Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays

Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Ge, Zhibing ^a   Wu, Shin Tson ^b  

^a APPLE INC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891584904     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470689059     Document Type: Book

References (282)

1. Wu, S.T. and Wu, C.S. (1996) Mixed.-mode twisted nematic liquid crystal cells for reflective displays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 1455-1457.
2. Wu, S.T. and Yang, D.K. (2001) Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
3. de Gennes, P.G. and Prost, J. (1993) The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd edition. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
4. Yang, D.K. and Wu, S.T. (2006) Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.
5. Zhu, X., Ge, Z., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2005) Transflective liquid crystal displays. J. Disp. Technol., 1, 15-29.
6. For example, see BEF film from http://www.3m.com/.
7. Takeda, A., Kataoka, S., Sasaki, T., Chida, H., Tsuda, H., Ohmuro, K., Sasabayashi, T., Koike, Y. and Okamoto, K. (1998) A super.-high image quality multidomain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing.-less technology. SID Tech. Digest, 29, 1077-1080.
8. Tanaka, Y., Taniguchi, Y., Sasaki, T., Takeda, A., Koibe, Y. and Okamoto, K. (1999) ANew Design to Improve Performance and Simplify the Manufacturing Process of High.-Quality MVA TFT.-LCD Panels. SID Tech. Digest, 30, 206-209.
9. Kataoka, S., Takeda, A., Tsuda, H., Koike, Y., Inoue, H., Fujikawa, T., Sasabayashi, T. and Okamoto, K. (2001) A New MVA.-LCD with Jagged Shaped Pixel Electrodes. SID Tech. Digest, 32, 1066-1069. 54 Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays
10. Schadt, M. and Helfrich, W. (1971) Voltage.-dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal. Appl. Phys. Lett., 18, 127.
11. Soref, R.A. (1974) Field effects in nematic liquid crystals obtained with interdigital electrodes. J. Appl. Phys., 45, 5466.
12. Ohe, M. and Kondo, K. (1995) Electro.-optical characteristics and switching behavior of the in.-plane switching mode. Appl. Phys. Lett., 67, 3895.
13. Lee, S.H., Lee, S.L. and Kim, H.Y. (1998) Electro.-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe.-field switching. Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 2881.
14. Bos, P.J. and Koehler.-Beran, K.R. (1984) The pi.-cell: a fast liquid.-crystal opticalswitching device. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 113, 329.
15. Yamaguchi, Y., Miyashita, T. and Uchida, T. (1993) Wide.-viewing.-angle display mode for the active.-matrix LCD using bend.-alignment liquid.-crystal cell. SID Tech. Digest, 24, 273-276.
16. Kim, K.H., Lee, K.H., Park, S.B., Song, J.K., Kim, S.N. and Souk, J.H. (1998) Domain divided vertical alignment mode with optimized fringe field effect. In Proc. 18th Int. Display Research Conf. (Asia Display '98), pp. 383-386.
17. Fujimura, Y., Kamijo, T. and Yoshimi, H. (2003) Improvement of optical films for high performance LCDs. Proceedings of SPIE, 5003, 96-105.
18. Yang, Y.-C. and Yang, D.K. (2008) Achromatic reduction of off.-axis light leakage in LCDs by self.-compensated phase retardation (SPR) film. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 1955-1958.
19. McKnight, W.H. Stotts L.B. and Monahan M.A. (1982) Transmissive and Reflective Liquid Crystal Display. U. S. Patent 4 315 258 (February 9, 1982).
20. Yoshida, H., Tasaka, Y., Tanaka, Y., Sukenori, H., Koike, Y. and Okamoto, K. (2004) MVA LCD for Notebook or Mobile PCs with High Transmittance, High Contrast Ratio, and Wide Angle Viewing. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 6-9.
21. Pancharatnam, S. (1956) Achromatic combinations of birefringent plates. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. A, 41, 130-144.
22. Khoo, I.C. and Wu, S.T. (1993) Optics and Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals. World Scientific, Singapore.
23. Zhu, X., Ge, Z. and Wu, S.T. (2006) Analytical solutions for uniaxial.-filmcompensated wide.-view liquid crystal displays. J. Disp. Technol., 2, 2-20.
24. Bigelow, J.E. and Kashnow, R.A. (1977) Poincare sphere analysis of liquid crystal optics. Appl. Opt., 16, 2090.
25. Cognard, J. (1982) Alignment of nematic liquid crystals and their mixtures. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Suppl., 1, 1.
26. Mori, H. (2005) The wide view film for enhancing the field of view of LCDs. J. Disp. Technol., 1, 179.
27. Takeuchi, K., Yasuda, S., Oikawa, T., Mori, H. and Mihayashi, K. (2006) Novel VW film for wide.-viewing.-angle TN.-mode LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 1531-1534. Device Concept of Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays 55
28. Lien, S.C. and John, R.A. (1994) Liquid Crystal Displays Having Multi.-Domain Cells. U. S. Patent 5 309 264. (May 1994).
29. Lien, A. and John, R.A. (1993) Multi.-Domain Homeotropic Liquid Crystal Display for Active Matrix Application. EuroDisplay '93, p. 21.
30. Lien, S.-C.A., Cai, C., Nunes, R.W., John, R.A., Galligan, E.A., Colgan, E. and Wilson, W.S. (1998) Multi.-domain homeotropic liquid crystal display based on ridge and fringe field structure. Jpn J. Appl. Phys., 37, L597.
31. Song, J.-K., Lee, K.-E., Chang, H.-S., Hong, M.-B., Jun, M.-B., Park, B.-Y., Seomun, S.-S., Kim, K.-H. and Kim, S.-S. (2004) DCCII: Novel method for fast response time in PVA mode. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 1344-1347.
32. Hanaoka, K., Nakanishi, Y., Inoue, Y., Tanuma, S. and Koike, Y. (2004) A New MVA.-LCD by Polymer Sustained Alignment Technology. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 1200-1203.
33. Kim, S.G., Kim, S.M., Kim, Y.S., Lee, H.K., Lee, S.H., Lee, G.-D., Lyu, J.-J. and Kim, K.H. (2007) Stabilization of the liquid crystal director in the patterned vertical alignment mode through formation of pretilt angle by reactive mesogen. Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 261910-261912.
34. Matsumoto, S., Kawamoto, M. and Mizunoya, K. (1976) Field.-induced deformation of hybrid.-aligned nematic liquid crystals: new multicolor liquid crystal display. J. Appl. Phys., 47, 3842.
35. Hosaki, K., Uesaka, T., Nishimura, S. and Mazaki, H. (2006) Comparison of viewing angle performance of TN.-LCD and ECB.-LCD using hybrid.-aligned nematic compensators. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 721-724.
36. Uesaka, T., Ikeda, S., Nishimura, S. and Mazaki, H. (2007) Viewing.-angle compensation of TN.- and ECB.-LCD modes by using a rod.-like liquid crystalline polymer film. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1555-1558.
37. Yeung, F.S., Ho, J.Y., Li, Y.W., Xie, F.C., Tsui, O.K., Sheng, P. and Kwok, H.S. (2006) Variable liquid crystal pretilt angles by nanostructured surfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett., 88, 051910.
38. Ito, Y., Matsubara, R., Nakamura, R., Nagai, M., Nakamura, S., Mori, H. and Mihayashi, K. (2005) OCB.-WV film for fast.-response.-time and wide.-viewingangle LCD.-TVs. SID Tech. Digest, 36, 986-989.
39. Lien, A. (1990) Extended Jones matrix representation for the twisted nematic liquid.-crystal display at oblique incidence. Appl. Phys. Lett., 57, 2767-2769.
40. Yeh, P. and Gu, C. (1999) Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York.
41. Ge, Z., Wu, T.X., Zhu, X. and Wu, S.T. (2005) Reflective liquid crystal displays with asymmetric incidence and exit angles. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 22, 966-977.
42. Fujimura, Y., Nagatsuka, T., Yoshimi, H., Umemoto, S. and Shimomura, T. (1992) Optical properties of retardation film. SID Tech. Digest, 23, 397-400. 56 Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays
43. Chen, J., Chang, K.C., Delpico, J., Seiberle, H. and Schadt, M. (1999) Wide Viewing Angle Photoaligned Plastic Films For TNLCD. SID Tech. Digest, 30, 98-101.
44. Nishimura, S. and Mazaki, H. (2003) Viewing angle compensation of various LCD modes by using a liquid crystalline polymer film 'Nisseki LC film'. Proceedings of SPIE, 6332, 633203-1.
45. Palto, S., Kasianova, I., Kharatiyan, E., Kuzmin, V., Lazarev, A. and Lazarev, P. (2007) Thin coatable birefringent films and their application to VA and IPS mode LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1563-1566.
46. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight.
47. Ting, D.-L., Chang, W.-C., Liu, C.-Y., Shiu, J.-W., Wen, C.-J., Chao, C.-H., Chuang, L.-S. and Chang, C.-C. (1999) A High Brightness and High Contrast Reflective LCD with Micro Slant Reflector (MSR). SID Tech. Digest, 30, 954-957.
48. Wen, C.-J., Ting, D.-L., Chen, C.-Y., Chuang L.-S. and Chang C.-C. (2000) Optical Properties of Reflective LCD with Diffusive Micro Slant Reflector (DMSR). SID Tech. Digest, 31, 526-529.
49. Kim, J.H., Yu, J.-H., Cheong, B.-H., Choi, Y.-S. and Choi, H.-Y. (2008) Highly efficient diffractive reflector using microgratings for reflective display. Appl. Phys. Lett., 93, 041915.
50. Perkins, R.T., Hansen, D.P., Gardner, E.W., Thorne, J.M. and Robbins, A.A. (2000) Broadband wire grid polarizer for the visible spectrum. U. S. Patent 6 122 103 (September 2000).
51. Yu, X.J. and Kwok, H.S. (2003) Optical wire.-grid polarizers at oblique angles of incidence. J. Appl. Phys., 93, 4407-4412.
52. Ge, Z. and Wu, S.T. (2008) Nano.-wire grid polarizer for energy efficient and wideview liquid crystal displays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 93, 121104.
53. Weber, M.F., Stover, C.A., Gilbert, L.R., Nevitt, T.J. and Ouderkirk, A.J. (2000) Giant Birefringent Optics in Multilayer Polymer Mirrors. Science, 287 (5462), 2451-2456.
54. Kim, S.S., Berkeley, B.H. and Kim, T. (2006) Advancements for highest.-performance LCD.-TV. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 1938-1941.
55. Scott, K. (2004) From concept to reality to the future. Educational presentation for the IESNA Great Lakes Region, June,
56. Graf, J., Olczak, G., Yamada, M., Colyle, D. and Yeung, S. (2007) Backlight film & sheet technologies for LCDs. SID seminar M.-12. May, 21.
57. Li, Y., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2009) Design optimization of reflective polarizers for LCD backlight recycling. J. Disp. Technol., 5, 335-340.
58. Wang, J., Walters, F., Liu, X., Sciortino, P. and Deng, X. (2007) High.-performance, large area, deep ultraviolet to infrared polarizers based on 40 nm line/78 nm space nanowire grids. Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 061104.
59. Wang, J., Chen, L., Liu, X., Sciortino, P., Liu, F., Walters, F. and Deng, X. (2006) 30-nm.-wide aluminum nanowire grid for ultrahigh contrast and Device Concept of Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays 57 transmittance polarizers made by UV.-nanoimprint lithography. Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 141105.
60. Ahn, S.H., Kim, J.-S. and Guo, L.J. (2007) Bilayer metal wire.-grid polarizer fabricated by roll.-to.-roll nanoimprint lithography on flexible plastic substrate. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B., 25 (6), 2388.
61. Kalantar, K. (2006) LCD Backlighting. SID Application Tutorial Notes, A.-5, San Francisco, June.
62. Anderson, J.E., Watson, P. and Bos, P.J. (1999) LC3D: Liquid Crystal Display 3-D Directory Simulator, Software and Technology Guide. Artech House Publishers.
63. Thurston, R.N. and Berreman, D.W. (1981) Equilibrium and stability of liquidcrystal configurations in an electric field. J. Appl. Phys., 52, 508.
64. Yang, D.K. and Wu, S.T. (2006) Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester.
65. Davies, J.B., Day, S.E., Di Pasquale, F. and Fernandez, F.A. (1996) Finite.-element modeling in 2-D of nematic liquid crystal structure. Electron. Lett., 32, 582-583.
66. Fernandez, F.A., Day, S.E., Trwoga, P., Deng, H.F. and James, R. (2002) Threedimensional modeling of liquid crystal display cells using finite elements. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 375, 291-299.
67. Fernandez, F.A., Deng, H.F. and Day, S.E. (2002) Dynamic modeling of liquid crystal display cells using a constant charge approach. IEEE Trans. on Magn., 38, 821-824.
68. Yoon, H.J., Lee, J.H., Choi, M.W., Kim, J.W., Kwon, O.K. and Won, T. (2003) Comparison of numerical methods for analysis of liquid crystal cell: in.-plane switching. SID Symp. Dig., 50 (1), 1378-1381.
69. Ge, Z., Wu, T.X., Lu, R., Zhu, X., Hong, Q. and Wu, S.T. (2005) Comprehensive three.-dimensional dynamic modeling of liquid crystal devices using finite element method. J. Disp. Technol., 1, 194-206.
70. Autronic.-MELCHERS GmbH, available at: http://www.autronic.-melchers. com/index.htm.
71. SHINTECH. Inc., available at: http://www.shintech.jp/eng/index_e.html.
72. SANAYI System Co., Ltd., available at: http://www.sanayisystem.com/ introduction.html. 104 Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays
73. Chigrinov, V.G., Kwok, H.S., Yakovlev, D.A., Simonenko, G.V. and Tsoy, V.I. (2004) LCD Optimization and Modeling. Invited paper, SID Symp. Dig., 28 (1), 982-985.
74. Chigrinov, V., Podyachev, Y., Simonenko, G. and Yakovlev, D. (2000) The Optimization of LCD Electrooptical Behavior using MOUSE.-LCD Software. Mol. Cryst. And Liq. Cryst., 351, 17-25.
75. LCQuest, available at: http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/lcquest/.
76. Jones, R.C., (1941) A new calculus for the treatment of optical systems. I. Description and discussion of the calculus. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 31, 488-500.
77. Yeh, P., (1982) Extended Jones matrix method. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 72, 507-513.
78. Gu, C. and Yeh, P. (1993) Extended Jones matrix method II. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 10, 966-973.
79. Lien, A., (1990) Extended Jones matrix representation for the twisted nematic liquid.-crystal display at oblique incidence. Appl. Phys. Lett., 57, 2767-2769.
80. Lien, A. and Chen, C.J. (1996) A new 22 matrix representation for twisted nematic liquid crystal displays at oblique incidence. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 35, L1200-L1203.
81. Lien, A., (1997) Adetailed derivation of extended Jones matrix representation for twisted nematic liquid crystal displays. Liq. Cryst., 22, 171-175.
82. Chen, C.J., Lien, A. and Nathan, M.I. (1997) 44 and 22 matrix formulations for the optics in stratified and biaxial media. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 14, 3125-3133.
83. Ge, Z., Wu, T.X., Zhu, X. and Wu, S.T. (2005) Reflective liquid.-crystal displays with asymmetric incident and exit angles. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 22, 966-977.
84. Berreman, D.W., (1972) Optics in stratified and anisotropic media: 44 matrix formulation. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 502-510.
85. Abdulhalim, I., Benguigui, L. and Weil, R. (1985) Selective reflection by helicoidal liquid crystals. Results of an exact calculation using the 44 characteristic matrix method. J. Physique, 46, 815-825.
86. Wohler, H., Hass, G., Fritsch, M. and Mlynski, D.A. (1988) Faster 44 matrix method for uniaxial inhomogeneous media. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 5, 1554-1557.
87. Stallinga, S., (1999) Berreman 44 matrix method for reflective liquid crystal displays. J. Appl. Phys., 85, 3023-3031.
88. Huang, Y., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2003) Simulations of liquid.-crystal Fabry.- Perot etalons by an improved 44 matrix method. J. Appl. Phys., 93, 2490.
89. De Gennes, P.G. and Prost, J. (1993) The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd edition. Oxford Science Publications.
90. Oseen, C.W., (1933) The theory of liquid crystals. Trans. Faraday Soc., 29, 883.
91. Frank, F.C., (1958) On the theory of liquid crystals. Discuss. Faraday Soc., 25, 19.
92. Rapini, A. and Papoular, M.J. (1969) Distortion d'une lamelle nematique sous champ magnetique conditions d'ancrage aus parois. J. Phys. Colloq., 30, C4.
93. Davidson, A.J. and Mottram, N.J. (2002) Flexoelectric switching in bistable nematic device. Phys. Rev. E, 65, 051710.
94. Brown, C.V. and Mottram, N.J. (2003) Influence of flexoelectricity above the nematic Freedericksz transition. Phys. Rev. E, 68, 031702.
95. Dickmann, S., Eschler, J., Cossalter, O. and Mlynski, D.A. (1993) Simulation of LCDs Including Elastic Anisotropy and Inhomogeneous Field. SID Tech. Digest, 24, 638-641.
96. Mori, H., Gartland, E.C. Jr., Kelly, J.R. and Bos, P.J. (1999) Multidimensional director modeling using the Q tensor representation in a liquid crystal cell and its application to the p cell with patterned electrodes. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 38, 135-146.
97. Berreman, D.W. and Meiboom, S. (1984) Tensor representation of Oseen.-Frank strain energy in uniaxial cholesterics. Phys. Rev. A, 30, 1955-1959.
98. Berreman, D.W. (1983) Numerical modeling of twist nematic devices. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 309, 203-216.
99. Anderson, J.E., Titus, C., Watson, P. and Bos, P.J. (2000) Significant speed and stability increases in multi.-dimensional director simulations. SID Tech. Digest, 31, 906-909.
100. Ting, D.L., Chang, W.C., Liu, C.Y., Shiu, J.W., Wen, C.J., Chao, C.H., Chuang, L.S. and Chang, C.C. (1999) A high brightness and high contrast reflective LCD with micro slant reflector (MSR). SID Tech. Digest, 30, 954-957.
101. Wu, S.T. and Wu, C.S. (1996) Mixed.-mode twisted nematic liquid crystal cells for reflective displays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 1455-1457.
102. Okamoto, M., Hiraki, H. and Mitsui, S. (2001) Liquid crystal display. U.S. Patent 6281952, August.
103. Zhu, X., Ge, Z., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2005) Transflective liquid crystal displays. J. Disp. Technol., 1, 15-29.
104. Hosaki, K., Uesaka, T., Nishimura, S. and Mazaki, H. (2006) Comparison of viewing angle performance of TN.-LCD and ECB.-LCD using hybrid.-aligned nematic compensators. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 721-724.
105. Uesaka, T., Ikeda, S., Nishimura, S. and Mazaki, H. (2008) Viewing.-angle compensation of TN.- and ECB.-LCD modes by using a rod.-like liquid.-crystalline polymer film. J. Soc. Info. Disp., 16 (2), 257.
106. Sheu, C.-R., Liu, K.-H., Hsin, L.-P., Fan, Y.-Y., Lin, I.-J., Chen, C.-C., Chang, B.-C., Chen, C.-Y. and Shen, Y.R. (2003) A Novel LTPS Transflective TFT LCD Driving by Double Gamma Method. SID Tech. Digest, 34, 653-655.
107. Lee, S.H., Do, H.W., Lee, G.D., Yoon, T.H. and Kim, J.C. (2004) A Novel Transflective Liquid Crystal Display with a Periodically Patterned Electrode. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2, 42, L1455.
108. Ge, Z., Zhu, X., Lu, R., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2007) Transflective liquid crystal display using commonly biased reflectors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 221111.
109. Lu, R., Ge, Z. and Wu, S.T. (2008) Wide.-view and single cell gap transflective liquid crystal display using slit.-induced multidomain structures. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 191102. 106 Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays
110. Roosendaal, S.J. (2003) Transflective liquid crystal display device. International Publication No. WO 03/048847 A1, June 12.
111. Kang, S.-G., Kim, S.-H., Song, S.-C., Park, W.-S., Yi, C., Kim, C.-W. and Chung, K.-H. (2004) Development of a Novel Transflective Color LTPS.-LCD with Cap.- Divided VA.-Mode. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 31-33.
112. Yang, Y.-C., Choi, J.Y., Kim, J., Han, M., Chang, J., Bae, J., Park, D.-J., Kim, S.I., Roh, N.-S., Kim, Y.-J., Hong, M. and Chung, K. (2006) Single Cell Gap Transflective Mode for Vertically Aligned Negative Nematic Liquid Crystals. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 829-831.
113. Lin, C.H., Chen, Y.R., Hsu, S.C., Chen, C.Y., Chang, C.M. and Lien, A. (2008) Anovel advanced wide.-view transflective display. J. Disp. Technol., 4, 123.
114. Gibbons, W.M., Shannon, P.J., Sun, S.T. and Swetlin, B.J. (1991) Surface mediated alignment of nematic liquid crystals with polarized laser light. Nature, 351, 49-50.
115. Schadt, M., Schmitt, K., Kozenkov, V. and Chigrinov, V. (1992) Surface.-Induced Parallel Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Linearly Polymerized Photopolymers. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 31, 2155-2164.
116. Chigrinov, V.G., Kwok, H.-S., Hasebe, H., Takatsu, H. and Takada, H. (2008) Liquid.-crystal photoaligning by azo dyes. J. Soc. Inf. Disp., 16, 897.
117. Fan, Y.Y., Chiang, H.C., Ho, T.Y., Chen, Y.M., Hung, Y.C., Lin, I.J., Sheu, C.R., Wu, C.W., Chen, D.J., Wang, J.Y., Chang, B.C., Wong, Y.J. and Liu, K.H. (2004) A single.-cell.-gap transflective LCD. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 647-649.
118. Yu, C.-J., Kim, J., Kim, D.-W. and Lee, S.-D. (2004) A transflective liquid crystal display in a multimode configuration. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 642-645.
119. Yu, C.-J., Kim, D.-W. and Lee, S.-D. (2004) Multimode transflective liquid crystal display with a single cell gap using a self.-masking process of photoalignment. Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 5146.
120. Lim, Y.J., Song, J.H. and Lee, S.H. (2005) Transflective liquid crystal display with single cell gap and single gamma curve. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 44, 3080-3081.
121. Lee, S.H., Park, K.-H., Gwag, J.S., Yoon, T.-H. and Kim, J.C. (2003) A multimodetype transflective liquid crystal display using the hybrid.-aligned nematic and parallel.-rubbed vertically aligned modes. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1, 42, 5127-5132.
122. Kim, J., Yu, C.-J., Kim, D.-W. and Lee, S.-D. (2005) Reflective and transflective liquid crystal displays for low.-power mobile applications. Proc. of SPIE, 5936, 593603-1.
123. Lee, S.-R., Jung, M.J., Park, K.-H., Yoon, T.-H. and Kim, J.-C. (2005) Design of a transflective LCD in the OCB mode. SID Tech. Digest, 36, 734-737.
124. Xu, P., Mak, H.-Y., Du, T., Chigrinov, V.G. and Kwok, H.S. (2008) Single.-cell.-gap transflective liquid.-crystal display using double.- and single.-mode approaches. J. Soc. Inf. Disp., 16, 1157.
125. Wu, S.T. and Yang, D.K. (2001) Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
126. Roosendaal, S.J., van der Zande, B.M.I., Nieuwkerk, A.C., Renders, C.A., Osenga, J.T.M., Doornkamp, C., Peeters, E., Bruinink, J., van Haaren, J.A.M.M. and Takahashi, S. (2003) Novel high performance transflective LCD with a patterned retarder. SID Tech. Digest, 34, 78-81.
127. Huard, S. (1997) Polarization of Light. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
128. Bigelow, J.E. and Kashnow, R.A. (1977) Poincare sphere analysis of liquid crystal optics. Appl. Opt., 16, 2090.
129. Zhu, X., Ge, Z. and Wu, S.T. (2006) Analytical solutions for uniaxial.-filmcompensated wide.-view liquid crystal displays. J. Disp. Technol., 2, 2-20.
130. Yeh, P. and Gu, C. (1999) Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York.
131. Chen, J., Kim, K.-H., Jyu, J.-J., Souk, J.H., Kelly, J.R. and Bos, P.J. (1998) Optimum film compensation modes for TN and VA LCDs. SID Dig. Tech. Papers, 29, 315-318.
132. Anderson, J.E. and Bos, P.J. (2000) Methods and concerns of compensating in.-plane switching liquid crystal displays. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., part 1, 39, 6388-6392.
133. Saitoh, Y., Kimura, S., Kusafuka, K. and Shimizu, H. (1998) Optimum film compensation of viewing angle of contrast in in.-plane.-switching.-mode liquid crystal display. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., part 1, 37, 4822-4828.
134. Khoo, I.-C. and Wu, S.T. (1993) Optics and Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals, World Scientific, Singapore.
135. Li, J. and Wu, S.T. (2004) Extended Cauchy equations for the refractive indices of liquid crystals. J. Appl. Phys., 95, 896.
136. Fujimura, Y., Kamijo, T. and Yoshimi, H. (2003) Improvement of optical films for high performance LCDs. Proceedings of SPIE, 5003, 96-105.
137. Yang, Y.-C. and Yang, D.K. (2008) Achromatic reduction of off.-axis light leakage in LCDs by self.-compensated phase retardation (SPR) film. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 1955-1958.
138. Ishinabe, T., Miyashita, T. and Uchida, T. (2002) Wide.-viewing.-angle polarizer with a large wavelength range. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., part 1, 41, 4553-4558.
139. Yoshida, H., Tasaka, Y., Tanaka, Y., Sukenori, H., Koike, Y. and Okamoto, K. (2004) MVA LCD for Notebook or Mobile PCs with High Transmittance, High Contrast Ratio, and Wide Angle Viewing. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 6-9.
140. Yang, Y.-C., Choi, J.Y., Kim, J., Han, M., Chang, J., Bae, J., Park, D.-J., Kim, S.I., Roh, N.-S., Kim, Y.-J., Hong, M. and Chung, K. (2006) Single Cell Gap Transflective Mode for Vertically Aligned Negative Nematic Liquid Crystals. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 829-831.
141. Ge, Z., Zhu, X., Lu, R., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2007) Transflective liquid crystal display using commonly biased reflectors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 221111.
142. Lu, R., Ge, Z. and Wu, S.T. (2008) Wide.-view and single cell gap transflective liquid crystal display using slit.-induced multidomain structures. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 191102.
143. Lin, C.H., Chen, Y.R., Hsu, S.C., Chen, C.Y., Chang, C.M. and Lien, A. (2008) A novel advanced wide.-view transflective display. J. Disp. Technol., 4, 123. 144 Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays
144. Pancharatnam, S. (1956) Achromatic combinations of birefringent plates. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. A, 41, 130-144.
145. Ishinabe, T., Miyashita, T. and Uchida, T. (2001) Design of a quarter wave plate with wide viewing angle and wide wavelength range for high quality reflective LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 32, 906-909.
146. Yoshimi, H., Yano, S. and Fujimura, Y. (2002) Optical Films for Reflective LCDs to Achieve High Image Quality. SID Tech. Digest, 33, 862-865.
147. Hong, Q., Wu, T.X., Zhu, X., Lu, R. and Wu, S.T. (2005) Designs of wide.-view and broadband circular polarizers. Opt. Express, 13, 8318.
148. Hong, Q., Wu, T.X., Lu, R. and Wu, S.T. (2005) Wide.-view circular polarizer consisting of a linear polarizer and two biaxial films. Opt. Express, 13, 10777.
149. Lin, C.H. (2006) Optical compensation of a high transmittance MVA.-LCD. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 1075-1078.
150. Lin, C.H. (2007) Extraordinarily wide.-view and high.-transmittance vertically aligned liquid crystal displays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 151112.
151. Ge, Z., Jiao, M., Lu, R., Wu, T. X., Wu, S. T., Li, W. Y., and Wei, C. K. (2008) Wide.-view and broadband circular polarizers for transflective liquid crystal displays. J. Disp. Technol., 4, 129.
152. Ge, Z., Lu, R., Wu, T.X., Wu, S.T., Lin, L., Hsu, N.C., Li, Y. and Wei, C.K. (2008) Extraordinary wide.-view circular polarizers for liquid crystal displays. Opt. Express, 16, 3120.
153. Lin, C.H. (2008) Optically compensated circular polarizers for liquid crystal displays. Opt. Express, 16, 13276.
154. Takeda,A., Kataoka, S., Sasaki, T., Chida, H., Tsuda,H.,Ohmuro, K., Sasabayashi, T., Koike, Y. and Okamoto, K. (1998) A super.-high image quality multi.-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing.-less technology. SID Tech. Digest, 29, 1077-1080. 182 Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays
155. Tanaka, Y., Taniguchi, Y., Sasaki, T., Takeda, A., Koibe, Y. and Okamoto, K. (1999) A New Design to Improve Performance and Simplify the Manufacturing Process of High.-Quality MVA TFT.-LCD Panels. SID Tech. Digest, 30, 206-209.
156. Lien, S.C. and John, R.A. (1994) Liquid Crystal Displays Having Multi.-Domain Cells. U.S. Patent 5 309 264 (May 1994).
157. Lien, A. and John, R.A. (1993) Multi.-Domain Homeotropic Liquid Crystal Display for Active Matrix Application. EuroDisplay '93, p. 21.
158. Lien, S.C.A., Cai, C., Nunes, R.W., John, R.A., Galligan, E.A., Colgan, E. and Wilson, W.S. (1998) Multi.-domain homeotropic liquid crystal display based on ridge and fringe field structure. Jpn J. Appl. Phys., 37, L597.
159. Kim, K.H., Lee, K.H., Park, S.B., Song, J.K., Kim, S.N. and Souk, J.H. (1998) Domain divided vertical alignment mode with optimized fringe field effect. In Proc. 18th Int. Display Research Conf. (Asia Display'98), pp. 383-386.
160. Kataoka, S., Takeda, A., Tsuda, H., Koike, Y., Inoue, H., Fujikawa, T., Sasabayashi, T. and Okamoto, K. (2001) A New MVA.-LCD with Jagged Shaped Pixel Electrodes. SID Tech. Digest, 32, 1066-1069.
161. Wei, C.K. (2008) The progress of TFT.-LCD. Keynote speech, IDRC'08, Orlando.
162. Song, J.-K., Lee, K.-E., Chang, H.-S., Hong, M.-B., Jun, M.-B., Park, B.-Y., Seomun, S.-S., Kim, K.-H. and Kim, S.-S. (2004) DCCII: Novel method for fast response time in PVA mode. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 1344-1347.
163. Hanaoka, K., Nakanishi, Y., Inoue, Y., Tanuma, S. and Koike, Y. (2004) A New MVA.-LCD by Polymer Sustained Alignment Technology. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 1200-1203.
164. Kim, S.G., Kim, S.M., Kim, Y.S., Lee, H.K., Lee, S.H., Lee, G.-D., Lyu, J.-J. and Kim, K.H. (2007) Stabilization of the liquid crystal director in the patterned vertical alignment mode through formation of pretilt angle by reactive mesogen. Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 261910-261912.
165. Hsu, S.-F., Chien, W.-Y., Wu, K.-H., Yeh, L.-Y., Wu, M.-H., Lin, T.C. and Tsai, J.-C. (2008) Advanced.-MVA mobile technology for fast.-switching LCD displays. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 503-506.
166. Chen, T.-J. and Chu, K.-L. (2008) Pretilt angle control for single.-cell.-gap transflective liquid crystal cells. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 091102.
167. Lee, S.H., Kim, S.M. and Wu, S.T. (2009) Emerging vertical alignment liquid crystal technology associated with surface modification usingUV curable monomer. J. Soc. Info. Disp., 17, 551-559.
168. Lee, Y.-J., Kim, Y.-K., Jo, S.I., Gwag, J.S., Yu, C.-J. and Kim, J.-H. (2009) Surfacecontrolled patterned vertical alignment with reactive mesogen. Opt. Express, 17, 10298.
169. Chen, T.-S., Huang, C.-W., Hsieh, C.-C., Huang, B.-H., Jian, J.-H., Chan, T.-W., Tsao, C.-H., Chen, C.-W., Chen, C.-Y., Chiu, C.-H., Pai, C.-H., Jaw, J.-H., Lin, H.-C., Chiu, C.-Y., Su, J.-J., Norio, S., Chang, T.-J., Liau, W.-L. and Lien, A. (2009) Advanced.-MVA III technology for high.-quality LCD TVs. SID Tech. Digest, 40, 776-779. Wide.-view Transflective LCDs 183
170. Shih, P.-S., Chen, K.-T., Wang, W.-H., Pan, H.-L., Chen, P.-Y., Lin, C.-Y., Lin, S.-H. and Yang, K.-H. (2006) Anew pixel design and a novel driving scheme for multidomain vertically.-aligned LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 1067-1070.
171. Kim, S.S., Berkeley, B.H., Park, J.H. and Kim, T. (2006) New era for TFT.-LCD size and viewing.-angle performance. J. Soc. Info. Disp., 14, 127.
172. Tai,M.-C.,Chang,M.-H., Liu, C.-C.,Chang, Y.-P. andWang,M.-T. (2007) MVALCD with low color shift and high image quality. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1007-1009.
173. Huang, Y.-P. (2007) Additional refresh technology (ART) of advanced.-MVA (AMVA) mode for high quality LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1010-1013.
174. Shih, P.-S., Lin, J.-S., Pan, H.-L., Chen, P.-Y., Liao, T.-S. and Yang, K.-H. (2008) Development of asymmetric.-gate.-coupled eight domain (AGC.-8D) HVA for TFT.-LCD TVs. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 208-211.
175. Kim, S.S., You, B.H., Cho, J.H., Moon, S.J., Berkeley, B.H. and Kim, N.D. (2008) 82" Ultra definition LCD using new driving scheme and advanced super PVA technology. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 196-199.
176. Lu, Y.-C., Cheng, T.-C., Lee, S.-L., Hu, C.-J. and Gan, F.-Y. (2007) Color washout improvement for mobile display application. IDW'07, pp. 1707-1710.
177. Bae, K.-S., Gwag, J.S., Han, I.-Y., Lee, Y.-J., Choi, Y., Choi, J.-S. and Kim, J.-H. (2008) Azimuthally continuous nematic domain mode using electrode structure with circular slit. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 1951-1954.
178. Kim, J.H., Park,W.S., Yeo, Y.S., Lee, J.Y., Ahn, S.H. and Kim, C.W. (2007) Novel PVA pixel design for mobile touch screen panel application with excellent optical performance and pressure resistant characteristics. IDW'07, pp. 1723-1726.
179. Shibazaki, M., Sugiyama, M., Takahashi, S., Yoshiga, M., Inada, T., Lee, H.-C., Yu, M.-W., Wu, M.-F., Chang, C.-H., Chang, T.-S., Chang, Y.-J., Wu, I.-L., Chang, W.-C. and Ting, D.-L. (2007) MVA mode with improved color.-wash.-out for mobile application. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1665-1668.
180. Lin, C.-H., Huang, K.-Y. and Lin, H.-Y. (2006) High transmittance MVA.-LCD with low color shift. IDW'06, pp. 137-140.
181. Kang, S.-G., Kim, S.-H., Song, S.-C., Park, W.-S., Yi, C., Kim, C.-W. and Chung, K.H. (2004) Development of a Novel Transflective Color LTPS.-LCD with Cap.-Divided VA.-Mode. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 31-33.
182. Yang, Y.-C., Choi, J.Y., Kim, J., Han, M., Chang, J., Bae, J., Park, D.-J., Kim, S.I., Roh, N.-S., Kim, Y.-J., Hong, M. and Chung, K. (2006) Single Cell Gap Transflective Mode for Vertically Aligned Negative Nematic Liquid Crystals. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 829-831.
183. Ge, Z., Zhu, X., Lu, R., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2007) Transflective liquid crystal display using commonly biased reflectors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 221111.
184. Lu, R., Ge, Z. and Wu, S.T. (2008) Wide.-view and single cell gap transflective liquid crystal display using slit.-induced multidomain structures. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 191102. 184 Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays
185. Lin, C.H., Chen, Y.R., Hsu, S.C., Chen, C.Y., Chang, C.M. and Lien, A. (2008) A novel advanced wide.-view transflective display. J. Disp. Technol., 4, 123.
186. Bauer, G., Kiefer, R., Klausmann, H. and Windscheid, F. (1995) In.-plane switching: A novel electro.-optic effect. Liq. Cryst. Today, 5, 12-13.
187. Soref, R.A. (1974) Field effects in nematic liquid crystals obtained with interdigital electrodes. J. Appl. Phys., 45, 5466.
188. Ohe, M. and Kondo, K. (1995) Electro.-optical characteristics and switching behavior of the in.-plane switching mode. Appl. Phys. Lett., 67, 3895.
189. Lee, S.H., Lee, S.L. and Kim, H.Y. (1998) Electro.-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe.-field switching. Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 2881.
190. Yamakita, H., Nishiyama, K., Shiota, A., Ogawa, S., Kumagawa, K. and Takimoto, A. (2001) Electro.-Optical Characteristics of In.-Plane Switching LCDs using Transparent Electrodes Structure. IDW'01, pp. 213-216.
191. Nakayoshi, Y., Kurahashi, N., Tanno, J., Nishimura, E., Ogawa, K. and Suzuki, M. (2003) High transmittance pixel design of in.-plane switching TFT.-LCDs for TVs. SID Tech. Digest, 34, 1100-1103.
192. Ge, Z., Zhu, X., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2006) High transmittance in.-plane switching liquid crystal displays. IEEE/OSA J. Disp. Technol., 2, 114-120.
193. Lee, S.H., Lee, S.L., Kim, H.Y. and Eom, T.Y. (1999) A novel wide.-viewing.-angle technology: ultra.-trans viewTM. SID Tech. Digest, 30, 202-205.
194. Lin, J.-S., Yang, K.-H. and Chen, S.-H. (2004) A high.-aperture.-ratio and low.-crosstalk pixel structure design for in.-plane.-switching.-mode TFT.-LCDs. J. Soc. Inf. Disp., 12, 533.
195. Lin, J.-S., Shih, P.-S., Liao, T.-S., Chang, M.-C., Lin, R.-H., Yang, K.-H., Lin, P.-H., Wu, C.-T. and Huang, M.-P. (2007) A novel pixel structure to eliminate thick organic overcoat on the array substrate of AS.-IPS mode for TFT.-LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1171-1174.
196. Lin, Y.-C., Wang, C.-Y., Chi, C.-Y., Chen, C.-J., Yang, C.-L. and Pang, J.-P. (2006) A novel pixel with small color shift for fringe field switching mode LCD. IDW'06, pp. 149-152.
197. Tanno, J., Morimoto, M., Igeta, K., Imayama, H., Komura, S. and Nagata, T. (2006) A new transflective IPS.-LCD with high contrast ratio and wide viewing angle performance. IDW'06, pp. 635-638.
198. Imayama, H., Tanno, J., Igeta, K., Morimoto, M., Komura, S., Nagata, T., Itou, O. and Hirota, S. (2007) Novel pixel design for a transflective IPS.-LCD with an in.-cell retarder. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1651-1654.
199. Hirota, S., Oka, S., Itou, O., Igeta, K., Morimoto, M., Imayama, H., Komura, S. and Nagata, N. (2007) Transflective LCD combining transmissive IPS and reflective in.-cell retarder ECB. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1661-1664.
200. Koma, N., Mitsui, M., Tanaka, Y. and Endo, K. (2007) A transflective in.-planeswitching LCD with a high.-optical.-performance reflective area. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1270-1273. Wide.-view Transflective LCDs 185
201. Park, J.B., Kim, H.Y., Jeong, Y.H., Kim, S.Y. and Lim, Y.J. (2005) Novel transflective display with fringe.-field switching mode. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 44, 7524-7527.
202. Lee, G.S., Kim, J.C., Yoon, T.-H., Kim, Y.S., Kang, W.S. and Park, S.I. (2006) Design of wide.-viewing.-angle transflective IPS LCD. 26th Proc. International Display Research Conference, pp. 75-77.
203. Lim, Y.J., Lee, M.H., Lee, G.D., Jang, W.G. and Lee, S.H. (2007) A single.-gap transflective fringe field switching display using a liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40, 2759.
204. Ge, Z., Wu, S.T. and Lee, S.H. (2008) Wide.-view and sunlight readable transflective liquid crystal display for mobile applications. Opt. Lett., 33, 2623.
205. Hasebe, H., Kuwana, Y., Nakata, H., Yamazaki, O., Takeuchi, K. and Takatsu, H. (2008) High quality patterned retarder for transflective LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 1904-1907.
206. Kim, H.Y., Ge, Z., Wu, S.T. and Lee, S.H. (2007) Wide.-view transflective liquid crystal display for mobile applications. Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 231108.
207. Ge, Z., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2008) Single cell gap and wide.-view transflective liquid crystal display using fringe field switching and embedded wire grid polarizer. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 051109.
208. Yu, X.J. and Kwok, H.S. (2003) Optical wire.-grid polarizers at oblique angles of incidence. J. Appl. Phys., 93, 4407.
209. Perkins, R.T., Hansen, D.P., Gardner, E.W., Thorne, J.M. and Robbins, A.A. (2000) Broadband wire grid polarizer for the visible spectrum. U.S. Patent 6 122 103, September.
210. Ge, Z. and Wu, S.T. (2008) Nano.-wire grid polarizer for energy efficient and wideview liquid crystal displays. Appl. Phys. Lett., 93, 121104.
211. Wang, J., Walters, F., Liu, X., Sciortino, P. and Deng, X. (2007) High.-performance, large area, deep ultraviolet to infrared polarizers based on 40 nm line/78 nm space nanowire grids. Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 061104.
212. Wang, J., Chen, L., Liu, X., Sciortino, P., Liu, F., Walters, F. and Deng, X. (2006) 30-nm.-wide aluminum nanowire grid for ultrahigh contrast and transmittance polarizers made by UV.-nanoimprint lithography. Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 141105.
213. Ahn, S.H., Kim, J.-S. and Guo, L.J. (2007) Bilayer metal wire.-grid polarizer fabricated by roll.-to.-roll nanoimprint lithography on flexible plastic substrate. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B., 25, (6), 2388.
214. Oh, J.H., Kang, D.H., Park, W.H., Kim, H.J., Hong, S.M., Hur, K.H., Jang, J., Lee, S.J., Kim, M.J., Kim, S.K., Park, K.H., Gardner, E., Hansen, J., Yost, M. and Hansen, D. (2007) High.-Resolution Stereoscopic TFT.-LCD with Wire Grid Polarizer. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1164-1167.
215. Ge, Z., Wu, S.T., Li, W.Y. and Wei, C.K. (2009) Wide viewing angle transflective liquid crystal displays. U.S. patent pending, February.
216. Matsushima, J., Uehara, S. and Sumiyoshi, K. (2007) Novel transflective IPSLCDs with three retardation plates. IDW'07, pp. 1511-1514.
217. Itou, O., Hirota, S., Sekiguchi, Y., Komura, S., Morimoto, M., Tanno, J., Fukuda, K., Ochiai, T., Imayama, H., Nagata, T. and Miyazawa, T. (2006) A wide viewing angle transflective IPS LCD applying new optical design. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 832-835.
218. Ochiai, T., Sasaki, T., Miyazawa, T., Maki, M., Morimoto, M. and Ohkura, M. (2007) Low cost retarder.-less transflective IPS.-LCD. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1258-1261.
219. Armitage, D., Underwood, I. and Wu, S.T. (2006) Introduction to Microdisplays, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.
220. Uchida, T., Saitoh, K., Miyashita, T. and Suzuki, M. (1997) Field.-sequential fullcolor AMLCD without color filters. IDRC'97, pp. 37-40.
221. Koma, N., Miyashita, T., Uchida, T. and Mitani, N. (2000) Color field sequential LCD using an OCB.-TFT.-LCD. SID Tech. Digest, 31, 632-635.
222. Koma, N. and Uchida, T. (2001) Anovel display method for field sequential color LCD without color break.-up. SID Tech. Digest, 32, 400-403.
223. Uchida, T., Ishinabe, T., Sekiya, K., Kishimoto, T., Seki, H., Kano, M., Ohizumi, M., Yamaguchi, M., Matsuda, A., Suzuki, Y., Kawashima, M., Taniguchi, Y., Sugiura, G., Uezono, S., Koyama, M., Kanazawa, Y., Suzuki, K., Tamura, K., Chiba, M., Okayama, T. and Yamamura, A. (2006) Color imaging and display system with field sequential OCB LCD. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 166-169.
224. Koma, N., Tanaka, Y., Mitsui, M. and Uchida, T. (2007) A fast.-switching LCD for color.-field.-sequential projection displays. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 991-994.
225. Ishinabe, T., Miyashita, T., Uchida, T., Wako, K., Sekiya, K. and Kishimoto, T. (2007) High performance OCB.-mode for field sequential color LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 987-990.
226. Tai, W.-C., Tsai, C.-C., Chiou, S.-J., Su, C.-P., Chen, H.-M., Liu, C.-L. and Mo, C.-N. (2008) Field sequential color LCD.-TV using multi.-area control algorithm. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 1092-1095.
227. Gauza, S., Zhu, X., Wu, S.T., Piecek, W. and Da { browski, R. (2007) High birefringence liquid crystals for color.-sequential LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 142-145.
228. Arend, L., Lubin, J., Gille, J. and Larimer, J. (1994) Color breakup in sequentially scanned LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 25, 201-204.
229. Baron, P.C., Monnier, P., Nagy, A.L., Post, D.L., Christianson, L., Eicher, J. and Ewart, R. (1996) Can Motion Compensation Eliminate Color Breakup of Moving Objects in Field.-Sequential Color Displays. SID Tech. Digest, 27, 843-846.
230. Koma, N. and Uchida, T. (2003) A new field.-sequential.-color LCD without moving.-object color break.-up. J. Soc. Info. Disp., 11, 413.
231. Sekiya, K., Miyashita, T. and Uchida, T. (2006) Asimple and practical way to cope with color breakup on field sequential color LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 1661-1664.
232. Lin, F.-C., Huang, Y.-P., Wei, C.-M. and Shieh, H.-P. (2009) Color.-breakup suppression and low.-power consumption by using the Stencil.-FSC method in field.-sequential LCDs. J. Soc. Info. Disp., 17, 221.
233. Bos, P.J. and Koehler.-Beran, K.R. (1984) The p.-cell, a fast liquid crystal optical switching device. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 113, 329.
234. Yamaguchi, Y., Miyashita, T. and Uchida, T. (1993) Wide.-viewing.-angle display mode for the active.-matrix LCD using bend.-alignment liquid.-crystal cell. SID Tech. Digest, 24, 273-276.
235. Nie, X., Lu, R., Xianyu, H., Wu, T.X. and Wu, S.T. (2007) Anchoring energy and cell gap effects on liquid crystal response time. J. Appl. Phys., 101, 103110.
236. Jiao, M., Ge, Z., Song, Q. and Wu, S.T. (2008) Alignment layers effects on thin liquid crystal cells. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 061102.
237. Gooch, C.H. and Tarry, H.A. (1975) The optical properties of twisted nematic liquid crystal structures with twisted angles 90. J. Phys. D., 8, 1575-1584.
238. Konno, T., Miyashita, T. and Uchida, T. (1995) OCB.-Cell Using Polymer Stabilized Bend Alignment. ASID'95, pp. 581-583.
239. Kikuchi, H., Yamamoto, H., Sato, H., Kawakita, M., Takizawa, K. and Fujikake, H. (2005) Bend.-Mode Liquid Crystal Cells Stabilized by Aligned Polymer Walls. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 44, 981.
240. Hasegawa, R., Kidzu, Y., Amemiya, I., Uchikoga, S. and Wakemoto, H. (2007) Electro.-optical properties of polymer.-stabilized OCB and its application to TFTLCD. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 995-998.
241. Yang, B.-R., Elston, S.J., Raynes, P. and Shieh, H.-P. (2008) High.-brightness relaxed.-bend state in a pi cell stabilized by synchronized polymerization. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 221109.
242. Xu, M., Yang, D.K., Bos, P.J. and Jin, X. (1998) Very high pretilt alignment and its application in pi.-cell LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 29, 139-142.
243. Kim, J.B., Kim, K.C., Ahn, H.J., Hwang, B.H., Kim, J.T., Jo, S.J., Kim, C.S., Baik, H. K., Choi, C.J., Jo, M.K., Kim, Y.S., Park, J.S. and Kang, D. (2007) No bias pi cell using a dual alignment layer with an intermediate pretilt angle. Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 023507.
244. Nakao, K., Suzuki, D., Kojima, T., Tsukane, M. and Wakemoto, H. (2004) Highspeed bend transition method using electrical twist field in OCB mode TFTLCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 1416-1419.
245. Wu, C.-H., Shih, P.-S., Yang, J.H., Chen, P.-Y., Chang, J., Pan, H.-L., Hsu, K.F., Lin, C.-Y., Lin, S.-H., Chang, C.-C. and Yang, K.-H. (2007) Development of 3.5" VGA field.-sequential.-color optically compensated birefringence a.-Si: H TFT LCDs with fast splay.-to.-bend transition and high cell transmittance. IDW'07, pp. 33-36.
246. Wang, H., Wu, T.X., Gauza, S., Wu, J.R. and Wu, S.T. (2006) A method to estimate the Leslie coefficients of liquid crystals based on MBBA data. Liq. Cryst., 33, 91-98.
247. Mori, H. and Bos, P.J. (1999) Optical performance of the p cell compensated with a negative.-birefringence film and an A.-plate. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 38, 2837.
248. Ito, Y., Matsubara, R., Nakamura, R., Nagai, M., Nakamura, S., Mori, H. and Mihayashi, K. (2005) OCB.-WV film for fast.-response.-time and wide.-viewingangle LCD.-TVs. SID Tech. Digest, 36, 986-989.
249. Fukuda, I., Nakata, T., Sakamoto, Y., Ishinabe, T. and Uchida, T. (2006) Optimization of viewing.-angle optical properties in an OCB.-LCD compensated with hybrid.-aligned discotic liquid.-crystal films and c.-plates. IDW'06, 133-136. 210 Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays
250. Ishinabe, T., Ohno, Y., Miyashita, T., Uchida, T., Yaginuma, H. and Wako, K. (2006) Development of super high performanceOCBmode for high quality colorfield sequential LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 37, 717-720.
251. Ishinabe, T., Miyashita, T., Uchida, T., Wako, K., Kishimoto, T. and Sekiya, K. (2004) Improvement of transmittance and viewing angle of the OCB mode LCD by using wide.-viewing.-angle circular polarizer. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 638-641.
252. Ishinabe, T., Miyashita, T. and Uchida, T. (2002) Wide.-viewing.-angle polarizer with a large wavelength range. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., part 1, 41, 4553-4558.
253. Lee, S.-R., Jung, M.J., Park, K.-H., Yoon, T.-H. and Kim, J.-C. (2005) Design of a transflective LCD in the OCB mode. SID Tech. Digest, 36, 734-737.
254. Chang, T.-J. and Chen, P.-L. (2003) Anovel optically compensative structure for gray.-scale.-inversionless OCB.-LCDs. IDW'03, pp. 77-80.
255. Yao, I.-A., Yang, C.-L., Chen, C.-J. and Pang, J.-P. (2006) Optical design of wideviewing.- angle transflective OCB LCD. IDW'06, pp. 145-148.
256. Yao, I.-A., Ke, H.-L., Yang, C.-L., Chen, C.-J., Pang, J.-P., Chen, T.-J. and Wu, J.-J. (2006) Electrooptics of transflective displays with optically compensated bend mode. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 45, 7831-7836.
257. Xiang, R.-J., Yang, C.-L., Chen, C.-J. and Chen, S.-H. (2005) Electro.-optical optimization in transflective OCB LCD. IDMC'05, pp. 597-600.
258. Yao, I.-A., Chang, S.-H., Chen, C.-J., Yang, C.-L. and Pang, J.-P. (2008) A novel transflective OCB LCD for mobile TV applications. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 495-498.
259. Fukuda, I., Ohnishi, T., Ishinabe, T. and Uchida, T. (2006) A new transflective OCB.-LCD with fast response time and wide.-viewing angle. IDW'07, pp. 1543-1546.
260. Fukuda, I., Ohnishi, T., Ishinabe, T. and Uchida, T. (2008) A new single.-cell.-gap transflective OCB.-LCD with fast response time and wide viewing angle. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 499-502.
261. Ge, Z., Jiao, M., Lu, R., Wu, T.X., Wu, S.T., Li, W.Y. and Wei, C.K. (2008) Wideview and broadband circular polarizers for transflective liquid crystal displays. J. Disp. Technol., 4, 129-138.
262. Ishinabe, T., Miyashita, T. and Uchida, T. (2001) Design of a quarter wave plate with wide viewing angle and wide wavelength range for high quality reflective LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 32, 906-909.
263. Lee, J.H., Zhu, X. and Wu, S.T. (2007) Novel color.-sequential transflective liquid crystal displays. J. Disp. Technol., 3, 2-8.
264. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight.
265. Chung, H.-H. and Lu, S. (2003) Contrast.-ratio analysis of sunlight.-readable color LCDs for outdoor applications. J. Soc. Info. Disp., 11, 237.
266. Walker, G. (2007) GD.-Itronix DynaVue Display Technology .- The Ultimate Outdoor.-Readable ToucH.-Screen Display. Available at: www.ruggedpcreview. com.
267. Walker, G. (2009) Emerging touch technologies. SID short course, San Antonio, Texas, June 1.
268. Hotelling, S.P., Chen, W., Krah, C.H., Elias, J.G., Yao, W.H., Zhong, J., Hodge, A.B., Land, B.R. and Boer, W.D. (2008) Touch screen liquid crystal display. U.S. Patent US2008/0062139 A1, March 13.
269. den Boer, W., Abileah, A., Green, P., Larsson, T., Robinson, S. and Nguyen, T. (2003) Active matrix LCD with integrated optical touch screen. SID Tech. Digest, 34, 1494-1497.
270. Kang, M.-K., Uh, K. and Kim, H. (2007) Advanced technologies based on a.-Si or LTPS (low temperature poly Si) TFT (thin film transistor) for high performance mobile display. SID Tech. Digest, 38, 1262-1265.
271. You, B.H., Lee, B.J., Lee, J.H., Koh, J.H., Kim, D.-K., Takahashi, S., Kim, N.D., Berkeley, B.H. and Kim, S.S. (2009) LCD embedded hybrid touch screen panel based on a.-Si:H TFT. SID Tech. Digest, 40, 439-442.
272. Kanda, E., Eguchi, T., Hiyoshi, Y., Chino, T., Tsuchiya, Y., Iwashita, T., Ozawa, T., Miyazawa, T. and Matsumoto, T. (2008) Integrated active matrix capacitive sensors for touch panel LTPS TFT LCDs. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 834-837. Technological Perspective 225
273. Takahashi, S., Lee, B.J., Koh, J.H., Sito, S., You, B.H., Kim, N.D. and Kim, S.S. (2009) Embedded liquid crystal capacitive touch screen technology for large size LCD applications. SID Tech. Digest, 40, 563-566.
274. Park, H.-S., Ji, S.-B., Lee, S.-Y., Han, M.-K., Lee, J.-H., Lee, B.-J., You, B.-H. and Kim, N.-D. (2009) A touch sensitive liquid crystal display with embedded capacitance detector arrays. SID Tech. Digest, 40, 574-577.
275. Destura, G.J.A., Osenga, J.T.M., van der Hoef, S.J. and Pearson, A.D. (2004) Novel touch sensitive in.-cell AMLCD. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 22-23.
276. You, B.H., Lee, B.J., Lee, K.C., Han, S.Y., Koh, J.H., Lee, J.H., Takahashi, S., Berkeley, B.H., Kim, N.D. and Kim, S.S. (2008) 12.1-inch a.-Si:H TFT LCD with embedded touch screen panel. SID Tech. Digest, 39, 830-833.
277. You, B.H., Lee, B.J., Han, S.Y., Takahashi, S., Berkeley, B.H., Kim, N.D. and Kim, S.S. (2009) ToucH.-Screen panel integrated into 12.1-inch a.-Si:H TFT LCD. J. Soc. Inf. Disp., 17, 87.
278. Hanaoka, K., Nakanishi, Y., Inoue, Y., Tanuma, S. and Koike, Y. (2004) A New MVA.-LCD by Polymer Sustained Alignment Technology. SID Tech. Digest, 35, 1200-1203.
279. Lee, S.H., Kim, S.M. and Wu, S.T. (2009) Emerging vertical alignment liquid crystal technology associated with surface modification using UV curable monomer. J. Soc. Info. Disp., 17, 551-559.
280. Lee, Y.-J., Kim, Y.-K., Jo, S.I., Gwag, J.S., Yu, C.-J. and Kim, J.-H. (2009) Surfacecontrolled patterned vertical alignment with reactive mesogen. Opt. Express, 17, 10298.
281. Noh, J.-D., Kim, H.Y., Kim, J.M., Koh, J.W., Lee, J.Y., Park, H.S. and Lee, S.H. (2002) Pixel structure of the ultra.-FFS TFT.-LCD for strong pressure.-resistant characteristic. SID Tech. Digest, 33, 224-227.
282. Kim, H.Y., Seen, S.M., Jeong, Y.H., Kim, G.H., Eom, T.Y., Kim, S.Y., Lim, Y.J. and Lee, S.H. (2005) Pressure.-resistant characteristic of fringe.-field switching (FFS) mode depending on the distance between pixel electrodes. SID Tech. Digest, 36, 325-327.