Targeting oncogenic ALK and MET: A promising therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma

Metabolic Brain Disease

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 355-366

  Wallace, Gerald C ^a   Dixon Mah, Yaenette N ^a   Vandergrift III, W Alex ^a   Ray, Swapan K ^b   Haar, Catherine P ^a   Mittendorf, Amber M ^a   Patel, Sunil J ^a   Banik, Naren L ^a,c   Giglio, Pierre ^a   Das, Arabinda ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c RALPH H JOHNSON VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

AKT; ALK; Glioblastoma; MET

Indexed keywords

ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BETA CATENIN; CEDIRANIB; CRIZOTINIB; EVEROLIMUS; GEFITINIB; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL(3,4,5)TRIPHOSPHATE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL(4,5)BISPHOSPHATE; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; RAPAMYCIN; RAS PROTEIN; RILOTUMUMAB; SCATTER FACTOR RECEPTOR; SOMATOMEDIN C; STAT3 PROTEIN; SURVIVIN; TEMOZOLOMIDE; TL 4601; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ELK 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UVOMORULIN;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; CANCER CELL; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE G1 PHASE; CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION; CELL CYCLE S PHASE; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL MOTILITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; DNA REPAIR; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; EPIDERMIS CELL; EPITHELIUM CELL; FATTY ACID METABOLISM; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GLIOBLASTOMA; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE UTILIZATION; GLYCOLYSIS; GROWTH STIMULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INSULIN METABOLISM; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; MESENCHYME CELL; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; MITOSIS; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM; ONCOGENE; OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION; PHENOTYPE; POPULATION; PROGNOSIS; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE; STEM CELL; SURVIVAL; SURVIVAL FACTOR; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR REGRESSION; WOUND HEALING; XENOGRAFT;

EID: 84890234199     PISSN: 08857490     EISSN: 15737365     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9401-7     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Aaronson DS, Horvath CM (2002) A road map for those who don't know JAK-STAT. Science 296:1653-1655 (Pubitemid 34579157)
2. Anandharaj A, Cinghu S, Park WY (2011) Rapamycin-mediated mTOR inhibition attenuates survivin and sensitizes glioblastoma cells to radiation therapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 43:292-300
3. Arrieta O, Garcia E, Guevara P, Garcia-Navarrete R, Ondarza R, Rembao D, Sotelo J (2002) Hepatocyte growth factor is associated with poor prognosis of malignant gliomas and is a predictor for recurrence of meningioma. Cancer 94:3210-3218 (Pubitemid 34670504)
4. Bajbouj K, Mawrin C, Hartig R, Schulze-Luehrmann J, Wilisch-Neumann A, Roessner A, Schneider-Stock R (2012) P53-dependent antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of trichostatin A (TSA) in glioblastoma cells. J Neuro-Oncol 107:503-516
5. Barre B, Vigneron A, Coqueret O (2005) The STAT3 transcription factor is a target for the Myc and riboblastoma proteins on the Cdc25A promoter. J Biol Chem 280:15673-15681 (Pubitemid 40616686)
6. Batchelor TT, Duda DG, di Tomaso E et al (2010) Phase II study of cediranib, an oral pan-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 28:2817-2823
7. Benito R, Gil-Benso R, Quilis V, Perez M, Gregori-Romero M, Roldan P, Gonzalez-Darder J, Cerda-Nicolas M, Lopez-Gines C (2010) Primary glioblastomas with and without EGFR amplification: relationship to genetic alterations and clinicopathological features. Neuropathol Off J Japan Soc Neuropathol 30:392-400
8. Birchmeier C, Birchmeier W, Gherardi E, Vande Woude GF (2003) Met, metastasis, motility and more. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:915-925 (Pubitemid 37493640)
9. Bladt F, Riethmacher D, Isenmann S, Aguzzi A, Birchmeier C (1995) Essential role for the c-met receptor in the migration of myogenic precursor cells into the limb bud. Nature 376:768-771
10. Boufaied N, Wioland MA, Falardeau P, Gourdeau H (2010) TLN-4601, a novel anticancer agent, inhibits Ras signaling post Ras prenylation and before MEK activation. Anti Cancer Drugs 21:543-552
11. Campbell PM, Boufaied N, Fiordalisi JJ, Cox AD, Falardeau P, Der CJ, Gourdeau H (2010) TLN-4601 suppresses growth and induces apoptosis of pancreatic carcinoma cells through inhibition of Ras-ERK MAPK signaling. J Mol Signal 5:18
12. Cecchi F, Rabe DC, Bottaro DP (2010) Targeting the HGF/Met signalling pathway in cancer. Eur J Cancer 46:1260-1270
13. Chen WS, Xu PZ, Gottlob K et al (2001) Growth retardation and increased apoptosis in mice with homozygous disruption of the Akt1 gene. Gene Dev 15:2203-2208 (Pubitemid 32843832)
14. Chi AS, Batchelor TT, Kwak EL, Clark JW, Wang DL, Wilner KD, Louis DN, Iafrate AJ (2012) Rapid radiographic and clinical improvement after treatment of a MET-amplified recurrent glioblastoma with a mesenchymal-epithelial transition inhibitor. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 30:e30-e33
15. Chiarle R, Simmons WJ, Cai H, Dhall G, Zamo A, Raz R, Karras JG, Levy DE, Inghirami G (2005) Stat3 is required for ALK-mediated lymphomagenesis and provides a possible therapeutic target. Nat Med 11:623-629 (Pubitemid 40868302)
16. Chin LP, Soo RA, Soong R, Ou SH (2012) Targeting ROS1 with Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Inhibitors: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for a Newly Defined Molecular Subset of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 7:1625-1630
17. Christensen JG, Zou HY, Arango ME et al (2007) Cytoreductive antitumor activity of PF-2341066, a novel inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase and c-Met, in experimental models of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Mol Cancer Ther 6:3314-3322
18. Cooper CS, Park M, Blair DG, Tainsky MA, Huebner K, Croce CM, Vande Woude GF (1984) Molecular cloning of a new transforming gene from a chemically transformed human cell line. Nature 311:29-33 (Pubitemid 14065275)
19. Cooper LA, Gutman DA, Chisolm C et al. (2012) The Tumor Microenvironment Strongly Impacts Master Transcriptional Regulators and Gene Expression Class of Glioblastoma. Am J Pathol
20. Costa DB, Kobayashi S, Pandya SS, Yeo WL, Shen Z, Tan W, Wilner KD (2011) CSF concentration of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor crizotinib. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 29:e443-e445
21. Crosswell HE, Dasgupta A, Alvarado CS, Watt T, Christensen JG, De P, Durden DL, Findley HW (2009) PHA665752, a small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met, inhibits hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated migration and proliferation of c-Met-positive neuroblastoma cells. BMC cancer 9:411
22. De Luca A, Maiello MR, D'Alessio A, Pergameno M and Normanno N (2012) The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and the PI3K/AKT signalling pathways: role in cancer pathogenesis and implications for therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Ther Targets
23. de Pontual L, Kettaneh D, Gordon CT et al (2011) Germline gain-of-function mutations of ALK disrupt central nervous system development. Hum Mutat 32:272-276
24. Del Vecchio CA, Li G, Wong AJ (2012) Targeting EGF receptor variant III: tumor-specific peptide vaccination for malignant gliomas. Expet Rev Vaccine 11:133-144
25. Di Renzo MF, Narsimhan RP, Olivero M, Bretti S, Giordano S, Medico E, Gaglia P, Zara P, Comoglio PM (1991) Expression of the Met/HGF receptor in normal and neoplastic human tissues. Oncogene 6:1997-2003 (Pubitemid 21924039)
26. Dirks WG, Fahnrich S, Lis Y, Becker E, MacLeod RA, Drexler HG (2002) Expression and functional analysis of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in tumor cell lines. Int J Cancer 100:49-56 (Pubitemid 34602064)
27. Easton RM, Cho H, Roovers K et al (2005) Role for Akt3/protein kinase Bgamma in attainment of normal brain size. Mol Cell Biol 25:1869-1878 (Pubitemid 40280150)
28. Faivre S, Kroemer G, Raymond E (2006) Current development of mTOR inhibitors as anticancer agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:671-688 (Pubitemid 44151605)
29. Fan QW, Cheng C, Hackett C et al (2010) Akt and autophagy cooperate to promote survival of drug-resistant glioma. Sci Signal 3:ra81
30. Fraum TJ, Kreisl TN, Sul J, Fine HA, Iwamoto FM (2011) Ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage in glioma patients on antiangiogenic therapy. J Neuro-Oncol 105:281-289
31. Fujimoto J, Shiota M, Iwahara T, Seki N, Satoh H, Mori S, Yamamoto T (1996) Characterization of the transforming activity of p80, a hyperphosphorylated protein in a Ki-1 lymphoma cell line with chromosomal translocation t(2;5). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:4181-4186 (Pubitemid 26146730)
32. Gariboldi MB, Ravizza R, Monti E (2010) The IGFR1 inhibitor NVP-AEW541 disrupts a pro-survival and pro-angiogenic IGF-STAT3-HIF1 pathway in human glioblastoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 80:455-462
33. Garofalo RS, Orena SJ, Rafidi K et al (2003) Severe diabetes, age-dependent loss of adipose tissue, and mild growth deficiency in mice lacking Akt2/PKB beta. J Clin Investig 112:197-208 (Pubitemid 38056356)
34. Gherardi E, Birchmeier W, Birchmeier C, Vande Woude G (2012) Targeting MET in cancer: rationale and progress. Nat Rev Canc 12:89-103
35. Goudar RK, Shi Q, Hjelmeland MD et al (2005) Combination therapy of inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (AEE788) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (RAD001) offers improved glioblastoma tumor growth inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 4:101-112 (Pubitemid 40268071)
36. Grzelinski M, Steinberg F, Martens T, Czubayko F, Lamszus K, Aigner A (2009) Enhanced antitumorigenic effects in glioblastoma on double targeting of pleiotrophin and its receptor ALK. Neoplasia 11:145-156
37. Guessous F, Zhang Y, diPierro C, Marcinkiewicz L, Sarkaria J, Schiff D, Buchanan S, Abounader R (2010) An orally bioavailable c-Met kinase inhibitor potently inhibits brain tumor malignancy and growth. Anti Cancer Agents Med Chem 10:28-35
38. Hagerstrand D, Lindh MB, Pena C, Garcia-Echeverria C, Nister M, Hofmann F, Ostman A (2010) PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway status affects the sensitivity of high-grade glioma cell cultures to the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor NVP-AEW541. Neuro-Oncol 12:967-975
39. Holland EC, Celestino J, Dai C, Schaefer L, Sawaya RE, Fuller GN (2000) Combined activation of Ras and Akt in neural progenitors induces glioblastoma formation in mice. Nat Genet 25:55-57 (Pubitemid 30257036)
40. Houillier C, Lejeune J, Benouaich-Amiel A et al (2006) Prognostic impact of molecular markers in a series of 220 primary glioblastomas. Cancer 106:2218-2223 (Pubitemid 43673244)
41. Hsieh A, Ellsworth R, Hsieh D (2011) Hedgehog/GLI1 regulates IGF dependent malignant behaviors in glioma stem cells. J Cell Physiol 226:1118-1127
42. Jin H, Yang R, Li W, Ogasawara AK, Schwall R, Eberhard DA, Zheng Z, Kahn D, Paoni NF (2003) Early treatment with hepatocyte growth factor improves cardiac function in experimental heart failure induced by myocardial infarction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 304:654-660 (Pubitemid 36152341)
43. Joo KM, Jin J, Kim E et al (2012) MET signaling regulates glioblastoma stem cells. Cancer Res 72:3828-3838
44. Jun HT, Sun J, Rex K, Radinsky R, Kendall R, Coxon A, Burgess TL (2007) AMG 102, a fully human anti-hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor neutralizing antibody, enhances the efficacy of temozolomide or docetaxel in U-87 MG cells and xenografts. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res 13:6735-6742 (Pubitemid 350206811)
45. Kreisl TN, Lassman AB, Mischel PS, Rosen N, Scher HI, Teruya-Feldstein J, Shaffer D, Lis E, Abrey LE (2009) A pilot study of everolimus and gefitinib in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). J Neurooncol 92:99-105
46. Lal B, Goodwin CR, Sang Y, Foss CA, Cornet K, Muzamil S, Pomper MG, Kim J, Laterra J (2009) EGFRvIII and c-Met pathway inhibitors synergize against PTEN-null/EGFRvIII+ glioblastoma xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 8:1751-1760
47. Larue L, Bellacosa A (2005) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in development and cancer: role of phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase/AKT pathways. Oncogene 24:7443-7454 (Pubitemid 41637984)
48. Li J, Yen C, Liaw D et al (1997) PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 275:1943-1947 (Pubitemid 27148818)
49. Liu W, Fu Y, Xu S, Ding F, Zhao G, Zhang K, Du C, Pang B, Pang Q (2011) c-Met expression is associated with time to recurrence in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Neurosci 18:119-121
50. Mason WP, Belanger K, Nicholas G, Vallieres I, Mathieu D, Kavan P, Desjardins A, Omuro A and Reymond D (2011) A phase II study of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway inhibitor TLN-4601 in patients with glioblastoma at first progression. J Neuro Oncol
51. Matsuda T, Nakamura T, Nakao K, Arai T, Katsuki M, Heike T, Yokota T (1999) STAT3 activation is sufficient to maintain an undifferentiated state of mouse embryonic stem cells. EMBO J 18:4261-4269 (Pubitemid 29364128)
52. McDermott U, Iafrate AJ, Gray NS et al (2008) Genomic alterations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase may sensitize tumors to anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res 68:3389-3395
53. McDowell KA, Riggins GJ, Gallia GL (2011) Targeting the AKT pathway in glioblastoma. Curr Pharm Des 17:2411-2420
54. Michalopoulos GK, DeFrances MC (1997) Liver regeneration. Science 276:60-66
55. Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, Dittmer KG, Shapiro DN, Saltman DL, Look AT (1994) Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Science 263:1281-1284 (Pubitemid 24107549)
56. Nakamura N, Ramaswamy S, Vazquez F, Signoretti S, Loda M, Sellers WR (2000) Forkhead transcription factors are critical effectors of cell death and cell cycle arrest downstream of PTEN. Mol Cell Biol 20:8969-8982 (Pubitemid 32245927)
57. Ohgaki H, Kleihues P (2007) Genetic pathways to primary and secondary glioblastoma. Am J Pathol 170:1445-1453 (Pubitemid 47339290)
58. Ohgaki H, Dessen P, Jourde B et al (2004) Genetic pathways to glioblastoma: a population-based study. Cancer Res 64:6892-6899 (Pubitemid 39330996)
59. Pechkovsky DV, Prele CM, Wong J et al. (2012) STAT3-Mediated Signaling Dysregulates Lung Fibroblast-Myofibroblast Activation and Differentiation in UIP/IPF. Am J Pathol
60. Polley MY, Lamborn KR, Chang SM, Butowski N, Clarke JL, Prados M (2011) Conditional probability of survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 29:4175-4180
61. Porter AC, Vaillancourt RR (1998) Tyrosine kinase receptor-activated signal transduction pathways which lead to oncogenesis. Oncogene 17:1343-1352 (Pubitemid 28458404)
62. Pulford K, Lamant L, Morris SW, Butler LH, Wood KM, Stroud D, Delsol G, Mason DY (1997) Detection of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK proteins in normal and neoplastic cells with the monoclonal antibody ALK1. Blood 89:1394-1404 (Pubitemid 27080004)
63. Pulford K, Lamant L, Espinos E, Jiang Q, Xue L, Turturro F, Delsol G, Morris SW (2004a) The emerging normal and disease-related roles of anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Cell Mol Life Sci 61:2939-2953 (Pubitemid 40104592)
64. Pulford K, Morris SW, Turturro F (2004b) Anaplastic lymphoma kinase proteins in growth control and cancer. J Cell Physiol 199:330-358 (Pubitemid 38580430)
65. Rao SK, Edwards J, Joshi AD, Siu IM, Riggins GJ (2010) A survey of glioblastoma genomic amplifications and deletions. J Neuro-Oncol 96:169-179
66. Samuel MS, Lourenco FC, Olson MF (2011) K-Ras mediated murine epidermal tumorigenesis is dependent upon and associated with elevated Rac1 activity. PLoS One 6:e17143
67. Schaper F, Siewert E, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Gatsios P, Sachs M, Birchmeier W, Heinrich PC, Castell J (1997) Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) signals via the STAT3/APRF transcription factor in human hepatoma cells and hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 405:99-103 (Pubitemid 27130381)
68. Schmidt C, Bladt F, Goedecke S, Brinkmann V, Zschiesche W, Sharpe M, Gherardi E, Birchmeier C (1995) Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor is essential for liver development. Nature 373:699-702
69. Shinojima N, Tada K, Shiraishi S et al (2003) Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res 63:6962-6970 (Pubitemid 37322983)
70. Shirogane T, Fukada T, Muller JM, Shima DT, Hibi M, Hirano T (1999) Synergistic roles for Pim-1 and c-Myc in STAT3-mediated cell cycle progression and antiapoptosis. Immunity 11:709-719 (Pubitemid 30030710)
71. Sinha S, Koul N, Dixit D, Sharma V, Sen E (2011) IGF-1 induced HIF-1alpha-TLR9 cross talk regulates inflammatory responses in glioma. Cell Signal 23:1869-1875
72. Sonnenberg E, Meyer D, Weidner KM, Birchmeier C (1993) Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, the c-met tyrosine kinase, can mediate a signal exchange between mesenchyme and epithelia during mouse development. J Cell Biol 123:223-235 (Pubitemid 23284877)
73. Staal SP, Hartley JW (1988) Thymic lymphoma induction by the AKT8 murine retrovirus. J Exp Med 167:1259-1264
74. Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ et al (2005) Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352:987-996 (Pubitemid 40349501)
75. Stylianou DC, Auf der Maur A, Kodack DP, Henke RT, Hohn S, Toretsky JA, Riegel AT, Wellstein A (2009) Effect of single-chain antibody targeting of the ligand-binding domain in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase receptor. Oncogene 28:3296-3306
76. Syed DN, Afaq F, Sarfaraz S, Khan N, Kedlaya R, Setaluri V, Mukhtar H (2008) Delphinidin inhibits cell proliferation and invasion via modulation of Met receptor phosphorylation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 231:52-60
77. Szerlip NJ, Pedraza A, Chakravarty D et al (2012) Intratumoral heterogeneity of receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and PDGFRA amplification in glioblastoma defines subpopulations with distinct growth factor response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:3041-3046
78. Uehara Y, Minowa O, Mori C, Shiota K, Kuno J, Noda T, Kitamura N (1995) Placental defect and embryonic lethality in mice lacking hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. Nature 373:702-705
79. Verhaak RG, Hoadley KA, Purdom E et al (2010) Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell 17:98-110
80. Vernersson E, Khoo NK, Henriksson ML, Roos G, Palmer RH, Hallberg B (2006) Characterization of the expression of the ALK receptor tyrosine kinase in mice. Gene Expr Patterns 6:448-461 (Pubitemid 43843121)
81. Vignot S, Faivre S, Aguirre D, Raymond E (2005) mTOR-targeted therapy of cancer with rapamycin derivatives. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol 16:525-537 (Pubitemid 40613318)
82. Vivanco I, Sawyers CL (2002) The phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Canc 2:489-501 (Pubitemid 37328931)
83. Ward MR, Agrotis A, Kanellakis P, Dilley R, Jennings G, Bobik A (1997) Inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases attenuates increases in expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms and their receptors following arterial injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:2461-2470 (Pubitemid 28015982)
84. Weiss A, Brill B, Borghouts C, Delis N, Mack L and Groner B (2012) Survivin inhibition by an interacting recombinant peptide, derived from the human ferritin heavy chain, impedes tumor cell growth. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
85. Welsh JW, Mahadevan D, Ellsworth R, Cooke L, Bearss D, Stea B (2009) The c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor MP470 radiosensitizes glioblastoma cells. Radiat Oncol 4:69
86. Wen PY, Kesari S (2008) Malignant gliomas in adults. N Engl J Med 359:492-507
87. Wolf A, Agnihotri S, Guha A (2010) Targeting metabolic remodeling in glioblastoma multiforme. Oncotarget 1:552-562
88. Wong AJ, Ruppert JM, Bigner SH, Grzeschik CH, Humphrey PA, Bigner DS, Vogelstein B (1992) Structural alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:2965-2969
89. Xie Q, Bradley R, Kang L et al (2012) Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) autocrine activation predicts sensitivity to MET inhibition in glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:570-575
90. Yamazaki S, Skaptason J, Romero D, Lee JH, Zou HY, Christensen JG, Koup JR, Smith BJ and Koudriakova T (2008) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of biomarker response and tumor growth inhibition to an orally available cMet kinase inhibitor in human tumor xenograft mouse models. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 36, 1267-1274 (Pubitemid 351929310)
91. Zamo A, Chiarle R, Piva R, Howes J, Fan Y, Chilosi M, Levy DE, Inghirami G (2002) Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activates Stat3 and protects hematopoietic cells from cell death. Oncogene 21:1038-1047 (Pubitemid 34174516)
92. Zeng Q, Chen S, You Z, Yang F, Carey TE, Saims D, Wang CY (2002) Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits anoikis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by activation of ERK and Akt signaling independent of NFkappa B. J Biol Chem 277:25203-25208 (Pubitemid 34951827)
93. Zhang YW, Wang LM, Jove R, Vande Woude GF (2002) Requirement of Stat3 signaling for HGF/SF-Met mediated tumorigenesis. Oncogene 21:217-226 (Pubitemid 34102130)