Difference in protein expression profile and chemotherapy drugs response of different progression stages of LNCaP sublines and other human prostate cancer cells

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2013, Pages

  Lin, Hui Ping ^a   Lin, Ching Yu ^a   Hsiao, Ping Hsuan ^b   Wang, Horng Dar ^b   Jiang, Shih Sheng ^a   Hsu, Jong Ming ^c   Jim, Wai Tim ^c   Chen, Marcelo ^c   Kung, Hsing Jien ^a   Chuu, Chih Pin ^a,d,e  

^a NATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTES   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL TSING HUA UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c MACKAY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^d CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^e NATIONAL CHUNG HSING UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 [4 (4' CHLORO 2 BIPHENYLYLMETHYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL] N [4 [3 DIMETHYLAMINO 1 (PHENYLTHIOMETHYL)PROPYLAMINO] 3 NITROBENZENESULFONYL]BENZAMIDE; ANDROGEN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; ETOPOSIDE; GEFITINIB; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOXANTRONE; MYC PROTEIN; PACLITAXEL; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE INHIBITOR; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN KINASE B INHIBITOR; PROTEIN MDM2; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; S PHASE KINASE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 2; SARACATINIB;

ADVANCED CANCER; ARTICLE; CANCER CELL; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RESISTANCE; CANCER STAGING; CELL STRAIN; CELL STRAIN DU 145; CELL STRAIN LNCAP; CELL STRAIN LNCAP 104 R1; CELL STRAIN LNCAP 104 S; CELL STRAIN PC 3; CHEMOSENSITIVITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG RESPONSE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; STRAIN DIFFERENCE;

ANDROGENS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; CELL LINE, TUMOR; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; LIGANDS; MALE; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN INTERACTION DOMAINS AND MOTIFS; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS; PROTEOME; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-AKT; RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; RNA, MESSENGER; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED;

EID: 84891939406     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082625     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Grönberg H (2003) Prostate cancer epidemiology. Lancet 361: 859-864. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12713-4. PubMed: 12642065. (Pubitemid 36331852)
2. Hellerstedt BA, Pienta KJ (2002) The current state of hormonal therapyfor prostate cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 52: 154-179. doi:10.3322/canjclin.52.3.154. PubMed: 12018929. (Pubitemid 34546107)
3. Chuu CP, Kokontis JM, Hiipakka RA, Fukuchi J, Lin HP et al. (2011) Androgens as therapy for androgen receptor-positive castrationresistantprostate cancer. J Biomed Sci 18: 63. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-63. PubMed: 21859492.
4. Gilligan T, Kantoff PW (2002) Chemotherapy for prostate cancer. Urology 60: 100-100; discussion: 10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01583-2. PubMed: 12231060.
5. Pinto AC, Moreira JN, Simões S (2011) Liposomal imatinibmitoxantrone combination: formulation development and therapeutic evaluation in an animal model of prostate cancer. Prostate 71: 81-90. doi:10.1002/pros.21224. PubMed: 20607721.
6. Horoszewicz JS, Leong SS, Chu TM, Wajsman ZL, Friedman M et al. (1980) The LNCaP cell line-a new model for studies on human prostatic carcinoma. Prog Clin Biol Res 37: 115-132. PubMed: 7384082.
7. Kokontis J, Takakura K, Hay N, Liao S (1994) Increased androgen receptor activity and altered c-myc expression in prostate cancer cells after long-term androgen deprivation. Cancer Res 54: 1566-1573. PubMed: 7511045. (Pubitemid 24106424)
8. Kokontis JM, Hay N, Liao S (1998) Progression of LNCaP prostate tumor cells during androgen deprivation: hormone-independent growth, repression of proliferation by androgen, and role for p27Kip1 in androgen-induced cell cycle arrest. Mol Endocrinol 12: 941-953. doi: 10.1210/me.12.7.941. PubMed: 9658399. (Pubitemid 30660662)
9. Kokontis JM, Hsu S, Chuu CP, Dang M, Fukuchi J et al. (2005) Role of androgen receptor in the progression of human prostate tumor cells to androgen independence and insensitivity. Prostate 65: 287-298. doi: 10.1002/pros.20285. PubMed: 16015608. (Pubitemid 41759960)
10. Chuu CP, Chen RY, Kokontis JM, Hiipakka RA, Liao S (2009) Suppression of androgen receptor signaling and prostate specific antigen expression by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in different progression stages of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 275: 86-92. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.001. PubMed: 18977589.
11. Chuu CP, Hiipakka RA, Fukuchi J, Kokontis JM, Liao S (2005) Androgen causes growth suppression and reversion of androgenindependent prostate cancer xenografts to an androgen-stimulatedphenotype in athymic mice. Cancer Res 65: 2082-2084. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3992. PubMed: 15781616. (Pubitemid 40490112)
12. Chuu CP, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Fukuchi J, Chen RY et al. (2006) Inhibition of tumor growth and progression of LNCaP prostate cancer cells in athymic mice by androgen and liver X receptor agonist. Cancer Res 66: 6482-6486. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0632. PubMed: 16818617. (Pubitemid 44085600)
13. Chuu CP, Kokontis JM, Hiipakka RA, Fukuchi J, Lin HP et al. (2011) Androgens as therapy for androgen receptor-positive castrationresistant prostate cancer. J Biomed Sci 18: 63. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-63. PubMed: 21859492.
14. Chuu CP, Kokontis JM, Hiipakka RA, Fukuchi J, Lin HP et al. (2011) Androgen suppresses proliferation of castration-resistant LNCaP 104- R2 prostate cancer cells through androgen receptor, Skp2, and c-Myc. Cancer Sci 102: 2022-2028. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02043.x. PubMed: 21781227.
15. Mathew P (2008) Prolonged control of progressive castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer with testosterone replacement therapy: the case for a prospective trial. Ann Oncol 19: 395-396. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm568. PubMed: 18156142. (Pubitemid 351201727)
16. Szmulewitz R, Mohile S, Posadas E, Kunnavakkam R, Karrison T et al. (2009) A randomized phase 1 study of testosterone replacement for patients with low-risk castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol 56: 97-103. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.02.022. PubMed: 19282098.
17. Kaighn ME, Narayan KS, Ohnuki Y, Lechner JF, Jones LW (1979) Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC-3). Invest Urol 17: 16-23. PubMed: 447482. (Pubitemid 9239413)
18. Stone KR, Mickey DD, Wunderli H, Mickey GH, Paulson DF (1978) Isolation of a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU 145). Int J Cancer 21: 274-281. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910210305. PubMed: 631930. (Pubitemid 8283045)
19. Chuu CP, Chen RY, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Warner KV et al. (2007) The liver X receptor agonist T0901317 acts as androgen receptor antagonist in human prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 357: 341-346. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.116. PubMed:17416342. (Pubitemid 46603137)
20. Chuu CP, Lin HP (2010) Antiproliferative effect of LXR agonists T0901317 and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol on multiple human cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res 30: 3643-3648. PubMed: 20944148.
21. Fukuchi J, Kokontis JM, Hiipakka RA, Chuu CP, Liao S (2004) Antiproliferative effect of liver X receptor agonists on LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 64: 7686-7689. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2332. PubMed: 15520170. (Pubitemid 39446897)
22. Chuu CP, Lin HP, Ciaccio MF, Kokontis JM, Hause RJ Jr. et al. (2012) Caffeic acid phenethyl ester suppresses the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells through inhibition of p70S6K and Akt signaling networks. Cancer. Prev Res (Phila) 5: 788-797. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0004-T.
23. Lin CY, Huo C, Kuo LK, Hiipakka RA, Jones RB et al. (2013) Cholestane-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol Suppresses Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Human Prostate Cancer Cells. PLOS ONE 8: e65734. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065734. PubMed: 23785446.
24. Lin HP, Jiang SS, Chuu CP (2012) Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Causes p21 Induction, Akt Signaling Reduction, and Growth Inhibition in PC-3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells. PLOS ONE 7: e31286. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031286. PubMed: 22347457.
25. Kuo YY, Lin HP, Huo C, Su LC, Yang J et al. (2013) Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Suppresses Proliferation and Survival of TW2.6 Human Oral Cancer Cells via Inhibition of Akt Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 14: 8801-8817. doi:10.3390/ijms14058801. PubMed: 23615471.
26. Fukuchi J, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Hsu S, Ko AL et al. (2004) Androgenic suppression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 64: 7682-7685. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2647. PubMed: 15520169. (Pubitemid 39446896)
27. Gelmini S, Tricarico C, Petrone L, Forti G, Amorosi A et al. (2003) Realtime RT-PCR for the measurement of prostate-specific antigen mRNA expression in benign hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of prostate. Clin Chem Lab Med 41: 261-265. PubMed: 12705330. (Pubitemid 36432829)
28. Gleave M, Tolcher A, Miyake H, Nelson C, Brown B et al. (1999) Progression to androgen independence is delayed by adjuvant treatment with antisense Bcl-2 oligodeoxynucleotides after castration in the LNCaP prostate tumor model. Clin Cancer Res 5: 2891-2898. PubMed: 10537358. (Pubitemid 29493968)
29. Veldscholte J, Ris-Stalpers C, Kuiper GG, Jenster G, Berrevoets C et al. (1990) A mutation in the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor of human LNCaP cells affects steroid binding characteristics and response to anti-androgens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173: 534-540. doi:10.1016/S0006- 291X(05)80067-1. PubMed: 2260966.
30. Kokontis J, Ito K, Hiipakka RA, Liao S (1991) Expression and function of normal and LNCaP androgen receptors in androgen-insensitive human prostatic cancer cells. Altered hormone and antihormone specificity in gene transactivation. Receptor 1: 271-279. PubMed: 1668832.
31. Cantley LC, Neel BG (1999) New insights into tumor suppression: PTEN suppresses tumor formation by restraining the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 4240-4245. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.8.4240. PubMed: 10200246. (Pubitemid 29190320)
32. Sarker D, Reid AH, Yap TA, de Bono JS (2009) Targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway for the treatment of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 15: 4799-4805. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0125. PubMed: 19638457.
33. Bedolla R, Prihoda TJ, Kreisberg JI, Malik SN, Krishnegowda NK et al. (2007) Determining risk of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer by immunohistochemical detection of PTEN expression and Akt activation. Clin Cancer Res 13: 3860-3867. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0091. PubMed: 17606718. (Pubitemid 47037592)
34. Kreisberg JI, Malik SN, Prihoda TJ, Bedolla RG, Troyer DA et al. (2004) Phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) is an excellent predictor of poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 64: 5232-5236. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-04-0272. PubMed: 15289328. (Pubitemid 39006542)
35. Sircar K, Yoshimoto M, Monzon FA, Koumakpayi IH, Katz RL et al. (2009) PTEN genomic deletion is associated with p-Akt and AR signalling in poorer outcome, hormone refractory prostate cancer. J Pathol 218: 505-513. doi:10.1002/path.2559. PubMed: 19402094.
36. Wegiel B, Bjartell A, Culig Z, Persson JL (2008) Interleukin-6 activates PI3K/Akt pathway and regulates cyclin A1 to promote prostate cancer cell survival. Int J Cancer 122: 1521-1529. PubMed: 18027847. (Pubitemid 351294960)
37. McCall P, Gemmell LK, Mukherjee R, Bartlett JM, Edwards J (2008) Phosphorylation of the androgen receptor is associated with reduced survival in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients. Br J Cancer 98: 1094-1101. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604152. PubMed: 18349820. (Pubitemid 351399795)
38. Shimizu Y, Segawa T, Inoue T, Shiraishi T, Yoshida T et al. (2007) Increased Akt and phosphorylated Akt expression are associated with malignant biological features of prostate cancer in Japanese men. BJU Int 100: 685-690. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07014.x. PubMed: 17542985. (Pubitemid 47205471)
39. Ayala G, Thompson T, Yang G, Frolov A, Li R et al. (2004) High levels of phosphorylated form of Akt-1 in prostate cancer and non-neoplastic prostate tissues are strong predictors of biochemical recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 10: 6572-6578. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0477. PubMed: 15475446. (Pubitemid 39346553)
40. Coffer PJ, Jin J, Woodgett JR (1998) Protein kinase B (c-Akt): a multifunctional mediator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Biochem J 335 ( 1): 1-13. PubMed: 9742206. (Pubitemid 28477043)
41. Gonzalez E, McGraw TE (2009) The Akt kinases: isoform specificity in metabolism and cancer. Cell Cycle 8: 2502-2508. doi:10.4161/cc. 8.16.9335. PubMed: 19597332.
42. Alessi DR, James SR, Downes CP, Holmes AB, Gaffney PR et al. (1997) Characterization of a 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates and activates protein kinase Balpha. Curr Biol 7: 261-269. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00122-9. PubMed: 9094314. (Pubitemid 27176852)
43. Sarbassov DD, Guertin DA, Ali SM, Sabatini DM (2005) Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science 307: 1098-1101. doi:10.1126/science.1106148. PubMed: 15718470. (Pubitemid 40262113)
44. Jacinto E, Facchinetti V, Liu D, Soto N, Wei S et al. (2006) SIN1/MIP1 maintains rictor-mTOR complex integrity and regulates Akt phosphorylation and substrate specificity. Cell 127: 125-137. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.033. PubMed: 16962653. (Pubitemid 44466632)
45. Hammarsten P, Cipriano M, Josefsson A, Stattin P, Egevad L et al. (2012) Phospho-Akt immunoreactivity in prostate cancer: relationship to disease severity and outcome, Ki67 and phosphorylated EGFR expression. PLOS ONE 7: e47994. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047994. PubMed: 23133535.
46. Dai B, Kong YY, Ye DW, Ma CG, Zhou X et al. (2009) Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathway in prostate cancer and its association with patient clinicopathological characteristics. BJU Int 104: 1009-1016. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08538.x. PubMed: 19389013.
47. Pfeil K, Eder IE, Putz T, Ramoner R, Culig Z et al. (2004) Long-term androgen-ablation causes increased resistance to PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 58: 259-268. doi:10.1002/pros.10332. PubMed: 14743465. (Pubitemid 38168923)
48. Chuu CP, Chen RY, Barkinge JL, Ciaccio MF, Jones RB (2008) Systems-level analysis of ErbB4 signaling in breast cancer: a laboratory to clinical perspective. Mol Cancer Res 6: 885-891. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-0369. PubMed: 18567793.
49. Morgan TM, Koreckij TD, Corey E (2009) Targeted therapy for advanced prostate cancer: inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 9: 237-249. doi: 10.2174/156800909787580999. PubMed: 19275762.
50. Traish AM, Morgentaler A (2009) Epidermal growth factor receptor expression escapes androgen regulation in prostate cancer: a potential molecular switch for tumour growth. Br J Cancer 101: 1949-1956. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc. 6605376. PubMed: 19888222.
51. Sherwood ER, Van Dongen JL, Wood CG, Liao S, Kozlowski JM et al. (1998) Epidermal growth factor receptor activation in androgenindependent but not androgen-stimulated growth of human prostatic carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 77: 855-861. doi:10.1038/bjc.1998.142. PubMed: 9528825. (Pubitemid 28101770)
52. Bonaccorsi L, Carloni V, Muratori M, Formigli L, Zecchi S et al. (2004) EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling promoting invasion is disrupted in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells by an interaction between EGFR and androgen receptor (AR). Int J Cancer 112: 78-86. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20362. PubMed: 15305378. (Pubitemid 39249494)
53. Bonaccorsi L, Nosi D, Muratori M, Formigli L, Forti G et al. (2007) Altered endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor in androgen receptor positive prostate cancer cell lines. J Mol Endocrinol 38: 51-66. doi:10.1677/jme.1.02155. PubMed: 17242169. (Pubitemid 46351592)
54. Léotoing L, Manin M, Monté D, Baron S, Communal Y et al. (2007) Crosstalk between androgen receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor-signalling pathways: a molecular switch for epithelial cell differentiation. J Mol Endocrinol 39: 151-162. doi:10.1677/JME-07-0021. PubMed: 17693613. (Pubitemid 47337873)
55. Sgambato A, Camerini A, Faraglia B, Ardito R, Bianchino G et al. (2004) Targeted inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptortyrosine kinase by ZD1839 ('Iressa') induces cell-cycle arrest and inhibits proliferation in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 201: 97-105. doi:10.1002/jcp.20045. PubMed: 15281092. (Pubitemid 39187048)
56. Festuccia C, Gravina GL, Angelucci A, Millimaggi D, Muzi P et al. (2005) Additive antitumor effects of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib (Iressa), and the nonsteroidal antiandrogen, bicalutamide (Casodex), in prostate cancer cells in vitro. Int J Cancer 115: 630-640. doi:10.1002/ijc.20917. PubMed: 15700310. (Pubitemid 40656723)
57. Mukherjee B, Mayer D (2008) Dihydrotestosterone interacts with EGFR/MAPK signalling and modulates EGFR levels in androgen receptor-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 33: 623-629. PubMed: 18695894.
58. Cai C, Portnoy DC, Wang H, Jiang X, Chen S et al. (2009) Androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells is suppressed by activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and ErbB2. Cancer Res 69: 5202-5209. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0026. PubMed: 19491261.
59. Chen CD, Welsbie DS, Tran C, Baek SH, Chen R et al. (2004) Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat Med 10: 33-39. doi:10.1038/nm972. PubMed: 14702632. (Pubitemid 38524696)
60. Feldman BJ, Feldman D (2001) The development of androgenindependent prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 1: 34-45. doi: 10.1038/35094009. PubMed: 11900250.
61. Umekita Y, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Liao S (1996) Human prostate tumor growth in athymic mice: inhibition by androgens and stimulation by finasteride. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93: 11802-11807. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11802. PubMed: 8876218. (Pubitemid 26347204)
62. Linja MJ, Savinainen KJ, Saramäki OR, Tammela TL, Vessella RL et al. (2001) Amplification and overexpression of androgen receptor gene in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 61: 3550-3555. PubMed: 11325816. (Pubitemid 32694958)
63. Ford OH 3rd, Gregory CW, Kim D, Smitherman AB, Mohler JL (2003) Androgen receptor gene amplification and protein expression in recurrent prostate cancer. J Urol 170: 1817-1821. doi:10.1097/01.ju. 0000091873.09677.f4. PubMed: 14532783. (Pubitemid 37254935)
64. de Vere White R, Meyers F, Chi SG, Chamberlain S, Siders D et al. (1997) Human androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer following androgen ablation. Eur Urol 31: 1-6. PubMed: 9032526. (Pubitemid 27058095)
65. Gregory CW, Johnson RT Jr., Mohler JL, French FS, Wilson EM (2001) Androgen receptor stabilization in recurrent prostate cancer is associated with hypersensitivity to low androgen. Cancer Res 61: 2892-2898. PubMed: 11306464. (Pubitemid 32691931)
66. Wang LG, Ossowski L, Ferrari AC (2001) Overexpressed androgen receptor linked to p21WAF1 silencing may be responsible for androgen independence and resistance to apoptosis of a prostate cancer cell line. Cancer Res 61: 7544-7551. PubMed: 11606392. (Pubitemid 32995046)
67. Kim D, Gregory CW, French FS, Smith GJ, Mohler JL (2002) Androgen receptor expression and cellular proliferation during transition fromandrogen-dependent to recurrent growth after castration in the CWR22 prostate cancer xenograft. Am J Pathol 160: 219-226. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10) 64365-9. PubMed: 11786415. (Pubitemid 34052282)
68. Edwards J, Krishna NS, Grigor KM, Bartlett JM (2003) Androgen receptor gene amplification and protein expression in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 89: 552-556. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc. 6601127. PubMed: 12888829. (Pubitemid 37026442)
69. Zhang L, Johnson M, Le KH, Sato M, Ilagan R et al. (2003) Interrogating androgen receptor function in recurrent prostate cancer. Cancer Res 63: 4552-4560. PubMed: 12907631. (Pubitemid 36951029)
70. Hara T, Nakamura K, Araki H, Kusaka M, Yamaoka M (2003) Enhanced androgen receptor signaling correlates with the androgenrefractory growth in a newly established MDA PCa 2b-hr human prostate cancer cell subline. Cancer Res 63: 5622-5628. PubMed: 14500404. (Pubitemid 37139887)
71. Shi XB, Ma AH, Tepper CG, Xia L, Gregg JP et al. (2004) Molecular alterations associated with LNCaP cell progression to androgen independence. Prostate 60: 257-271. doi:10.1002/pros.20039. PubMed: 15176055. (Pubitemid 38971837)
72. Singh SS, Qaqish B, Johnson JL, Ford OH 3rd, Foley JF et al. (2004) Sampling strategy for prostate tissue microarrays for Ki-67 and androgen receptor biomarkers. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 26: 194-200. PubMed: 15457671. (Pubitemid 39100905)
73. Holzbeierlein J, Lal P, LaTulippe E, Smith A, Satagopan J et al. (2004) Gene expression analysis of human prostate carcinoma during hormonal therapy identifies androgen-responsive genes and mechanisms of therapy resistance. Am J Pathol 164: 217-227. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63112-4. PubMed: 14695335. (Pubitemid 38364606)
74. Visakorpi T, Hyytinen E, Koivisto P, Tanner M, Keinänen R et al. (1995) In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer. Nat Genet 9: 401-406. doi:10.1038/ng0495-401. PubMed: 7795646.
75. Edwards J, Krishna NS, Witton CJ, Bartlett JM (2003) Gene amplifications associated with the development of hormone-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 9: 5271-5281. PubMed: 14614009. (Pubitemid 37413579)
76. Polito M, Minardi D, Recchioni A, Giannulis I, De Sio G et al. (1997) Serum markers for monitoring of prostatic carcinoma. Prostate 33: 208-216. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19971101)33:3. PubMed: 9365550. (Pubitemid 27509422)
77. Sadar MD (1999) Androgen-independent induction of prostate-specific antigen gene expression via cross-talk between the androgen receptor and protein kinase A signal transduction pathways. J Biol Chem 274: 7777-7783. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.12.7777. PubMed: 10075669.
78. Seaton A, Scullin P, Maxwell PJ, Wilson C, Pettigrew J et al. (2008) Interleukin-8 signaling promotes androgen-independent proliferation of prostate cancer cells via induction of androgen receptor expression and activation. Carcinogenesis 29: 1148-1156. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn109. PubMed: 18487223. (Pubitemid 351958693)
79. Carrano AC, Eytan E, Hershko A, Pagano M (1999) SKP2 is required for ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the CDK inhibitor p27. Nat Cell Biol 1: 193-199. doi:10.1038/70221. PubMed: 10559916. (Pubitemid 129500937)
80. Tsvetkov LM, Yeh KH, Lee SJ, Sun H, Zhang H (1999) p27(Kip1) ubiquitination and degradation is regulated by the SCF(Skp2) complex through phosphorylated Thr187 in p27. Curr Biol 9: 661-664. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(99) 80418-7. PubMed: 10375532.
81. Vellaichamy A, Dezso Z, JeBailey L, Chinnaiyan AM, Sreekumar A et al. (2010) "Topological significance" analysis of gene expression and proteomic profiles from prostate cancer cells reveals key mechanisms of androgen response. PLOS ONE 5: e10936. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010936. PubMed: 20532174.
82. Klotz L, Schellhammer P, Carroll K (2004) A re-assessment of the role of combined androgen blockade for advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int 93: 1177-1182. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2004.04803.x. PubMed: 15180600. (Pubitemid 38823930)
83. Knudsen KE, Arden KC, Cavenee WK (1998) Multiple G1 regulatory elements control the androgen-dependent proliferation of prostatic carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 273: 20213-20222. doi:10.1074/jbc. 273.32.20213. PubMed: 9685369. (Pubitemid 28377582)
84. Soto AM, Lin TM, Sakabe K, Olea N, Damassa DA et al. (1995) Variants of the human prostate LNCaP cell line as tools to study discrete components of the androgen-mediated proliferative response. Oncol Res 7: 545-558. PubMed: 8866667. (Pubitemid 26075387)
85. Veldscholte J, Berrevoets CA, Brinkmann AO, Grootegoed JA, Mulder E (1992) Anti-androgens and the mutated androgen receptor of LNCaP cells: differential effects on binding affinity, heat-shock protein interaction, and transcription activation. Biochemistry 31: 2393-2399. doi:10.1021/bi00123a026. PubMed: 1540595.
86. Chuu CP, Kokontis JM, Hiipakka RA, Liao S (2007) Modulation of liver X receptor signaling as novel therapy for prostate cancer. J Biomed Sci 14: 543-553. doi:10.1007/s11373-007-9160-8. PubMed: 17372849. (Pubitemid 47414761)
87. Heisler LE, Evangelou A, Lew AM, Trachtenberg J, Elsholtz HP et al. (1997) Androgen-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptotic death in PC-3 prostatic cell cultures expressing a full-length human androgen receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 126: 59-73. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(96)03970-6. PubMed: 9027364. (Pubitemid 27055548)
88. Litvinov IV, Antony L, Isaacs JT (2004) Molecular characterization of an improved vector for evaluation of the tumor suppressor versus oncogene abilities of the androgen receptor. Prostate 61: 299-304. doi: 10.1002/pros.20187. PubMed: 15499637. (Pubitemid 39564274)
89. Yuan S, Trachtenberg J, Mills GB, Brown TJ, Xu F et al. (1993) Androgen-induced inhibition of cell proliferation in an androgen- insensitive prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) transfected with a human androgen receptor complementary. DNA - Cancer Res 53: 1304-1311. (Pubitemid 23097107)
90. Cinar B, Koeneman KS, Edlund M, Prins GS, Zhau HE et al. (2001) Androgen receptor mediates the reduced tumor growth, enhanced androgen responsiveness, and selected target gene transactivation in a human prostate cancer cell line. Cancer Res 61: 7310-7317. PubMed: 11585771. (Pubitemid 32946530)
91. Pearson G, Robinson F, Beers Gibson T, Xu BE, Karandikar M et al. (2001) Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions. Endocr Rev 22: 153-183. doi:10.1210/er. 22.2.153. PubMed: 11294822. (Pubitemid 32458157)
92. Moro L, Arbini AA, Marra E, Greco M (2007) Constitutive activation of MAPK/ERK inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation through upregulation of BRCA2. Int J Oncol 30: 217-224. PubMed: 17143532.
93. Lee LF, Louie MC, Desai SJ, Yang J, Chen HW et al. (2004) Interleukin-8 confers androgen-independent growth and migration of LNCaP: differential effects of tyrosine kinases Src and FAK. Oncogene 23: 2197-2205. doi:10.1038/sj.onc. 1207344. PubMed: 14767470. (Pubitemid 38482534)
94. Desai SJ, Ma AH, Tepper CG, Chen HW, Kung HJ (2006) Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor by nonsteroids: involvement of the Src kinase pathway and its therapeutic implications. Cancer Res 66: 10449-10459. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2582. PubMed: 17079466. (Pubitemid 44799766)
95. Chang YM, Bai L, Liu S, Yang JC, Kung HJ et al. (2008) Src family kinase oncogenic potential and pathways in prostate cancer as revealed by AZD0530. Oncogene 27: 6365-6375. doi:10.1038/onc. 2008.250. PubMed: 18679417.
96. Raffo AJ, Perlman H, Chen MW, Day ML, Streitman JS et al. (1995) Overexpression of bcl-2 protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis in vitro and confers resistance to androgen depletion in vivo. Cancer Res 55: 4438-4445. PubMed: 7671257.
97. Lin Y, Fukuchi J, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Xiang J (2007) Upregulation of Bcl-2 is required for the progression of prostate cancer cells from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent growth stage. Cell Res 17: 531-536. doi:10.1038/cr.2007.12. PubMed: 17404601. (Pubitemid 46980949)
98. Cohen RJ, Cooper K, Haffejee Z, Robinson E, Becker PJ (1995) Immunohistochemical detection of oncogene proteins and neuroendocrine differentiation in different stages of prostate cancer. Pathology 27: 229-232. doi:10.1080/00313029500169033. PubMed: 8532388.
99. Moul JW, Bettencourt MC, Sesterhenn IA, Mostofi FK, McLeod DG et al. (1996) Protein expression of p53, bcl-2, and KI-67 (MIB-1) as prognostic biomarkers in patients with surgically treated, clinically localized prostate cancer. Surgery 120: 157-166; discussion: 8751578.
100. Bauer JJ, Sesterhenn IA, Mostofi FK, McLeod DG, Srivastava S et al. (1996) Elevated levels of apoptosis regulator proteins p53 and bcl-2 are independent prognostic biomarkers in surgically treated clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 156: 1511-1516. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65641-6. PubMed: 8808919. (Pubitemid 26307649)
101. Apakama I, Robinson MC, Walter NM, Charlton RG, Royds JA et al. (1996) bcl-2 overexpression combined with p53 protein accumulation correlates with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 74: 1258-1262. doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.526. PubMed: 8883414. (Pubitemid 26360116)
102. Matsushima H, Kitamura T, Goto T, Hosaka Y, Homma Y et al. (1997) Combined analysis with Bcl-2 and P53 immunostaining predicts poorer prognosis in prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 158: 2278-2283. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68235-1. PubMed: 9366376. (Pubitemid 27481390)
103. Brewster SF, Oxley JD, Trivella M, Abbott CD, Gillatt DA (1999) Preoperative p53, bcl-2, CD44 and E-cadherin immunohistochemistry as predictors of biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 161: 1238-1243. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)61646-X. PubMed: 10081877. (Pubitemid 29426125)
104. Stattin P, Westin P, Damber JE, Bergh A (1998) Short-term cellular effects induced by castration therapy in relation to clinical outcome in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 77: 670-675. doi:10.1038/bjc.1998.107. PubMed: 9484828. (Pubitemid 28059478)
105. Tsuji M, Murakami Y, Kanayama H, Sano T, Kagawa S (1998) Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 antigen and Bcl-2 protein expression in prostate cancer: effect of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. Br J Urol 81: 116-121. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00492.x. PubMed: 9467487. (Pubitemid 28316508)
106. Huang H, Zegarra-Moro OL, Benson D, Tindall DJ (2004) Androgens repress Bcl-2 expression via activation of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 23: 2161-2176. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207326. PubMed: 14676836. (Pubitemid 38482531)
107. Ma W, Hu S, Yao G, Xie S, Ni M et al. (2013) An androgen receptormicroRNA- 29a regulatory circuitry in mouse epididymis. Journal of Biological Chemistry.
108. Alimirah F, Panchanathan R, Chen J, Zhang X, Ho SM et al. (2007) Expression of androgen receptor is negatively regulated by p53. Neoplasia 9: 1152-1159. doi:10.1593/neo.07769. PubMed: 18084622. (Pubitemid 350255362)
109. Liu S, Yamauchi H (2010) Etoposide induces growth arrest and disrupts androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 23: 165-170. PubMed: 19956877.