA microchips
    • Tian, J., Gong, H., Sheng, N., Zhou, X., Gulari, E., Gao, X., & Church, G. (2004). Accurate multiplex gene synthesis from programmable DNA microchips. Nature, 432(7020), 1050-1054.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.432 , Issue.7020 , pp. 1050-1054
    • Tian, J.1    Gong, H.2    Sheng, N.3    Zhou, X.4    Gulari, E.5    Gao, X.6    Church, G.7
  • 66
    • 0038454573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic engineering and biological weapons
    • special issue
    • van Aken, J., & Hammond, E. (2003). Genetic engineering and biological weapons. EMBO Reports, 4(special issue), S57-S60.
    • (2003) EMBO Reports , vol.4
    • Van Aken, J.1    Hammond, E.2
  • 67
    • 2942582736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer ethics and moral methodology
    • van den Hoven, J. (1997). Computer ethics and moral methodology. Metaphilosophy, 28(3), 234-249.
    • (1997) Metaphilosophy , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 234-249
    • Van Den Hoven, J.1
  • 70
    • 36949013206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • Zanders, J.-P. (2002). Introduction. Minerva, 40(1), 3-13.
    • (2002) Minerva , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-13
    • Zanders, J.-P.1
  • 71
    • 36949018200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double effect and dual use
    • C. Mitcham (Ed.),. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA
    • Briggle, A. (2005). Double effect and dual use. In C. Mitcham (Ed.), Encyclopedia of science, technology, & ethics (Vol. 2). Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA.
    • (2005) Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, & Ethics , vol.2
    • Briggle, A.1
  • 72
    • 18744392338 scopus 로고
    • The hazards of defensive biological warfare programs
    • S. Wright (Ed.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • King, J., & Strauss, H. (1990). The hazards of defensive biological warfare programs. In S. Wright (Ed.), Preventing a biological arms race. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1990) Preventing a Biological Arms Race
    • King, J.1    Strauss, H.2
  • 73
    • 66649133772 scopus 로고
    • Ethics in biological warfare research
    • S. Wright (Ed.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Lappe, M. (1990). Ethics in biological warfare research. In S. Wright (Ed.), Preventing a biological arms race. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1990) Preventing a Biological Arms Race
    • Lappe, M.1
  • 74
    • 36949027344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Known stocks of the smallpox virus should be retained for research
    • W. Dudley (Ed.), Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press
    • Marshall, J. M. (2004). Known stocks of the smallpox virus should be retained for research. In W. Dudley (Ed.), Biological warfare: Opposing viewpoints. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press.
    • (2004) Biological Warfare: Opposing Viewpoints
    • Marshall, J.M.1
  • 75
    • 36949031276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A perilous path to security? Weighing US "Biodefense" against qualitative proliferation
    • S. Wright (Ed.), Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield
    • Reed, L., & Shulman, S. (2002). A perilous path to security? Weighing US "Biodefense" against qualitative proliferation. In S. Wright (Ed.), Biological warfare and disarmament: New problems, new perspectives. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
    • (2002) Biological Warfare and Disarmament: New Problems, New Perspectives
    • Reed, L.1    Shulman, S.2
  • 77
    • 36949040376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategic and Defence Studies Centre - Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No.156. Canberra: Australian National University
    • Enemark, C. (2004). Disease security in Northeast Asia: Biological weapons and natural plagues. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre - Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No.156. Canberra: Australian National University.
    • (2004) Disease Security in Northeast Asia: Biological Weapons and Natural Plagues
    • Enemark, C.1
  • 80
    • 84892207200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioterrorism: Guidelines for medical and public health management
    • Eds., Chicago, IL
    • Henderson, D. A., Inglesby, T. V., & O'Toole, T. (Eds.) (2002). Bioterrorism: Guidelines for medical and public health management. Chicago, IL: JAMA and Archives Journals.
    • (2002) JAMA and Archives Journals
    • Henderson, D.A.1    Inglesby, T.V.2    O'Toole, T.3
  • 87
    • 3142542772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ed., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Moreno, J. D. (Ed.) (2003). In the wake of terror. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (2003) The Wake of Terror
    • Moreno, J.D.1
  • 93
    • 84892349954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Advances in Technology, the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, National Research Council (2005). An international perspective on advancing technologies and strategies for managing dual-use risks: Report of a workshop. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 94. Committee on Advances in Technology, the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, National Research Council (, Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • Committee on Advances in Technology, the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, National Research Council (2005). An international perspective on advancing technologies and strategies for managing dual-use risks: Report of a workshop. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 94.
    • (2006) Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences
  • 94
    • 33745586716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Advances in Technology, the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, National Research Council . Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • Committee on Advances in Technology, the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, National Research Council (2006). Globalization, biosecurity, and the future of the life sciences. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2006) Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences
  • 95
    • 36949020341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Balancing Scientific Openness, National Security, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • Committee on Balancing Scientific Openness, National Security, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine (2000). Balancing scientific openness and national security controls at the nation's nuclear weapons laboratories. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2000) Balancing Scientific Openness and National Security Controls at the Nation's Nuclear Weapons Laboratories
  • 96
    • 22244471068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Genomics Databases for Bioterrorism Threat Agents, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • Committee on Genomics Databases for Bioterrorism Threat Agents, National Research Council (2004). Seeking security: Pathogens, open access, and genome databases. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2004) Seeking Security: Pathogens, Open Access, and Genome Databases
  • 97
    • 4544346804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Research Standards, Practices to Prevent the Destructive Application of Biotechnology, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • Committee on Research Standards, Practices to Prevent the Destructive Application of Biotechnology, National Research Council (2004). Biotechnology research in the age of terrorism. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2004) Biotechnology Research in the Age of Terrorism
  • 98
    • 0004225134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Science, Technology for Countering Terrorism, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • Committee on Science, Technology for Countering Terrorism, National Research Council (2002). Making the nation safer: The role of science and technology in countering terrorism. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2002) Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism
  • 101
    • 0038788122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • National Research Council (2003). Countering agricultural bioterrorism. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2003) Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism
  • 102
    • 4544346804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences
    • National Research Council (2004). Biotechnology research in an age of terrorism. Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences.
    • (2004) Biotechnology Research in An Age of Terrorism
  • 103
    • 84892336465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 September 2005, Accessed 8 September 2005
    • ABC Radio National (4 September 2005). BioWar - Background Briefing http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/bbing/stories/s1450124.htm Accessed 8 September 2005.
    • BioWar - Background Briefing
  • 105
    • 36949040375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Medical Association (December), Accessed 11 May 2006
    • American Medical Association (December 2004). Guidelines to prevent malevolent use of bio-medical research http://www.biosecuritycodes.org/docs/ AMA%20Code.pdf Accessed 11 May 2006.
    • (2004) Guidelines to Prevent Malevolent Use of Bio-medical Research
  • 106
    • 84892331366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caution urged over bio research
    • 19 April 2004, Accessed 2 November 2004
    • BBC News (19 April 2004). Caution urged over bio research http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/ 3632349.stm Accessed 2 November 2004.
    • BBC News
  • 108
    • 84892330951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central Intelligence Agency (3 November 2003)., Accessed 11 May 2006
    • Central Intelligence Agency (3 November 2003). The darker bioweapons future http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf Accessed 11 May 2006.
    • The Darker Bioweapons Future
  • 109
    • 36949024703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • August, (updated), American Association for the Advancement of Science, Accessed 3 December 2004
    • Chamberlain, A. (August 2004). Select agent rules (updated), American Association for the Advancement of Science http://www.aaas.org/spp/post911/ agents/Accessed 3 December 2004.
    • (2004) Select Agent Rules
    • Chamberlain, A.1
  • 110
    • 84892211026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CNN (6 June 2005)., Accessed 17 July 2005
    • CNN (6 June 2005). Feds: Science paper a terrorist's road map http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/06/milk.terror/index.html Accessed 17 July 2005.
    • Feds: Science Paper a Terrorist's Road Map
  • 111
    • 84899247235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recipes for bioterror: Censoring science
    • 18 January 2003)., Accessed 2 November 2004
    • Cohen, P. (18 January 2003). Recipes for bioterror: Censoring science, NewScientist.com http://www.newscientist.com/news/print.jsp?id=ns99993266 Accessed 2 November 2004.
    • NewScientist.com
    • Cohen, P.1
  • 112
    • 84892353436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientists warn of 'Ethnic weapons'
    • 27 October 2004, (generic URL) Accessed 27 October 2004
    • Dayton, L. (27 October 2004). Scientists warn of 'Ethnic Weapons', The Australian http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au (generic URL) Accessed 27 October 2004.
    • The Australian
    • Dayton, L.1
  • 113
  • 114
    • 84892356625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological weapons threat 'Greater than nuclear or chemical'
    • 25 October 2004, (generic URL) Accessed 27 October 2004
    • Gammell, C. (25 October 2004). Biological weapons threat 'Greater Than Nuclear or Chemical', "PA" News, The Scotsman http://news.scotsman. com/(generic URL) Accessed 27 October 2004.
    • PA" News, the Scotsman
    • Gammell, C.1
  • 116
    • 20444426046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US develops lethal new viruses
    • 29 October 2003, Accessed 2 November 2004
    • MacKenzie, D. (29 October 2003). US develops lethal new viruses, New Scientist http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/bioterrorism/bioterrorism.jsp? id=ns99994318 Accessed 2 November 2004.
    • New Scientist
    • MacKenzie, D.1
  • 117
    • 84892279451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Just testing: Is the US government making anthrax bombs in Utah?
    • 23 February 2006, Accessed 16 May 2006
    • McDonough, T. (23 February 2006). Just testing: Is the US government making anthrax bombs in Utah? Salt Lake City Weekly http://www.slweekly.com/ editorial/2006/feat-2006-02-23.cfm Accessed 16 May 2006.
    • Salt Lake City Weekly
    • McDonough, T.1
  • 118
    • 84892291370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotechnology, ethics of research and potential military spin-off, Bioterror and Bioweapons Control
    • Accessed 28 November 2005
    • Nixdorff, K., & Bender, W. (2005). Biotechnology, ethics of research and potential military spin-off, Bioterror and Bioweapons Control, Bulletin 19, International Network of Engineers and Scientists Against Proliferation http://www.inesap.org/bulletin19/bul19art05.htm Accessed 28 November 2005.
    • (2005) Bulletin 19, International Network of Engineers and Scientists against Proliferation
    • Nixdorff, K.1    Bender, W.2
  • 119
    • 84892308403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Biotechnology Activities., National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, Accessed 28 November 2005
    • Office of Biotechnology Activities (2005). National Institutes of Health, Frequently Asked Questions, National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity http://www.biosecurityboard.gov/faq.asp Accessed 28 November 2005.
    • (2005) National Institutes of Health, Frequently Asked Questions
  • 121
    • 84892359180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6 November 2003, University of Minnesota, Accessed 8 November 2003
    • Roos, R. (6 November 2003). Scientists research antidotes to super mousepox virus, University of Minnesota http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/ content/bt/smallpox/news/nov0603mousepox.html Accessed 8 November 2003.
    • Scientists Research Antidotes to Super Mousepox Virus
    • Roos, R.1
  • 122
    • 84892270576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US army grenade patent changed
    • 3 February 2006, Accessed 30 April 2006
    • Ruppe, D. (3 February 2006). US army grenade patent changed, Global Security Newswire http://www.nti.org/d-newswire/issues/2006/1/31/76D99711-ECA8- 4EA9-A2C2-278FCBD1159D.html Accessed 30 April 2006.
    • Global Security Newswire
    • Ruppe, D.1
  • 123
    • 0003564810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Select Agent Program., Accessed 17 July 2005
    • Select Agent Program (2005). The centers for disease control and prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/sap/overview.htm Accessed 17 July 2005.
    • (2005) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 124
    • 16344362993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioterror fight may spawn new risks
    • 27 June 2004, 0, 6098679.story Accessed 29 June 2004
    • Shane, S. (27 June 2004). Bioterror fight may spawn new risks, Baltimore Sun http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.biodefense27jun27, 0, 6098679.story Accessed 29 June 2004.
    • Baltimore Sun
    • Shane, S.1
  • 125
    • 84892231246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientists make polio virus using net recipe
    • 12 July 2002, Accessed 12 July 2002
    • Sydney Morning Herald (12 July 2002). Scientists make polio virus using net recipe http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/12/1026185100298.htm Accessed 12 July 2002.
    • Sydney Morning Herald
  • 126
    • 84892253380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Panel: Germ data benefits exceed risk
    • The Associated Press (10 September 2004)., (generic URL) Accessed 13 September 2004
    • The Associated Press (10 September 2004). Panel: Germ data benefits exceed risk, Newsday. com http://www.newsday.com (generic URL) Accessed 13 September 2004.
    • Newsday. Com
  • 127
    • 84892221856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The InterAcademy Panel on International Issues (7 November 2005)., Accessed 11 May 2006
    • The InterAcademy Panel on International Issues (7 November 2005). IAP statement on biosecurity http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/displaypagedoc.asp?id=17463 Accessed 11 May 2006.
    • IAP Statement on Biosecurity
  • 128
    • 84892310654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Media Release (19 April 2004)., Accessed 2 November 2004
    • The Royal Society - Media Release (19 April 2004). Research should be vetted to prevent biological weapons development http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ templates/press/releasedetails.cfm?file=521.txt Accessed 2 November 2004.
    • Research Should Be Vetted to Prevent Biological Weapons Development
  • 130
    • 84892328939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release (1 December 2005)., Accessed 20 April 2006
    • The Royal Society - Press Release (1 December 2005). International scientists call to do no harm http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/news.asp?id= 3949&printer=1 Accessed 20 April 2006.
    • International Scientists Call to do No Harm
  • 133
    • 84859191036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Health and Human Services - News Release (4 March, )., Accessed 27 May 2005
    • US Department of Health and Human Services - News Release (4 March 2004). HHS will lead government-wide effort to enhance biosecurity in "Dual Use" research http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2004pres/20040304.html Accessed 27 May 2005.
    • (2004) HHS Will Lead Government-wide Effort to Enhance Biosecurity in "Dual Use" Research
  • 134
    • 36949013400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Health and Human Services - Fact Sheet (21 July, )., Accessed 27 June 2006
    • US Department of Health and Human Services - Fact Sheet (21 July 2004). HHS fact sheet- project bioshield http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2004pres/ 20040721b.html Accessed 27 June 2006.
    • (2004) HHS Fact Sheet- Project Bioshield
  • 135
    • 84892218694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Homeland Security (24 February 2005)., Accessed 13 April 2005
    • US Department of Homeland Security (24 February 2005). Fact sheet: National biodefense analysis and countermeasures center http://www.dhs.gov/ dhspublic/display?content=4336 Accessed 13 April 2005.
    • Fact Sheet: National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
  • 137
    • 85017012300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ebola virus could be synthesised
    • 17 July 2002, Accessed 8 June 2005
    • Westphal, S. P. (17 July 2002). Ebola virus could be synthesised, New Scientist http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2555 Accessed 8 June 2005.
    • New Scientist
    • Westphal, S.P.1
  • 138
    • 84892192534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing test-tube terrorism
    • 22 April 2004)., Accessed 28 April 2004
    • Wilson, J. (22 April 2004). Preventing test-tube terrorism, The Guardian Review http://education.guardian.co.uk/print/0, 3858, 4906769-110865, 00.html Accessed 28 April 2004.
    • The Guardian Review
    • Wilson, J.1
  • 139
    • 84892234782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization - Media Release (20 May 2005)., Accessed 10 June 2005
    • World Health Organization - Media Release (20 May 2005). Establishing smallpox vaccine reserve http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2005/np- wha02/en/index.html Accessed 10 June 2005.
    • Establishing Smallpox Vaccine Reserve
  • 141
    • 84892249416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO moves toward allowing smallpox gene experiment
    • 21 May 2005
    • Altman, L. (21 May 2005). WHO moves toward allowing smallpox gene experiment, New York Times, A6.
    • New York Times , vol.A6
    • Altman, L.1
  • 142
    • 36949038509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US approves development of enhanced anthrax
    • Anonymous
    • Anonymous (2001). US approves development of enhanced anthrax. Arms Control Today, 31(9), 26.
    • (2001) Arms Control Today , vol.31 , Issue.9 , pp. 26
  • 144
    • 33645789785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australian Safeguards, Non-Proliferation Office. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia
    • Australian Safeguards, Non-Proliferation Office (2005). Annual report 2004-2005. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
    • (2005) Annual Report 2004-2005
  • 146
    • 0004243165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Medical Association. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers
    • British Medical Association (1999). Biotechnology, weapons and humanity. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
    • (1999) Biotechnology, Weapons and Humanity
  • 147
    • 0004243165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Medical Association. London: British Medical Association
    • British Medical Association (2004). Biotechnology, weapons and humanity II. London: British Medical Association.
    • (2004) Biotechnology, Weapons and Humanity II
  • 150
    • 84892264203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidance for the Operation of Biological Resource Centres (BRCs) Part 3: Institutional biosecurity programme for BRCs - Discussion Paper (17 November 2005). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
    • Guidance for the Operation of Biological Resource Centres (BRCs) Part 3: Institutional biosecurity programme for BRCs - Discussion Paper (17 November 2005). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • 152
    • 0008946853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US germ warfare research pushes treaty limits
    • 4 September 2001
    • Miller, J., Engelberg, S., & Broad, W. (4 September 2001). US germ warfare research pushes treaty limits, New York Times, A1.
    • New York Times , vol.A1
    • Miller, J.1    Engelberg, S.2    Broad, W.3
  • 162
    • 84892193179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Health and Human Services (4 March 2004). National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity Charter
    • US Department of Health and Human Services (4 March 2004). National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity Charter.
  • 164
    • 36949021075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research., 10-11 November 2005. Geneva: WHO
    • WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research (2006). Report of the seventh meeting, 10-11 November 2005. Geneva: WHO.
    • (2006) Report of the Seventh Meeting


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.